Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukowie, pow. Płońsk:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Univ., Inst. of Archaeology
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Światowit / Supplement series P
13 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 123 S., [20] Bl. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9788387496357 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000zcb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV022403383 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20090323 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 070426s2006 abd| |||| 00||| pol d | ||
| 020 | |a 9788387496357 |9 978-83-87496-35-7 | ||
| 032 | |a 18573023X | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)612087284 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV022403383 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a pol | |
| 049 | |a DE-20 |a DE-12 | ||
| 084 | |a 6,11 |2 ssgn | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Dzik, Michał |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukowie, pow. Płońsk |c Michał Dzik |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Early medieaval burialground in Żukowo, pow. Płońsk |
| 264 | 1 | |a Warszawa |b Univ., Inst. of Archaeology |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a 123 S., [20] Bl. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Światowit / Supplement series P |v 13 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Funde |0 (DE-588)4071507-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Gräberfeld |0 (DE-588)4071980-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Płonsk |z Region |0 (DE-588)4597980-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Płonsk |z Region |0 (DE-588)4597980-7 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Gräberfeld |0 (DE-588)4071980-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Funde |0 (DE-588)4071507-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 810 | 2 | |a Supplement series P |t Światowit |v 13 |w (DE-604)BV012868029 |9 13 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015611984&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015611984&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015611984 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 900 |e 22/bsb |f 0901 |g 438 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136465794334720 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wstęp.·
...............................................................................................................................................9
Rozdział
2.
Żukowo
......................................................................................................................12
Rozdział
3.
Cmentarzysko
-
opis źródeł archeologicznych
..................................................15
3.1.
Położenie i stan zachowania stanowiska
..........................................................................................15
3.2.
Historia badań archeologicznych
.......................................................................................................16
3.3.
Opis stanu zachowania zabytków oraz dokumentacji terenowej z badań
wykopaliskowych z
1955
r
..........................................................................................................................17
3.4.
Opis grobów
...........................................................................................................................................25
3.5.
Opis pozostałych znalezisk
.................................................................................................................49
3.5.1.
Skupisko kamieni na granicy arów
24
i
34..................................................................................49
3.5.2.
Przedmioty pochodzące ze zniszczonych grobów oraz przestrzeni między grobowych
.....49
Rozdział
4.
Analiza źródeł archeologicznych
..........................................................................54
4.1.
Cmentarzysko
-
wielkość i rozplanowanie
......................................................................................54
4.2.
Groby
.......................................................................................................................................................56
4.2.1.
Kształt i wymiary jam grobowych
...............................................................................................56
4.2.2.
Obudowy kamienne
.......................................................................................................................57
4.3.
Pochówki
.................................................................................................................................................61
4.3.1.
Trumny
.............................................................................................................................................61
4.3.2.
Pochówki w naczyniach
.................................................................................................................63
4.3.3.
Orientacja pochówków
..................................................................................................................66
4.3.4.
Układ zwłok
....................................................................................................................................67
4.3.5.
Płeć i wiek
........................................................................................................................................69
4.4.
Wyposażenie pochówków i inne przedmioty znalezione na cmentarzysku
..............................72
4.4.1.
Bransoleta
.........................................................................................................................................72
4.4.2.
Kabłączki skroniowe
......................................................................................................................73
4.4.3.
Naszyjniki
........................................................................................................................................74
4.4.4.
Pierścionki
........................................................................................................................................75
4.4.5.
Grzechotka
.......................................................................................................................................77
4.4.6.
Krzesiwo
..........................................................................................................................................78
4.4.7.
Moneta
..............................................................................................................................................79
4.4.8.
Noże
..................................................................................................................................................80
4.4.9.
Ostrogi
..............................................................................................................................................82
4.4.10.
Przedmiot w kształcie krzyża
.....................................................................................................85
4.4.11.
Wiadra
............................................................................................................................................85
4.4.12.
Naczynia gliniane
.........................................................................................................................90
4.4.13.
Pozostałe przedmioty
...................................................................................................................92
Wczesnosredniozvieczne
cmentarzysko
szkieletoive
w Żukowie
Rozdział
5.
Chronologia stanowiska
.........................................................................................95
Rozdział
6.
Cmentarzysko w Żukowie na tle innych nekropoli Starego Mazowsza
.......98
Rozdział
7.
Uwagi końcowe
......................................................................................................106
Summary
.......................................................................................................................................108
Spis cytowanych źródeł i opracowań
......................................................................................113
Ryciny
............................................................................................................................................125
Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko
szkieletoive
iv
Żukowie
Sumary
The following book includes an analysis of excavation study results carried out on the
necropolis in Zukowo in
1955
by T. Zurowski. At that time, there were exposed
48
skeletal
burials with
37
dated from the second half of the 11th to 13th centuries (the first phase of the
burial ground use) and at least
4
from the 15th to the first half of the 16th centuries (second phase
of the burial ground use). There were also found the remains of a few crematory burials from
the 4th or 5th period of Bronze Age and one probably from the early-mediaeval period.
Żukowo
village, belonging to a Naruszewo commune,
Płońsk
county, Masovian
Voivodeship, is situated around
15
km to the south of
Płońsk,
in
Płońsk
Upland being a part of
North Masovian Lowland (fig.
1).
Nowadays, it is a little village445, however in the early Middle
Ages it was certainly one of greater local settlements, for before
1247
there was a church erected
and the parish was instituted. The opportune location of the village at the crossroad from
Wyszogród
to
Płońsk
and from
Zakroczym
do
Płock
fostered its expansion446.
The foundation date of the settlement is unknown. The first mention about
Żukowo
(a possessive noun of a personal name
Żuk 447)
comes from the Prince of Masovia,
Bolesław
I s
document dated back to 1247448. In that document, Lassota
-
king s butler at court of Boleslaw s
mother, Duchess Agafia
-
requested permission for assignation of Zuchowo cum ecclasia ibidem
sita,
village, received from the Prince s father, to the Bishop of
Plock.
It means that
Żukowo
existed before
1247
and had been for some time at first a ducal and then knight s property. The
dates of St.
Wawrzyniec
(St. Lawrence) Church erection in
Żukowo
and of the local parish
origin are unknown. Basing on the document, it is clear that the village existed in
1247.
It is
unknown, however, where the church had been arose: whether on the present day site i.e. on
a hill called not so long ago
Ш
Gródku
(On the Hill Fort), or
-
as a local tradition tells
-
on an
acclivity named
Kościół
(The Church), about
350
m
to the west of the burial-ground. Arguably, it
could have been still another place.
Some of the features of this graveyard, including mainly graves with stone structures and
also some artefacts found by the deceased indicate that, according to the actual state of research,
the burial-ground functioned before the construction of the church449.
Due to scrapple archaeological survey of necropolis, it was impossible to conduct a full
analysis of materials, for instance, an aspect of the reconstruction of the cemetery area
organisation or the relation patterns among its users. Moreover, during the analysis of field
documentation it turned out that a large part of this work will have to be devoted not only to
a description of documented archaeological sources but also to an arrangement of often
conflicting field survey data. Not in every case was it possible. Hereunder, I present the main
conclusions drawn from the analysis of records.
The cemetery discussed in this paper is one of few in northern Masovia, where both
graves with and without stone linings were exposed. Chronological analysis of burial
Z
!^л
g
utants (T-
Buławski
2003,
p.27)
446Cf./A.Borkiewkz-Celińskal970,p.41,fiS8
447
К.
Zierhoffer
1957,
p.401.
«s
КК,
no.
473.
108
Wczesnosredniazvieczne
cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Źubowie
appurtenances conduction indicated a great probability of both grave categories being in the
making in the same period,
i.e.,
at least from the fourth quarter of the
11*
to the second quarter
of the
12*
centuries. This points to a gradual disappearance of a custom of covering burials with
stone linings and also to the existence of differences in burial practices among the nearby
inhabitants, probably arousing from social diversity. It is worth noting that, according to
hitherto existing works, in the cemeteries with graves in stone linings, those without this kind
of structures appeared only around the mid 12th century450.
A large-scale stone lining destruction of graves in the cemetery in
Żukowo
impedes their
comparison with these kinds of structures observed in other necropolises of northern Masovia.
It seems that local linings consisted of stone monolayers overlaid on the burials. It is however
possible that originally in most graves they were much more complex than those observed
during the excavation research in
1955
and stones from linings and paving were picked out
before the mid 20th century. Only in three cases (graves no. 9/9a,
13
and
35)
it is possible to
exclude a probability of multilayered paving.
Referring to the classification of stone structures in graves according to L. Rauhut, the
lining around and over the burials no.
9
and 9a should be found as a Ic-type structure, with
characteristic features of open-grained and monolayered paving, little-depth grave-digging,
4x2,4m dimensions and irregular arrangement of border stones451. Recently, the classification of
stone-lining graves in L.Rauhut evaluation has been reviewed by
Tomasz
Kordala452,
who
portioned out two types of suchlike objects: stone pit graves453 and stone chamber graves454. All
these objects discovered in
Żukowo
are ranked as stone pit graves.
A significant number of burials (about
60%)
in the excavation site was found in remains
of wooden coffins, which is something exceptional in comparison to other burial-grounds from
northern Masovia from the 11th
-
13th centuries. It is undoubtedly the effect of inaccuracy in
exhumation of burials during the research in the other sites, surveyed mainly at the end of 19th
and at the beginning of the 20th centuries. The second cause might be also a bulge of a sand-bed
in North-Masovian Lowland, which has no preservation features of organic matters, including
wood. The remains of coffins in
Żukowo
were discovered in older and younger exhumed
graves as well. Therefore, L. Rauhut appears to assume reasonably that coffins were already
used in the oldest burials in stone-lining in Masovia455.
The obvious majority of deceased laid down with their heads towards north in the burial-
ground is puzzling. There were
19
buried adults hereby per
23
or
24
early-mediaeval burials of
known orientation. Next three deceased were southward-bound and only one eastward-bound.
Meanwhile, it is assumed that until the end of the
Util
century, in Masovia, there was
a principle of burying males with meir heads towards east and women towards west. Only
since the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries, there was a unification of orientation of deceased of
450
τ
Kordalci
2004
ϋ
227
«a L. Rauhut
1971,
pp.
455-456.
The author dated this type of structure to the
llth/lžth
-
first quarter of
13th century on the basis of the grave no.6 in Pokrzywnica
Wielka.
452
T. Kordala
2004,
p.
231-235. .
«
The burials deposited in the burial caves and covered up with stones.
«*
The burials deposited on the level of primary humus surrounded by and buned under stones.
455
L. Rauhut
1971,
pp.
461-462.
109
Wczesnosrednioxvieczne
cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukowie
both genders (westwards) to take place456. It cannot be excluded that in many destroyed graves
in
Żukowo,
a number of deceased was laid with their heads eastwards, however it is possible
that the rale of orientation according to gender was not strictly followed in the second half of
the 11th century, at least, not everywhere.
One of the extinguishing features of early-mediaeval cemetery in
Żukowo
is
a considerable percentage of infant interments at the age infans I. They constituted from
15,8%
to
25,6%
of buried deceased, taking into account those ranked to I or II phase of the cemetery
function. The burials of fetuses accounted for from
2,7%
to
13,9%.
Indeed, taking into
consideration the estimated infant mortality in the early Middle Ages, it was not a great
number457. However, in northern Masovia, child burials at the age of infans I dated early-
mediaeval, are comparatively rare. According to L. Rauhut, and lately
Jerzy Kozak,
almost
a complete absence of such burials is a characteristic feature for the early-mediaeval cemeteries
of whole Masovia458. Among numerous burial-grounds in the region between the Wkra and the
Skrwa Rivers the infant burials were discovered only in Turowo459. One of the reasons for lack
of such burials is unquestionably fast decay of fragile child bones. It is likely that the
archaeological remains of so called empty graves, exhumed in some necropolises like
Żukowo
(cf.
chapter
2.5.1),
are their remnants. It seems however, that there are some other
reasons. One cannot eliminate a possibility that in some cemeteries there were separate lots
where children were buried, nevertheless there are no such discoveries on early-mediaeval
necropolises of Masovia460. Probably, it appears that little children, especially infants and
fetuses could be buried in the outskirts of a cemetery or out of its area, in places far-away from
the human settlements. It happened that the interments were within the farm enclosures or in
a cottage461. Lack of greater affection towards newborn children or feeling of no necessity for
their burial with maintenance of any official principles could be the reason for child interment
wherever it was possible and without any preservation of Christian rituals of funeral rites
(e.g. body order in orientation according to cardinal points). Finally, it might be that burying in
the cemeteries appertained only to the members of society whereas small children were not
considered the one.
Burial artefacts in the
Żukowo
graveyard are not much different from the one noted
down in the remaining necropolises of northern Masovia. In the first place, they were mainly
finery and convenience goods. Taking into consideration the early dating of the necropolises, it
is puzzling why there is no armament. Arguably, one of the reasons might be a destruction of
most burials with stone linings in central and northern part of the necropolis. The presence of
armouring in those sepulchres would be most likely, regardless of the fact whether the existence
or absence of stone linings is an indicator of chronology or
socio-legal
status diversity of
456
L. Rauhut
1971,
pp.
462-463.
m
τ^ϊ
м
q*,
ι τ
опло
~ σ
tO the
estímations of
historians, only
45%
of children lived the age of
5
£
V
£
Д
Sf4*
Ä;^·
Undoubtedly
«»
»шЬег
was not much different in early Middle Ages.
«s
L. Rauhut
1971,
pp.
471472;
J.
Kozak
2002,
p.
229
459
F.
Tarczyński
1900,
pp.
20-21.
*·
110
Wczesnosľeäniawieczne
cmentarzysko
szkieletmve
w Żukowie
inhumed population or not. The ornaments were discovered in eleven burials out of which ten
were described in field documentation as female and one as an infant grave462. There were
found in total: twenty-seven headbounds, two bronze rings, two necklaces made of iron and
bronze respectively and one bronze bracelet. The already mentioned bracelet was distinguished
from these artefacts in the grave no.
37,
so far the third finery of this kind known in cemeteries
of northern Masovia. The iron necklace from the grave no.
34
was also considered unique due
to its material. The tools were found at ten skeletons. Among those, eight were defined as male
and two as female. The knives were definitely predominant for they were found in nine tombs.
In male burials no.
3
and
9,
there were discovered a whetstone and a flint respectively. From
amongst the knives, the specimen with an iron haft from the grave no.
21
belongs to rare
artefacts. The whetstone with two yokes beginning in the middle of the base edge is also
unique. By the skeletons there were discovered also the remains of four spurs and one denarius.
The vessels
(olla
and three buckets) composed the artefacts of four burials where in each there
were inhumed male deceased. The embellishment of buckets with corrugated shape of their
hoop found in the vessel from the grave no.
21
and the one from the earth-backed grave no.44.
Unique wooden item in the shape of cross from the tomb no.
44
is exceptional and without any
close analogies.
In about
62%
of the early-mediaeval graves of adults there were found different kinds of
artefact. After the exclusion of those tombs where there were no artefacts excavated due to
aprobable
intrusion and partial extraction of the burials, the number of graves with items
increases to
83 -
87%463. Among the interments stated as female, the artefacts were found from
76,9%
to
83%
(following the exclusion of partially destroyed graves), however amongst the male
sepulchres
- 90,9%.
The appurtenance was found only in one early-mediaeval child burial at the
age of
infam
I, which accounts for
9,1% -16,7%
for the graves464.
One interesting fact regarding the beginnings of the necropolis is its foundation in the
oldest crematory burial-ground. The same hill was used as a cemetery in the 4th or 5th period of
Bronze Age, in the early and late Middle Ages and perhaps in the modern era. The question
waiting for clarification is whether in the early-mediaeval period there was a cemetery only in
the 11th and 12th centuries or even earlier. The latter idea is suggested by a discovery of
a crematory tomb presumably from before the 9th century. In prehistorical archaeological sites
and possibly on sepulchral ones, in the early Middle Ages there were placed also other
cemeteries in the region, e.g. in Blichowo or Rogowo-Parcele465. Indigenous population could be
aware that it is a cemetery terrain, if not before setting their own interment place, at least while
digging graves there were excavated crematory burials. It seems that this fact was hardly an
obstacle at that time.
The end of
Żukowo
cemetery use in the early Middle Ages was probably related to the
establishment of a local parish church and a churchyard, which happened before
1247.
4« At any rate, a part of those ten burials will be considered female on the basis of the ornamentation. At
least in one of them, a deceased was probably at the child age for the skeleton length
m situ
was 122cm
-
grave no.2.
«*
A lower percentage share of the grave containing appurtenance concerns a case,
m
winch one of the
burials with an uncertain chronology, no.
24
and
28,
will be recognized
аѕефшеЈшЛ
*»
A percentage share will vary accordingly to whether child burials with uncertain chronology will be
considered early-mediaeval or not; no.
25-27,32,35.
465
F. Tarczynski
1900,
p.
24;
L. Rutkowski 1906b, pp.
4243.
Ill
Wc
zesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukozoie
A late-medieval phase of
Żukowo
cemetery functioning related possibly to the burial of
those dead who could not have been inhumed in the parish cemetery found in the village.
According to canon law of Roman Catholic Church, those who were not baptised, died
instantly, unhouselled
[wyraz oznacza: bez sakramentów],
suicides, excommunicated and
persistent and public sinners were refused a Christian funeral466. It is not possible to know the
reasons for interment of the adult dead in this particular place in
Żukowo
(burials no.
24
and
28
or one of them). In the next three graves, where newborn infants or foetuses were buried, these
probably not baptized people. Interestingly, from funeral customs point of view, those latter
were buried in ceramic vessels.
Child burials in pottery are known, so far, from only seven archaeological sites in Poland,
six of those are found in north Masovia. Almost all were discovered in the terrain of cemeteries
from earlier periods. In
Brudnice, Brzeźno, Pieścidła
and
Ożumiech
the burials were embedded
to older cemeteries; in the first and the second case: from the Roman Period, in the third
-
early
Middle Ages, and the next from the Bronze Age. In Serock, the graves were discovered within
the early-mediaeval hill fort. This can be an evidence of purposive choice for burial place of the
sacrum places, not necessarily Christian467. There is another probable reason. In some of the sites
from the older periods where late-medieval and modern burials were discovered, there could
be once found crosses or figures. For they were laid down in places, where there were
discovered human bones or their sepulchral function was remembered by the local inhabitants,
and where it was thought that cocodemons had their hotbed 468. The reason for such choice of
burial of the dead at that time could be the presence of the cross.
In documents after Bishop
Prażmowski
visit in
1817
there is a following information abort
Żukowo
village: There is no separate place for non-baptized children you could have, however in such a
case, they are buried under the figure standing off-village469.1 find it plausible that this certain figure
could have been in the early-mediaeval cemetery area, which was outside of the village. Since
there existed a late-medieval custom of burying non-baptized children in that place, it is also
possible that at the beginning of the 19th century this was just the same place. This presumption
could be even more probable as, according to information acquired from an inhabitant of
Żukowo,
before World War
Π
people knew about the sepulchral function of this place.
A noticeable concentration of burials from the late-medieval cemetery function phase in
the borders of
23, 24,34
ares, can be a trace of a clear point of burial orientation reference. That
could be at least at the end of the
15*
and a first half of 16th centuries. It is possible, that the
cross or the figure could play the role of such standing point. That leads to the question: Were
the non-baptized children (and not only) laid down here because of a vivid memory of
sepulchral function of that place or for the presence of a symbol of faith? An answer to this
question will rather remain unanswered.
tłum. Monika Dzik
«б
A. Labudda
1983,
pp.
239-240.
467
Cf.
E. Kowalczyk
2004,
pp.
107-109.
«8
T.
Seweryn
1958,
p.
25;
A. Chętnik
1977,
p.
40
«9
M.
Grzybowski
1993,
p.
95.
112
|
| adam_txt |
Spis
tresei
Wstęp.·
.9
Rozdział
2.
Żukowo
.12
Rozdział
3.
Cmentarzysko
-
opis źródeł archeologicznych
.15
3.1.
Położenie i stan zachowania stanowiska
.15
3.2.
Historia badań archeologicznych
.16
3.3.
Opis stanu zachowania zabytków oraz dokumentacji terenowej z badań
wykopaliskowych z
1955
r
.17
3.4.
Opis grobów
.25
3.5.
Opis pozostałych znalezisk
.49
3.5.1.
Skupisko kamieni na granicy arów
24
i
34.49
3.5.2.
Przedmioty pochodzące ze zniszczonych grobów oraz przestrzeni między grobowych
.49
Rozdział
4.
Analiza źródeł archeologicznych
.54
4.1.
Cmentarzysko
-
wielkość i rozplanowanie
.54
4.2.
Groby
.56
4.2.1.
Kształt i wymiary jam grobowych
.56
4.2.2.
Obudowy kamienne
.57
4.3.
Pochówki
.61
4.3.1.
Trumny
.61
4.3.2.
Pochówki w naczyniach
.63
4.3.3.
Orientacja pochówków
.66
4.3.4.
Układ zwłok
.67
4.3.5.
Płeć i wiek
.69
4.4.
Wyposażenie pochówków i inne przedmioty znalezione na cmentarzysku
.72
4.4.1.
Bransoleta
.72
4.4.2.
Kabłączki skroniowe
.73
4.4.3.
Naszyjniki
.74
4.4.4.
Pierścionki
.75
4.4.5.
Grzechotka
.77
4.4.6.
Krzesiwo
.78
4.4.7.
Moneta
.79
4.4.8.
Noże
.80
4.4.9.
Ostrogi
.82
4.4.10.
Przedmiot w kształcie krzyża
.85
4.4.11.
Wiadra
.85
4.4.12.
Naczynia gliniane
.90
4.4.13.
Pozostałe przedmioty
.92
Wczesnosredniozvieczne
cmentarzysko
szkieletoive
w Żukowie
Rozdział
5.
Chronologia stanowiska
.95
Rozdział
6.
Cmentarzysko w Żukowie na tle innych nekropoli Starego Mazowsza
.98
Rozdział
7.
Uwagi końcowe
.106
Summary
.108
Spis cytowanych źródeł i opracowań
.113
Ryciny
.125
Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko
szkieletoive
iv
Żukowie
Sumary
The following book includes an analysis of excavation study results carried out on the
necropolis in Zukowo in
1955
by T. Zurowski. At that time, there were exposed
48
skeletal
burials with
37
dated from the second half of the 11th to 13th centuries (the first phase of the
burial ground use) and at least
4
from the 15th to the first half of the 16th centuries (second phase
of the burial ground use). There were also found the remains of a few crematory burials from
the 4th or 5th period of Bronze Age and one probably from the early-mediaeval period.
Żukowo
village, belonging to a Naruszewo commune,
Płońsk
county, Masovian
Voivodeship, is situated around
15
km to the south of
Płońsk,
in
Płońsk
Upland being a part of
North Masovian Lowland (fig.
1).
Nowadays, it is a little village445, however in the early Middle
Ages it was certainly one of greater local settlements, for before
1247
there was a church erected
and the parish was instituted. The opportune location of the village at the crossroad from
Wyszogród
to
Płońsk
and from
Zakroczym
do
Płock
fostered its expansion446.
The foundation date of the settlement is unknown. The first mention about
Żukowo
(a possessive noun of a personal name
'Żuk'447)
comes from the Prince of Masovia,
Bolesław
I's
document dated back to 1247448. In that document, Lassota
-
king's butler at court of Boleslaw's
mother, Duchess Agafia
-
requested permission for assignation of Zuchowo cum ecclasia ibidem
sita,
village, received from the Prince's father, to the Bishop of
Plock.
It means that
Żukowo
existed before
1247
and had been for some time at first a ducal and then knight's property. The
dates of St.
Wawrzyniec
(St. Lawrence) Church erection in
Żukowo
and of the local parish
origin are unknown. Basing on the document, it is clear that the village existed in
1247.
It is
unknown, however, where the church had been arose: whether on the present day site i.e. on
a hill called not so long ago
Ш
Gródku
(On the Hill Fort), or
-
as a local tradition tells
-
on an
acclivity named
Kościół
(The Church), about
350
m
to the west of the burial-ground. Arguably, it
could have been still another place.
Some of the features of this graveyard, including mainly graves with stone structures and
also some artefacts found by the deceased indicate that, according to the actual state of research,
the burial-ground functioned before the construction of the church449.
Due to scrapple archaeological survey of necropolis, it was impossible to conduct a full
analysis of materials, for instance, an aspect of the reconstruction of the cemetery area
organisation or the relation patterns among its users. Moreover, during the analysis of field
documentation it turned out that a large part of this work will have to be devoted not only to
a description of documented archaeological sources but also to an arrangement of often
conflicting field survey data. Not in every case was it possible. Hereunder, I present the main
conclusions drawn from the analysis of records.
The cemetery discussed in this paper is one of few in northern Masovia, where both
graves with and without stone linings were exposed. Chronological analysis of burial
Z
!^л
g
utants (T-
Buławski
2003,
p.27)
446Cf./A.Borkiewkz-Celińskal970,p.41,fiS8
447
К.
Zierhoffer
1957,
p.401.
«s
КК,
no.
473.
108
Wczesnosredniazvieczne
cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Źubowie
appurtenances conduction indicated a great probability of both grave categories being in the
making in the same period,
i.e.,
at least from the fourth quarter of the
11*
to the second quarter
of the
12*
centuries. This points to a gradual disappearance of a custom of covering burials with
stone linings and also to the existence of differences in burial practices among the nearby
inhabitants, probably arousing from social diversity. It is worth noting that, according to
hitherto existing works, in the cemeteries with graves in stone linings, those without this kind
of structures appeared only around the mid 12th century450.
A large-scale stone lining destruction of graves in the cemetery in
Żukowo
impedes their
comparison with these kinds of structures observed in other necropolises of northern Masovia.
It seems that local linings consisted of stone monolayers overlaid on the burials. It is however
possible that originally in most graves they were much more complex than those observed
during the excavation research in
1955
and stones from linings and paving were picked out
before the mid 20th century. Only in three cases (graves no. 9/9a,
13
and
35)
it is possible to
exclude a probability of multilayered paving.
Referring to the classification of stone structures in graves according to L. Rauhut, the
lining around and over the burials no.
9
and 9a should be found as a Ic-type structure, with
characteristic features of open-grained and monolayered paving, little-depth grave-digging,
4x2,4m dimensions and irregular arrangement of border stones451. Recently, the classification of
stone-lining graves in L.Rauhut evaluation has been reviewed by
Tomasz
Kordala452,
who
portioned out two types of suchlike objects: stone pit graves453 and stone chamber graves454. All
these objects discovered in
Żukowo
are ranked as stone pit graves.
A significant number of burials (about
60%)
in the excavation site was found in remains
of wooden coffins, which is something exceptional in comparison to other burial-grounds from
northern Masovia from the 11th
-
13th centuries. It is undoubtedly the effect of inaccuracy in
exhumation of burials during the research in the other sites, surveyed mainly at the end of 19th
and at the beginning of the 20th centuries. The second cause might be also a bulge of a sand-bed
in North-Masovian Lowland, which has no preservation features of organic matters, including
wood. The remains of coffins in
Żukowo
were discovered in older and younger exhumed
graves as well. Therefore, L. Rauhut appears to assume reasonably that coffins were already
used in the oldest burials in stone-lining in Masovia455.
The obvious majority of deceased laid down with their heads towards north in the burial-
ground is puzzling. There were
19
buried adults hereby per
23
or
24
early-mediaeval burials of
known orientation. Next three deceased were southward-bound and only one eastward-bound.
Meanwhile, it is assumed that until the end of the
Util
century, in Masovia, there was
a principle of burying males with meir heads towards east and women towards west. Only
since the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries, there was a unification of orientation of deceased of
450
τ
Kordalci
2004
ϋ
227
«a L. Rauhut
1971,'
pp.
455-456.
The author dated this type of structure to the
llth/lžth
-
first quarter of
13th century on the basis of the grave no.6 in Pokrzywnica
Wielka.
452
T. Kordala
2004,
p.
231-235. .
«
The burials deposited in the burial caves and covered up with stones.
«*
The burials deposited on the level of primary humus surrounded by and buned under stones.
455
L. Rauhut
1971,
pp.
461-462.
109
Wczesnosrednioxvieczne
cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukowie
both genders (westwards) to take place456. It cannot be excluded that in many destroyed graves
in
Żukowo,
a number of deceased was laid with their heads eastwards, however it is possible
that the rale of orientation according to gender was not strictly followed in the second half of
the 11th century, at least, not everywhere.
One of the extinguishing features of early-mediaeval cemetery in
Żukowo
is
a considerable percentage of infant interments at the age infans I. They constituted from
15,8%
to
25,6%
of buried deceased, taking into account those ranked to I or II phase of the cemetery
function. The burials of fetuses accounted for from
2,7%
to
13,9%.
Indeed, taking into
consideration the estimated infant mortality in the early Middle Ages, it was not a great
number457. However, in northern Masovia, child burials at the age of infans I dated early-
mediaeval, are comparatively rare. According to L. Rauhut, and lately
Jerzy Kozak,
almost
a complete absence of such burials is a characteristic feature for the early-mediaeval cemeteries
of whole Masovia458. Among numerous burial-grounds in the region between the Wkra and the
Skrwa Rivers the infant burials were discovered only in Turowo459. One of the reasons for lack
of such burials is unquestionably fast decay of fragile child bones. It is likely that the
archaeological remains of so called "empty" graves, exhumed in some necropolises like
Żukowo
(cf.
chapter
2.5.1),
are their remnants. It seems however, that there are some other
reasons. One cannot eliminate a possibility that in some cemeteries there were separate lots
where children were buried, nevertheless there are no such discoveries on early-mediaeval
necropolises of Masovia460. Probably, it appears that little children, especially infants and
fetuses could be buried in the outskirts of a cemetery or out of its area, in places far-away from
the human settlements. It happened that the interments were within the farm enclosures or in
a cottage461. Lack of greater affection towards newborn children or feeling of no necessity for
their burial with maintenance of any official principles could be the reason for child interment
'wherever' it was possible and without any preservation of Christian rituals of funeral rites
(e.g. body order in orientation according to cardinal points). Finally, it might be that burying in
the cemeteries appertained only to the members of society whereas small children were not
considered the one.
Burial artefacts in the
Żukowo
graveyard are not much different from the one noted
down in the remaining necropolises of northern Masovia. In the first place, they were mainly
finery and convenience goods. Taking into consideration the early dating of the necropolises, it
is puzzling why there is no armament. Arguably, one of the reasons might be a destruction of
most burials with stone linings in central and northern part of the necropolis. The presence of
armouring in those sepulchres would be most likely, regardless of the fact whether the existence
or absence of stone linings is an indicator of chronology or
socio-legal
status diversity of
456
L. Rauhut
1971,
pp.
462-463.
m
τ^ϊ
м
q*,
ι τ
опло
~'σ
tO the
estímations of
historians, only
45%
of children lived the age of
5
£
V
£
Д
Sf4*
Ä;^·
Undoubtedly'
«»
»шЬег
was not much different in early Middle Ages.
«s
L. Rauhut
1971,
pp.
471472;
J.
Kozak
2002,
p.
229
459
F.
Tarczyński
1900,
pp.
20-21.
*·
110
Wczesnosľeäniawieczne
cmentarzysko
szkieletmve
w Żukowie
inhumed population or not. The ornaments were discovered in eleven burials out of which ten
were described in field documentation as female and one as an infant grave462. There were
found in total: twenty-seven headbounds, two bronze rings, two necklaces made of iron and
bronze respectively and one bronze bracelet. The already mentioned bracelet was distinguished
from these artefacts in the grave no.
37,
so far the third finery of this kind known in cemeteries
of northern Masovia. The iron necklace from the grave no.
34
was also considered unique due
to its material. The tools were found at ten skeletons. Among those, eight were defined as male
and two as female. The knives were definitely predominant for they were found in nine tombs.
In male burials no.
3
and
9,
there were discovered a whetstone and a flint respectively. From
amongst the knives, the specimen with an iron haft from the grave no.
21
belongs to rare
artefacts. The whetstone with two yokes beginning in the middle of the base edge is also
unique. By the skeletons there were discovered also the remains of four spurs and one denarius.
The vessels
(olla
and three buckets) composed the artefacts of four burials where in each there
were inhumed male deceased. The embellishment of buckets with corrugated shape of their
hoop found in the vessel from the grave no.
21
and the one from the earth-backed grave no.44.
Unique wooden item in the shape of cross from the tomb no.
44
is exceptional and without any
close analogies.
In about
62%
of the early-mediaeval graves of adults there were found different kinds of
artefact. After the exclusion of those tombs where there were no artefacts excavated due to
aprobable
intrusion and partial extraction of the burials, the number of graves with items
increases to
83 -
87%463. Among the interments stated as female, the artefacts were found from
76,9%
to
83%
(following the exclusion of partially destroyed graves), however amongst the male
sepulchres
- 90,9%.
The appurtenance was found only in one early-mediaeval child burial at the
age of
infam
I, which accounts for
9,1% -16,7%
for the graves464.
One interesting fact regarding the beginnings of the necropolis is its foundation in the
oldest crematory burial-ground. The same hill was used as a cemetery in the 4th or 5th period of
Bronze Age, in the early and late Middle Ages and perhaps in the modern era. The question
waiting for clarification is whether in the early-mediaeval period there was a cemetery only in
the 11th and 12th centuries or even earlier. The latter idea is suggested by a discovery of
a crematory tomb presumably from before the 9th century. In prehistorical archaeological sites
and possibly on sepulchral ones, in the early Middle Ages there were placed also other
cemeteries in the region, e.g. in Blichowo or Rogowo-Parcele465. Indigenous population could be
aware that it is a cemetery terrain, if not before setting their own interment place, at least while
digging graves there were excavated crematory burials. It seems that this fact was hardly an
obstacle at that time.
The end of
Żukowo
cemetery use in the early Middle Ages was probably related to the
establishment of a local parish church and a churchyard, which happened before
1247.
4« At any rate, a part of those ten burials will be considered female on the basis of the ornamentation. At
least in one of them, a deceased was probably at the child age for the skeleton length
m situ
was 122cm
-
grave no.2.
«*
A lower percentage share of the grave containing appurtenance concerns a case,
m
winch one of the
burials with an uncertain chronology, no.
24
and
28,
will be recognized
аѕефшеЈшЛ
*»
A percentage share will vary accordingly to whether child burials with uncertain chronology will be
considered early-mediaeval or not; no.
25-27,32,35.
465
F. Tarczynski
1900,
p.
24;
L. Rutkowski 1906b, pp.
4243.
Ill
Wc
zesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukozoie
A late-medieval phase of
Żukowo
cemetery functioning related possibly to the burial of
those dead who could not have been inhumed in the parish cemetery found in the village.
According to canon law of Roman Catholic Church, those who were not baptised, died
instantly, unhouselled
[wyraz oznacza: bez sakramentów],
suicides, excommunicated and
persistent and public sinners were refused a Christian funeral466. It is not possible to know the
reasons for interment of the adult dead in this particular place in
Żukowo
(burials no.
24
and
28
or one of them). In the next three graves, where newborn infants or foetuses were buried, these
probably not baptized people. Interestingly, from funeral customs' point of view, those latter
were buried in ceramic vessels.
Child burials in pottery are known, so far, from only seven archaeological sites in Poland,
six of those are found in north Masovia. Almost all were discovered in the terrain of cemeteries
from earlier periods. In
Brudnice, Brzeźno, Pieścidła
and
Ożumiech
the burials were embedded
to older cemeteries; in the first and the second case: from the Roman Period, in the third
-
early
Middle Ages, and the next from the Bronze Age. In Serock, the graves were discovered within
the early-mediaeval hill fort. This can be an evidence of purposive choice for burial place of the
sacrum places, not necessarily Christian467. There is another probable reason. In some of the sites
from the older periods where late-medieval and modern burials were discovered, there could
be once found crosses or figures. For they were laid down in places, where there were
discovered human bones or their sepulchral function was remembered by the local inhabitants,
and where it was thought that 'cocodemons had their hotbed'468. The reason for such choice of
burial of the dead at that time could be the presence of the cross.
In documents after Bishop
Prażmowski
visit in
1817
there is a following information abort
Żukowo
village: There is no separate place for non-baptized children you could have, however in such a
case, they are buried under the figure standing off-village469.1 find it plausible that this certain figure
could have been in the early-mediaeval cemetery area, which was outside of the village. Since
there existed a late-medieval custom of burying non-baptized children in that place, it is also
possible that at the beginning of the 19th century this was just the same place. This presumption
could be even more probable as, according to information acquired from an inhabitant of
Żukowo,
before World War
Π
people knew about the sepulchral function of this place.
A noticeable concentration of burials from the late-medieval cemetery function phase in
the borders of
23, 24,34
ares, can be a trace of a clear point of burial orientation reference. That
could be at least at the end of the
15*
and a first half of 16th centuries. It is possible, that the
cross or the figure could play the role of such standing point. That leads to the question: Were
the non-baptized children (and not only) laid down here because of a vivid memory of
sepulchral function of that place or for the presence of a symbol of faith? An answer to this
question will rather remain unanswered.
tłum. Monika Dzik
«б
A. Labudda
1983,
pp.
239-240.
467
Cf.
E. Kowalczyk
2004,
pp.
107-109.
«8
T.
Seweryn
1958,
p.
25;
A. Chętnik
1977,
p.
40
«9
M.
Grzybowski
1993,
p.
95.
112 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Dzik, Michał |
| author_facet | Dzik, Michał |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Dzik, Michał |
| author_variant | m d md |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022403383 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)612087284 (DE-599)BVBBV022403383 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01985nam a2200457zcb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV022403383</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20090323 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">070426s2006 abd| |||| 00||| pol d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9788387496357</subfield><subfield code="9">978-83-87496-35-7</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="032" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">18573023X</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)612087284</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV022403383</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">pol</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-20</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">6,11</subfield><subfield code="2">ssgn</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Dzik, Michał</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukowie, pow. Płońsk</subfield><subfield code="c">Michał Dzik</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="246" ind1="1" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Early medieaval burialground in Żukowo, pow. Płońsk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Warszawa</subfield><subfield code="b">Univ., Inst. of Archaeology</subfield><subfield code="c">2006</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">123 S., [20] Bl.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Światowit / Supplement series P</subfield><subfield code="v">13</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Zsfassung in engl. Sprache</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Funde</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4071507-3</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Gräberfeld</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4071980-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Płonsk</subfield><subfield code="z">Region</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4597980-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Płonsk</subfield><subfield code="z">Region</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4597980-7</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Gräberfeld</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4071980-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Funde</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4071507-3</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="810" ind1="2" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Supplement series P</subfield><subfield code="t">Światowit</subfield><subfield code="v">13</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV012868029</subfield><subfield code="9">13</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015611984&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015611984&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Abstract</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015611984</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">900</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">0901</subfield><subfield code="g">438</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Płonsk Region (DE-588)4597980-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Płonsk Region |
| id | DE-604.BV022403383 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:19:10Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:56:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788387496357 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015611984 |
| oclc_num | 612087284 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-20 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-20 DE-12 |
| physical | 123 S., [20] Bl. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Univ., Inst. of Archaeology |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Światowit / Supplement series P |
| spelling | Dzik, Michał Verfasser aut Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukowie, pow. Płońsk Michał Dzik Early medieaval burialground in Żukowo, pow. Płońsk Warszawa Univ., Inst. of Archaeology 2006 123 S., [20] Bl. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Światowit / Supplement series P 13 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd rswk-swf Płonsk Region (DE-588)4597980-7 gnd rswk-swf Płonsk Region (DE-588)4597980-7 g Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Supplement series P Światowit 13 (DE-604)BV012868029 13 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015611984&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015611984&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Dzik, Michał Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukowie, pow. Płońsk Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4071980-7 (DE-588)4597980-7 |
| title | Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukowie, pow. Płońsk |
| title_alt | Early medieaval burialground in Żukowo, pow. Płońsk |
| title_auth | Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukowie, pow. Płońsk |
| title_exact_search | Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukowie, pow. Płońsk |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukowie, pow. Płońsk |
| title_full | Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukowie, pow. Płońsk Michał Dzik |
| title_fullStr | Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukowie, pow. Płońsk Michał Dzik |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukowie, pow. Płońsk Michał Dzik |
| title_short | Wczesnośredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w Żukowie, pow. Płońsk |
| title_sort | wczesnosredniowieczne cmentarzysko szkieletowe w zukowie pow plonsk |
| topic | Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Gräberfeld (DE-588)4071980-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Gräberfeld Płonsk Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015611984&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015611984&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV012868029 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dzikmichał wczesnosredniowiecznecmentarzyskoszkieletowewzukowiepowpłonsk AT dzikmichał earlymedieavalburialgroundinzukowopowpłonsk |