An introduction to the physics of interstellar dust:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York [u.a.]
Taylor & Francis
2008
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| Schriftenreihe: | Series in astronomy and astrophysics
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 387 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9781584887072 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a An introduction to the physics of interstellar dust |c Endrik Krügel |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Taylor & Francis |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XIII, 387 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Series in astronomy and astrophysics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cosmic dust | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Interstellar matter | |
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| adam_text | SERIES IN ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF
INTERSTELLAR DUST ENDRIK KRIIGEL MAX-PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR RADIOASTRONOMY
BONN, GERMANY TAYLOR & FRANCIS TAYLOR &. FRANCIS GROUP NEW YORK LONDON
CONTENTS THE DIELECTRIC PERMEABILITY 1 1.1 HOW THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
ACTS ON DUST . . 1 1.1.1 ELECTRIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC INDUCTION 1 1.1.2
ELECTRIC POLARIZATION OF THE MEDIUM 2 1.1.3 MAGNETIC POLARIZATION OF THE
MEDIUM 6 1.1.4 FREE CHARGES AND POLARIZATION CHARGES 7 1.1.5 THE FIELD
EQUATIONS 9 1.1.6 WAVES IN A DIELECTRIC MEDIUM 9 1.1.7 ENERGY
DISSIPATION OF A GRAIN IN A VARIABLE FIELD .... 12 1.2 THE HARMONIC
OSCILLATOR 13 1.2.1 THE LORENTZ MODEL 14 1.2.2 DISSIPATION OF ENERGY 17
1.2.3 DISPERSION RELATION OF THE DIELECTRIC PERMEABILITY ... 18 1.2.4
THE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR AND LIGHT 20 1.2.5 RADIATION DAMPING 23 1.2.6
THE CROSS SECTION OF AN HARMONIC OSCILLATOR 24 1.3 WAVES IN A CONDUCTING
MEDIUM 25 1.3.1 THE DIELECTRIC PERMEABILITY OF A CONDUCTOR 25 1.3.2
CONDUCTIVITY AND THE DRUDE PROFILE ,27 HOW TO EVALUATE GRAIN CROSS
SECTIONS 29 2.1 DEFINING CROSS SECTIONS 29 2.1.1 CROSS SECTION FOR
SCATTERING, ABSORPTION AND EXTINCTION 29 2.1.2 PHASE FUNCTION AND CROSS
SECTION FOR RADIATION PRESSURE 31 2.1.3 EFFICIENCIES, MASS AND VOLUME
COEFFICIENTS 32 2.2 THE OPTICAL THEOREM 32 2.2.1 THE INTENSITY OF
FORWARD SCATTERED LIGHT 33 2.2.2 THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF A DUSTY MEDIUM
35 2.3 MIE THEORY FOR A SPHERE 37 2.3.1 THE FORMALISM 37 2.3.2 SCATTERED
AND ABSORBED POWER 38 2.4 POLARIZATION AND SCATTERING 39 2.4.1 THE
AMPLITUDE SCATTERING MATRIX 40 2.4.2 ANGLE-DEPENDENCE OF SCATTERING 41
2.4.3 THE POLARIZATION ELLIPSE 41 2.4.4 STOKES PARAMETERS 42 VN VIII AN
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF INTERSTELLAR DUST 2.5 THE DISCRETE DIPOLE
APPROXIMATION 45 2.6 THE KRAMERS-KRONIG RELATIONS 47 2.6.1 THE KK
RELATION FOR THE DIELECTRIC PERMEABILITY . . . . 47 2.6.2 THREE
COROLLARIES OF THE KK RELATION 47 2.7 COMPOSITE GRAINS 50 2.7.1
EFFECTIVE MEDIUM THEORIES 50 2.7.2 THE INFLUENCE OF GRAIN SIZE, ICE AND
POROSITY 54 3 VERY SMALL AND VERY BIG PARTICLES 59 3.1 TINY SPHERES 59
3.1.1 APPROXIMATING THE EFFICIENCIES 59 3.1.2 POLARIZATION AND
ANGLE-DEPENDENT SCATTERING 64 3.1.3 SMALL-SIZE EFFECTS BEYOND MIE THEORY
64 3.2 TINY ELLIPSOIDS 65 3.2.1 CROSS SECTION AND SHAPE FACTOR OF
PANCAKES AND CIGARS 66 3.2.2 RANDOMLY ORIENTED ELLIPSOIDS 67 3.3 THE
FIELDS INSIDE A DIELECTRIC PARTICLE 70 3.3.1 INTERNAL FIELD AND
DEPOLARIZATION FIELD 70 3.3.2 DEPOLARIZATION FIELD AND SURFACE CHARGES
70 3.3.3 THE LOCAL FIELD AT AN ATOM 71 3.3.4 THE RELATION OF
CLAUSIUS-MOSSOTTI 72 3.4 VERY LARGE PARTICLES 73 3.4.1 BABINET S THEOREM
73 3.4.2 REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A PLANE SURFACE 75 3.4.3
HUYGENS PRINCIPLE 77 3.5 GRAINS OF SMALL REFRACTIVE INDEX 80 3.5.1
RAYLEIGH GANS PARTICLES 80 3.5.2 X-RAY SCATTERING 81 3.5.3 X-RAY
ABSORPTION 82 4 CASE STUDIES OF MIE CALCULUS 85 4.1 EFFICIENCIES OF BARE
SPHERES 85 4.1.1 SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION 85 4.1.2 EFFICIENCY VS. CROSS
SECTION AND VOLUME COEFFICIENT ... 90 4.2 SCATTERING BY BARE SPHERES 92
4.2.1 THE INTENSITY PATTERN OF SCATTERED LIGHT 92 4.2.2 THE POLARIZATION
OF SCATTERED LIGHT 93 4.3 LINEAR POLARIZATION THROUGH EXTINCTION 96 4.4
COATED SPHERES 97 4.5 SURFACE MODES IN SMALL GRAINS 99 4.5.1 SMALL
GRAPHITE SPHERES 99 4.5.2 ELLIPSOIDS AND METALS 100 TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
5 STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF DUST 101 5.1 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 101 5.1.1
TRANSLATIONAL SYMMETRY . 101 5.1.2 LATTICE TYPES 102 5.1.3 THE
RECIPROCAL LATTICE 105 5.2 BINDING IN CRYSTALS 107 5.2.1 COVALENT AND
IONIC BONDING 107 5.2.2 METALS 108 5.2.3 VAN DER WAALS FORCES AND
HYDROGEN BRIDGES 110 5.3 CARBONACEOUS GRAINS AND SILICATE GRAINS ILL
5.3.1 ORIGIN OF THE TWO MAJOR DUST CONSTITUENTS ILL 5.3.2 THE BONDING IN
CARBON 112 5.3.3 CARBON COMPOUNDS 113 5.3.4 SILICATES 117 5.3.5 THE
ORIGIN OF THE ELEMENTS FOUND IN DUST GRAINS .... 120 5.4 OPTICAL
CONSTANTS OF DUST MATERIALS 121 5.5 GRAIN SIZES 128 5.5.1 THE MRN SIZE
DISTRIBUTION 128 5.5.2 COLLISIONAL FRAGMENTATION 129 6 DUST RADIATION
131 6.1 KIRCHHOFF S LAW 131 6.1.1 THE EMISSIVITY OF DUST 131 6.1.2
THERMAL EMISSION OF GRAINS 132 6.1.3 ABSORPTION AND EMISSION IN THERMAL
EQUILIBRIUM . . . . 133 6.2 THE TEMPERATURE OF BIG GRAINS 134 6.2.1 THE
ENERGY EQUATION 134 6.2.2 TEMPERATURE ESTIMATES ,135 6.2.3 RELATION
BETWEEN GRAIN SIZE AND GRAIN TEMPERATURE . . 137 6.2.4 DUST TEMPERATURES
FROM OBSERVATIONS 138 6.3 THE EMISSION OF BIG GRAINS 140 6.3.1 CONSTANT
TEMPERATURE AND LOW OPTICAL DEPTH 140 6.3.2 TOTAL EMISSION AND COOLING
RATE OF A GRAIN 143 6.4 CALORIFIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 143 6.4.1
TRAVELING WAVES IN A CRYSTAL 145 6.4.2 INTERNAL ENERGY OF A GRAIN 148
6.4.3 THE DEBYE TEMPERATURE 149 6.4.4 SPECIFIC HEAT 150 6.4.5
TWO-DIMENSIONAL LATTICES 151 6.5 TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS OF VERY SMALL
GRAINS 152 6.5.1 THE PROBABILITY DENSITY P(T) 153 6.5.2 THE TRANSITION
MATRIX 153 6.5.3 THE STOCHASTIC TIME EVOLUTION OF GRAIN TEMPERATURE . .
155 6.6 THE EMISSION SPECTRUM OF VERY SMALL GRAINS 156 6.6.1 MODERATE
FLUCTUATIONS 156 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF INTERSTELLAR DUST
6.6.2 STRONG FLUCTUATIONS 158 6.6.3 TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS AND FLUX
RATIOS 159 DUST AND ITS ENVIRONMENT 161 7.1 GRAIN CHARGE 161 7.1.1
CHARGE EQUILIBRIUM IN THE ABSENCE OF A UV FIELD . . . . 161 7.1.2 THE
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 163 7.2 GRAIN MOTION 166 7.2.1 RANDOM WALK 167
7.2.2 THE DRAG ON A GRAIN SUBJECTED TO AN OUTER FORCE . . . . 167 7.2.3
BROWNIAN MOTION OF A GRAIN 170 7.3 DUST IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM 172 7.3.1
INTERPLANETARY DUST 172 7.3.2 THE POYNTING-ROBERTSON EFFECT 173 7.3.3
ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES ON GRAINS: DUST FROM IO . . . . 174 7.3.4
SHOOTING STARS AND LESS BELLIGERENT METEOROIDS 176 7.4 GRAIN DESTRUCTION
181 7.4.1 MASS BALANCE OF GAS AND DU ST IN THE MILKY WAY . . . . 181
7.4.2 DESTRUCTION PROCESSES 183 7.5 GRAIN FORMATION 184 7.5.1
EVAPORATION TEMPERATURE AND VAPOR PRESSURE 185 7.5.2 VAPOR PRESSURE OF
SMALL GRAINS 187 7.5.3 CRITICAL SATURATION 189 7.5.4 TIME-DEPENDENT
HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION 190 7.5.5 STEADY-STATE NUCLEATION 191 7.5.6
SOLUTIONS TO TIME-DEPENDENT HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION . 195. GRAIN SURFACES
201 8.1 GAS ACCRETION ON GRAINS 201 8.1.1 PHYSICAL ADSORPTION AND
CHEMISORPTION 202 8.1.2 THE STICKING PROBABILITY 205 8.2 MOBILITY OF
ATOMS ON GRAIN SURFACES 206 8.2.1 THERMAL HOPPING 207 8.2.2 EVAPORATION
208 8.2.3 TUNNELING 208 8.2.4 PHOTODESORPTION 209 8.3 GRAIN SURFACE
CHEMISTRY 210 8.3.1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE GAS 210 8.3.2 CHEMICAL
REACTIONS ON DUST 211 8.3.3 THE FORMATION OF H2 IN DIFFUSE CLOUDS 214
8.4 ICE MANTLES 215 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI 9 PAHS AND SPECTRAL FEATURES OF
DUST 219 9.1 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 219 9.1.1 MICROCANONIC
EMISSION OF PAHS 220 9.1.2 AN EXAMPLE: ANTHRACENE 221 9.1.3
PHOTO-EXCITATION OF PAHS 224 9.1.4 CUTOFF WAVELENGTH FOR ELECTRONIC
EXCITATION 225 9.1.5 PHOTO-DESTRUCTION AND IONIZATION 226 9.1.6 CROSS
SECTIONS AND LINE PROFILES OF PAHS 227 9.2 ERE AND DIBS 229 9.3 THE
SILICATE BANDS AT 10/XM AND 18/J,M 230 9.3.1 THE STRENGTH OF THE
RESONANCES 230 9.3.2 HOW THE BANDS CHANGE WITH TEMPERATURE AND GRAIN
SIZE 231 9.4 CRYSTALLINE SILICATES 233 9.4.1 WHERE THEY ARE FOUND AND
HOW THEY FORM 233 9.4.2 THERMAL EXPANSION OF GRAINS 234 9.4.3 THE
FREQUENCY SHIFT OF A RESONANCE IN GRAIN HEATING . . 236 9.5 THE FEATURE
AT 3.4^M 237 10 INTERSTELLAR REDDENING AND DUST MODELS 239 10.1
REDDENING BY INTERSTELLAR GRAINS 239 10.1.1 STELLAR PHOTOMETRY 239
10.1.2 THE INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION CURVE 241 10.1.3 TWO-COLOR-DIAGRAMS
245 10.1.4 SPECTRAL INDICES 246 10.1.5 THE MASS ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT
246 10.2 DUST MODELS 249 10.2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL COMPONENTS 250
10.2.2 EXTINCTION AND SCATTERING OF THE DUST MODEL ;252 10.2.3
EXTINCTION AND ABSORPTION MASS COEFFICIENTS 254 11 RADIATIVE TRANSPORT
259 11.1 BASIC TRANSFER RELATIONS 259 11.1.1 DEFINITION OF INTENSITY,
MEAN INTENSITY AND FLUX .... 259 11.1.2 THE GENERAL TRANSFER EQUATION
262 11.1.3 TRANSFER EQUATION IN SPHERICAL AND SLAB SYMMETRY . . . 264
11.1.4 FREQUENCY AVERAGES 266 11.1.5 ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS TO THE
TRANSFER EQUATION 267 11.2 SPHERICAL CLOUDS 268 11.2.1 INTEGRAL
EQUATIONS FOR THE INTENSITY 269 11.2.2 PRACTICAL HINTS 270 11.3 PASSIVE
DISKS 272 11.3.1 RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN A PLANE PARALLEL LAYER 272 11.3.2
DISKS OF HIGH OPTICAL THICKNESS 274 11.3.3 THE GRAZING ANGLE 275 -XII AN
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF INTERSTELLAR DUST 11.4 GALACTIC NUCLEI
278 11.4.1 HOT SPOTS IN A SPHERICAL STELLAR CLUSTER . . . . . . . . . .
278 11.4.2 LOW AND HIGH LUMINOSITY STARS 279 11.5 THE PURSUIT OF RANDOM
PHOTONS 281 11.5.1 THE STRATEGY 281 11.5.2 GRAINS WITH TEMPERATURE
FLUCTUATIONS 284 11.5.3 ANISOTROPIC SCATTERING 286 11.5.4 PRACTICAL
CONSIDERATIONS 287 12 SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF DUSTY OBJECTS 289
12.1 EARLY STAGES OF STAR FORMATION 289 12.1.1 GLOBULES 289 12.1.2
ISOTHERMAL GRAVITATIONALLY-BOUND CLUMPS 291 12.1.3 THE DENSITY STRUCTURE
OF A PROTOSTAR 292 12.2 ACCRETION DISKS 296 12.2.1 FLAT DISKS 296 12.2.2
INFLATED DISKS 299 12.3 REFLECTION NEBULAE 302 12.4 STARBURST NUCLEI 304
12.5 MASS LOSS GIANTS * 307 12.5.1 FLOW EQUATIONS 307 12.5.2 SOLUTIONS
TO THE FLOW EQUATIONS 310 12.6 THE EFFECTIVE EXTINCTION CURVE 314 12.6.1
THE EFFECTIVE OPTICAL THICKNESS 314 12.6.2 MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS 316 A
VARIOUS DUST RELATED PHYSICS 319 A.I BOLTZMANN STATISTICS 319 A. 1.1 THE
PROBABILITY OF AN ARBITRARY ENERGY DISTRIBUTION . . 319- A.1.2 PARTITION
FUNCTION AND POPULATION OF ENERGY CELLS . . . 321 ; A. 1.3 THE MEAN
ENERGY OF HARMONIC OSCILLATORS 323 A. 1.4 THE MAXWELLIAN VELOCITY
DISTRIBUTION 323 A.2 QUANTUM STATISTICS 325 A.2.1 THE UNIT CELL FT, 3 OF
PHASE SPACE 325 A.2.2 BOSONS AND FERMIONS 326 A.3 THERMODYNAMICS 328
A.3.1 THE ERGODIC HYPOTHESIS 328 A.3.2 DEFINITION OF ENTROPY AND
TEMPERATURE 330 A.3.3 THE CANONICAL DISTRIBUTION 331 A.3.4 THERMODYNAMIC
RELATIONS . 332 A.3.5 EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS OF THE STATE FUNCTIONS 335
A.4 BLACKBODY RADIATION 337 A.4.1 THE PLANCK FUNCTION 337 A.4.2 LOW AND
HIGH FREQUENCY LIMIT 338 A.4.3 THE LAWS OF WIEN AND STEFAN-BOLTZMANN 339
TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII A.5 THE CLASSICAL HAMILTONIAN 340 A.5.1 NORMAL
COORDINATES 341 A.6 THE HAMILTONIAN IN QUANTUM MECHANICS 342 A.6.1 THE
TIME-DEPENDENT SCHRODINGER EQUATION 342 A.6.2 STATIONARY SOLUTIONS 343
A.6.3 THE DIPOLE MOMENT OF A TRANSITION 343 A.6.4 THE QUANTIZED HARMONIC
OSCILLATOR 344 A.7 THE EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS A AND B 346 A.7.1 INDUCED
AND SPONTANEOUS TRANSITIONS 346 A.8 POTENTIAL WELLS AND TUNNELING 348
A.8.1 WAVE FUNCTION OF A PARTICLE IN A CONSTANT POTENTIAL . . 348 A.8.2
POTENTIAL WALLS AND FERMI ENERGY 349 A.8.3 RECTANGULAR POTENTIAL
BARRIERS 350 A.8.4 THE DOUBLE POTENTIAL WELL 354 B MISCELLANEOUS 357 B.I
MATHEMATICAL NOTATIONS 357 B.2 MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE 358 B.2.1 SUMS AND
INTEGRALS 358 B.2.2 THE BELL CURVE 358 B.2.3 POLYNOMIALS 359 B.2.4
VECTOR ANALYSIS 360 B.2.5 THE TIME AVERAGE OF AN HARMONICALLY VARYING
FIELD . . . 361 B.3 COSMIC CONSTANTS 362 B.4 PROBLEM SET 363 B.5 LIST OF
SYMBOLS 374 BIBLIOGRAPHY 377 INDEX 381
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| adam_txt |
SERIES IN ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF
INTERSTELLAR DUST ENDRIK KRIIGEL MAX-PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR RADIOASTRONOMY
BONN, GERMANY TAYLOR & FRANCIS TAYLOR &. FRANCIS GROUP NEW YORK LONDON
CONTENTS THE DIELECTRIC PERMEABILITY 1 1.1 HOW THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
ACTS ON DUST . . 1 1.1.1 ELECTRIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC INDUCTION 1 1.1.2
ELECTRIC POLARIZATION OF THE MEDIUM 2 1.1.3 MAGNETIC POLARIZATION OF THE
MEDIUM 6 1.1.4 FREE CHARGES AND POLARIZATION CHARGES 7 1.1.5 THE FIELD
EQUATIONS 9 1.1.6 WAVES IN A DIELECTRIC MEDIUM 9 1.1.7 ENERGY
DISSIPATION OF A GRAIN IN A VARIABLE FIELD . 12 1.2 THE HARMONIC
OSCILLATOR 13 1.2.1 THE LORENTZ MODEL 14 1.2.2 DISSIPATION OF ENERGY 17
1.2.3 DISPERSION RELATION OF THE DIELECTRIC PERMEABILITY . 18 1.2.4
THE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR AND LIGHT 20 1.2.5 RADIATION DAMPING 23 1.2.6
THE CROSS SECTION OF AN HARMONIC OSCILLATOR 24 1.3 WAVES IN A CONDUCTING
MEDIUM 25 1.3.1 THE DIELECTRIC PERMEABILITY OF A CONDUCTOR 25 1.3.2
CONDUCTIVITY AND THE DRUDE PROFILE ,27 HOW TO EVALUATE GRAIN CROSS
SECTIONS 29 2.1 DEFINING CROSS SECTIONS 29 2.1.1 CROSS SECTION FOR
SCATTERING, ABSORPTION AND EXTINCTION 29 2.1.2 PHASE FUNCTION AND CROSS
SECTION FOR RADIATION PRESSURE 31 2.1.3 EFFICIENCIES, MASS AND VOLUME
COEFFICIENTS 32 2.2 THE OPTICAL THEOREM 32 2.2.1 THE INTENSITY OF
FORWARD SCATTERED LIGHT 33 2.2.2 THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF A DUSTY MEDIUM
35 2.3 MIE THEORY FOR A SPHERE 37 2.3.1 THE FORMALISM 37 2.3.2 SCATTERED
AND ABSORBED POWER 38 2.4 POLARIZATION AND SCATTERING 39 2.4.1 THE
AMPLITUDE SCATTERING MATRIX 40 2.4.2 ANGLE-DEPENDENCE OF SCATTERING 41
2.4.3 THE POLARIZATION ELLIPSE 41 2.4.4 STOKES PARAMETERS 42 VN VIII AN
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF INTERSTELLAR DUST 2.5 THE DISCRETE DIPOLE
APPROXIMATION 45 2.6 THE KRAMERS-KRONIG RELATIONS 47 2.6.1 THE KK
RELATION FOR THE DIELECTRIC PERMEABILITY . . . . 47 2.6.2 THREE
COROLLARIES OF THE KK RELATION 47 2.7 COMPOSITE GRAINS 50 2.7.1
EFFECTIVE MEDIUM THEORIES 50 2.7.2 THE INFLUENCE OF GRAIN SIZE, ICE AND
POROSITY 54 3 VERY SMALL AND VERY BIG PARTICLES 59 3.1 TINY SPHERES 59
3.1.1 APPROXIMATING THE EFFICIENCIES 59 3.1.2 POLARIZATION AND
ANGLE-DEPENDENT SCATTERING 64 3.1.3 SMALL-SIZE EFFECTS BEYOND MIE THEORY
64 3.2 TINY ELLIPSOIDS 65 3.2.1 CROSS SECTION AND SHAPE FACTOR OF
PANCAKES AND CIGARS 66 3.2.2 RANDOMLY ORIENTED ELLIPSOIDS 67 3.3 THE
FIELDS INSIDE A DIELECTRIC PARTICLE 70 3.3.1 INTERNAL FIELD AND
DEPOLARIZATION FIELD 70 3.3.2 DEPOLARIZATION FIELD AND SURFACE CHARGES
70 3.3.3 THE LOCAL FIELD AT AN ATOM 71 3.3.4 THE RELATION OF
CLAUSIUS-MOSSOTTI 72 3.4 VERY LARGE PARTICLES 73 3.4.1 BABINET'S THEOREM
73 3.4.2 REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A PLANE SURFACE 75 3.4.3
HUYGENS' PRINCIPLE 77 3.5 GRAINS OF SMALL REFRACTIVE INDEX 80 3.5.1
RAYLEIGH GANS PARTICLES 80 3.5.2 X-RAY SCATTERING 81 3.5.3 X-RAY
ABSORPTION 82 4 CASE STUDIES OF MIE CALCULUS 85 4.1 EFFICIENCIES OF BARE
SPHERES 85 4.1.1 SCATTERING AND ABSORPTION 85 4.1.2 EFFICIENCY VS. CROSS
SECTION AND VOLUME COEFFICIENT . 90 4.2 SCATTERING BY BARE SPHERES 92
4.2.1 THE INTENSITY PATTERN OF SCATTERED LIGHT 92 4.2.2 THE POLARIZATION
OF SCATTERED LIGHT 93 4.3 LINEAR POLARIZATION THROUGH EXTINCTION 96 4.4
COATED SPHERES 97 4.5 SURFACE MODES IN SMALL GRAINS 99 4.5.1 SMALL
GRAPHITE SPHERES 99 4.5.2 ELLIPSOIDS AND METALS 100 TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
5 STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF DUST 101 5.1 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE 101 5.1.1
TRANSLATIONAL SYMMETRY . 101 5.1.2 LATTICE TYPES 102 5.1.3 THE
RECIPROCAL LATTICE 105 5.2 BINDING IN CRYSTALS 107 5.2.1 COVALENT AND
IONIC BONDING 107 5.2.2 METALS 108 5.2.3 VAN DER WAALS FORCES AND
HYDROGEN BRIDGES 110 5.3 CARBONACEOUS GRAINS AND SILICATE GRAINS ILL
5.3.1 ORIGIN OF THE TWO MAJOR DUST CONSTITUENTS ILL 5.3.2 THE BONDING IN
CARBON 112 5.3.3 CARBON COMPOUNDS 113 5.3.4 SILICATES 117 5.3.5 THE
ORIGIN OF THE ELEMENTS FOUND IN DUST GRAINS . 120 5.4 OPTICAL
CONSTANTS OF DUST MATERIALS 121 5.5 GRAIN SIZES 128 5.5.1 THE MRN SIZE
DISTRIBUTION 128 5.5.2 COLLISIONAL FRAGMENTATION 129 6 DUST RADIATION
131 6.1 KIRCHHOFF'S LAW 131 6.1.1 THE EMISSIVITY OF DUST 131 6.1.2
THERMAL EMISSION OF GRAINS 132 6.1.3 ABSORPTION AND EMISSION IN THERMAL
EQUILIBRIUM . . . . 133 6.2 THE TEMPERATURE OF BIG GRAINS 134 6.2.1 THE
ENERGY EQUATION 134 6.2.2 TEMPERATURE ESTIMATES ,135 6.2.3 RELATION
BETWEEN'GRAIN SIZE AND GRAIN TEMPERATURE . . 137 6.2.4 DUST TEMPERATURES
FROM OBSERVATIONS 138 6.3 THE EMISSION OF BIG GRAINS 140 6.3.1 CONSTANT
TEMPERATURE AND LOW OPTICAL DEPTH 140 6.3.2 TOTAL EMISSION AND COOLING
RATE OF A GRAIN 143 6.4 CALORIFIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS 143 6.4.1
TRAVELING WAVES IN A CRYSTAL 145 6.4.2 INTERNAL ENERGY OF A GRAIN 148
6.4.3 THE DEBYE TEMPERATURE 149 6.4.4 SPECIFIC HEAT 150 6.4.5
TWO-DIMENSIONAL LATTICES 151 6.5 TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS OF VERY SMALL
GRAINS 152 6.5.1 THE PROBABILITY DENSITY P(T) 153 6.5.2 THE TRANSITION
MATRIX 153 6.5.3 THE STOCHASTIC TIME EVOLUTION OF GRAIN TEMPERATURE . .
155 6.6 THE EMISSION SPECTRUM OF VERY SMALL GRAINS 156 6.6.1 MODERATE
FLUCTUATIONS 156 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF INTERSTELLAR DUST
6.6.2 STRONG FLUCTUATIONS 158 6.6.3 TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS AND FLUX
RATIOS 159 DUST AND ITS ENVIRONMENT 161 7.1 GRAIN CHARGE 161 7.1.1
CHARGE EQUILIBRIUM IN THE ABSENCE OF A UV FIELD . . . . 161 7.1.2 THE
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 163 7.2 GRAIN MOTION 166 7.2.1 RANDOM WALK 167
7.2.2 THE DRAG ON A GRAIN SUBJECTED TO AN OUTER FORCE . . . . 167 7.2.3
BROWNIAN MOTION OF A GRAIN 170 7.3 DUST IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM ' 172 7.3.1
INTERPLANETARY DUST 172 7.3.2 THE POYNTING-ROBERTSON EFFECT 173 7.3.3
ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES ON GRAINS: DUST FROM IO . . . . 174 7.3.4
SHOOTING STARS AND LESS BELLIGERENT METEOROIDS 176 7.4 GRAIN DESTRUCTION
181 7.4.1 MASS BALANCE OF GAS AND DU"ST IN THE MILKY WAY . . . . 181
7.4.2 DESTRUCTION PROCESSES 183 7.5 GRAIN FORMATION 184 7.5.1
EVAPORATION TEMPERATURE AND VAPOR PRESSURE 185 7.5.2 VAPOR PRESSURE OF
SMALL GRAINS 187 7.5.3 CRITICAL SATURATION 189 7.5.4 TIME-DEPENDENT
HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION 190 7.5.5 STEADY-STATE NUCLEATION 191 7.5.6
SOLUTIONS TO TIME-DEPENDENT HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION . 195. GRAIN SURFACES
201 8.1 GAS ACCRETION ON GRAINS 201 8.1.1 PHYSICAL ADSORPTION AND
CHEMISORPTION 202 8.1.2 THE STICKING PROBABILITY 205 8.2 MOBILITY OF
ATOMS ON GRAIN SURFACES 206 8.2.1 THERMAL HOPPING 207 8.2.2 EVAPORATION
208 8.2.3 TUNNELING 208 8.2.4 PHOTODESORPTION 209 8.3 GRAIN SURFACE
CHEMISTRY 210 8.3.1 CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE GAS 210 8.3.2 CHEMICAL
REACTIONS ON DUST 211 8.3.3 THE FORMATION OF H2 IN DIFFUSE CLOUDS 214
8.4 ICE MANTLES 215 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI 9 PAHS AND SPECTRAL FEATURES OF
DUST 219 9.1 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 219 9.1.1 MICROCANONIC
EMISSION OF PAHS 220 9.1.2 AN EXAMPLE: ANTHRACENE 221 9.1.3
PHOTO-EXCITATION OF PAHS 224 9.1.4 CUTOFF WAVELENGTH FOR ELECTRONIC
EXCITATION 225 9.1.5 PHOTO-DESTRUCTION AND IONIZATION 226 9.1.6 CROSS
SECTIONS AND LINE PROFILES OF PAHS 227 9.2 ERE AND DIBS 229 9.3 THE
SILICATE BANDS AT 10/XM AND 18/J,M 230 9.3.1 THE STRENGTH OF THE
RESONANCES 230 9.3.2 HOW THE BANDS CHANGE WITH TEMPERATURE AND GRAIN
SIZE 231 9.4 CRYSTALLINE SILICATES 233 9.4.1 WHERE THEY ARE FOUND AND
HOW THEY FORM 233 9.4.2 THERMAL EXPANSION OF GRAINS 234 9.4.3 THE
FREQUENCY SHIFT OF A RESONANCE IN GRAIN HEATING . . 236 9.5 THE FEATURE
AT 3.4^M 237 10 INTERSTELLAR REDDENING AND DUST MODELS 239 10.1
REDDENING BY INTERSTELLAR GRAINS 239 10.1.1 STELLAR PHOTOMETRY 239
10.1.2 THE INTERSTELLAR EXTINCTION CURVE 241 10.1.3 TWO-COLOR-DIAGRAMS
245 10.1.4 SPECTRAL INDICES 246 10.1.5 THE MASS ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT
246 10.2 DUST MODELS 249 10.2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL COMPONENTS 250
10.2.2 EXTINCTION AND SCATTERING OF THE DUST MODEL ;252 10.2.3
EXTINCTION AND ABSORPTION MASS COEFFICIENTS 254 11 RADIATIVE TRANSPORT
259 11.1 BASIC TRANSFER RELATIONS 259 11.1.1 DEFINITION OF INTENSITY,
MEAN INTENSITY AND FLUX . 259 11.1.2 THE GENERAL TRANSFER EQUATION
262 11.1.3 TRANSFER EQUATION IN SPHERICAL AND SLAB SYMMETRY . . . 264
11.1.4 FREQUENCY AVERAGES 266 11.1.5 ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS TO THE
TRANSFER EQUATION 267 11.2 SPHERICAL CLOUDS 268 11.2.1 INTEGRAL
EQUATIONS FOR THE INTENSITY 269 11.2.2 PRACTICAL HINTS 270 11.3 PASSIVE
DISKS 272 11.3.1 RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN A PLANE PARALLEL LAYER 272 11.3.2
DISKS OF HIGH OPTICAL THICKNESS 274 11.3.3 THE GRAZING ANGLE 275 -XII AN
INTRODUCTION TO THE PHYSICS OF INTERSTELLAR DUST 11.4 GALACTIC NUCLEI
278 11.4.1 HOT SPOTS IN A SPHERICAL STELLAR CLUSTER . . . . . . . . . .
278 11.4.2 LOW AND HIGH LUMINOSITY STARS 279 11.5 THE PURSUIT OF RANDOM
PHOTONS 281 11.5.1 THE STRATEGY 281 11.5.2 GRAINS WITH TEMPERATURE
FLUCTUATIONS 284 11.5.3 ANISOTROPIC SCATTERING 286 11.5.4 PRACTICAL
CONSIDERATIONS 287 12 SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF DUSTY OBJECTS 289
12.1 EARLY STAGES OF STAR FORMATION 289 12.1.1 GLOBULES 289 12.1.2
ISOTHERMAL GRAVITATIONALLY-BOUND CLUMPS 291 12.1.3 THE DENSITY STRUCTURE
OF A PROTOSTAR 292 12.2 ACCRETION DISKS 296 12.2.1 FLAT DISKS 296 12.2.2
INFLATED DISKS 299 12.3 REFLECTION NEBULAE 302 12.4 STARBURST NUCLEI 304
12.5 MASS LOSS GIANTS * 307 12.5.1 FLOW EQUATIONS 307 12.5.2 SOLUTIONS
TO THE FLOW EQUATIONS 310 12.6 THE EFFECTIVE EXTINCTION CURVE 314 12.6.1
THE EFFECTIVE OPTICAL THICKNESS 314 12.6.2 MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS 316 A
VARIOUS DUST RELATED PHYSICS 319 A.I BOLTZMANN STATISTICS 319 A. 1.1 THE
PROBABILITY OF AN ARBITRARY ENERGY DISTRIBUTION . . 319- A.1.2 PARTITION
FUNCTION AND POPULATION OF ENERGY CELLS . . . 321 ; A. 1.3 THE MEAN
ENERGY OF HARMONIC OSCILLATORS 323 A. 1.4 THE MAXWELLIAN VELOCITY
DISTRIBUTION 323 A.2 QUANTUM STATISTICS 325 A.2.1 THE UNIT CELL FT, 3 OF
PHASE SPACE 325 A.2.2 BOSONS AND FERMIONS 326 A.3 THERMODYNAMICS 328
A.3.1 THE ERGODIC HYPOTHESIS 328 A.3.2 DEFINITION OF ENTROPY AND
TEMPERATURE 330 A.3.3 THE CANONICAL DISTRIBUTION 331 A.3.4 THERMODYNAMIC
RELATIONS . 332 A.3.5 EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS OF THE STATE FUNCTIONS 335
A.4 BLACKBODY RADIATION 337 A.4.1 THE PLANCK FUNCTION 337 A.4.2 LOW AND
HIGH FREQUENCY LIMIT 338 A.4.3 THE LAWS OF WIEN AND STEFAN-BOLTZMANN 339
TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII A.5 THE CLASSICAL HAMILTONIAN 340 A.5.1 NORMAL
COORDINATES 341 A.6 THE HAMILTONIAN IN QUANTUM MECHANICS 342 A.6.1 THE
TIME-DEPENDENT SCHRODINGER EQUATION 342 A.6.2 STATIONARY SOLUTIONS 343
A.6.3 THE DIPOLE MOMENT OF A TRANSITION 343 A.6.4 THE QUANTIZED HARMONIC
OSCILLATOR 344 A.7 THE EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS A AND B 346 A.7.1 INDUCED
AND SPONTANEOUS TRANSITIONS 346 A.8 POTENTIAL WELLS AND TUNNELING 348
A.8.1 WAVE FUNCTION OF A PARTICLE IN A CONSTANT POTENTIAL . . 348 A.8.2
POTENTIAL WALLS AND FERMI ENERGY 349 A.8.3 RECTANGULAR POTENTIAL
BARRIERS 350 A.8.4 THE DOUBLE POTENTIAL WELL 354 B MISCELLANEOUS 357 B.I
MATHEMATICAL NOTATIONS 357 B.2 MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE 358 B.2.1 SUMS AND
INTEGRALS 358 B.2.2 THE BELL CURVE 358 B.2.3 POLYNOMIALS 359 B.2.4
VECTOR ANALYSIS 360 B.2.5 THE TIME AVERAGE OF AN HARMONICALLY VARYING
FIELD . . . 361 B.3 COSMIC CONSTANTS 362 B.4 PROBLEM SET 363 B.5 LIST OF
SYMBOLS 374 BIBLIOGRAPHY 377 INDEX \ 381 |
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| author | Krügel, Endrik |
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| discipline | Physik |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T16:58:20Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:54:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781584887072 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XIII, 387 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
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| series2 | Series in astronomy and astrophysics |
| spelling | Krügel, Endrik Verfasser aut An introduction to the physics of interstellar dust Endrik Krügel New York [u.a.] Taylor & Francis 2008 XIII, 387 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Series in astronomy and astrophysics Cosmic dust Interstellar matter Interstellarer Staub (DE-588)4162143-8 gnd rswk-swf Interstellare Materie (DE-588)4162140-2 gnd rswk-swf Interstellarer Staub (DE-588)4162143-8 s DE-604 Interstellare Materie (DE-588)4162140-2 s GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015520306&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Krügel, Endrik An introduction to the physics of interstellar dust Cosmic dust Interstellar matter Interstellarer Staub (DE-588)4162143-8 gnd Interstellare Materie (DE-588)4162140-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4162143-8 (DE-588)4162140-2 |
| title | An introduction to the physics of interstellar dust |
| title_auth | An introduction to the physics of interstellar dust |
| title_exact_search | An introduction to the physics of interstellar dust |
| title_exact_search_txtP | An introduction to the physics of interstellar dust |
| title_full | An introduction to the physics of interstellar dust Endrik Krügel |
| title_fullStr | An introduction to the physics of interstellar dust Endrik Krügel |
| title_full_unstemmed | An introduction to the physics of interstellar dust Endrik Krügel |
| title_short | An introduction to the physics of interstellar dust |
| title_sort | an introduction to the physics of interstellar dust |
| topic | Cosmic dust Interstellar matter Interstellarer Staub (DE-588)4162143-8 gnd Interstellare Materie (DE-588)4162140-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cosmic dust Interstellar matter Interstellarer Staub Interstellare Materie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015520306&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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