Raman amplification in fiber optical communication systems:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier Academic Press
2005
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Optics and photonics
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/els051/2004061043.html Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 374 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0120445069 |
Internformat
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| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier Academic Press |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XIII, 374 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Optics and photonics | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Fiber optics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Optical communications | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Optical amplifiers | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Raman effect | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Contributors ix
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Optical Fibers 2
1.2 Raman Amplification 4
1.3 Advantages of Raman Amplification 9
1.3.1 Improved Noise Figure 9
1.3.2 Improved Gain Flatness 11
1.4 Concerns in Raman Amplification 14
1.4.1 Multipath Interference 14
1.4.2 Pump Noise Transfer to the Signal 15
1.4.3 Noise Figure Tilt 17
1.5 Advanced Concepts in Raman Amplification 17
1.5.1 Bidirectional Pumping 19
1.5.2 Higher Order Pumping 19
1.5.3 Frequency Modulated Pumps 20
1.5.4 Broadband Spectral Width Pump Sources 22
1.6 Pump Sources 22
1.6.1 Diode Lasers 23
1.6.2 Raman Fiber Lasers 24
1.7 Summary of Chapters 25
References 27
2 Theory of Raman Amplifiers 33
2.1 Pump and Signal Equations 34
2.1.1 Raman Gain Spectrum 36
2.1.2 Single Pump Raman Amplification 39
2.1.3 Multiple Pump Raman Amplification 47
2.2 Performance Limiting Factors 51
2.2.1 Spontaneous Raman Scattering 52
2.2.2 Rayleigh Backscattering 59
2.2.3 Pump Noise Transfer 63
v
vj CONTENTS
2.3 Effects of Polarization Mode Dispersion 66
2.3.1 Vector Theory of Raman Amplification 67
2.3.2 Average Raman Gain and Signal Fluctuations 72
2.3.3 Probability Distribution of Amplified Signal 76
2.3.4 Polarization Dependent Gain 79
2.4 Ultrafast Raman Amplification 83
2.4.1 Pulse Propagation Equations 84
2.4.2 Effects of Group Velocity Mismatch 88
2.4.3 Anomalous Dispersion Regime 93
2.4.4 Normal Dispersion Regime 95
References 97
3 Distributed Raman Amplifiers 103
3.1 Benefits of Distributed Raman Amplification 105
3.1.1 Upgradability 106
3.1.2 Noise Improvements in Repeatered Systems 107
3.1.3 Bandwidth/Flatness 108
3.1.4 Gain at Any Wavelength 109
3.2 Beneficial Characteristics of Distributed Raman Amplifiers .... 109
3.2.1 General Benefits from the Raman Scattering Process ... 110
3.2.2 Noise Properties of Distributed Raman Amplifiers 114
3.3 Challenging Characteristics of Distributed Raman Amplifiers... 120
3.3.1 Nonlinearities 124
3.3.2 Rayleigh Reflections 132
3.3.3 Time Response 140
3.4 Backward Pumping 149
3.4.1 Wavelength Multiplexing of Pumps 150
3.4.2 Broadened Pumps 152
3.4.3 Time Division Multiplexed Pumps 154
3.5 Advanced Pumping Configurations 156
3.5.1 Higher Order Pumping 157
3.5.2 Quiet Pumps 159
3.6 Summary 162
References 163
4 Discrete Raman Amplifiers 169
4.1 Basic Configuration and Its Model 169
4.1.1 Single Pump Amplification 172
4.1.2 Multiple Pump Amplification 174
4.1.3 Nonlinear Phase Shift 175
4.2 Gain Fibers and Material 176
CONTENTS vii
4.2.1 Raman Properties of Germano Silicate Fibers 177
4.2.2 Raman Properties of Other Fiber Materials 178
4.3 Design Issues of Discrete Raman Amplifier 180
4.3.1 Maximum Raman Gain as a Function of Fiber Length . . 180
4.3.2 Figure of Merit of Gain Fiber 182
4.3.3 Efficiency and Linearity 183
4.3.4 Pump Mediated Noise 186
4.3.5 ASE Noise Figure 188
4.3.6 Nonlinear Effects and Double Rayleigh
Backscattering Noise 191
4.3.7 Optimum Fiber Length and Number of Stages 192
4.3.8 Transient Effects 194
4.4 Dispersion Compensating Raman Amplifiers 197
4.4.1 Dispersion Compensating Fiber 197
4.4.2 DCF as a Raman Gain Fiber 199
4.5 Wideband Operation by WDM Pumping 201
4.5.1 Wide Flat Composite Gain 202
4.5.2 Pump SRS Tilt—Effect of Saturation 205
4.5.3 Signal SRS Tilt—How to Define Gain 205
4.5.4 Control of Gain 206
4.5.5 Flattening Other Parameters 206
References 209
5 System Impairments 215
5.1 Introduction 215
5.2 Pump Noise Transfer 216
5.2.1 Relative Intensity Noise 216
5.2.2 Undepleted Model 220
5.2.3 Performance Degradation Due to RIN 235
5.2.4 Impact of Pump Depletion 238
5.2.5 Measurements of RIN Transfer 240
5.2.6 Low RIN Pump Laser Technologies 242
5.2.7 Summary 246
5.3 Multipath Interference Penalties 249
5.3.1 Analysis 250
5.3.2 Measurement of DRS Noise 256
5.3.3 MPI Suppression 261
5.3.4 Summary 263
5.3.5 Appendix 263
References 264
viii CONTENTS
6 Semiconductor Pump Lasers 267
6.1 Technology Basis of High Power Semiconductor Lasers 267
6.1.1 High Power Semiconductor Laser Module 268
6.1.2 Fundamentals of High Power Semiconductor
Laser Chip 269
6.1.3 Other Approaches to High Power Pump Laser 278
6.1.4 Heat Exhaustion of the Laser Chip 281
6.1.5 Optical Coupling System 282
6.1.6 Performance of 14xx nm Pump Lasers 283
6.2 Semiconductor Pump Lasers for Raman Amplifiers 286
6.2.1 Fiber Bragg Grating Lasers 287
6.2.2 Fabry Perot Lasers 293
6.2.3 Inner Grating Multimode Lasers 294
6.2.4 Hybrid Pump 297
References 300
7 Cascaded Raman Resonators 303
7.1 Overview 304
7.1.1 Pump Laser 307
7.1.2 Raman Fiber 313
7.1.3 Fiber Bragg Gratings 317
7.2 Design of a Cascaded Raman Resonator 323
7.2.1 Optimization of Fiber Length, Output Coupler
Reflectivity, and Splice Loss 325
7.2.2 Fiber Type and Pump Wavelength Optimization 330
7.2.3 Linewidth Considerations 332
7.2.4 Noise Properties 339
7.3 Multiple Wavelength Cascaded Raman Resonators 340
7.3.1 Obtainable Operating Points 347
7.3.2 Operating Point Stability 352
7.3.3 Temporal Behavior of a MWRFL 353
7.3.4 Six Wavelength Raman Fiber Lasers 355
7.3.5 Second Order Raman Fiber Lasers 357
References 361
Index 367
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Contributors ix
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Optical Fibers 2
1.2 Raman Amplification 4
1.3 Advantages of Raman Amplification 9
1.3.1 Improved Noise Figure 9
1.3.2 Improved Gain Flatness 11
1.4 Concerns in Raman Amplification 14
1.4.1 Multipath Interference 14
1.4.2 Pump Noise Transfer to the Signal 15
1.4.3 Noise Figure Tilt 17
1.5 Advanced Concepts in Raman Amplification 17
1.5.1 Bidirectional Pumping 19
1.5.2 Higher Order Pumping 19
1.5.3 Frequency Modulated Pumps 20
1.5.4 Broadband Spectral Width Pump Sources 22
1.6 Pump Sources 22
1.6.1 Diode Lasers 23
1.6.2 Raman Fiber Lasers 24
1.7 Summary of Chapters 25
References 27
2 Theory of Raman Amplifiers 33
2.1 Pump and Signal Equations 34
2.1.1 Raman Gain Spectrum 36
2.1.2 Single Pump Raman Amplification 39
2.1.3 Multiple Pump Raman Amplification 47
2.2 Performance Limiting Factors 51
2.2.1 Spontaneous Raman Scattering 52
2.2.2 Rayleigh Backscattering 59
2.2.3 Pump Noise Transfer 63
v
vj CONTENTS
2.3 Effects of Polarization Mode Dispersion 66
2.3.1 Vector Theory of Raman Amplification 67
2.3.2 Average Raman Gain and Signal Fluctuations 72
2.3.3 Probability Distribution of Amplified Signal 76
2.3.4 Polarization Dependent Gain 79
2.4 Ultrafast Raman Amplification 83
2.4.1 Pulse Propagation Equations 84
2.4.2 Effects of Group Velocity Mismatch 88
2.4.3 Anomalous Dispersion Regime 93
2.4.4 Normal Dispersion Regime 95
References 97
3 Distributed Raman Amplifiers 103
3.1 Benefits of Distributed Raman Amplification 105
3.1.1 Upgradability 106
3.1.2 Noise Improvements in Repeatered Systems 107
3.1.3 Bandwidth/Flatness 108
3.1.4 Gain at Any Wavelength 109
3.2 Beneficial Characteristics of Distributed Raman Amplifiers . 109
3.2.1 General Benefits from the Raman Scattering Process . 110
3.2.2 Noise Properties of Distributed Raman Amplifiers 114
3.3 Challenging Characteristics of Distributed Raman Amplifiers. 120
3.3.1 Nonlinearities 124
3.3.2 Rayleigh Reflections 132
3.3.3 Time Response 140
3.4 Backward Pumping 149
3.4.1 Wavelength Multiplexing of Pumps 150
3.4.2 Broadened Pumps 152
3.4.3 Time Division Multiplexed Pumps 154
3.5 Advanced Pumping Configurations 156
3.5.1 Higher Order Pumping 157
3.5.2 Quiet Pumps 159
3.6 Summary 162
References 163
4 Discrete Raman Amplifiers 169
4.1 Basic Configuration and Its Model 169
4.1.1 Single Pump Amplification 172
4.1.2 Multiple Pump Amplification 174
4.1.3 Nonlinear Phase Shift 175
4.2 Gain Fibers and Material 176
CONTENTS vii
4.2.1 Raman Properties of Germano Silicate Fibers 177
4.2.2 Raman Properties of Other Fiber Materials 178
4.3 Design Issues of Discrete Raman Amplifier 180
4.3.1 Maximum Raman Gain as a Function of Fiber Length . . 180
4.3.2 Figure of Merit of Gain Fiber 182
4.3.3 Efficiency and Linearity 183
4.3.4 Pump Mediated Noise 186
4.3.5 ASE Noise Figure 188
4.3.6 Nonlinear Effects and Double Rayleigh
Backscattering Noise 191
4.3.7 Optimum Fiber Length and Number of Stages 192
4.3.8 Transient Effects 194
4.4 Dispersion Compensating Raman Amplifiers 197
4.4.1 Dispersion Compensating Fiber 197
4.4.2 DCF as a Raman Gain Fiber 199
4.5 Wideband Operation by WDM Pumping 201
4.5.1 Wide Flat Composite Gain 202
4.5.2 Pump SRS Tilt—Effect of Saturation 205
4.5.3 Signal SRS Tilt—How to Define Gain 205
4.5.4 Control of Gain 206
4.5.5 Flattening Other Parameters 206
References 209
5 System Impairments 215
5.1 Introduction 215
5.2 Pump Noise Transfer 216
5.2.1 Relative Intensity Noise 216
5.2.2 Undepleted Model 220
5.2.3 Performance Degradation Due to RIN 235
5.2.4 Impact of Pump Depletion 238
5.2.5 Measurements of RIN Transfer 240
5.2.6 Low RIN Pump Laser Technologies 242
5.2.7 Summary 246
5.3 Multipath Interference Penalties 249
5.3.1 Analysis 250
5.3.2 Measurement of DRS Noise 256
5.3.3 MPI Suppression 261
5.3.4 Summary 263
5.3.5 Appendix 263
References 264
viii CONTENTS
6 Semiconductor Pump Lasers 267
6.1 Technology Basis of High Power Semiconductor Lasers 267
6.1.1 High Power Semiconductor Laser Module 268
6.1.2 Fundamentals of High Power Semiconductor
Laser Chip 269
6.1.3 Other Approaches to High Power Pump Laser 278
6.1.4 Heat Exhaustion of the Laser Chip 281
6.1.5 Optical Coupling System 282
6.1.6 Performance of 14xx nm Pump Lasers 283
6.2 Semiconductor Pump Lasers for Raman Amplifiers 286
6.2.1 Fiber Bragg Grating Lasers 287
6.2.2 Fabry Perot Lasers 293
6.2.3 Inner Grating Multimode Lasers 294
6.2.4 Hybrid Pump 297
References 300
7 Cascaded Raman Resonators 303
7.1 Overview 304
7.1.1 Pump Laser 307
7.1.2 Raman Fiber 313
7.1.3 Fiber Bragg Gratings 317
7.2 Design of a Cascaded Raman Resonator 323
7.2.1 Optimization of Fiber Length, Output Coupler
Reflectivity, and Splice Loss 325
7.2.2 Fiber Type and Pump Wavelength Optimization 330
7.2.3 Linewidth Considerations 332
7.2.4 Noise Properties 339
7.3 Multiple Wavelength Cascaded Raman Resonators 340
7.3.1 Obtainable Operating Points 347
7.3.2 Operating Point Stability 352
7.3.3 Temporal Behavior of a MWRFL 353
7.3.4 Six Wavelength Raman Fiber Lasers 355
7.3.5 Second Order Raman Fiber Lasers 357
References 361
Index 367 |
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| spelling | Raman amplification in fiber optical communication systems Clifford Headley ..., eds. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier Academic Press 2005 XIII, 374 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Optics and photonics Includes bibliographical references and index Fiber optics Optical communications Optical amplifiers Raman effect Optische Nachrichtenübertragung (DE-588)4172668-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4006432-3 Bibliografie gnd-content Optische Nachrichtenübertragung (DE-588)4172668-6 s DE-604 Headley, Clifford edt http://digitool.hbz-nrw.de:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=1700120&custom_att_2=simple_viewer Raman amplification in fiber optical communication systems Inhaltsverzeichnis http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/els051/2004061043.html HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015590752&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Raman amplification in fiber optical communication systems Fiber optics Optical communications Optical amplifiers Raman effect Optische Nachrichtenübertragung (DE-588)4172668-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4172668-6 (DE-588)4006432-3 |
| title | Raman amplification in fiber optical communication systems |
| title_auth | Raman amplification in fiber optical communication systems |
| title_exact_search | Raman amplification in fiber optical communication systems |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Raman amplification in fiber optical communication systems |
| title_full | Raman amplification in fiber optical communication systems Clifford Headley ..., eds. |
| title_fullStr | Raman amplification in fiber optical communication systems Clifford Headley ..., eds. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Raman amplification in fiber optical communication systems Clifford Headley ..., eds. |
| title_short | Raman amplification in fiber optical communication systems |
| title_sort | raman amplification in fiber optical communication systems |
| topic | Fiber optics Optical communications Optical amplifiers Raman effect Optische Nachrichtenübertragung (DE-588)4172668-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Fiber optics Optical communications Optical amplifiers Raman effect Optische Nachrichtenübertragung Bibliografie |
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