Klasztor Norbertanek w Strzelnie: (XII - XVI wiek) ; sacrum i profanum
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Toruń
Wydawn. Uniw. Mikołaja Kopernika
2006
|
| Ausgabe: | Wd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Premonstratensian monastery in Strzelno |
| Beschreibung: | 229 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. 6 Kt.-Beil. |
| ISBN: | 8323119341 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Klasztor Norbertanek w Strzelnie |b (XII - XVI wiek) ; sacrum i profanum |c Krystyna Sulkowska-Tuszyńska |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Premonstratensian monastery in Strzelno | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136306069995520 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Premonstratensian Monastery in
Strzelno
(XII-XVI century)
Sacrum and profanum
Summary
The book presents history and culture of Premonstratensian Nuns, who settled nearby Strzelno in
Kujawy,
North Poland in the
2nd
half of
XII
century (pict.
1).
The history of that place, reconstructed basing mainly on
archaeological sources, completed by mediaevalists studies and iconographical sources, had been described till
the end of
XVI
century. That was the time when the latest
-
northern wing, closing all the
claustram
into an
irregular pentagon was built.
The division of labor into two main stages of the monastery s history
—
Romanesque and early Gothic (XII-XIV
century) and its Gothic extension (XV-XVI century) results from stratification sequences of the hill.
The following paper presents synthetically the results of archaeological researches carried out by Architecture
Archaeology Section of the Archaeological Institute of Nicolas Copernicus University in
Toruń,
during the years
1981-1986, 2000-2004.
ystematic studies results were completed by archaeological supervision results
conducted in connection with general renovation of the basilica in
2001
and equipping the building with various
installations in
2003
and
2005.
Whole that knowledge was completed by archaeological studies led in
1950
and
1967
mainly around the rotunda and on the area of medieval cemetery.
The subject of analysis were those aspects of life and death in the monastery, which left a readable trace for an
archaeologist
-
architecture relics, movable monuments, human activity traces and burials. Archeological sources
analyses and reconstructions made on the base of excavated elements and analogous examples were supported by
architectural analysis, studies on human and animals bones, mortars, plasters and wall-paintings, plant remains,
coins, glass jewellery, rock lithology, geographical environment reconstruction, dating bricks by thermo
-luminescence method (TL) as well as reconstruction and conservation of some of the monuments. For
reconstruction of Premonstratensian Order s structure and their everyday life, statutes and other normative
sources were also used (pict.
7,8, 9).
The base of the complete elaboration documentation are the following plans:
-
aerial photos (pict.
3,11),
-
the schedule of trenches from the years
1981-1986,2002-2004
(pict.
2
-insert),
-
the building plan of the monastery during the Romanesque period (so called claustrum I), with marked
the rotunda and the basilica, the oldest brick buildings between the churches and the burning traces
in the rock-bed; the relics of wooden buildings (pict.
15 -
insert),
-
the relics (altar, floor, foundations and graves) excavated in the Basilica of Holy Trinity after lowering the
floor to the Romanesque level (pict.
45-
insert),
-
individual graves and ossuaries explored inside the church and at the area of medieval cemeteries (the
number of dots is equal to number of vertical burials in a particular place), pict.
71 -
insert,
-
traces of the building site of the churches and the monastery from XII-XIV century, pieces of various stones,
lime pits and traces of mortar registered in the neighborhood of the built churches (pict.
98 —
insert),
—the complete monastery scheme after Gothic rebuilding, after addition of the chapels, the sacristy to the
basilica and the wings
(claustram
II) erected subsequently- from the southern part of the western to the
northern one, closing all the establishment with a well in the viridarium (pict.
124 -
insert).
-
the scheme of the monastery buildings inventory made by Prussian official A. W.
Dornstein in 1803
(pic.
163 —
insert).
The Romanesque period and early Gothic (XII-XIV century)
The Premonstratensian Nuns came to Strzelno in the
2nd.
half of
XII
century. They situated their monastery at
the eastern part of the settlement, on a small hill, close to water sources (pict.
3,12,13).
The small church erected at
the northern part of the hill was destined for the Holy Cross worship place (pict.
4)
and the convent basilica,
distanced barely
35
m. to the south was devoted to the Holy Virgin Mary and the Holy Trinity (pict.
5,6).
According
219
totheconvent aim and the founders who were probably the grand-sons of
Piotr
Dimm
■
ι-
.
-íw Ní.uy
with his son
Krystyn
and archbishop
Piotr Łabędź,
both churches were richly equipped with symbuiic1 sculpture
presenting the cardinal confession of faith. For making possible immediate practicing their apostolic vocation and
participating in erecting houses of God
,
the Sisters established some wooden premises, which remained at least till
the beginning of building the eastern part of basilica (pict.
15).
Simultaneously with some wooden buildings a small
rotunda with two apses and a square presbytery were erected (pict.
14,18,190).
Inside, in the western tower there
was a gallery, where the entrance was, most probably, from wooden rooms surrounding the rotunda from the west.
Its nave was covered with a dome resting on buttresses leaned on a huge stone consoles (pict.
24, 97).
Outside
elevations were decorated with arcade framing, covered with glossy green-rust colored glaze (pict.
20, 21).
In the temple, which served also as a parish church, and till the completing building of the basilica was
a convent church, some monastery benefactor was buried probably at the end of the
XII
century. His grave was
situated in the nave and surrounded with stone framing and on the floor it was probably marked by placing there
a board with engraved human figure, whose soul is taken to heaven by angels (pict.
28, 31).
A stone altar was
arranged in presbytery and in the walls there were niches (sedilia) for priests (pict.
25).
First grave pits of both cemeteries situated on the monastery hill were certainly made after accomplishing
foundations of the rotunda, already on the holy ground. In the presumptive convent part of the cemetery, ad sanctos,
the nuns and Norbertine monies were buried at the presbytery and around the rotunda as well as at the northern
ann
of
the transept and in front of the basilica entrance. The oldest burials were without coffins, the later ones— some are in
the coffins with flat covers or only in framings, without any equipment, sometimes with rings on fingers (pict.
70-81).
The cemetery for secular people was situated in a distance, west side of the rotunda. The oldest graves
of women, men and children indicate that the dead were buried directly into the ground in solemn
(?)
attire, in case
of women enriched with head-bands with metal bows, one bead or complete glass necklace was remained on their
necks. A knife or pieces of amber were sometimes placed on a collarbone or at a leg (pict.
82-90).
For about two
centuries the cemetery enlarged towards east and south until it took up all the space between the churches.
Apart from ordinary graves, placed each one above another in two, three and even six levels, where the bodies
were laid vertically on their back along the east-west line with hands on either side or with palms crossed, they
occurred also different ones, alien. About the beginning of
XIII
century, almost precisely in the middle of the hill
a new-born baby with harmed shanks was buried; its remains were placed in a wooden pit marked with stones
(pict.
89).
In
XIV
century at the eastern edge of the cemetery, a woman whose breast-bone was pierced for
unknown reasons
—
maybe with an aspen peg? (pict.
86)
was buried.
Probably contemporarily with erecting the rotunda, at the east side three-aisled convent church was being built
by stages
—
with transept, two round towers at the presbytery and two quadrangle ones in the western edifice. Apart from
the main apse, the church s interior was enriched with two small apses in the eastern walls of the transept arms (pict.
15,
44).
Both churches were
buÜt
of post-glacial stones collected from nearby fields. The foundations were made
of pebbles and the walls were faced with regularly dressed-stones. They included Aland and Baltic porphyry,
Stockholm granite, rapakivi and even red sandstone. The buttress, pillars, and columns carrying the ceiling and
almost all details were made of sandstone (pict.
16,17,18, 32-35).
Stone work
-
preparing the ashlars and sculpture in stone (mainly by selecting the background method) was
carried out under the roof, in some places on the hill, always close to the object being built. Lime burning process
took place in lime-pits as well; the whole building factory was working here since the
2nd.
half of
XII
century,
throughout the
XIII,
till at least the
ist. half
of
XIV
century, when the next building
—
the wide one; joining both
churches -first brick cloister (pict.
98).
In the time between the end of
XII
century and the beginning of
XIII
century framing tiles and probably bricks, used in the final stage of the churches building, were manufactured on
the hill-side (pict.
20,36,100).
The Holy Trinity basilica was provided with signal sculpture, which message was preaching the Gospel, reminding
duties, relating history of Christ and the Holy Virgin and admonition against evil; the columns, portals, altars, galleries
and probably the lectorium were ornamented according to those ideas (pict.
48-63,117-118
and the others).
The presbytery of the basilica contained a sandstone altar, which
mensa
rested probably on small columns.
Behind the altar, in a tall recess of the apse there was a seat for a provost or
astone
statue (pict.
42).
When the
building of the whole church was completed a beautiful relief floor, which tiles were ornamented with motifs of
tangled plaiting, birds, deer (pict.
64-69),
was put inside. The tiles had identical glaze to that embellishing the
framing. Small windows of that Romanesque church with variety of splayed embrasures, probably had not been
glazed until the
XIV
century. Only later small glass panes were placed in them.
The presbytery and the whole church during ceremonial masses was lit with oil lamps, tallow candles or wax
candles (pict.
23).
The convent prayed undoubtedly on galleries
—
the northern one served probably Nuns and the
southern arm of the transept was occupied by few men representatives of the convent during meditation. The
entrance from the cloister buildings to both sides of the transept was at the level of the first floor (pict.
6 -
bottom
opening in transept (pict.
43,194),
from where passages to round towers led (pict.
44)
and next downstairs (pict.
38)
to the presbytery and annexes(pict.
46),
which probably served as chapels (pict.
15).
220
The Pivmoiu
t
ran·; isian nuns were likely to wear white woolen habits and black veils (pict.
10),
and metal rings
glittered on their finders, as the sign of being vowed to God. They put on their feet probably wooden shoes (pict.
102)-
for better isolation from cold floors and muddy paths. They combed their hair using bone combs, sewed with
long bone or metal needles (pict.
94» 116).
Some of the nuns wove, possibly, gray habits destined for converts,
whose presence is testified by written sources. During long winter evenings, the convent assembled surely in
compartment warmed up by domed stove
(?)
which could be situated close to the presbytery of the rotunda (pict.
15» 93);
bere
there was probably the first chapterhouse serving also as refectory. The nuns ate here both vegetables
from the garden, poultry, pork meat and fish from inland waters, sometimes deer and doe meat spiced with herbs
from the local garden (pict.
114)
were tasted. The nuns used at that time mainly ceramic dishes
—
pots, jugs with
cylindrical necks, cups and small goblets for drinking (pict.
103-113).
The household needed probably various
wooden vessels as well. For every day also money-boxes, cupping-glasses and bed pans were indispensable (pict.
115-195)-
On the western edge of the hill, with numerous traces of wooden buildings and remains of variety of
manufacturing, hens, some ducks and gees, goats, sheep and a few
(?)
small horses were kept. Cats and pretty big
dogs wandered among the buildings. Barn owls or eared owls appeared at nights on the tree crowns. During the
time-period of arising the churches, maids of noble or knights families took the habit. The provost, representing
the convent, edited the laws and sometimes together with prioress, signed the documents of exchange, selling,
buying; he probably inhabited together with some other monks a separate wooden house situated in the
south-western edge of the hill.
The inhabitants of Strzelno and the monastery suffered from various ailments
—
caries, vertebra degeneration,
cancer. Children and adults befell various misfortunes, caused by piercing or mechanical bone damages. Anaemia
occurred in that community, and the ladies life style determined to a high degree their delicate body constitution.
By the end of
XIV
century the monastery experienced not only several fires but also other unrests connected
with political situation in partitioned Poland, in
Kujawy
and
Wielkopolska
(Grand Poland) also internal crisis in
Polish Premonstratensisians circle; bad financial situation of the monasteiy in Strzelno resulted in considerable
decreasing of its spiritual and material condition.
The Gothic period and the beginning of modern times (XV-XV1 century)
The turn of 14th. century started with Strzelno animation. Numerous donations, which saved the convent,
enabled its material revival with time and then led to multistage Gothic rebuilding of the basilica, which started in
the half of XV century (pict.
124 -
insert). About
1448
the damaged rotunda was supported with buttress (pict.
125,
126)
and the basilica became the convent and parish church, which caused essential changes in its interior. A new
bigger altar with stairs, painted
(polychromie)
mensa
and ciborium was built in the presbytery (pic.
137).
The walls
were covered with
polychromie
painting (pict.
139,
145)> and new portals got arch-pointed reveals (pict.
128,130,
142).
During the next stage of Gothic rebuilding of the church the ceiling was replaced by vaults (pict.
127,128,
129),
the two round towers were disassembled and in doubly enlarged southern annex St. Barbara s chapel was
arranged (pict.
141,142),
which groined vault was supported by the Romanesque column placed centrally (pict.
145);
the altar was made of brick and decorated by ciborium on small wooden columns.
în
the basilica the galleries
were dismantled and brick lectorium on stone underpinning was built (pict.
124,136,137).
The main entrance to
the church led, as formerly, through the northern portal with Christ in
mandorla (pict.
63).
From the south a chapel
of the convent patron with a vestibule was built up to the nave (pict.
146,147,148),
and above St. Barbara s chape)
a treasury was constructed in the half of
XVI
century (pict.
141).
The church rebuilt and refurbished in such way, brightened up with red, yellow and white, and enlarged
windows equipped with round stained-glasses (pict.
144),
gleamed now with light, and the altar visible clearly
-
the center of sacral space, enabled not only the nuns but also parish community the closer contact with the
Eucharist.
Human remains excavated from the church
(?)
were committed to ossuarium, which was created along the
southern arm of the transept (pict.
155),
where the convent wooden buildings had no longer existed. Between half
of XV and the end of
XVI
centuries a brick claustrum (II) was progressively raised (pict.
124 -
insert,
196).
After rebuilding the house of late-Romanesque provenience (claustrum I), first the western wing was erected
(pict.
164,165).
Next the southern side was built with the chapter-house connecting the presbytery to the entrance
in the northern annex (pict.
166,167).
After the fire, the earliest in the beginning of
2nd
half of
XVI
century a long building was added to the rotunda
presbytery, creating that way the northern part of the western wing.
Soon afterwards the eastern
-
the longest and broadest building was added to the southern wing, containing
calef actorium, and probably, the kitchen at the supposed refectory located in the eastern part of the southern wing
Cpict.
166,168).
Only that wing very likely had a cloister (gallery). Finally the claustrum was closed from the north
side before the end of
XVI
century, placing in that part of viridarium a well with wooden casing (pict.
170).
Latrines
were located outside the northern and eastern wing (pict.
163).
221
On the western part of the hill, outside the interior walls there were various buildings, which
wľiľ
not under
enclosure. Close to the rotunda a guests* house
(?)
with two stoves and a cellar stood (pict
177-183),
farther to the
west
-
a long simple building— a stable, a cowshed, or a barn were situated (pict.
124).
Opposite, on the southern
side, in the place of a burnt one, a big stone-brick provosts manor was raised, probably with a tower, in which as we
can suppose, the provost kept a chest with documents and convent s finances (pict.
172-176).
On the descent at the
eastern side there was a convent garden in which willows, ferns, sorrel, radish, origan, chicory, caraway and grass
(pict.
192)
grew.
The Premonstraensian nuns still wore white habits and black veils, but probably more often made of softer
fabrics. They put leather shoes(?) on their feet with attached metal creepers (pict.
198),
for avoiding a slip on the
ice, wooden shoes were still most useful for the garden.
To refectory and kitchen there were introduced less permeable ceramic vessels with metallic-gray or brick-red
colors and gleaming surfaces, metal dishes became also introduced into usage. Assortment of vessels and
household tools number were now much bigger (pict.
184-191).
Stoneware imported from Rhineland appeared
sometimes on the refectory table (pict.
191).
The livestock included still small horses; cattle and pigs mainly were
bred or received from farms, in considerably smaller number sheep, goats and fowl were kept. As formerly hens,
were plentiful, in less amount geese, ducks and rabbits; rats slipped around the inventory. Apart from rare
venison,
weis
(catfish), cranes, turkey and partridges appeared sometimes on provost s table. From fishes carp,
tench, pike, sturgeon and cod were eaten.
The convent community revived after the Council of Trent and spiritually strengthened, had a great novitiate in
the
XVI
century, which was the best testimony of the convent s revival.
The fame of the monastery must have been growing, since the pilgrims came to the crucifix known from God s
mercy, and they chiseled their names on the walls of
thebasiïicaÇpict.
138-140).
Various books in boards or leather
binding were kept in the monastery, of which only destroyed metal corner fittings and tiny spangles have
remained; antiphonals, missals, psalm-books more often replaced now old religious contents chiseled in stone.
Pilgrims, the local congregation members and maybe the monastery property superiors lost coins in various
places of the hill
—
bracteates, denars, three-grosz coins,
szelągs
and half-grosz coins (pict.
193).
The cemetery existing till then on the north side of the basilica was now removed to the south— the first burials
had been committed close to St. Barbara chapel s foundations, long before building the chapel, hastily, not carefully
as if during the war turmoil (pict.
71,152,154).
Here also the children had been buried
—
in majority without coffins;
equipping the dead had been ceased at that time (pict.
153).
The bass-relief images of the Way of the Cross were
placed at the cemetery (pict.
157-160).
That was the time when the dead were more and more often buried inside the
church as well. The oldest graves were the burials without coffins situated at the crossing of the transept with the nave
-
undoubtedly there were the convent prioresses buried in habits and veils, with hands cross-joined on the chests or
rested along the bodies (pict.
149).
At tiie old western gallery, in the axis of the temple a simple coffin was dug into,
containing the remains of a few persons
-
the oldest ossuarium was created in that way in basilica.
Close to the southern columns two exceptional graves of young nuns were excavated, buried in hollowed-out logs
(pict.
151).
Several provosts(?) and nuns in simple, wooden coffins were buried in the transept (pict.
150).
With time,
when St. Barbara s chapel was erected and supported by
buttres,
all the cemetery was surrounded by a brick wall.
Various ailments tormented the nuns and Strzelno inhabitants continuously. Those were dental diseases, spine
degeneration effects, joints articulation adhesions, rigidities,, tumors and vertebra osteopathy, and also mechanical
fractures. They still suffered from anaemia and metopism. Towards the end of
XVI
century together with Gothic
development of the monastery in Strzelno the convent was morally and in number reborn and grew in strength.
It was embraced with powerful wall protecting it from the evil, limiting the space but creating the oasis of peace,
a chance for meditation and recreation for nuns (pict.
156,171).
Thus from
magistra
Beatrix, provost Jan Lukawa to prioress
Katarzyna Szczawińska (Szubska)
and Gabriel
Kielczewski coat of arms Pomian- the supervisor and reformer of Premonstrarensian convent, together with the
building of the complete claustrum at the end of
XVI
century, the successive chapter of the Premonstratensian
nuns monastery history in Strzelno closed. It lasted still later but only until the half of
XIX
century.
222
SPIS RZECZY ROZDZIA* I. ZAGADNIENIA WST*PNE 9 1.1. CEL PRACY I ZAKRESY;
PODSTAWA *ROD*OWA 9 1.2. SPOSOB OPRACOWANIA TEMATU 9 1.3. Z BADA* NAD
KLASZTORAMI I PREMONSTRATENSAMI 11 1.4. DZIEJE BADA* WZGORZA
KLASZTORNEGO W STRZELNIE; STAN OPRACOWA* STANOWISKA 16 ROZDZIA* 2.
HISTORIA I ORGANIZACJA *YCIA PREMONSTRATENSOW I PREMONSTRATENSEK 21 2.1.
NORBERT VON GENNEP; NORBERTANIE I NORBERTANKI W POLSCE 21 2.2. *YCIE
WEWN*TRZNE NORBERTANEK 24 2.2.1. AUGUSTYN Z HIPPONY. REGU*A ZAKONNA,
STATUTY I CEL ZAKONU 24 2.2.2. PRZYNALE*NO** ORGANIZACYJNA I STRUKTURA
PREPOZYTURY W STRZELNIE 27 2.2.3. LICZEBNO** I STATUS SPO*ECZNY
STRZELE*SKICH PANIEN 28 2.2.4. DZIA*ALNO** PARAFIALNA, ARTYSTYCZNA I
EDUKACYJNA NORBERTANEK 29 ROZDZIA* 3 POCZ*TKI KLASZTORU * OKRES ROMA*SKI
I WCZESNY GOTYK (XII-XIV WIEK) 31 3.1. ELEMENTY *RODOWISKA NATURALNEGO
OKOLIC STRZELNA 31 3.2. BUDOWLE SAKRALNE 34 3.2.1 ROMA*SKA ROTUNDA 34
3.2.1.1. BRY*A ROTUNDY 34 3.2.1.2. PRZESTRZE* SAKRALNA I WYPOSA*ENIE
WN*TRZA 39 3.2.1.3. CHRONOLOGIA I FUNKCJA ROTUNDY 44 3.2.2. BAZYLIKA
*WI*TEJ TROJCY 46 3.2.2.1. BRY*A BAZYLIKI 46 3.2.2.2. PRZESTRZE*
SAKRALNA I WYPOSA*ENIE WN*TRZA BAZYLIKI 52 3.2.2.3. CHRONOLOGIA I
FUNKCJA BAZYLIKI 66 3.3. CMENTARZ I POCHOWKI 69 3.3.1. POCHOWKI PANIEN
NORBERTANEK I FAMILII KLASZTORNE J (?) 70 3.3.2. CMENTARZ LUDNO*CI
*WIECKIEJ (PARAFIA, LUDNO** S*U*EBNA) 76 3.4. ZABUDOWANIA KLASZTORNE I
PLAC BUDOWY 80 3.4.1. *LADY DREWNIANEJ ZABUDOWY 80 3.4.1.1. RELIKTY
ODS*ONI*TE W OBR*BIE BAZYLIKI *WI*TEJ TROJCY 81 3.4.1.2. ZABUDOWA PO
PO*UDNIOWEJ STRONIE BAZYLIKI 82 3.4.1.3. *LADY KONSTRUKCJI PRZY
ROTUNDZIE 83 3.4.2. NAJSTARSZE MUROWANE CLAUSTRUM I * REKONSTRUKCJA 8.5
3.4.3. PLAC BUDOWY NA WZGORZU 88 3.5. KULTURA DNIA CODZIENNEGO 9 2
3.5.1. UBIOR NORBERTANEK 92 3.5.2. UBIORY, FRYZURY I BUTY W *WIETLE
*RODE* IKONOGRAFICZNYCH Z XII WIEKU 95 3.5.3. W KUCHNI I W REFEKTARZU 96
3.5.4. O ZWIERZ*TACH 102 3.5.5. O OGRODZIE 103 3.5.6. NIE TYLKO W *A*NI
103 3.5.7. VARIA 105 3.5.7.1. ELEMENTY KULTURY MATERIALNEJ Z XII WIEKU;
*ROD*A IKONOGRAFICZNE 105 3.5.7.2. MINIATUROWA FIGURKA KOBIETY 106
3.5.7.3. METALOWA TULEJKA 107 3.5.7.4. ZABAWKA 109 ROZDZIA* 4. ROZBUDOWA
KLASZTORU * OKRES GOTYCLD I POCZ*TEK NOWO*Y*NO*CI (XV-XVI WIEK) 111 4.1.
BUDOWLE SAKRALNE 111 4.1.1 ROTUNDA *ZMIANY W BRYLE I FUNKCJ 111 4.1.2
BAZYLIKA *WI*TEJ TROJCY 113 4.1.2.1. BRY*A GOTYCKIEJ BAZYLIKI 113
4.1.2.2. PRZESTRZE* SAKRALNA I WYPOSA*ENIE GOTYCKIEGO WN*TRZA 116
4.1.2.3. KAPLICA *WI*TEJ BARBARY, SKARBIEC I ZAKRYSTIA 126 4.1.2.3.1.
PRZESTRZE* SAKRALNA I WYPOSA*ENIE KAPLICY *WI*TEJ BARBARY 129 4.1.2.4-
KAPLICA *WI*TEGO NORBERTA I KRUCHTA 13 X 4.2. CMENTARZ I POCHOWKI 4.2.1.
POCHOWKI WE WN*TRZU *WI*TY* 4.2.2. CMENTARZ LUDNO*CI *WIECKIEJ PO
PO*UDNIOWEJ STRONIE BAZYLIKI. POCHOWKI INDYWIDUALNE I OSSUARIUM 13 S
4.2.3. *MIER* W STRZELNIE * CHARAKTERYSTYKA GROBOW. ZWYCZAJE I LITURGIA
POGRZEBU 14 O 4.3. GOTYCKIE ZABUDOWANIA KLASZTORNE. REKONSTRUKCJA
CLAUSTRUM II 14^ 4.3.1. SKRZYD*O ZACHODNIE * CZ*** PO*UDNIOWA 150 4.3.2.
SKRZYD*O PO*UDNIOWE 15 2. 4.3.3. PO*NOCNA CZ*** SKRZYD*A ZACHODNIEGO 154
4.3.4. SKRZYD*O WSCHODNIE J-55 4.3.5. SKRZYD*O PO*NOCNE 15 * 4.3.6.
ZABUDOWA PRZY MASYWIE ZACHODNIM BAZYLIKI 15 3 4.4. MURY KLASZTORNE *
OGRODZENIE ZEWN*TRZNE I WEWN*TRZNE 4.5. ZABUDOWA POZA KLAUZUR* 4.5.1.
DWOR PREPOZYTOW 4.5.2. DOM Z DWOMA PIECAMI, DLA GO*CI (?) 16 -7 4.5.3.
BUDYNEK GOSPODARCZY 173 4.6. KULTURA DNIA CODZIENNEGO 173 4.6.1. W
KUCHNI I W REFEKTARZU 173 4.6.1.1. O KUCHNI 173 4.6.1.2. O NACZYNIACH I
SPRZ*TACH U*YWANYCH W KUCHNI I W REFEKTARZU 176 4.6.1.3. PRODUKTY,
POTRAWY, POSI*KI 178 4.6.1.4. OBYCZAJE I ETYKIETA W REFEKTARZU 179
4.6.2. O HODOWLI, ZWIERZ*TACH I OGRODZIE 18 O 4.6.2.1. HODOWLA I
ZWIERZ*TA 18 O 4.6.2.2. O OGRODZIE 18 2 4.6.3. LOCUM SECRETUM 18 3
4.6.4. VARIA * MONETY 18 4 ROZDZIAL 5. KLASZTOR NORBERTANEK W STRZELNIE
(XII*XVI WIEK). SACRUM I PROFANUM 187 5.1. OKRES ROMA*SKI I WCZESNY
GOTYK (XII-XIV W.) 187 5.2. OKRES GOTYCKI I POCZ*TEK NOWO*YTNO*CI
(XV-XV1 W.) ANEKS * KALENDARIUM. KROTKA HISTORIA ZGROMADZENIA, KLASZTORU
I MIASTA STRZELNA 193 WYKAZ SKROTOW 197 LITERATURA 197 PREMONSTRATENSIAN
MONASTERY IN STRZELNO (XII-XVI CENTURY). SACMM AND PROFANUM. SUMMARY 219
PPN: 259345415 TITEL: KLASZTOR NORBERTANEK W STRZELNIE (XII - XVI WIEK)
/ SACRUM I PROFANUM ; KRYSTYNA SULKOWSKA- TUSZYNSKA. - . - WYD.
UNIWERSYTETU MIKOAJA KOPERNIKA TORUN 2006 ISBN: 83-231-1934-1
BIBLIOGRAPHISCHER DATENSATZ IM SWB-VERBUND
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Premonstratensian Monastery in
Strzelno
(XII-XVI century)
Sacrum and profanum
Summary
The book presents history and culture of Premonstratensian Nuns, who settled nearby Strzelno in
Kujawy,
North Poland in the
2nd
half of
XII
century (pict.
1).
The history of that place, reconstructed basing mainly on
archaeological sources, completed by mediaevalists' studies and iconographical sources, had been described till
the end of
XVI
century. That was the time when the latest
-
northern wing, closing all the
claustram
into an
irregular pentagon was built.
The division of labor into two main stages of the monastery's history
—
Romanesque and early Gothic (XII-XIV
century) and its Gothic extension (XV-XVI century) results from stratification sequences of the hill.
The following paper presents synthetically the results of archaeological researches carried out by Architecture
Archaeology Section of the Archaeological Institute of Nicolas Copernicus University in
Toruń,
during the years
1981-1986, 2000-2004.
ystematic studies' results were completed by archaeological supervision results
conducted in connection with general renovation of the basilica in
2001
and equipping the building with various
installations in
2003
and
2005.
Whole that knowledge was completed by archaeological studies led in
1950
and
1967
mainly around the rotunda and on the area of medieval cemetery.
The subject of analysis were those aspects of life and death in the monastery, which left a readable trace for an
archaeologist
-
architecture relics, movable monuments, human activity traces and burials. Archeological sources
analyses and reconstructions made on the base of excavated elements and analogous examples were supported by
architectural analysis, studies on human and animals' bones, mortars, plasters and wall-paintings, plant remains,
coins, glass jewellery, rock lithology, geographical environment reconstruction, dating bricks by thermo
-luminescence method (TL) as well as reconstruction and conservation of some of the monuments. For
reconstruction of Premonstratensian Order's structure and their everyday life, statutes and other normative
sources were also used (pict.
7,8, 9).
The base of the complete elaboration documentation are the following plans:
-
aerial photos (pict.
3,11),
-
the schedule of trenches from the years
1981-1986,2002-2004
(pict.
2
-insert),
-
the building plan of the monastery during the Romanesque period (so called claustrum I), with marked
the rotunda and the basilica, the oldest brick buildings between the churches and the burning traces
in the rock-bed; the relics of wooden buildings (pict.
15 -
insert),
-
the relics (altar, floor, foundations and graves) excavated in the Basilica of Holy Trinity after lowering the
floor to the Romanesque level (pict.
45-
insert),
-
individual graves and ossuaries explored inside the church and at the area of medieval cemeteries (the
number of dots is equal to number of vertical burials in a particular place), pict.
71 -
insert,
-
traces of the building site of the churches and the monastery from XII-XIV century, pieces of various stones,
lime pits and traces of mortar registered in the neighborhood of the built churches (pict.
98 —
insert),
—the complete monastery scheme after Gothic rebuilding, after addition of the chapels, the sacristy to the
basilica and the wings
(claustram
II) erected subsequently- from the southern part of the western to the
northern one, closing all the establishment with a well in the viridarium (pict.
124 -
insert).
-
the scheme of the monastery buildings' inventory made by Prussian official A. W.
Dornstein in 1803
(pic.
163 —
insert).
The Romanesque period and early Gothic (XII-XIV century)
The Premonstratensian Nuns came to Strzelno in the
2nd.
half of
XII
century. They situated their monastery at
the eastern part of the settlement, on a small hill, close to water sources (pict.
3,12,13).
The small church erected at
the northern part of the hill was destined for the Holy Cross worship place (pict.
4)
and the convent basilica,
distanced barely
35
m. to the south was devoted to the Holy Virgin Mary and the Holy Trinity (pict.
5,6).
According
219
totheconvent aim and the founders'who were probably the grand-sons of
Piotr
Dimm
■
ι-
'.
-íw Ní.uy
with his son
Krystyn
and archbishop
Piotr Łabędź,
both churches were richly equipped with symbuiic1 sculpture
presenting the cardinal confession of faith. For making possible immediate practicing their apostolic vocation and
participating in erecting houses of God
,
the Sisters established some wooden premises, which remained at least till
the beginning of building the eastern part of basilica (pict.
15).
Simultaneously with some wooden buildings a small
rotunda with two apses and a square presbytery were erected (pict.
14,18,190).
Inside, in the western tower there
was a gallery, where the entrance was, most probably, from wooden rooms surrounding the rotunda from the west.
Its nave was covered with a dome resting on buttresses leaned on a huge stone consoles (pict.
24, 97).
Outside
elevations were decorated with arcade framing, covered with glossy green-rust colored glaze (pict.
20, 21).
In the temple, which served also as a parish church, and till the completing building of the basilica was
a convent church, some monastery benefactor was buried probably at the end of the
XII
century. His grave was
situated in the nave and surrounded with stone framing and on the floor it was probably marked by placing there
a board with engraved human figure, whose soul is taken to heaven by angels (pict.
28, 31).
A stone altar was
arranged in presbytery and in the walls there were niches (sedilia) for priests (pict.
25).
First grave pits of both cemeteries situated on the monastery hill were certainly made after accomplishing
foundations of the rotunda, already on the holy ground. In the presumptive convent part of the cemetery, ad sanctos,
the nuns and Norbertine monies were buried at the presbytery and around the rotunda as well as at the northern
ann
of
the transept and in front of the basilica entrance. The oldest burials were without coffins, the later ones— some are in
the coffins with flat covers or only in framings, without any equipment, sometimes with rings on fingers (pict.
70-81).
The cemetery for secular people was situated in a distance, west side of the rotunda. The oldest graves
of women, men and children indicate that the dead were buried directly into the ground in solemn
(?)
attire, in case
of women enriched with head-bands with metal bows, one bead or complete glass necklace was remained on their
necks. A knife or pieces of amber were sometimes placed on a collarbone or at a leg (pict.
82-90).
For about two
centuries the cemetery enlarged towards east and south until it took up all the space between the churches.
Apart from "ordinary" graves, placed each one above another in two, three and even six levels, where the bodies
were laid vertically on their back along the east-west line with hands on either side or with palms crossed, they
occurred also different ones, alien. About the beginning of
XIII
century, almost precisely in the middle of the hill
a new-born baby with harmed shanks was buried; its remains were placed in a wooden pit marked with stones
(pict.
89).
In
XIV
century at the eastern edge of the cemetery, a woman whose breast-bone was pierced for
unknown reasons
—
maybe with an aspen peg? (pict.
86)
was buried.
Probably contemporarily with erecting the rotunda, at the east side three-aisled convent church was being built
by stages
—
with transept, two round towers at the presbytery and two quadrangle ones in the western edifice. Apart from
the main apse, the church's interior was enriched with two small apses in the eastern walls of the transept arms (pict.
15,
44).
Both churches were
buÜt
of post-glacial stones collected from nearby fields. The foundations were made
of pebbles and the walls were faced with regularly dressed-stones. They included Aland and Baltic porphyry,
Stockholm granite, rapakivi and even red sandstone. The buttress, pillars, and columns carrying the ceiling and
almost all details were made of sandstone (pict.
16,17,18, 32-35).
Stone work
-
preparing the ashlars and sculpture in stone (mainly by selecting the background method) was
carried out under the roof, in some places on the hill, always close to the object being built. Lime burning process
took place in lime-pits as well; the whole "building factory" was working here since the
2nd.
half of
XII
century,
throughout the
XIII,
till at least the
ist. half
of
XIV
century, when the next building
—
the wide one; joining both
churches -first brick cloister (pict.
98).
In the time between the end of
XII
century and the beginning of
XIII
century framing tiles and probably bricks, used in the final stage of the churches building, were manufactured on
the hill-side (pict.
20,36,100).
The Holy Trinity basilica was provided with signal sculpture, which message was preaching the Gospel, reminding
duties, relating history of Christ and the Holy Virgin and admonition against evil; the columns, portals, altars, galleries
and probably the lectorium were ornamented according to those ideas (pict.
48-63,117-118
and the others).
The presbytery of the basilica contained a sandstone altar, which
mensa
rested probably on small columns.
Behind the altar, in a tall recess of the apse there was a seat for a provost or
astone
statue (pict.
42).
When the
building of the whole church was completed a beautiful relief floor, which tiles were ornamented with motifs of
tangled plaiting, birds, deer (pict.
64-69),
was put inside. The tiles had identical glaze to that embellishing the
framing. Small windows of that Romanesque church with variety of splayed embrasures, probably had not been
glazed until the
XIV
century. Only later small glass panes were placed in them.
The presbytery and the whole church during ceremonial masses was lit with oil lamps, tallow candles or wax
candles (pict.
23).
The convent prayed undoubtedly on galleries
—
the northern one served probably Nuns and the
southern arm of the transept was occupied by few men representatives of the convent during meditation. The
entrance from the cloister buildings to both sides of the transept was at the level of the first floor (pict.
6 -
bottom
opening in transept (pict.
43,194),
from where passages to round towers led (pict.
44)
and next downstairs (pict.
38)
to the presbytery and annexes(pict.
46),
which probably served as chapels (pict.
15).
220
The Pivmoiu
t
ran·; isian nuns were likely to wear white woolen habits and black veils (pict.
10),
and metal rings
glittered on their finders, as the sign of being vowed to God. They put on their feet probably wooden shoes (pict.
102)-
for better isolation from cold floors and muddy paths. They combed their hair using bone combs, sewed with
long bone or metal needles (pict.
94» 116).
Some of the nuns wove, possibly, gray habits destined for converts,
whose presence is testified by written sources. During long winter evenings, the convent assembled surely in
compartment warmed up by domed stove
(?)
which could be situated close to the presbytery of the rotunda (pict.
15» 93);
bere
there was probably the first chapterhouse serving also as refectory. The nuns ate here both vegetables
from the garden, poultry, pork meat and fish from inland waters, sometimes deer and doe meat spiced with herbs
from the local garden (pict.
114)
were tasted. The nuns used at that time mainly ceramic dishes
—
pots, jugs with
cylindrical necks, cups and small goblets for drinking (pict.
103-113).
The household needed probably various
wooden vessels as well. For every day also money-boxes, cupping-glasses and bed pans were indispensable (pict.
115-195)-
On the western edge of the hill, with numerous traces of wooden buildings and remains of variety of
manufacturing, hens, some ducks and gees, goats, sheep and a few
(?)
small horses were kept. Cats and pretty big
dogs wandered among the buildings. Barn owls or eared owls appeared at nights on the tree crowns. During the
time-period of arising the churches, maids of noble or knights' families took the habit. The provost, representing
the convent, edited the laws and sometimes together with prioress, signed the documents of exchange, selling,
buying; he probably inhabited together with some other monks a separate wooden house situated in the
south-western edge of the hill.
The inhabitants of Strzelno and the monastery suffered from various ailments
—
caries, vertebra degeneration,
cancer. Children and adults befell various misfortunes, caused by piercing or mechanical bone damages. Anaemia
occurred in that community, and the ladies' life style determined to a high degree their delicate body constitution.
By the end of
XIV
century the monastery experienced not only several fires but also other unrests connected
with political situation in partitioned Poland, in
Kujawy
and
Wielkopolska
(Grand Poland) also internal crisis in
Polish Premonstratensisians' circle; bad financial situation of the monasteiy in Strzelno resulted in considerable
decreasing of its spiritual and material condition.
The Gothic period and the beginning of modern times (XV-XV1 century)
The turn of 14th. century started with Strzelno animation. Numerous donations, which saved the convent,
enabled its material revival with time and then led to multistage Gothic rebuilding of the basilica, which started in
the half of XV century (pict.
124 -
insert). About
1448
the damaged rotunda was supported with buttress (pict.
125,
126)
and the basilica became the convent and parish church, which caused essential changes in its interior. A new
bigger altar with stairs, painted
(polychromie)
mensa
and ciborium was built in the presbytery (pic.
137).
The walls
were covered with
polychromie
painting (pict.
139,
145)> and new portals got arch-pointed reveals (pict.
128,130,
142).
During the next stage of Gothic rebuilding of the church the ceiling was replaced by vaults (pict.
127,128,
129),
the two round towers were disassembled and in doubly enlarged southern annex St. Barbara's chapel was
arranged (pict.
141,142),
which groined vault was supported by the Romanesque column placed centrally (pict.
145);
the altar was made of brick and decorated by ciborium on small wooden columns.
în
the basilica the galleries
were dismantled and brick lectorium on stone underpinning was built (pict.
124,136,137).
The main entrance to
the church led, as formerly, through the northern portal with Christ in
mandorla (pict.
63).
From the south a chapel
of the convent patron with a vestibule was built up to the nave (pict.
146,147,148),
and above St. Barbara's chape)
a treasury was constructed in the half of
XVI
century (pict.
141).
The church rebuilt and refurbished in such way, brightened up with red, yellow and white, and enlarged
windows equipped with round stained-glasses (pict.
144),
gleamed now with light, and the altar visible clearly
-
the center of sacral space, enabled not only the nuns but also parish community the closer contact with the
Eucharist.
Human remains excavated from the church
(?)
were committed to ossuarium, which was created along the
southern arm of the transept (pict.
155),
where the convent wooden buildings had no longer existed. Between half
of XV and the end of
XVI
centuries a brick claustrum (II) was progressively raised (pict.
124 -
insert,
196).
After rebuilding the house of late-Romanesque provenience (claustrum I), first the western wing was erected
(pict.
164,165).
Next the southern side was built with the chapter-house connecting the presbytery to the entrance
in the northern annex (pict.
166,167).
After the fire, the earliest in the beginning of
2nd
half of
XVI
century a long building was added to the rotunda
presbytery, creating that way the northern part of the western wing.
Soon afterwards the eastern
-
the longest and broadest building was added to the southern wing, containing
calef actorium, and probably, the kitchen at the supposed refectory located in the eastern part of the southern wing
Cpict.
166,168).
Only that wing very likely had a cloister (gallery). Finally the claustrum was closed from the north
side before the end of
XVI
century, placing in that part of viridarium a well with wooden casing (pict.
170).
Latrines
were located outside the northern and eastern wing (pict.
163).
221
On the western part of the hill, outside the interior walls there were various buildings, which
wľiľ
not under
enclosure. Close to the rotunda a guests* house
(?)
with two stoves and a cellar stood (pict
177-183),
farther to the
west
-
a long simple building— a stable, a cowshed, or a barn were situated (pict.
124).
Opposite, on the southern
side, in the place of a burnt one, a big stone-brick provosts' manor was raised, probably with a tower, in which as we
can suppose, the provost kept a chest with documents and convent's finances (pict.
172-176).
On the descent at the
eastern side there was a convent garden in which willows, ferns, sorrel, radish, origan, chicory, caraway and grass
(pict.
192)
grew.
The Premonstraensian nuns still wore white habits and black veils, but probably more often made of softer
fabrics. They put leather shoes(?) on their feet with attached metal creepers (pict.
198),
for avoiding'a slip on the
ice, wooden shoes were still most useful for the garden.
To refectory and kitchen there were introduced less permeable ceramic vessels with metallic-gray or brick-red
colors and gleaming surfaces, metal dishes became also introduced into usage. Assortment of vessels and
household tools number were now much bigger (pict.
184-191).
Stoneware imported from Rhineland appeared
sometimes on the refectory table (pict.
191).
The livestock included still small horses; cattle and pigs mainly were
bred or received from farms, in considerably smaller number sheep, goats and fowl were kept. As formerly hens,
were plentiful, in less amount geese, ducks and rabbits; rats slipped around the inventory. Apart from rare
venison,
weis
(catfish), cranes, turkey and partridges appeared sometimes on provost's table. From fishes carp,
tench, pike, sturgeon and cod were eaten.
The convent community revived after the Council of Trent and spiritually strengthened, had a great novitiate in
the
XVI
century, which was the best testimony of the convent's revival.
The fame of the monastery must have been growing, since the pilgrims came to the crucifix known from God's
mercy, and they chiseled their names on the walls of
thebasiïicaÇpict.
138-140).
Various books in boards or leather
binding were kept in the monastery, of which only destroyed metal corner fittings and tiny spangles have
remained; antiphonals, missals, psalm-books more often replaced now old religious contents chiseled in stone.
Pilgrims, the local congregation members and maybe the monastery property superiors lost coins in various
places of the hill
—
bracteates, denars, three-grosz coins,
szelągs
and half-grosz coins (pict.
193).
The cemetery existing till then on the north side of the basilica was now removed to the south— the first burials
had been committed close to St. Barbara chapel's foundations, long before building the chapel, hastily, not carefully
as if during the war turmoil (pict.
71,152,154).
Here also the children had been buried
—
in majority without coffins;
equipping the dead had been ceased at that time (pict.
153).
The bass-relief images of the Way of the Cross were
placed at the cemetery (pict.
157-160).
That was the time when the dead were more and more often buried inside the
church as well. The oldest graves were the burials without coffins situated at the crossing of the transept with the nave
-
undoubtedly there were the convent prioresses buried in habits and veils, with hands cross-joined on the chests or
rested along the bodies (pict.
149).
At tiie old western gallery, in the axis of the temple a simple coffin was dug into,
containing the remains of a few persons
-
the oldest ossuarium was created in that way in basilica.
Close to the southern columns two exceptional graves of young nuns were excavated, buried in hollowed-out logs
(pict.
151).
Several provosts(?) and nuns in simple, wooden coffins were buried in the transept (pict.
150).
With time,
when St. Barbara's chapel was erected and supported by
buttres,
all the cemetery was surrounded by a brick wall.
Various ailments tormented the nuns and Strzelno inhabitants continuously. Those were dental diseases, spine
degeneration effects, joints articulation adhesions, rigidities,, tumors and vertebra osteopathy, and also mechanical
fractures. They still suffered from anaemia and metopism. Towards the end of
XVI
century together with Gothic
development of the monastery in Strzelno the convent was morally and in number reborn and grew in strength.
It was embraced with powerful wall protecting it from the evil, limiting the space but creating the oasis of peace,
a chance for meditation and recreation for nuns (pict.
156,171).
Thus from
magistra
Beatrix, provost Jan Lukawa to prioress
Katarzyna Szczawińska (Szubska)
and Gabriel
Kielczewski coat of arms Pomian- the supervisor and reformer of Premonstrarensian convent, together with the
building of the complete claustrum at the end of
XVI
century, the successive chapter of the Premonstratensian
nuns monastery history in Strzelno closed. It lasted still later but only until the half of
XIX
century.
222
SPIS RZECZY ROZDZIA* I. ZAGADNIENIA WST*PNE 9 1.1. CEL PRACY I ZAKRESY;
PODSTAWA *ROD*OWA 9 1.2. SPOSOB OPRACOWANIA TEMATU 9 1.3. Z BADA* NAD
KLASZTORAMI I PREMONSTRATENSAMI 11 1.4. DZIEJE BADA* WZGORZA
KLASZTORNEGO W STRZELNIE; STAN OPRACOWA* STANOWISKA 16 ROZDZIA* 2.
HISTORIA I ORGANIZACJA *YCIA PREMONSTRATENSOW I PREMONSTRATENSEK 21 2.1.
NORBERT VON GENNEP; NORBERTANIE I NORBERTANKI W POLSCE 21 2.2. *YCIE
WEWN*TRZNE NORBERTANEK 24 2.2.1. AUGUSTYN Z HIPPONY. REGU*A ZAKONNA,
STATUTY I CEL ZAKONU 24 2.2.2. PRZYNALE*NO** ORGANIZACYJNA I STRUKTURA
PREPOZYTURY W STRZELNIE 27 2.2.3. LICZEBNO** I STATUS SPO*ECZNY
STRZELE*SKICH PANIEN 28 2.2.4. DZIA*ALNO** PARAFIALNA, ARTYSTYCZNA I
EDUKACYJNA NORBERTANEK 29 ROZDZIA* 3 POCZ*TKI KLASZTORU * OKRES ROMA*SKI
I WCZESNY GOTYK (XII-XIV WIEK) 31 3.1. ELEMENTY *RODOWISKA NATURALNEGO
OKOLIC STRZELNA 31 3.2. BUDOWLE SAKRALNE 34 3.2.1 ROMA*SKA ROTUNDA 34
3.2.1.1. BRY*A ROTUNDY 34 3.2.1.2. PRZESTRZE* SAKRALNA I WYPOSA*ENIE
WN*TRZA 39 3.2.1.3. CHRONOLOGIA I FUNKCJA ROTUNDY 44 3.2.2. BAZYLIKA
*WI*TEJ TROJCY 46 3.2.2.1. BRY*A BAZYLIKI 46 3.2.2.2. PRZESTRZE*
SAKRALNA I WYPOSA*ENIE WN*TRZA BAZYLIKI 52 3.2.2.3. CHRONOLOGIA I
FUNKCJA BAZYLIKI 66 3.3. CMENTARZ I POCHOWKI 69 3.3.1. POCHOWKI PANIEN
NORBERTANEK I FAMILII KLASZTORNE J (?) 70 3.3.2. CMENTARZ LUDNO*CI
*WIECKIEJ (PARAFIA, LUDNO** S*U*EBNA) 76 3.4. ZABUDOWANIA KLASZTORNE I
PLAC BUDOWY 80 3.4.1. *LADY DREWNIANEJ ZABUDOWY 80 3.4.1.1. RELIKTY
ODS*ONI*TE W OBR*BIE BAZYLIKI *WI*TEJ TROJCY 81 3.4.1.2. ZABUDOWA PO
PO*UDNIOWEJ STRONIE BAZYLIKI 82 3.4.1.3. *LADY KONSTRUKCJI PRZY
ROTUNDZIE 83 3.4.2. NAJSTARSZE MUROWANE CLAUSTRUM I * REKONSTRUKCJA 8.5
3.4.3. PLAC BUDOWY NA WZGORZU 88 3.5. KULTURA DNIA CODZIENNEGO 9 2
3.5.1. UBIOR NORBERTANEK 92 3.5.2. UBIORY, FRYZURY I BUTY W *WIETLE
*RODE* IKONOGRAFICZNYCH Z XII WIEKU 95 3.5.3. W KUCHNI I W REFEKTARZU 96
3.5.4. O ZWIERZ*TACH 102 3.5.5. O OGRODZIE 103 3.5.6. NIE TYLKO W *A*NI
103 3.5.7. VARIA 105 3.5.7.1. ELEMENTY KULTURY MATERIALNEJ Z XII WIEKU;
*ROD*A IKONOGRAFICZNE 105 3.5.7.2. MINIATUROWA FIGURKA KOBIETY 106
3.5.7.3. METALOWA TULEJKA 107 3.5.7.4. ZABAWKA 109 ROZDZIA* 4. ROZBUDOWA
KLASZTORU * OKRES GOTYCLD I POCZ*TEK NOWO*Y*NO*CI (XV-XVI WIEK) 111 4.1.
BUDOWLE SAKRALNE 111 4.1.1 ROTUNDA *ZMIANY W BRYLE I FUNKCJ 111 4.1.2
BAZYLIKA *WI*TEJ TROJCY 113 4.1.2.1. BRY*A GOTYCKIEJ BAZYLIKI 113
4.1.2.2. PRZESTRZE* SAKRALNA I WYPOSA*ENIE GOTYCKIEGO WN*TRZA 116
4.1.2.3. KAPLICA *WI*TEJ BARBARY, SKARBIEC I ZAKRYSTIA 126 4.1.2.3.1.
PRZESTRZE* SAKRALNA I WYPOSA*ENIE KAPLICY *WI*TEJ BARBARY 129 4.1.2.4-
KAPLICA *WI*TEGO NORBERTA I KRUCHTA 13 X 4.2. CMENTARZ I POCHOWKI 4.2.1.
POCHOWKI WE WN*TRZU *WI*TY* 4.2.2. CMENTARZ LUDNO*CI *WIECKIEJ PO
PO*UDNIOWEJ STRONIE BAZYLIKI. POCHOWKI INDYWIDUALNE I OSSUARIUM 13 S
4.2.3. *MIER* W STRZELNIE * CHARAKTERYSTYKA GROBOW. ZWYCZAJE I LITURGIA
POGRZEBU 14 O 4.3. GOTYCKIE ZABUDOWANIA KLASZTORNE. REKONSTRUKCJA
CLAUSTRUM II 14^ 4.3.1. SKRZYD*O ZACHODNIE * CZ*** PO*UDNIOWA 150 4.3.2.
SKRZYD*O PO*UDNIOWE 15 2. 4.3.3. PO*NOCNA CZ*** SKRZYD*A ZACHODNIEGO 154
4.3.4. SKRZYD*O WSCHODNIE J-55 4.3.5. SKRZYD*O PO*NOCNE 15 * 4.3.6.
ZABUDOWA PRZY MASYWIE ZACHODNIM BAZYLIKI 15 3 4.4. MURY KLASZTORNE *
OGRODZENIE ZEWN*TRZNE I WEWN*TRZNE 4.5. ZABUDOWA POZA KLAUZUR* 4.5.1.
DWOR PREPOZYTOW 4.5.2. DOM Z DWOMA PIECAMI, DLA GO*CI (?) 16 -7 4.5.3.
BUDYNEK GOSPODARCZY 173 4.6. KULTURA DNIA CODZIENNEGO 173 4.6.1. W
KUCHNI I W REFEKTARZU 173 4.6.1.1. O KUCHNI 173 4.6.1.2. O NACZYNIACH I
SPRZ*TACH U*YWANYCH W KUCHNI I W REFEKTARZU 176 4.6.1.3. PRODUKTY,
POTRAWY, POSI*KI 178 4.6.1.4. OBYCZAJE I ETYKIETA W REFEKTARZU 179
4.6.2. O HODOWLI, ZWIERZ*TACH I OGRODZIE 18 O 4.6.2.1. HODOWLA I
ZWIERZ*TA 18 O 4.6.2.2. O OGRODZIE 18 2 4.6.3. LOCUM SECRETUM 18 3
4.6.4. VARIA * MONETY 18 4 ROZDZIAL 5. KLASZTOR NORBERTANEK W STRZELNIE
(XII*XVI WIEK). SACRUM I PROFANUM 187 5.1. OKRES ROMA*SKI I WCZESNY
GOTYK (XII-XIV W.) 187 5.2. OKRES GOTYCKI I POCZ*TEK NOWO*YTNO*CI
(XV-XV1 W.) ANEKS * KALENDARIUM. KROTKA HISTORIA ZGROMADZENIA, KLASZTORU
I MIASTA STRZELNA 193 WYKAZ SKROTOW 197 LITERATURA 197 PREMONSTRATENSIAN
MONASTERY IN STRZELNO (XII-XVI CENTURY). SACMM AND PROFANUM. SUMMARY 219
PPN: 259345415 TITEL: KLASZTOR NORBERTANEK W STRZELNIE (XII - XVI WIEK)
/ SACRUM I PROFANUM ; KRYSTYNA SULKOWSKA- TUSZYNSKA. - . - WYD.
UNIWERSYTETU MIKOAJA KOPERNIKA TORUN 2006 ISBN: 83-231-1934-1
BIBLIOGRAPHISCHER DATENSATZ IM SWB-VERBUND |
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| author | Sulkowska-Tuszyńska, Krystyna |
| author_facet | Sulkowska-Tuszyńska, Krystyna |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Sulkowska-Tuszyńska, Krystyna |
| author_variant | k s t kst |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022291792 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)237113643 (DE-599)BVBBV022291792 |
| edition | Wd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1100-1600 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1100-1600 |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T16:52:01Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:54:18Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8323119341 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015501952 |
| oclc_num | 237113643 |
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| physical | 229 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. 6 Kt.-Beil. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
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| publisher | Wydawn. Uniw. Mikołaja Kopernika |
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| spelling | Sulkowska-Tuszyńska, Krystyna Verfasser aut Klasztor Norbertanek w Strzelnie (XII - XVI wiek) ; sacrum i profanum Krystyna Sulkowska-Tuszyńska Wd. 1. Toruń Wydawn. Uniw. Mikołaja Kopernika 2006 229 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. 6 Kt.-Beil. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Premonstratensian monastery in Strzelno Stift Strzelno (DE-588)4562314-4 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1100-1600 gnd rswk-swf Stift Strzelno (DE-588)4562314-4 b Geschichte 1100-1600 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015501952&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract SWBplus Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015501952&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Sulkowska-Tuszyńska, Krystyna Klasztor Norbertanek w Strzelnie (XII - XVI wiek) ; sacrum i profanum Stift Strzelno (DE-588)4562314-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4562314-4 |
| title | Klasztor Norbertanek w Strzelnie (XII - XVI wiek) ; sacrum i profanum |
| title_auth | Klasztor Norbertanek w Strzelnie (XII - XVI wiek) ; sacrum i profanum |
| title_exact_search | Klasztor Norbertanek w Strzelnie (XII - XVI wiek) ; sacrum i profanum |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Klasztor Norbertanek w Strzelnie (XII - XVI wiek) ; sacrum i profanum |
| title_full | Klasztor Norbertanek w Strzelnie (XII - XVI wiek) ; sacrum i profanum Krystyna Sulkowska-Tuszyńska |
| title_fullStr | Klasztor Norbertanek w Strzelnie (XII - XVI wiek) ; sacrum i profanum Krystyna Sulkowska-Tuszyńska |
| title_full_unstemmed | Klasztor Norbertanek w Strzelnie (XII - XVI wiek) ; sacrum i profanum Krystyna Sulkowska-Tuszyńska |
| title_short | Klasztor Norbertanek w Strzelnie |
| title_sort | klasztor norbertanek w strzelnie xii xvi wiek sacrum i profanum |
| title_sub | (XII - XVI wiek) ; sacrum i profanum |
| topic | Stift Strzelno (DE-588)4562314-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Stift Strzelno |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015501952&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015501952&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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