New and evolving infections of the 21st century:
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY
Springer
2007
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| Schriftenreihe: | Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (XIV, 375 S.) Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0387328300 9780387328300 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/978-0-387-32830-0 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Section I: Evolving Infectious Diseases
1. West Nile Virus in the Americas
Lyle R. Petersen, John T. Roehrig, and James J. Sejvar
1.1. Virology 3
1.1.1. Virus Structure 3
1.1.2. Genome 3
1.1.2.1. E protein 4
1.1.2.2. Nonstructural Proteins 6
1.1.3. Genetics and Virulence 8
1.2. Epidemiology 9
1.2.1. Ecology 9
1.2.1.1. Vectors 9
1.2.1.2. Vertebrate Hosts 11
1.2.2. Geographic Spread 12
1.2.2.1. United States and Canada 12
1.2.2.2. Latin America 12
1.2.3. Incidence of Human Infection and Illness 15
1.2.3.1. United States 15
1.2.3.2 Canada 16
1.2.4. Risk Factors for Infection, Severe Disease, and Death 17
1.2.5. Non Mosquito Transmission Routes 18
1.2.5.1. Blood Transfusion 18
1.2.5.2. Organ Transplantation 18
1.2.5.3. Intrauterine Transmission 19
1.2.5.4. Other Transmission Modes 19
1.3. Clinical Spectrum 20
1.3.1. West Nile Fever 20
1.3.2. Neuroinvasive Disease 21
1.3.2.1. Meningitis 23
1.3.2.2. Encephalitis 23
1.3.2.3. Weakness and Paralysis 24
1.3.3. Other Clinical Manifestations 27
1.3.3.1. Ocular Manifestations 27
1.3.3.2. Miscellaneous Manifestations 28
1.3.4. Clinical Illness in Special Population Groups 28
1.3.4.1. Children 28
1.3.4.2. Immunocompromised Patients 28
v
vi Contents
1.4. Diagnosis 29
1.4.1. Antibody Detection 29
1.4.1.1. IgMELISA 29
1.4.1.2. IgG ELISA 30
1.4.1.3. Neutralization Test 30
1.4.2. Antigen Detection 31
1.4.2.1. Antigen Capture ELISA 31
1.4.2.2. Immunohistochemical Staining 31
1.4.3. Detection of Viral Genomic Sequences 31
1.4.3.1 Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) 31
1.4.4. Other Laboratory, Radiologic, and Electrodiagnostic Findings 33
1.5. Management 34
1.6. Prevention 36
1.6.1. Human Personal Protection 36
1.6.2. Mosquito Control 37
1.6.3. Vaccines 37
1.6.4. Screening of Blood Donations 38
1.7. Future Directions 38
1.7.1. Surveillance 38
1.7.2. Diagnosis and Treatment 39
1.7.3. Prevention 39
References 40
2. Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome:
A New Twist to an Established Pathogen
Frederick T. Koster and Howard Levy
2.1. Virology 57
2.1.1. Classification and Characteristics 57
2.1.2. Viral Replication 58
2.2. Pathophysiology and Animal Models 61
2.2.1. Cell Entry 61
2.2.2. Virulence 62
2.2.3. Cellular Targets for HV 63
2.2.4. Pathology and Pathogenesis 64
2.2.5. Role of the T Cell Response 65
2.2.6. Immunity 67
2.2.7. Animal Models 69
2.3. Epidemiology and Transmission 70
2.3.1. Epidemiology 70
2.3.2. Transmission 70
2.4. Clinical Spectrum 73
2.4.1. Asymptomatic or Mild Infection 73
2.4.2. Incubation Period 74
2.4.3. Clinical Presentation of HCPS 74
2.4.3.1. Febrile Phase 74
2.4.3.2. Cardiopulmonary Phase 75
2.4.3.3. Convalescent Phase 76
2.4.4. Clinical Presentation of HFRS 76
Contents vii
2.5. Diagnosis of Acute Infection 77
2.6. Current Management 77
2.7. Prevention 80
2.8. Future Directions 81
References 82
3. Human Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis
Jere W. McBride and David H. Walker
3.1. Human Ehrlichioses (Human Monocytotropic and Ehrlichiosis Ewingii) .... 93
3.1.1. Taxonomy 93
3.1.2. Morphology 93
3.1.3. Genetic, Antigenic, and Phenotypic Characteristics 96
3.1.4. Pathogenesis and Immunity 98
3.1.5. Emergency, Epidemiology, and Transmission 102
3.1.6. Clinical Spectrum 104
3.1.7. Laboratory Diagnosis 105
3.1.8. Treatment and Prevention 106
3.2. Human Anaplasmosis 107
3.2.1. Taxonomy 107
3.2.2. Morphology 107
3.2.3. Genetic, Antigenic, and Phenotypic Characteristics 108
3.2.4. Pathogenesis and Immunity 110
3.2.5. Emergency, Epidemiology and Transmission 114
3.2.6. Clinical Spectrum 115
3.2.7. Laboratory Diagnosis 115
3.2.8. Prevention and Treatment 116
3.3. Future Directions 117
References 117
4. Cross Species Transmission of Poxviruses
Mike Bray
4.1. Introduction: The Poxvirus Family 129
4.1.1. The Poxvirus Survival Strategy 134
4.1.2. Measures and Countermeasures 135
4.1.3. Maintenance Hosts and Cross Species Transmission 138
4.1.4. Barriers to Cross Species Transmission 139
4.2. Poxviruses That Cause Human Disease 140
4.2.1. Orthopoxvirus 141
4.2.1.1. Variola Virus 142
4.2.1.2. MonkeyPox Virus 143
4.2.1.3. Vaccinia Virus 144
4.2.1.4. CowPox Virus 145
4.2.1.5. Ectromelia Virus 146
4.2.1.6. CamelPox Virus 147
4.2.1.7. Other Orthopoxviruses 147
4.2.2. Yatapoxvirus 148
4.2.3. Parapoxvirus 149
4.2.4. Molluscipoxvirus 150
viii Contents
4.3. Genera that have not Caused Human Disease 151
4.3.1. Leporipoxvirus 151
4.3.2. Capripoxvirus 152
4.3.3. Suipoxvirus 153
4.3.4. Avipoxvirus 154
4.4. Newly Identified Poxvirus Genera 155
4.5. Conclusion 155
References 156
Section II: Newly Recognized Human Viruses
5. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Kwok Yung Yuen, Samson S.Y. Wong, and J.S. Malik Pelris
5.1. Introduction 163
5.2. Sequence of Events 163
5.3. Epidemiological Characteristics 164
5.4. General Virology 166
5.5. Clinical Findings 172
5.6. Laboratory Diagnostics 173
5.7. Pathology and Immunology 174
5.8. Animal Models and Koch s Postulates 175
5.9. Clinical Management 176
5.9.1. Antivirals and Immunomodulators 177
5.9.2. Passive and Active Immunization 178
5.10. Laboratory Safety, Community and Hospital Infection Control 182
References 183
6. Newly Identified Human Herpesviruses: HHV 6, HHV 7,
and HHV 8
Laurie T. Krug, Chong Gee Teo, Keiko Tanaka Taya, and Naoki Inoue
6.1. HHV 6 and HHV 7 197
6.1.1. Biology 197
6.1.1.1. CellTropism and Viral Entry 197
6.1.1.2. Gene Expression and Replication 198
6.1.1.3. Latency and Reactivation 199
6.1.1.4. Immune Responses and Immune Evasion 201
6.1.1.5. Pathogenesis 202
6.1.1.6. Animal Models 203
6.1.2. Epidemiology 203
6.1.2.1. Primary Infection 203
6.1.2.2. Transmission 204
6.1.2.3. Proposed Disease Associations 205
6.1.3. Clinical Spectrum 205
6.1.3.1. Exanthem Subitum (Roseola) 205
6.1.3.2. Encephalitis 206
6.1.3.3. Post transplantation Disease 206
Contents ix
6.1.4. Management and Prevention 208
6.1.4.1. Antivirals 208
6.1.4.2. Transplantation Management 208
6.2. HHV 8 208
¦6.2.1. Biology 208
6.2.1.1. Cell Tropism and Viral Entry 208
6.2.1.2. Latency and Reactivation 209
6.2.1.3. Immune Response and Immune Evasion 210
6.2.1.4. Pathogenesis 216
6.2.1.5. Animal Models 222
6.2.2. Epidemiology 226
6.2.2.1. Seroepidemiology 226
6.2.2.2. HHV 8 Genotypes 229
6.2.2.3. Transmission 231
6.2.3. Clinical Spectrum 234
6.2.3.1. Primary Infection 234
6.2.3.2. Kaposi s Sarcoma 235
6.2.3.3. Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) 238
6.2.3.4. Castleman s Disease 239
6.2.3.5. Other Lymphoproliferative Disorders 240
6.2.3.6. Other Neoplastic Disorders 240
6.2.3.7. Other Diseases 240
6.2.4. Management 241
6.2.4.1. Antivirals 241
6.2.4.2. Anti retroviral Protease Inhibitors 242
6.2.4.3. Other Approaches 242
References 242
Section III: Emerging Viruses in Asia
7. Nipah and Hendra Viruses Encephalitis
Khean Jin Goh, Kum Thong Wong, and Chong Tin Tan
7.1. Introduction 279
7.2. Hendra Virus Infection 279
7.2.1. Epidemiology 280
7.2.2. Clinical Features 280
7.2.3. Diagnosis 281
7.2.4. Pathology 281
7.3. Nipah Virus Infection 281
7.3.1. Epidemiology 282
7.3.2. Clinical Features 284
7.3.3. Investigations 285
7.3.4. Treatment and Outcome 287
7.3.5. Relapsed and Late Onset Encephalitis 287
7.3.6. Pathology 287
7.3.7. Pathogenesis 289
7.4. Conclusion 290
References 290
x Contents
8. Enterovirus 71 Encephalitis
Luan Yin Chang, Shin Ru Shih, Li Min Huang, and Tzou Yien Lin
8.1. Virology 295
8.1.1. Virological Classification of Enterovirus 71 295
8.1.2. General Characteristics of Enterovirus 296
8.1.3. Virion Structure of Enterovirus 296
8.1.4. Replication Cycle of Enterovirus 297
8.1.5. Genotypes and Neurovirulence of EV71 297
8.2. Transmission and Incubation Period 298
8.2.1. Route of Transmission 298
8.2.2. The Rate of Household Transmission 299
8.2.3. Incubation Period 300
8.3. Epidemiology 300
8.3.1. Worldwide Epidemiology 300
8.3.2. Epidemiology in Taiwan 301
8.4. Clinical Spectrum 303
8.4.1. Asymptomatic Infection 304
8.4.2. Stage 1: Uncomplicated EV71 Illness 304
8.4.3. Stage 2: Complicated EV71 Illness with CNS Involvement 305
8.4.3.1. EV71 Aseptic Meningitis 305
8.4.3.2. EV71 Encephalitis 306
8.4.3.3. Polio like Syndrome 306
8.4.3.4. Encephalomyelitis 306
8.4.3.5. Image Studies for CNS Involvement 306
8.4.4. Stage 3: Cardiopulmonary Failure or Pulmonary Edema 307
8.4.4.1. Pathogenesis of EV71 related Cardiopulmonary
Failure 308
8.4.5. Stage 4: Convalescence and Long term Sequelae 310
8.4.6. Factors Associated with Complications 310
8.4.7. EV71 Versus Coxsackievirus A16 310
8.5. Diagnosis 311
8.5.1. Virus Isolation and Identification 311
8.5.2. Gene Chips 311
8.5.3. Serology Test 312
8.5.3.1. Neutralizing Antibody 312
8.5.3.2. EV71 IgM 312
8.6. Management 313
8.6.1. Stage based Management 314
8.6.2. Antiviral Agents 314
8.6.2.1. Inhibitors of Virion Attachment for Enteroviruses 315
8.6.2.2. Inhibitors of Uncoating for Enteroviruses 316
8.6.2.3. Pleconaril (VP 63843) and Novel Anti EV71 Agents 316
8.7. Prevention 318
8.7.1. Hand Washing and Isolation 318
8.7.2. EV71 related Disease and Laboratory Surveillance 319
8.7.3. Vaccination 319
8.8. Future Directions 320
References 320
I
I
Contents xi
9. Avian Influenza Viruses and Pandemic Influenza
Menno Douwe de Jong
9.1. Introduction 327
9.2. Virology 328
9.2.1. Biological Properties 328
9.2.2. Classification 329
9.2.3. Natural Hosts 329
9.2.4. Determinants of Host Range 329
9.2.5. Antigenic Variation and The Emergence of Pandemic Influenza
Strains 331
9.2.5.1. Antigenic Drift 331
9.2.5.2. Antigenic Shift 331
9.3. Pathogensis of Avian Influenza 332
9.3.1. Avian Influenza Virus Infections in Natural Hosts 332
9.3.2. Viral Determinants of Pathogenicity 333
9.3.3. Host Factors 336
9.4. Avian Influeza Viruses Infecting Humans 337
9.4.1. Pandemics of the 20th Century 337
9.4.2. H7N7 Viruses 339
9.4.3. H7N3 Viruses 341
9.4.4. H9N2 Viruses 342
9.4.5. H5N1 Viruses 343
9.4.5.1. Outbreaks of Influenza H5N1 in Poultry and
Humans 343
9.4.5.2. The Clinical Spectrum of Human H5N1 Infections 344
9.4.5.3. The Evolution of H5N1 Viruses, 1997 2004 347
9.5. Laboratory Diagniosis of Avian Influenza 349
9.5.1. Virus Isolation 349
9.5.2. Antigen Detection 350
9.5.3. RT PCR 350
9.5.4. Serology 351
9.6. Treatment and Prevention 352
9.6.1. Antiviral Treatment 352
9.6.2. Infection Control and Prophylaxis 354
9.6.3. Vaccination 356
9.7. Pandemic Preparedness and Future Directives 356
References 359
Index 369
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Section I: Evolving Infectious Diseases
1. West Nile Virus in the Americas
Lyle R. Petersen, John T. Roehrig, and James J. Sejvar
1.1. Virology 3
1.1.1. Virus Structure 3
1.1.2. Genome 3
1.1.2.1. E protein 4
1.1.2.2. Nonstructural Proteins 6
1.1.3. Genetics and Virulence 8
1.2. Epidemiology 9
1.2.1. Ecology 9
1.2.1.1. Vectors 9
1.2.1.2. Vertebrate Hosts 11
1.2.2. Geographic Spread 12
1.2.2.1. United States and Canada 12
1.2.2.2. Latin America 12
1.2.3. Incidence of Human Infection and Illness 15
1.2.3.1. United States 15
1.2.3.2 Canada 16
1.2.4. Risk Factors for Infection, Severe Disease, and Death 17
1.2.5. Non Mosquito Transmission Routes 18
1.2.5.1. Blood Transfusion 18
1.2.5.2. Organ Transplantation 18
1.2.5.3. Intrauterine Transmission 19
1.2.5.4. Other Transmission Modes 19
1.3. Clinical Spectrum 20
1.3.1. West Nile Fever 20
1.3.2. Neuroinvasive Disease 21
1.3.2.1. Meningitis 23
1.3.2.2. Encephalitis 23
1.3.2.3. Weakness and Paralysis 24
1.3.3. Other Clinical Manifestations 27
1.3.3.1. Ocular Manifestations 27
1.3.3.2. Miscellaneous Manifestations 28
1.3.4. Clinical Illness in Special Population Groups 28
1.3.4.1. Children 28
1.3.4.2. Immunocompromised Patients 28
v
vi Contents
1.4. Diagnosis 29
1.4.1. Antibody Detection 29
1.4.1.1. IgMELISA 29
1.4.1.2. IgG ELISA 30
1.4.1.3. Neutralization Test 30
1.4.2. Antigen Detection 31
1.4.2.1. Antigen Capture ELISA 31
1.4.2.2. Immunohistochemical Staining 31
1.4.3. Detection of Viral Genomic Sequences 31
1.4.3.1 Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) 31
1.4.4. Other Laboratory, Radiologic, and Electrodiagnostic Findings 33
1.5. Management 34
1.6. Prevention 36
1.6.1. Human Personal Protection 36
1.6.2. Mosquito Control 37
1.6.3. Vaccines 37
1.6.4. Screening of Blood Donations 38
1.7. Future Directions 38
1.7.1. Surveillance 38
1.7.2. Diagnosis and Treatment 39
1.7.3. Prevention 39
References 40
2. Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome:
A New Twist to an Established Pathogen
Frederick T. Koster and Howard Levy
2.1. Virology 57
2.1.1. Classification and Characteristics 57
2.1.2. Viral Replication 58
2.2. Pathophysiology and Animal Models 61
2.2.1. Cell Entry 61
2.2.2. Virulence 62
2.2.3. Cellular Targets for HV 63
2.2.4. Pathology and Pathogenesis 64
2.2.5. Role of the T Cell Response 65
2.2.6. Immunity 67
2.2.7. Animal Models 69
2.3. Epidemiology and Transmission 70
2.3.1. Epidemiology 70
2.3.2. Transmission 70
2.4. Clinical Spectrum 73
2.4.1. Asymptomatic or Mild Infection 73
2.4.2. Incubation Period 74
2.4.3. Clinical Presentation of HCPS 74
2.4.3.1. Febrile Phase 74
2.4.3.2. Cardiopulmonary Phase 75
2.4.3.3. Convalescent Phase 76
2.4.4. Clinical Presentation of HFRS 76
Contents vii
2.5. Diagnosis of Acute Infection 77
2.6. Current Management 77
2.7. Prevention 80
2.8. Future Directions 81
References 82
3. Human Ehrlichioses and Anaplasmosis
Jere W. McBride and David H. Walker
3.1. Human Ehrlichioses (Human Monocytotropic and Ehrlichiosis Ewingii) . 93
3.1.1. Taxonomy 93
3.1.2. Morphology 93
3.1.3. Genetic, Antigenic, and Phenotypic Characteristics 96
3.1.4. Pathogenesis and Immunity 98
3.1.5. Emergency, Epidemiology, and Transmission 102
3.1.6. Clinical Spectrum 104
3.1.7. Laboratory Diagnosis 105
3.1.8. Treatment and Prevention 106
3.2. Human Anaplasmosis 107
3.2.1. Taxonomy 107
3.2.2. Morphology 107
3.2.3. Genetic, Antigenic, and Phenotypic Characteristics 108
3.2.4. Pathogenesis and Immunity 110
3.2.5. Emergency, Epidemiology and Transmission 114
3.2.6. Clinical Spectrum 115
3.2.7. Laboratory Diagnosis 115
3.2.8. Prevention and Treatment 116
3.3. Future Directions 117
References 117
4. Cross Species Transmission of Poxviruses
Mike Bray
4.1. Introduction: The Poxvirus Family 129
4.1.1. The Poxvirus "Survival Strategy" 134
4.1.2. Measures and Countermeasures 135
4.1.3. Maintenance Hosts and Cross Species Transmission 138
4.1.4. Barriers to Cross Species Transmission 139
4.2. Poxviruses That Cause Human Disease 140
4.2.1. Orthopoxvirus 141
4.2.1.1. Variola Virus 142
4.2.1.2. MonkeyPox Virus 143
4.2.1.3. Vaccinia Virus 144
4.2.1.4. CowPox Virus 145
4.2.1.5. Ectromelia Virus 146
4.2.1.6. CamelPox Virus 147
4.2.1.7. Other Orthopoxviruses 147
4.2.2. Yatapoxvirus 148
4.2.3. Parapoxvirus 149
4.2.4. Molluscipoxvirus 150
viii Contents
4.3. Genera that have not Caused Human Disease 151
4.3.1. Leporipoxvirus 151
4.3.2. Capripoxvirus 152
4.3.3. Suipoxvirus 153
4.3.4. Avipoxvirus 154
4.4. Newly Identified Poxvirus Genera 155
4.5. Conclusion 155
References 156
Section II: Newly Recognized Human Viruses
5. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Kwok Yung Yuen, Samson S.Y. Wong, and J.S. Malik Pelris
5.1. Introduction 163
5.2. Sequence of Events 163
5.3. Epidemiological Characteristics 164
5.4. General Virology 166
5.5. Clinical Findings 172
5.6. Laboratory Diagnostics 173
5.7. Pathology and Immunology 174
5.8. Animal Models and Koch's Postulates 175
5.9. Clinical Management 176
5.9.1. Antivirals and Immunomodulators 177
5.9.2. Passive and Active Immunization 178
5.10. Laboratory Safety, Community and Hospital Infection Control 182
References 183
6. Newly Identified Human Herpesviruses: HHV 6, HHV 7,
and HHV 8
Laurie T. Krug, Chong Gee Teo, Keiko Tanaka Taya, and Naoki Inoue
6.1. HHV 6 and HHV 7 197
6.1.1. Biology 197
6.1.1.1. CellTropism and Viral Entry 197
6.1.1.2. Gene Expression and Replication 198
6.1.1.3. Latency and Reactivation 199
6.1.1.4. Immune Responses and Immune Evasion 201
6.1.1.5. Pathogenesis 202
6.1.1.6. Animal Models 203
6.1.2. Epidemiology 203
6.1.2.1. Primary Infection 203
6.1.2.2. Transmission 204
6.1.2.3. Proposed Disease Associations 205
6.1.3. Clinical Spectrum 205
6.1.3.1. Exanthem Subitum (Roseola) 205
6.1.3.2. Encephalitis 206
6.1.3.3. Post transplantation Disease 206
Contents ix
6.1.4. Management and Prevention 208
6.1.4.1. Antivirals 208
6.1.4.2. Transplantation Management 208
6.2. HHV 8 208
¦6.2.1. Biology 208
6.2.1.1. Cell Tropism and Viral Entry 208
6.2.1.2. Latency and Reactivation 209
6.2.1.3. Immune Response and Immune Evasion 210
6.2.1.4. Pathogenesis 216
6.2.1.5. Animal Models 222
6.2.2. Epidemiology 226
6.2.2.1. Seroepidemiology 226
6.2.2.2. HHV 8 Genotypes 229
6.2.2.3. Transmission 231
6.2.3. Clinical Spectrum 234
6.2.3.1. Primary Infection 234
6.2.3.2. Kaposi's Sarcoma 235
6.2.3.3. Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) 238
6.2.3.4. Castleman's Disease 239
6.2.3.5. Other Lymphoproliferative Disorders 240
6.2.3.6. Other Neoplastic Disorders 240
6.2.3.7. Other Diseases 240
6.2.4. Management 241
6.2.4.1. Antivirals 241
6.2.4.2. Anti retroviral Protease Inhibitors 242
6.2.4.3. Other Approaches 242
References 242
Section III: Emerging Viruses in Asia
7. Nipah and Hendra Viruses Encephalitis
Khean Jin Goh, Kum Thong Wong, and Chong Tin Tan
7.1. Introduction 279
7.2. Hendra Virus Infection 279
7.2.1. Epidemiology 280
7.2.2. Clinical Features 280
7.2.3. Diagnosis 281
7.2.4. Pathology 281
7.3. Nipah Virus Infection 281
7.3.1. Epidemiology 282
7.3.2. Clinical Features 284
7.3.3. Investigations 285
7.3.4. Treatment and Outcome 287
7.3.5. Relapsed and Late Onset Encephalitis 287
7.3.6. Pathology 287
7.3.7. Pathogenesis 289
7.4. Conclusion 290
References 290
x Contents
8. Enterovirus 71 Encephalitis
Luan Yin Chang, Shin Ru Shih, Li Min Huang, and Tzou Yien Lin
8.1. Virology 295
8.1.1. Virological Classification of Enterovirus 71 295
8.1.2. General Characteristics of Enterovirus 296
8.1.3. Virion Structure of Enterovirus 296
8.1.4. Replication Cycle of Enterovirus 297
8.1.5. Genotypes and Neurovirulence of EV71 297
8.2. Transmission and Incubation Period 298
8.2.1. Route of Transmission 298
8.2.2. The Rate of Household Transmission 299
8.2.3. Incubation Period 300
8.3. Epidemiology 300
8.3.1. Worldwide Epidemiology 300
8.3.2. Epidemiology in Taiwan 301
8.4. Clinical Spectrum 303
8.4.1. Asymptomatic Infection 304
8.4.2. Stage 1: Uncomplicated EV71 Illness 304
8.4.3. Stage 2: Complicated EV71 Illness with CNS Involvement 305
8.4.3.1. EV71 Aseptic Meningitis 305
8.4.3.2. EV71 Encephalitis 306
8.4.3.3. Polio like Syndrome 306
8.4.3.4. Encephalomyelitis 306
8.4.3.5. Image Studies for CNS Involvement 306
8.4.4. Stage 3: Cardiopulmonary Failure or Pulmonary Edema 307
8.4.4.1. Pathogenesis of EV71 related Cardiopulmonary
Failure 308
8.4.5. Stage 4: Convalescence and Long term Sequelae 310
8.4.6. Factors Associated with Complications 310
8.4.7. EV71 Versus Coxsackievirus A16 310
8.5. Diagnosis 311
8.5.1. Virus Isolation and Identification 311
8.5.2. Gene Chips 311
8.5.3. Serology Test 312
8.5.3.1. Neutralizing Antibody 312
8.5.3.2. EV71 IgM 312
8.6. Management 313
8.6.1. Stage based Management 314
8.6.2. Antiviral Agents 314
8.6.2.1. Inhibitors of Virion Attachment for Enteroviruses 315
8.6.2.2. Inhibitors of Uncoating for Enteroviruses 316
8.6.2.3. Pleconaril (VP 63843) and Novel Anti EV71 Agents 316
8.7. Prevention 318
8.7.1. Hand Washing and Isolation 318
8.7.2. EV71 related Disease and Laboratory Surveillance 319
8.7.3. Vaccination 319
8.8. Future Directions 320
References 320
I
I
Contents xi
9. Avian Influenza Viruses and Pandemic Influenza
Menno Douwe de Jong
9.1. Introduction 327
9.2. Virology 328
9.2.1. Biological Properties 328
9.2.2. Classification 329
9.2.3. Natural Hosts 329
9.2.4. Determinants of Host Range 329
9.2.5. Antigenic Variation and The Emergence of Pandemic Influenza
Strains 331
9.2.5.1. Antigenic Drift 331
9.2.5.2. Antigenic Shift 331
9.3. Pathogensis of Avian Influenza 332
9.3.1. Avian Influenza Virus Infections in Natural Hosts 332
9.3.2. Viral Determinants of Pathogenicity 333
9.3.3. Host Factors 336
9.4. Avian Influeza Viruses Infecting Humans 337
9.4.1. Pandemics of the 20th Century 337
9.4.2. H7N7 Viruses 339
9.4.3. H7N3 Viruses 341
9.4.4. H9N2 Viruses 342
9.4.5. H5N1 Viruses 343
9.4.5.1. Outbreaks of Influenza H5N1 in Poultry and
Humans 343
9.4.5.2. The Clinical Spectrum of Human H5N1 Infections 344
9.4.5.3. The Evolution of H5N1 Viruses, 1997 2004 347
9.5. Laboratory Diagniosis of Avian Influenza 349
9.5.1. Virus Isolation 349
9.5.2. Antigen Detection 350
9.5.3. RT PCR 350
9.5.4. Serology 351
9.6. Treatment and Prevention 352
9.6.1. Antiviral Treatment 352
9.6.2. Infection Control and Prophylaxis 354
9.6.3. Vaccination 356
9.7. Pandemic Preparedness and Future Directives 356
References 359
Index 369 |
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| series2 | Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century |
| spellingShingle | New and evolving infections of the 21st century Infektionskrankheit (DE-588)4026879-2 gnd Prognose (DE-588)4047390-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026879-2 (DE-588)4047390-9 |
| title | New and evolving infections of the 21st century |
| title_auth | New and evolving infections of the 21st century |
| title_exact_search | New and evolving infections of the 21st century |
| title_exact_search_txtP | New and evolving infections of the 21st century |
| title_full | New and evolving infections of the 21st century [hrsg. von] I. W. Fong & Ken Alibek |
| title_fullStr | New and evolving infections of the 21st century [hrsg. von] I. W. Fong & Ken Alibek |
| title_full_unstemmed | New and evolving infections of the 21st century [hrsg. von] I. W. Fong & Ken Alibek |
| title_short | New and evolving infections of the 21st century |
| title_sort | new and evolving infections of the 21st century |
| topic | Infektionskrankheit (DE-588)4026879-2 gnd Prognose (DE-588)4047390-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Infektionskrankheit Prognose |
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