Introduction to personality, individual differences and intelligence:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Harlow, England ; Munich [u.a.]
Pearson Prentice Hall
2007
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Pearson education
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIV, 661 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0131297600 9780131297609 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to personality, individual differences and intelligence |c John Maltby ; Liz Day ; Ann Macaskill |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Personality, individual differences and intelligence |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136466618515456 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Brief Contents
Guided
Tour
Preface
Acknowledgements
xiv
xviii
ХХІІІ
Part
1
Personality
I». . ·.· -
Chapter
1
Personality Theory in Context
4
Chapter
2
The Basis of the Psychoanalytic Approach to Personality
22
Chapter
3
Developments of Freudian Theorising
44
Chapter
4
Learning Theory Perspectives on Personaiity
74
Chapter
5
Cognitive Personality Theories
104
Chapter
6
Humanistic Personality Theories
130
Chapter
7
The Trait Approach to
Personality 158
Chapter
8
Biological Basis of Personality I: Genetic Heritability of Personality and Biological
and Physiological Models of Personality
182
Chapter
9
Biological Basis of Personality II: Evolutionary Psychology and Animal Studies
of Personality
212
Part
2
Intelligence
· ■
^^ЩЕНИН
Chapter
10
An Introduction to Intelligence
238
Chapter
11
Theories and Measurement of intelligence
256
Chapter
12
intelligence Tests: What Do Scores on Intelligence Tests Reflect?
284
Chapter
13
Hcritability and Socially Defined Race Differences in Intelligence
312
Chapter
14
Sex Differences in Intelligence:
Spatia!
Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence
350
Chapter
15
The Application of Personality and Intelligence in Education and the Workplace
384
Part
3
Applied Individual Differences
Chapter
16
An Introduction to Applied Individual Differences
Chapter
17
Optimism
416
428
BRIEF
CONTENTS
Chapter
18
Irrational Beliefs
Chapter
19
Embarrassment, Shyness and Social Anxiety
Chapter
20
Interpersonal Relationships
Chapter
21
Social Attitudes
452
474
498
528
Part
4
Supplementary Material
Chapter
22
Academic Argument and Thinking
Chapter
23
Statistical Terms
Chapter
24
Psychometric Testing
Chapter
25
Research Ethics
557
558
566
576
582
Glossary
References
Index
590
607
639
Contents
Guided
Tour
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part
1
Personality
■
;щк
1
Personality Theory in Context*
4
General population perspectives: implicit
personality theories
5
Problems with implicit theories
ή
How is personality defined?
6
Lay definitions of personality
6
Psychological definitions of personality
7
The aims of studying personality
8
The source of the term personality
9
Approeches to studying personality:
idioqraphic versus nomothetic
Ю
Describing personality
Ю
Distinctions and assertions in personality research
n
Effects of personality versus situational effects
M
Measurement Issues
13
Strands of personality theorising
13
The clinical approach and its tiibtut
у
13
Individus!
differences emphasis on pemonaHly
and its history
15
Studying personality as a personal experience
16
Reading critically and evaluating theories
16
The cultural context of personality theories
19
2
The Basis of the Psychoanalytic
Approach to Personality
22
Description of Freud s theory of personality
24
Levels of consciousness ?A
¡he nature of human beings and the source
of human motivation
25
Key Themes, Learning Outcomes and Introduction open
each chapter; Final Comments, Summary, Connecting Up,
Criticai
Thinking, Going Further and Film and Literature can
be found at the end of each chapter.
Trie structure of the personality
The development of personality
Defence mechanisms
Repress ion
Denial
Projection
Reaction formation
Rationalisation
Conversion reaction
Phobic avoidance
Displacement
Regression
isolation
Undoing
Sublimation
Clinical applications of Freudian theory
Evaluation of Freudian theory
Description
Explanation
Empirical validity and testable concepts
Comprehensiveness
Parsimony
Heuristic value
Applied value
3
Developments of Freudian Theorising
Individual psychology of Alfred
Adler
Inferiority feelings
Personality development in Adlerian terms
Birth order
Characteristics of the neurotic personality
Adlerian treatment approaches
Evaluation of Adler s individual psychology theory
Carl Jung and analytic psychology
Structures within the psyche
Jungian personality types
Jung s conception of mental illness
and its treatment
Evaluation of Jung s theory
The psychology of Karen Horney
Essentials of Horney s theoretical position
The development of the personality
and the neurotic personality
Defence mechanisms
66
Penis envy and female masochism
66
Evaluation of Horney s theory
67
4
Learning Theory Perspectives
on Personality
74
Introduction to learning theory
76
The clinical perspective within
classical conditioning
77
The radical behaviourism of B. F. Skinner
„ 78
Attempts to apply learning theory approaches
to personality
82
The stimulus-response model of personality
of
Dollard and Miller 83
Albert
Bandura
and social learning theory
85
Learning within Bandura s model
87
Personality development in social learning theory
ss
Self-efficacy as a self-regulatory process
88
Increasing self-efficacy ratings
89
Measuring self-efficacy
90
Julian Rotter and locus of control
90
The impact of locus of control on behaviour
92
Waiter Mischel
93
The impact of Mischel
97
Evaluation of learning theory approaches
97
Description
97
Explanation
98
Empirical validity
99
Testable concepts
99
Comprehensiveness
99
Parsimony
99
Heuristic value
99
Applied value
100
Overall evaluation of cognitive approaches
125
■■ ■>
Description
125
Explanation
125
Empirical validity
125
Testable concepts
125
Comprehensiveness
125
Parsimony
125
Heuristic value
126
Applied value
126
6
Humanistic Personality Theories
130
Historical roots and key elements
of the humanistic approach
532
Abraham Maslow and self-actualisation
132
Human nature and human motivation
132
Hierarchy of needs
134
Discussion of basic needs
136
Characteristics of self-actuaiisers
137
Personality development
ш
Mental illness end its treatment in
Maslow s approach !38
Evaluation of Maslow s theory
139
Carl Rogers and person-centred therapy 141
Basic principles underlying the theory 141
Self-actualisation I4i
Effect of society on self-actualisation
ш
Developmental impact on the child
of their parent s self-concept
144
Trie role of the actualising tendency in development
145
Rogers conceptualisation of psychological problems
146
The principles of Rogerian counselling
147
The role of the therapist or counsellor
149
Evaluation of Rogers theory
152
5
Cognitive Personality Theories
Theory of personal constructs of George A. Kelly
The we
iv
or the person in Kelly s theory
Concepts within Kelly s theory
Personality development according to Kelly
Assessing personality in personal construct theory
Clinical applications of personal construct theory
Albert Eilis and Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy
Origins of the theory of Rational-Emotive
Behaviour Therapy
Rational and irrational thoughts
The importance of perception and the subjective
world view
Development of the individual
The basic model of Rational-Emotive
Behaviour Therapy
Sources of psychological disturbance
Applications of Rational-Emotive
Behaviour Therapy
Research evidence for effectiveness
of Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy
Contentious issues
104 7
The Trait Approach to Personality
158
106
Emergence of personality traits
159
Ю6
Defining personality traits
160
107
The development of trait theories
m
within psychology 161
112
Sheldon and somatypes 161
113
Early lexical approaches to personality
115
and the lexical hypothesis
162
Gordon
Allport 163
115
Raymond Cattell and the emergence
115
of the factor analytic approach
165
Types of traits
165
118
Contribution of Catteli
169
121
Hans Eysenck s trait theory of personality 17O
Eysenck s structure of personality
iti
122
Research evidence for Eysenck s types
173
123
Ps ych
opa
tho log
γ
and Eysenck s therapeutic
approach
174
124
Eysencŕí s
contribution to trait theorising
174
The five-factor model
175
124
Evidential sources for the five-factor model
175
124
Evaluation of the Big Five and trait approaches mi
8
Biological Basis of Personality I:
Genetic Heritabiiity of Personality
and Biological and Physiological
Models of Personality
182
Behavioural genetics
шз
Behavioural genetics: basic ideas
183
How the influence of genes is assessed
in behaviour genetics
184
Methods for assessing genetic heritability
of personality
185
Genetic heritability estimates and personality
186
Considerations within behavioural genetics
and personality 19O
Conceptions of genetic heritability
and the environment
190
Different types of genetic variance
19!
Shared and non-shared environments
î9i
Problems with the representativeness
of twin and adoption studies
196
Assortative mating
196
Changing world of genetics
197
A framework for considering
heritability ¡n
personality
198
Psycnophysiology, neuropsycnoiogy and
personality t99
Eysenck s biological model of personality
and arousal
200
Cray s BAS/BIS theory
202
Cloninger s biological model of personality
204
Empirical evidence for biological theories
of personality
206
The central nervous system and biological
personality dimensions
206
The
autonomie
nervous system and
biologicei
personality dimensions
207
Consideration of biological theories of personality
208
9
Biological Basis of Personality II:
Evolutionary Psychology and Animal
Studies of Personality
212
Evoiutionary theory
213
Evolutionary psychology and adaptaiion
214
The use of evolutionary psychology
in uiidei standing behaviour
214
Evolutionary personality and personality
and individual differences psychology
218
An introduction to evolutionary
personality psychology: Buss theory
of personality and adaptation
218
How individual differences arise through
co-operation: the example of leadership
219
Life history and personality
222
Consideration of the evolutionary theory
of personality
223
Animals and their personality
225
Animais
and personality: a historical context
225
Within-species versus cross-species comparisons
225
Methods in animal personality research
226
Reliability and validity of animal
personality research
221
Animal personality: the emergence
of the five-factor model of personality
228
Animal personality: informing evolutionary
theories of personality?
228
Consideration of animal personality research
229
Part
2
Intelligence
10
An Introduction to Intelligence
238
Why does intelligence matter?
240
Implicit theories of intelligence
240
Research into implicit theories
of intelligence
241
Laypersons implicit theories across cultures
243
Implicit theories of intelligence
across the life span
246
Expert
conceptions
of intelligence
249
A task force in intelligence
250
The focus of this part of the book
252
11
Theories and Measurement of Intelligence
256
The birth of the psychology of intelligence: Galton
and Binet
258
Galton
258
Binet
258
The search for measurement continues: the birth
of
Ю
and standardised testing
259
Termán
260
Yerkes
260
General intelligence (g): the theory
and the measurement
262
g ?fi?
Measuring g ; the
Wechsler
and
Raven s Matrices
262
Multifactor theorists: Thurstone, Cattell
and Guilford
270
Thurstone: g results from seven primary
mental abilities
270
Catteli: fluid and crystallised intelligence
270
Guilford: many different intelligences
and many different combinations
271
Intelligence and factor analysis
-
a third way:
The
hierarcha!
approach
272
Vernon
272
Carroll: from the Three-Stratum Model of Human
Cognitive Abilities to
СНС
273
Carre//, Horn and Carroll
(СНС):
theory,
research and practice together
274
Other theories of intelligence: Gardner
and
Sternberg
276
Howard Gardner: multiple intelligences
276
Robert
Sternberg
278
12
Intelligence Tests: What Do Scores
on Intelligence Tests Reflect?
284
Types of intelligence tests
285
The distinction between the psychometric
and the cognitive psychology approaches
to intelligence testing
286
Simple biological and physiological measures
of intelligence
286
Alexander Romanovich Luria
287
Das and Naglieri s Cognitive
Лѕѕеѕѕтепѓ
System
and the Kaufmans ability test
289
Features, uses and problems surrounding
inteIHgence tests
293
Typical features of intelligence tests
293
Trie uses of intelligence tests
294
Problems and issues with intelligence tests
295
The intelligent use of intelligence tests
299
Some concluding comments
300
The Flynn effect
301
How was the Flynn effect discovered?
301
Explanations of the Flynn effect
302
Πι
e
nutrition hypothesis versus
the cognitive stimulation hypothesis
308
13
Heritabllity and Socially Defined Race
Differences in Intelligence
312
Section A The Heritability of intelligence
314
Intelligence: the nature versus nurture debate
314
Galton
314
Heritability of intelligence
315
What do we mean by heritability of intelligence?
315
Methods for assessing genetic heritability
of intelligence
316
Heritability estimates of intelligence
317
Considerations within behavioural
genetics and intelligence 3is
Modern estimates of the genetic heritability
of intelligence
321
Environmental influences on intelligence
322
Biological variables and maternal effects
322
Nutrition
322
Lead
323
Prenatal factors
323
Maternal effects model
324
Family environment
324
Shared and nonshared environments
324
Within-family factors
325
Outside family fectors
32?
Socioeconomic status of the family
328
Birth order, family size and intelligence
329
Education and inteiiigence
330
Culture and intelligence
331
Deconřexíud/řSdř/on
331
GudftířfíCdt/on
332
BiolOijiSdtíon
332
Finai
comments on genetic heritability
and environmentai influences on intelligence
332
Section
В
The Bell Curve; Race Differences
in
intelligence
334
The Bell Curve
334
ľne
Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure
in American Life
334
The cognitive elite: looking at the higher end
of the bell curve
335
/0
scores and social and economic problems:
looking at the lower end of the bell curve
336
Trie relationship between race and IQ:
implications for social policy
33?
Criticisms of The Bell Curve: Intelligence
and Class Structure in American Life
339
Analysis of the assumptions used by
Herrnstein
and Murray
339
Statistical and evidence-based pioblems
in The Bell Curve arguments
342
A darker side of psychology related
to Herrnstein and Murray s analysis
344
14
Sex Differences in Intelligence: Spatial
Intelligence and Emotional
Intelligence
350
Sex differences in inteIHgence
351
Sex differences on measures of general inteIHgence
352
Sex differences in specific intelligences
353
Looking for explanations of sex differences
in measures of intelligence
356
Biological explanations for sex differences
in intelligence
356
Biological variables for sex differences
in measures of general inteIHgence
356
Biological variables for sex differences
in spatial intelligence
357
Summary of biological factors in sex
differences in
intelligence
Збі
Environmental explanations for sex
differences in intelligence
361
Stereotypes on sex differences
in intelligence outside of education
362
Stereotypes on sex differences in intelligence
within education
363
Interactions
between technology and socioeconomic
status and their influence on intelligence
in the classroom
364
A final consideration of sex differences
in measures of intelligence
365
Stereotype emphasis
365
Placing the extent of the sex differences
in intelligence within its proper context
366
Interim summary for sex differences in intelligence
367
Emotional intelligence
368
Salovey and Mayer s four-branch model
of emotional intelligence
368
Goieman s model of emotional intelligence
370
ßar-On s
model of emotional intelligence:
372
Providing contexts for understanding
the three models of emotional intelligence
375
Sex differences in emotions! intelligence
377
Criticai
consideration of emotional
intelligence theory and research
378
15
The Application of Personality and
intelligence in Education and the Workplace
384
Personality and intelligence predictors of
achievement in education and the workplace
386
Established measures of personality
and intelligence: predictors of achievement
in education and work
386
Trie difficulties with using established
measures of personality and intelligence
in education end work
388
Learning styles and experiential learning theory
(ELT) 390
Learning processes
390
Learning styles
390
Application and measurement of learning
processes and styles
392
Criticai
consideration of Koib s theory
393
Emotional inteiiigence in education
ond
the workplace
393
Coleman s theory of emotional intelligence
393
Emotional intelligence end leadership
394
Emotional intelligence end self-learning
394
Consideration of emotional intelligence
in education and the workplace
395
Successful intelligence and leadership: creativity,
intelligence and wisdom
397
Creativity
397
Wisdom
400
Giftedness
401
Giftedness,
termites
and IQ scores
40!
Modern conceptions of giftedness: not just high IQ?
403
Psychological models of giftedness
404
Summary of giftedness
406
Working with those who have ¡earning disabilities
406
Working with those who have learning disabilities:
The darker historical line
406
Working with those who have learning disabilities:
the positive historical line
407
Feuerstein
and Structural Cognitive ModifiabHity
408
Theory and programme of Structural Cognitive
ModifiabHity
408
Part
3
Applied Individual:
Differences
?
16
An Introduction to Applied Individual
Differences
416
Individual differences can be applied to improve
our understanding of psychological concepts 4is
The nature of individual differences
419
How are individual differences identified
and measured?
419
How individual differences can be applied
to improve our understanding of competing
or overlapping concepts or topic areas
420
Comparing theories
42í
Combining theories
422
How
individuai
differences theory is applied
to demonstrate its usefulness within the
psychology of human experience
425
17
Optimism
428
Learned optimism
-
explanatory style
431
Learned helplessness versus learned
optimism
432
The ABC format
433
Distraction and disputation
434
Dispositiona! optimism
434
The Life Orientation Test: a measure of
dispositional optimism
435
Optimism and well-being
435
Coping and appraisals
436
Benefits of optimism and well-being
437
Optimism: a cloud in the silver lining?
439
Situational optimism
440
Hope
441
Benefits Of hope
443
Measurement of hope
444
A consideration of false hope
ала
Optimism versus positive thinking
447
18
Irrational Beliefs
452
The basic theory of Rational-Emotive
Behaviour Therapy {REBT)
453
The ABCs of human disturbance
454
Mus
turba
tory
thinking and disturbance
457
irrational beliefs end mental health
460
Irrational beliefs and individual differences
46!
issues with
irrational
beliefs that need
to be considered and addressed
461
The case for and against religion
462
The case for and against luck: the importance
of belief in good luck
466
Superstitious beliefs
468
19
Embarrassment, Shyness
and Social Anxiety
474
Introducing social anxieties and social
anxiety disorder
476
What exactly is social anxiety disorder?
476
General symptoms, prevalence and conceptions
of social anxiety disorder
47?
Definitions end diagnosis of social
anxiety disorder
478
What causes social anxiety disorder?
480
Shyness
482
What ¡s shyness?
483
The consequences of shyness
484
State
versus
trait shyness
485
Sfare
shyness
485
Trait shyness
486
Shyness and personality
486
Shyness, genetics and behavioural inhibition
Ί87
Fearful and self-conscious shyness
488
Self-conscious shyness and attribution style
488
Shyness and culture
489
Embarrassment
490
Four theories of embarrassment
490
Réévaluation
of the embarrassment models
. 492
Categorisation of embarrassing situations
493
Embarrassment, measurement and personality
494
20
Interpersonal Relationships
498
Interpersonal attraction
499
Theories of interpersonal attraction
500
Fatal attraction
501
Love styles
502
The triangular theory of love
502
Love styles (or the colours of love)
504
Individual and group differences
ІП
love Styles
506
Romantic love and attachment styles
507
Relationship dissolution 5to
The investment model
510
How individuals initiate the end of a relationship
5п
How individuals react when the other person
initiates the end of the relationship
513
Introducing forgiveness
515
What is forgiveness?
555
Models of the forgiveness process 516
The Enright model of forgiveness
517
The Worthington (pyramidal) model
520
Attachment and forgiveness
522
ForgiVeness and personality
522
21
Social Attitudes
528
Right-wing authoritarianism, conservatism
and social dominance
530
Authoritarianism
530
Conservatism
532
Social dominance orientation
535
Right-wing attitudes and personality
538
Right-wing attitudes and Eysenck s theory
of personality
538
Five-factor theory of personality
and conservatism
540
Critical consideration of right-wing
attitudes theory
54!
Religion
543
Dimensions of religiosity
543
Religion and mental health
545
Religion and personality
548
Religion,
personality,
coping and
mental health
549
Critical review
551
Part
4
Supplementary Matt
22
Academic Argument and Thinking
558
The structure of arguments: premises
and conclusions
559
Deductive versus inductive arguments
560
Fallacies in arguments
561
Fallacies of the undistributed middle
561
The fallacy of affirming the consequent
561
Argument directed at the person fargumentum
ad hominem,
argument directed ar the men )
562
Appealing to ignorance or absence of fact
rargumentum ad ignorantiam, argument
from ignorance )
563
АррезІ
to popular beliefs fargumentum
ad populum, argument from the people )
563
Appeal to emotion fargumentum
ad misericordiam, argument from pity )
563
False dilemma
564
Comparing populations
564
23
Statistical Terms
566
Tests of association
56/
Correlation coefficents
567
Factor analysis
570
Multiple regression
572
Tests of difference
572
Геѕѓѕ
of difference for two sets of scores
572
Геѕѓѕ
oř
difference for more than two sets
Of SCOreS
573
Meta-analysis
573
Effect Size
574
24
Psychometric Testing
576
Reliability
577
Internal reliability (internal consistency)
577
Test
retest
reliability (reliability over time)
578
Validity
578
Types and uses of psychometric tests
579
25
Research Ethics
582
What do we mean by research ethics?
583
Why do we need ethical codes?
583
Basic principles for ethical research
583
Research studies have to comply
with all legal requirements
583
Research participants
584
NHS and social services/social care research
586
Ethical
principies
for conducting research
with human participants (The British
Psychological Society)
586
Glossary
590
References
607
index
639
|
| adam_txt |
Brief Contents
Guided
Tour
Preface
Acknowledgements
xiv
xviii
ХХІІІ
Part
1
Personality
I».'.'·.·'-
Chapter
1
Personality Theory in Context
4
Chapter
2
The Basis of the Psychoanalytic Approach to Personality
22
Chapter
3
Developments of Freudian Theorising
44
Chapter
4
Learning Theory Perspectives on Personaiity
74
Chapter
5
Cognitive Personality Theories
104
Chapter
6
Humanistic Personality Theories
130
Chapter
7
The Trait Approach to
Personality 158
Chapter
8
Biological Basis of Personality I: Genetic Heritability of Personality and Biological
and Physiological Models of Personality
182
Chapter
9
Biological Basis of Personality II: Evolutionary Psychology and Animal Studies
of Personality
212
Part
2
Intelligence
· ■
^^ЩЕНИН
Chapter
10
An Introduction to Intelligence
238
Chapter
11
Theories and Measurement of intelligence
256
Chapter
12
intelligence Tests: What Do Scores on Intelligence Tests Reflect?
284
Chapter
13
Hcritability and Socially Defined Race Differences in Intelligence
312
Chapter
14
Sex Differences in Intelligence:
Spatia!
Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence
350
Chapter
15
The Application of Personality and Intelligence in Education and the Workplace
384
Part
3
Applied Individual Differences
Chapter
16
An Introduction to Applied Individual Differences
Chapter
17
Optimism
416
428
BRIEF
CONTENTS
Chapter
18
Irrational Beliefs
Chapter
19
Embarrassment, Shyness and Social Anxiety
Chapter
20
Interpersonal Relationships
Chapter
21
Social Attitudes
452
474
498
528
Part
4
Supplementary Material
Chapter
22
Academic Argument and Thinking
Chapter
23
Statistical Terms
Chapter
24
Psychometric Testing
Chapter
25
Research Ethics
557
558
566
576
582
Glossary
References
Index
590
607
639
Contents
Guided
Tour
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part
1
Personality
■
';щк
1
Personality Theory in Context*
4
General population perspectives: implicit
personality theories
5
Problems with implicit theories
ή
How is personality defined?
6
Lay definitions of personality
6
Psychological definitions of personality
7
The aims of studying personality
8
The source of the term 'personality'
9
Approeches to studying personality:
idioqraphic versus nomothetic
Ю
Describing personality
Ю
Distinctions and assertions in personality research
n
Effects of personality versus situational effects
M
Measurement Issues
13
Strands of personality theorising
13
The clinical approach and its tiibtut
у
13
Individus!
differences emphasis on pemonaHly
and its history
15
Studying personality as a personal experience
16
Reading critically and evaluating theories
16
The cultural context of personality theories
19
2
The Basis of the Psychoanalytic
Approach to Personality
22
Description of Freud's theory of personality
24
Levels of consciousness ?A
¡he nature of human beings and the source
of human motivation
25
"Key Themes, Learning Outcomes and Introduction open
each chapter; Final Comments, Summary, Connecting Up,
Criticai
Thinking, Going Further and Film and Literature can
be found at the end of each chapter.
Trie structure of the personality
The development of personality
Defence mechanisms
Repress ion
Denial
Projection
Reaction formation
Rationalisation
Conversion reaction
Phobic avoidance
Displacement
Regression
isolation
Undoing
Sublimation
Clinical applications of Freudian theory
Evaluation of Freudian theory
Description
Explanation
Empirical validity and testable concepts
Comprehensiveness
Parsimony
Heuristic value
Applied value
3
Developments of Freudian Theorising
Individual psychology of Alfred
Adler
Inferiority feelings
Personality development in Adlerian terms
Birth order
Characteristics of the neurotic personality
Adlerian treatment approaches
Evaluation of Adler's individual psychology theory
Carl Jung and analytic psychology
Structures within the psyche
Jungian personality types
Jung's conception of mental illness
and its treatment
Evaluation of Jung's theory
The psychology of Karen Horney
Essentials of Horney's theoretical position
The development of the personality
and the neurotic personality
Defence mechanisms
66
Penis envy and female masochism
66
Evaluation of Horney's theory
67
4
Learning Theory Perspectives
on Personality
74
Introduction to learning theory
76
The clinical perspective within
classical conditioning
77
The radical behaviourism of B. F. Skinner
„ 78
Attempts to apply learning theory approaches
to personality
82
The stimulus-response model of personality
of
Dollard and Miller 83
Albert
Bandura
and social learning theory
85
Learning within Bandura's model
87
Personality development in social learning theory
ss
Self-efficacy as a self-regulatory process
88
Increasing self-efficacy ratings
89
Measuring self-efficacy
90
Julian Rotter and locus of control
90
The impact of locus of control on behaviour
92
Waiter Mischel
93
The impact of Mischel
97
Evaluation of learning theory approaches
97
Description
97
Explanation
98
Empirical validity
99
Testable concepts
99
Comprehensiveness
99
Parsimony
99
Heuristic value
99
Applied value
100
Overall evaluation of cognitive approaches
125
■■'■>
Description
125
Explanation
125
Empirical validity
125
Testable concepts
125
Comprehensiveness
125
Parsimony
125
Heuristic value
126
Applied value
126
6
Humanistic Personality Theories
130
Historical roots and key elements
of the humanistic approach
532
Abraham Maslow and self-actualisation
132
Human nature and human motivation
132
Hierarchy of needs
134
Discussion of basic needs
136
Characteristics of self-actuaiisers
137
Personality development
ш
Mental illness end its treatment in
Maslow's approach !38
Evaluation of Maslow's theory
139
Carl Rogers and person-centred therapy 141
Basic principles underlying the theory 141
Self-actualisation I4i
Effect of society on self-actualisation
ш
Developmental impact on the child
of their parent's self-concept
144
Trie role of the actualising tendency in development
145
Rogers' conceptualisation of psychological problems
146
The principles of Rogerian counselling
147
The role of the therapist or counsellor
149
Evaluation of Rogers' theory
152
5
Cognitive Personality Theories
Theory of personal constructs of George A. Kelly
The we
iv
or the person in Kelly's theory
Concepts within Kelly's theory
Personality development according to Kelly
Assessing personality in personal construct theory
Clinical applications of personal construct theory
Albert Eilis and Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy
Origins of the theory of Rational-Emotive
Behaviour Therapy
Rational and irrational thoughts
The importance of perception and the subjective
world view
Development of the individual
The basic model of Rational-Emotive
Behaviour Therapy
Sources of psychological disturbance
Applications of Rational-Emotive
Behaviour Therapy
Research evidence for effectiveness
of Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy
Contentious issues
104 7
The Trait Approach to Personality
158
106
Emergence of personality traits
159
Ю6
Defining personality traits
160
107
The development of trait theories
m
within psychology 161
112
Sheldon and somatypes 161
113
Early lexical approaches to personality
115
and the lexical hypothesis
162
Gordon
Allport 163
115
Raymond Cattell and the emergence
115
of the factor analytic approach
165
Types of traits
165
118
Contribution of Catteli
169
121
Hans Eysenck's trait theory of personality 17O
Eysenck's structure of personality
iti
122
Research evidence for Eysenck's types
173
123
Ps ych
opa
tho log
γ
and Eysenck's therapeutic
approach
174
124
Eysencŕí's
contribution to trait theorising
174
The five-factor model
175
124
Evidential sources for the five-factor model
175
124
Evaluation of the Big Five and trait approaches mi
8
Biological Basis of Personality I:
Genetic Heritabiiity of Personality
and Biological and Physiological
Models of Personality
182
Behavioural genetics
шз
Behavioural genetics: basic ideas
183
How the influence of genes is assessed
in behaviour genetics
184
Methods for assessing genetic heritability
of personality
185
Genetic heritability estimates and personality
186
Considerations within behavioural genetics
and personality 19O
Conceptions of genetic heritability
and the environment
190
Different types of genetic variance
19!
Shared and non-shared environments
î9i
Problems with the representativeness
of twin and adoption studies
196
Assortative mating
196
Changing world of genetics
197
A framework for considering
heritability ¡n
personality
198
Psycnophysiology, neuropsycnoiogy and
personality t99
Eysenck's biological model of personality
and arousal
200
Cray's BAS/BIS theory
202
Cloninger's biological model of personality
204
Empirical evidence for biological theories
of personality
206
The central nervous system and biological
personality dimensions
206
The
autonomie
nervous system and
biologicei
personality dimensions
207
Consideration of biological theories of personality
208
9
Biological Basis of Personality II:
Evolutionary Psychology and Animal
Studies of Personality
212
Evoiutionary theory
213
Evolutionary psychology and adaptaiion
214
The use of evolutionary psychology
in uiidei standing behaviour
214
Evolutionary personality and personality
and individual differences psychology
218
An introduction to evolutionary
personality psychology: Buss' theory
of personality and adaptation
218
How individual differences arise through
co-operation: the example of leadership
219
Life history and personality
222
Consideration of the evolutionary theory
of personality
223
Animals and their personality
225
Animais
and personality: a historical context
225
Within-species versus cross-species comparisons
225
Methods in animal personality research
226
Reliability and validity of animal
personality research
221
Animal personality: the emergence
of the five-factor model of personality
228
Animal personality: informing evolutionary
theories of personality?
228
Consideration of animal personality research
229
Part
2
Intelligence
10
An Introduction to Intelligence
238
Why does intelligence matter?
240
Implicit theories of intelligence
240
Research into implicit theories
of intelligence
241
Laypersons' implicit theories across cultures
243
Implicit theories of intelligence
across the life span
246
Expert
conceptions
of intelligence
249
A task force in intelligence
250
The focus of this part of the book
252
11
Theories and Measurement of Intelligence
256
The birth of the psychology of intelligence: Galton
and Binet
258
Galton
258
Binet
258
The search for measurement continues: the birth
of
'Ю'
and standardised testing
259
Termán
260
Yerkes
260
General intelligence (g): the theory
and the measurement
262
'g' ?fi?
Measuring 'g'; the
Wechsler
and
Raven's Matrices
262
Multifactor theorists: Thurstone, Cattell
and Guilford
270
Thurstone: 'g' results from seven primary
mental abilities
270
Catteli: fluid and crystallised intelligence
270
Guilford: many different intelligences
and many different combinations
271
Intelligence and factor analysis
-
a third way:
The
hierarcha!
approach
272
Vernon
272
Carroll: from the Three-Stratum Model of Human
Cognitive Abilities to
СНС
273
Carre//, Horn and Carroll
(СНС):
theory,
research and practice together
274
Other theories of intelligence: Gardner
and
Sternberg
276
Howard Gardner: multiple intelligences
276
Robert
Sternberg
278
12
Intelligence Tests: What Do Scores
on Intelligence Tests Reflect?
284
Types of intelligence tests
285
The distinction between the psychometric
and the cognitive psychology approaches
to intelligence testing
286
Simple biological and physiological measures
of intelligence
286
Alexander Romanovich Luria
287
Das and Naglieri's Cognitive
Лѕѕеѕѕтепѓ
System
and the Kaufmans' ability test
289
Features, uses and problems surrounding
inteIHgence tests
293
Typical features of intelligence tests
293
Trie uses of intelligence tests
294
Problems and issues with intelligence tests
295
The intelligent use of intelligence tests
299
Some concluding comments
300
The Flynn effect
301
How was the Flynn effect discovered?
301
Explanations of the Flynn effect
302
Πι
e
nutrition hypothesis versus
the cognitive stimulation hypothesis
308
13
Heritabllity and Socially Defined Race
Differences in Intelligence
312
Section A The Heritability of intelligence
314
Intelligence: the nature versus nurture debate
314
Galton
314
Heritability of intelligence
315
What do we mean by heritability of intelligence?
315
Methods for assessing genetic heritability
of intelligence
316
Heritability estimates of intelligence
317
Considerations within behavioural
genetics and intelligence 3is
Modern estimates of the genetic heritability
of intelligence
321
Environmental influences on intelligence
322
Biological variables and maternal effects
322
Nutrition
322
Lead
323
Prenatal factors
323
Maternal effects model
324
Family environment
324
Shared and nonshared environments
324
Within-family factors
325
Outside family fectors
32?
Socioeconomic status of the family
328
Birth order, family size and intelligence
329
Education and inteiiigence
330
Culture and intelligence
331
Deconřexíud/řSdř/on
331
GudftířfíCdt/on
332
BiolOijiSdtíon
332
Finai
comments on genetic heritability
and environmentai influences on intelligence
332
Section
В
The Bell Curve; Race Differences
in
intelligence
334
The Bell Curve
334
ľne
Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure
in American Life
334
The cognitive elite: looking at the higher end
of the bell curve
335
/0
scores and social and economic problems:
looking at the lower end of the bell curve
336
Trie relationship between race and IQ:
implications for social policy
33?
Criticisms of The Bell Curve: Intelligence
and Class Structure in American Life
339
Analysis of the assumptions used by
Herrnstein
and Murray
339
Statistical and evidence-based pioblems
in The Bell Curve arguments
342
A darker side of psychology related
to Herrnstein and Murray's analysis
344
14
Sex Differences in Intelligence: Spatial
Intelligence and Emotional
Intelligence
350
Sex differences in inteIHgence
351
Sex differences on measures of general inteIHgence
352
Sex differences in specific intelligences
353
Looking for explanations of sex differences
in measures of intelligence
356
Biological explanations for sex differences
in intelligence
356
Biological variables for sex differences
in measures of general inteIHgence
356
Biological variables for sex differences
in spatial intelligence
357
Summary of biological factors in sex
differences in
intelligence
Збі
Environmental explanations for sex
differences in intelligence
361
Stereotypes on sex differences
in intelligence outside of education
362
Stereotypes on sex differences in intelligence
within education
363
Interactions
between technology and socioeconomic
status and their influence on intelligence
in the classroom
364
A final consideration of sex differences
in measures of intelligence
365
Stereotype emphasis
365
Placing the extent of the sex differences
in intelligence within its proper context
366
Interim summary for sex differences in intelligence
367
Emotional intelligence
368
Salovey and Mayer's four-branch model
of emotional intelligence
368
Goieman's model of emotional intelligence
370
ßar-On's
model of emotional intelligence:
372
Providing contexts for understanding
the three models of emotional intelligence
375
Sex differences in emotions! intelligence
377
Criticai
consideration of emotional
intelligence theory and research
378
15
The Application of Personality and
intelligence in Education and the Workplace
384
Personality and intelligence predictors of
achievement in education and the workplace
386
Established measures of personality
and intelligence: predictors of achievement
in education and work
386
Trie difficulties with using established
measures of personality and intelligence
in education end work
388
Learning styles and experiential learning theory
(ELT) 390
Learning processes
390
Learning styles
390
Application and measurement of learning
processes and styles
392
Criticai
consideration of Koib's theory
393
Emotional inteiiigence in education
ond
the workplace
393
Coleman's theory of emotional intelligence
393
Emotional intelligence end leadership
394
Emotional intelligence end self-learning
394
Consideration of emotional intelligence
in education and the workplace
395
Successful intelligence and leadership: creativity,
intelligence and wisdom
397
Creativity
397
Wisdom
400
Giftedness
401
Giftedness,
termites
and IQ scores
40!
Modern conceptions of giftedness: not just high IQ?
403
Psychological models of giftedness
404
Summary of giftedness
406
Working with those who have ¡earning disabilities
406
Working with those who have learning disabilities:
The darker historical line
406
Working with those who have learning disabilities:
the positive historical line
407
Feuerstein
and Structural Cognitive ModifiabHity
408
Theory and programme of Structural Cognitive
ModifiabHity
408
Part
3
Applied Individual:
Differences
?
16
An Introduction to Applied Individual
Differences
416
Individual differences can be applied to improve
our understanding of psychological concepts 4is
The nature of individual differences
419
How are individual differences identified
and measured?
419
How individual differences can be applied
to improve our understanding of competing
or overlapping concepts or topic areas
420
Comparing theories
42í
Combining theories
422
How
individuai
differences theory is applied
to demonstrate its usefulness within the
psychology of human experience
425
17
Optimism
428
Learned optimism
-
explanatory style
431
Learned helplessness versus learned
optimism
432
The ABC format
433
Distraction and disputation
434
Dispositiona! optimism
434
The Life Orientation Test: a measure of
dispositional optimism
435
Optimism and well-being
435
Coping and appraisals
436
Benefits of optimism and well-being
437
Optimism: a cloud in the silver lining?
439
Situational optimism
440
Hope
441
Benefits Of hope
443
Measurement of hope
444
A consideration of false hope
ала
Optimism versus 'positive thinking'
447
18
Irrational Beliefs
452
The basic theory of Rational-Emotive
Behaviour Therapy {REBT)
453
The ABCs of human disturbance
454
'Mus
turba
tory'
thinking and disturbance
457
irrational beliefs end mental health
460
Irrational beliefs and individual differences
46!
issues with
irrational
beliefs that need
to be considered and addressed
461
The case for and against religion
462
The case for and against luck: the importance
of belief in good luck
466
Superstitious beliefs
468
19
Embarrassment, Shyness
and Social Anxiety
474
Introducing social anxieties and social
anxiety disorder
476
What exactly is social anxiety disorder?
476
General symptoms, prevalence and conceptions
of social anxiety disorder
47?
Definitions end diagnosis of social
anxiety disorder
478
What causes social anxiety disorder?
480
Shyness
482
What ¡s shyness?
483
The consequences of shyness
484
State
versus
trait shyness
485
Sfare
shyness
485
Trait shyness
486
Shyness and personality
486
Shyness, genetics and behavioural inhibition
Ί87
Fearful and self-conscious shyness
488
Self-conscious shyness and attribution style
488
Shyness and culture
489
Embarrassment
490
Four theories of embarrassment
490
Réévaluation
of the embarrassment models
. 492
Categorisation of embarrassing situations
493
Embarrassment, measurement and personality
494
20
Interpersonal Relationships
498
Interpersonal attraction
499
Theories of interpersonal attraction
500
Fatal attraction
501
Love styles
502
The triangular theory of love
502
Love styles (or the colours of love)
504
Individual and group differences
ІП
love Styles
506
Romantic love and attachment styles
507
Relationship dissolution 5to
The investment model
510
How individuals initiate the end of a relationship
5п
How individuals react when the other person
initiates the end of the relationship
513
Introducing forgiveness
515
What is forgiveness?
555
Models of the forgiveness process 516
The Enright model of forgiveness
517
The Worthington (pyramidal) model
520
Attachment and forgiveness
522
ForgiVeness and personality
522
21
Social Attitudes
528
Right-wing authoritarianism, conservatism
and social dominance
530
Authoritarianism
530
Conservatism
532
Social dominance orientation
535
Right-wing attitudes and personality
538
Right-wing attitudes and Eysenck's theory
of personality
538
Five-factor theory of personality
and conservatism
540
Critical consideration of right-wing
attitudes theory
54!
Religion
543
Dimensions of religiosity
543
Religion and mental health
545
Religion and personality
548
Religion,
personality,
coping and
mental health
549
Critical review
551
Part
4
Supplementary Matt
22
Academic Argument and Thinking
558
The structure of arguments: premises
and conclusions
559
Deductive versus inductive arguments
560
Fallacies in arguments
561
Fallacies of the undistributed middle
561
The fallacy of affirming the consequent
561
Argument directed at the person fargumentum
ad hominem,
'argument directed ar the men')
562
Appealing to ignorance or absence of fact
rargumentum ad ignorantiam, 'argument
from ignorance')
563
АррезІ
to popular beliefs fargumentum
ad populum, 'argument from the people')
563
Appeal to emotion fargumentum
ad misericordiam, 'argument from pity')
563
False dilemma
564
Comparing populations
564
23
Statistical Terms
566
Tests of association
56/
Correlation coefficents
567
Factor analysis
570
Multiple regression
572
Tests of difference
572
Геѕѓѕ
of difference for two sets of scores
572
Геѕѓѕ
oř
difference for more than two sets
Of SCOreS
573
Meta-analysis
573
Effect Size
574
24
Psychometric Testing
576
Reliability
577
Internal reliability (internal consistency)
577
Test
retest
reliability (reliability over time)
578
Validity
578
Types and uses of psychometric tests
579
25
Research Ethics
582
What do we mean by research ethics?
583
Why do we need ethical codes?
583
Basic principles for ethical research
583
Research studies have to comply
with all legal requirements
583
Research participants
584
NHS and social services/social care research
586
Ethical
principies
for conducting research
with human participants (The British
Psychological Society)
586
Glossary
590
References
607
index
639 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Maltby, John Day, Liz Macaskill, Ann |
| author_facet | Maltby, John Day, Liz Macaskill, Ann |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Maltby, John |
| author_variant | j m jm l d ld a m am |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022404039 |
| callnumber-first | B - Philosophy, Psychology, Religion |
| callnumber-label | BF698 |
| callnumber-raw | BF698.9.I6 |
| callnumber-search | BF698.9.I6 |
| callnumber-sort | BF 3698.9 I6 |
| callnumber-subject | BF - Psychology |
| classification_rvk | CR 1000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)71238432 (DE-599)BVBBV022404039 |
| dewey-full | 155.2 |
| dewey-hundreds | 100 - Philosophy & psychology |
| dewey-ones | 155 - Differential & developmental psychology |
| dewey-raw | 155.2 |
| dewey-search | 155.2 |
| dewey-sort | 3155.2 |
| dewey-tens | 150 - Psychology |
| discipline | Psychologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Psychologie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV022404039 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:19:24Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:56:51Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0131297600 9780131297609 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015612626 |
| oclc_num | 71238432 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-824 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| owner_facet | DE-824 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG |
| physical | XXIV, 661 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Pearson Prentice Hall |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Pearson education |
| spelling | Maltby, John Verfasser aut Introduction to personality, individual differences and intelligence John Maltby ; Liz Day ; Ann Macaskill Personality, individual differences and intelligence 1. publ. Harlow, England ; Munich [u.a.] Pearson Prentice Hall 2007 XXIV, 661 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pearson education Individual differences Intellect Personality Personality and intelligence Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd rswk-swf Persönlichkeit (DE-588)4045242-6 gnd rswk-swf Individualpsychologie (DE-588)4026745-3 gnd rswk-swf Differentielle Psychologie (DE-588)4012259-1 gnd rswk-swf Intelligenz (DE-588)4027251-5 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Individualpsychologie (DE-588)4026745-3 s DE-604 Differentielle Psychologie (DE-588)4012259-1 s Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 s Intelligenz (DE-588)4027251-5 s 2\p DE-604 Persönlichkeit (DE-588)4045242-6 s 3\p DE-604 Day, Liz Verfasser aut Macaskill, Ann Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015612626&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Maltby, John Day, Liz Macaskill, Ann Introduction to personality, individual differences and intelligence Individual differences Intellect Personality Personality and intelligence Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd Persönlichkeit (DE-588)4045242-6 gnd Individualpsychologie (DE-588)4026745-3 gnd Differentielle Psychologie (DE-588)4012259-1 gnd Intelligenz (DE-588)4027251-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4075996-9 (DE-588)4045242-6 (DE-588)4026745-3 (DE-588)4012259-1 (DE-588)4027251-5 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Introduction to personality, individual differences and intelligence |
| title_alt | Personality, individual differences and intelligence |
| title_auth | Introduction to personality, individual differences and intelligence |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to personality, individual differences and intelligence |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Introduction to personality, individual differences and intelligence |
| title_full | Introduction to personality, individual differences and intelligence John Maltby ; Liz Day ; Ann Macaskill |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to personality, individual differences and intelligence John Maltby ; Liz Day ; Ann Macaskill |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to personality, individual differences and intelligence John Maltby ; Liz Day ; Ann Macaskill |
| title_short | Introduction to personality, individual differences and intelligence |
| title_sort | introduction to personality individual differences and intelligence |
| topic | Individual differences Intellect Personality Personality and intelligence Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd Persönlichkeit (DE-588)4045242-6 gnd Individualpsychologie (DE-588)4026745-3 gnd Differentielle Psychologie (DE-588)4012259-1 gnd Intelligenz (DE-588)4027251-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Individual differences Intellect Personality Personality and intelligence Persönlichkeitspsychologie Persönlichkeit Individualpsychologie Differentielle Psychologie Intelligenz Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015612626&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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