Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oradea
Ed. Univ.
2005
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Reconstituting the Rural Environment in Campia Crisurilor Plain |
| Beschreibung: | 222 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9736138038 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor
CUPRINS
Prefaţă
Introducere
Capitolul
Aşezarea geografică şi limitele Câmpiei Crişurilor
Capitolul
Contribuţii la istoricul cercetărilor de geografie umană din Câmpia Crişurilor
Capitolul
Premisele
3.1.
3.1.1.
rurale
3.1.2.
rurale
3.1.3.
rurale
3.1.3.1.
satelor
3.1.4.
rurale
3.1.4.1.
3.1.5.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
Capitolul
Umanizarea spaţiului rural din Câmpia Crişurilor prin prisma structurilor
agricole
4.1.
4.2.
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4.
4.3.
Crişurilor
STAŞAC
Capitolul
Permanenţa şi continuitatea popularii şi umanizării Câmpiei Crişurilor
5.1.
5.2-
5.3.
sec
Capitolul
Aşezările omeneşti de la apariţia lor în documente
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
Capitolul VIL
Modul deformare şi evoluţie a aşezărilor rurale
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
Capitolul Vin.
Evoluţia spaţială a vetrelor desat
Capitolul
Particularităţi geodemografice contemporane
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.3.1.
9.3.2.
9.4.
9.5.
9.6.
Capitolul
Caracteristici geografice actuale ale aşezărilor rurale
10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
10.4.
10.5.
Capitolul
Gospodăria şi locuinţa
Câmpia Crişurilor
Concluzii
Bibliografie
Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor
Summary
Reconstituting The Rural Environment
In
By the present paper, Reconstituting the Rural Area in
we have aimed at a modest contribution to the studies of historical Geography
regarding the age, evolution and continuity of the villages, of the rural life
generally, carried out all along this territory.
The few specialty works in this field and moreover the lack of a specific
work methodology, centered on the problems of
more difficult the working out of this study.
In working out the topic proposed I have had as a goal, insofar as it was
possible, an interdisciplinary approach of the rural area in
from a geographical point of view, as well as historical and ethnographic. I have
tried to outline the factors that have influenced the appearance and evolution of the
rural settlements in this territory and further on, based on archeological materials
and archive historical documents I was able to trace the age and continuity of the
Romanian autochthonous villages from the ancient times on, until their appearance
in documents, when the network of settlements begins to crystallize, having very
close characteristics to the present one.
In order to be able to bring arguments to the problems analyzed, these have
been joined by a series of graphic materials, maps, drawn up further to interpreting
data and materials analyzed, as well as photographs made in the field.
Câmpia
compartment of the West Plain, being hydrographically superposed over the basins
of the three Crisuri (rivers) (Crisul
enabled the identifying of this unit with the respective denomination.
This relief unit is framed by the west border of Romania with Hungary, by
the Crisene Hills to the east,
Barcau Valley.
205
STAŞAC
Between these limits,
3.500
Vest (West Plain) and
Any type of settlement must be considered as a product of inter-conditioning
of several factors, which act with various intensities, according to its stages of
evolution. Thus, the appearance and development of settlements are related not
only to a natural evolution of the natural factors, but also to certain economic
factors
administrative interventions having a great impact upon them.
The physical-Geographic premises among which: the morphology of the
ground, the climatic factors, the
special contribution to the appearance and development of the rural settlements,
contributing altogether to the permanent settlement and continuity of inhabiting the
whole territory of
Besides natural factors, an important role in the development of settlements
was played by the economic-geographic factors. These have laid their imprint on
the way of organizing the core of the villages and the type of economy,
contributing, there where it was the case, to a spectacular evolution of certain
settlements, which, as a result of commercial activities practiced, taking advantage
of the existence of important access roads, have reached superior stages of
development. In this case one can mention the fairs
subsequently being turned into cities (Salonta, Ineu) whereas others have lost this
function in time, re-entering the category of proper rural settlements, having a
profound agricultural character (Varsand, Simand).
Thus, the villages in the contact area with the piedmont hills, until the
systematization action started in the first half of the XlX-th century, were generally
small, having a poor aspect, whose houses were placed at the foot of the hills, in
between them, being interposed gardens of trees, vegetables or even cereals and the
streets were chaotically disposed.
The tendency of bringing the villages together, was characteristic to those in
which the colonizing population predominated (Hungarians or Germans), to whom
the rulers of the respective times have given the most favorable lands to practice
agriculture and building houses.
The social-historical factors intervene often directly or indirectly upon the
setting up and making permanent the human settlements, but also on the change
and disappearance of their hearts of the village.
The armed confrontations between Turks, Hapsburgs have had as a result,
among others, changing the network of settlements in
by the disappearance of small villages and the migration of the population to the
bigger rural settlements, increasing their number of inhabitants.
The consequence of this fact has also determined the appearance of
intermediary forms of settlements, some of them even on the old placement of its
206
Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor
ex-depopulated or rained villages, known under the name of
having a prevailing agricultural character, that have spread late in time (even after
the second world war)the surface of
As social-historical determinants, having a negative impact upon the rural
settlements in the analyzed area, one can mention: famine and epidemics, who have
succeeded in sequence not for few times in the conditions of an unstable situation,
haunted by wars or repeated draughts.
Another factor of social-historical nature, that has left its imprint upon the
types of settlements in
populations, settled there in various periods of time, with certain purposes, either
strategic, or economic, contributing to the flourishing of the region.
The political-administrative factors have their significant role, especially in
what concerns the organization of the hearts of rural settlements along time. The
administrative divisions of various historical periods of time, the dispositions of
administrative order could also modify the position and configuration of
settlements. As an example, one can mention the administrative measures referring
to the operation of alignment of villages and merging the houses, until then spread
all along valleys or through forests. These measures were imposed exactly in order
to avoid the population to set up those merged villages, which were thus easier to
administrate and the population was better kept under observation. The first
mentioning referring to moving by administrative measure, of a hill village to the
plain dates back to
Conclusively, one can mention the fact that this area with the rivers
been populated ever since the oldest times, with very ancient settlements and to
whose appearance and development have contributed both physical and economic-
geographic ones, and the social-historical ones as well as political-administrative
ones.
The old age and continuity of practicing agriculture
The particular features of the geographic environment specific to
Crisurilor allow us to assert that, without any doubt, the agriculture has constituted
the most ancient occupation, traditional to the autochthonous population, who
existed in a sedentary way, ever since the Neolithic. The first proofs referring to the
cultivation of land on the current territory of
Neolithic (around
Age
have been discovered in settlements with a long continuity such as
Oradea,
During the Middle Ages, the agricultural activity knows a certain regress,
this reaching successively to the form it had during the preceding times of the
Roman rule.
Closely connected to the practicing of agriculture is the second basic
occupation of the inhabitants of
207
STAŞAC
animals.
The two basic agricultural occupations (the plant culture and the animal
breeding) have been thus practiced in parallel and have often had a complementary
character, without one of them having registered a more intense rhythm of
evolution. Anyway, until the XVTII-th century at least, the agriculture of the plain
has had a subsistence character, the agricultural production being destined, par
excellence, to the household consumption. It is known that there was enough
agricultural land (farmland) on the whole surface of the plain, but its working and
maintenance in view of obtaining agricultural-food products for satisfying the food
needs was quite a difficult task, although it was assumed by the whole collectivity
of the village.
The beginnings of humanizing the
ancient traces of inhabiting the territory of
Neolithic (millenniums IV-III B.C), where representative are the archaeological
cultures Starcevo-Cris and
The settlements were established on terraces with the not too high slope
(Biharia), or even on the bank of the rivers (Santandrei), these not being fortified
and having a single level of inhabiting.
On the territory of
Thracians of the Bronze Age have left a series of vestiges, discovered in the
perimeter of the following localities: Oradea-Salca,
Cris,
The
fortresses, consolidated settlements, monetary treasuries and jewelry that cover the
whole surface of
culture and civilization in this West part of
the great civilizations
The ancient Romanian epoch (The period of the early Feudalism
century
of the Romanian people (Vl-th century
certain lull of the barbarian conquests, the population in the depression areas and of
plain,
progress, which shall enable it to move on to new forms, superior ones of social
organization.
Beginning probably with the Ylll-th century, the first social-political
formations with a feudal character start to take shape, of the type of community,
which subsequently shall group themselves into unions of village communities, in
which the inhabitants enjoyed liberties from a social-juridical point of view, they
were the owners of the house in the hearth of the village and had in family usage a
parcel of land with various uses: plain, pasture, orchard, etc., whereas the joint
usage consisted in pastures, forests and waters.
The period comprised between theXII-th andXV-th cenutries, corresponding
208
Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor
from a historical point of vies, to the stage of developed Feudalism, the general
traits of society and especially the settlements in
further on be reconstituted with quite certain approximation, but also with a major
advantage, in the sense that besides the archaeological materials the written sources
begin now to appear.
Towards the end of the XV-th century, the network of rural settlements in
the
documentarily from the first attesting and until this period (the Xl-th
century) has sensibly outnumbered the number of the present-day villages.
Starting from the following centuries onwards, the documentary mentioning
of certain settlements are diminished considerably, but this does not mean that the
network of settlements shall not suffer some changes further to important historical
events, political, social and economic as well, that shall be felt upon this as well.
The human settlements between the XFI-th and XVIII-th centuries. The area
of the
characterized in this epoch by strong social-historical and political upheavals. It is
the period in which this territory is occupied by the
part of the plain, that is the one that belonged to the
being transformed into pashalik. The Austrian-Otoman wars followed then, and in
the second half of the XVII-th century, around
these areas, the Hapsburg administration was instaurated. Over these events, other
events of social nature superposed (epidemics burst out) or natural (periods of
draughts, followed by others with floods), all these events leaving deep traces both
in what the life of inhabitants was concerned, and the stability of the settlements.
Many of these villages were destroyed following these battles, others have
been depopulated, as well as there were groupings of villages, by joining of smaller
villages in the boundary of larger ones.
By the end of the XVT-th century the network of settlements in
Crişurilor
The number of the settlements documentary mentioned in the period of this century
being
Olcea and
settlements mentioned documentarily in
which
disappeared.
The XVTI-th and XVIII-th centuries almost bring no changes in what the
documentary mentioning is concerned, only
these not being found among the actual ones, they have probably disappeared in
not too long a period of time from their setting up.
Once formed, the network of settlements in
submitted to important metamorphoses that were to change the sense of the
population lives.
209
STAŞAC
The human settlements in the contemporary times (the XlX-th-XX-th
centuries). The contemporary period intervenes with new and important changes in
the life of the villages in
systematization of the agricultural space begin, which following some important
and beneficial drainage works, sewerage and damming etc., were to be restituted to
agriculture in huge spaces, until then impracticable.
In an attempt to keep an account of all the settlements mentioned
documentarily, one shall be able to notice that on the actual territory of the
Crisurilor Plain at least
settlements,
(70%)
The way of forming and evolution of the rural settlements. An important
phenomenon in increasing the number of settlements ever since the medieval times
was that of swarming . The enhancing of the villages by swarming also devolves
from a series of documents known fairly early and that attest to the presence of
double, triple, etc., villages, even if the existence of some was unsure. For example
one can quote in this respect the case of the localities Bataru
attested in
name of Bataru Mare. The same,
documentarily attested at
Boiu. In the old county of Zarand, one can mention the localities Zerindul
Dinlăuntru
Zerindul
for the first time at
Zelend, i.e. the nowadays Zelend.
The disappeared settlement. Among the causes that have lead to the
disappearance of certain settlements, one can mention: the invasions of certain
people, the wars with the whole range of misfortunes and casualties they have
brought along,
gathered with so much work and difficulty by their people and until the leaving of
the devastated villages and the search for more sheltered and secure places. Then
followed the epidemics, like for example the plague of
others in the second half of the XTV-th century and the first half of the XV-th
century, have determined the abandoning of several settlements.
Also, the phenomenon of swallowing certain smaller villages by larger
ones that were more stable, better set up, was not strange for the respective
medieval times. These have got nearer and nearer to the smaller neighboring
villages by extension, that in time they were integrated within those.
The settlements having the right of being fairs. Many of the localities having
the right of fair owe then· beginnings to the weekly or annual fairs (trade fairs
village fairs) approved of by the officialties of the time, as places of periodical
meetings of those who sold their agricultural and craftsmanship products. In spite
210
Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor
of the fact that the number of the fairs at the end of the XVIII-th century and the
beginning of the XEX-th was pretty big, however, their importance decreased,
especially due to the increase in the number of railways that has enabled the
consumers to be in direct connection with the localities of producing the goods
looked for by them, without having to search through the fairs. There still remained
the famous animal fairs, such as the ones from Chisineu
(for cattle and horses) or Tinea (for cattle and pigs) that have maintained their
profile to date, those of cereals from Simand, set up ever since the XVI-th century.
Other fairs were renowned by their mixed character, who offered products both in
the field of agriculture and animal breeding and in the field of village or town
craftsmanship. Among these there stood out in the period of the end of the XK-th
century the fairs in Zarand, Ineu, Cermei, Salonta, etc.
Conclusively, by means of the fair, the man in the village has had access to
the town life because, to a great extent, all the fairs are like towns, some of them
ephemeral, without doubt.
The intermediary -type settlements, the dwellings. The fact that in this region
there predominated the grouped villages, in several cases with an ordered texture
(radial-concentrically) and intensely populated, between them there have existed
considerable distances, determining the development of the so-called dwellings or
hodai, spread all over the surface of the plain.
At the beginning, these dwellings had a temporary character, being used
more by the Nomadic shepherds, either in winter or in summer and had the form of
simple enclosures, cow houses or huts. When the shepherds left, these dwellings
were deserted, or if they came back the following years as well, they erected other
dwellings on the site of the old ones.
From the XlX-th century onwards, the situation changes, in the sense that
the shepherding, be it Nomadic, or by
by a more and more developed agriculture. Thus, the entering into the agricultural
circuitry of important surfaces of land by cultivating it with different grain and
cereals, as well as the enhanced needs for work, no longer allow the workers to
carry out long travels from the village to the upturned land and vice versa. In this
sense, on the surface of the plain, for man s and the animals shelter, there start to
appear groups of households or isolated households, thus the pastoral dwelling was
replaced by the agricultural one, having a temporary character in the beginning.
The spatial evolution of the village hearths. The evolution process of
the village hearths has occurred from the beginning on the background of the
permanent tendency of the inhabitants of acquiring and extending the surfaces of
agricultural land as a result of the clearings and fallowings, etc., and further on,
having in mind the economizing of the agricultural space, the population was
obliged to concentrate the lodgings, contributing to the formation of those
settlements with grouped hearths.
Gradually the non-ordered (non-regular) form that characterized the hearths
211
STAŞAC
of the villages in the XVIII-th and XlX-th century was to be replaced towards the
end of the XlX-th century and the beginning of the XX-th century by an ordered,
(geometrical) one.
This type of organization of the hearths was effected under the impulse of
increasing the number of inhabitants in the region, but moreover of their
colonization with population, either Hungarian, or German, or Slovak, thus
imprinting a new physionomy.
Contemporary Geo-demographic Particularities. The changes occurred along
time upon the rural space in
introduced by the various political regimes that have come to power have determined
a whole series of social-economic metamorphoses having implications upon the
demographic component too.
Analysed at an interval of over a century, the demographic evolution of the
rural space in
century, obvious increases, after which there followed a period of regress, period
maintained until the present, but with a slight rehabilitation, especially at the level
of communal centers, advantaged by the position and economic potential (Fig.
Thus, within more than one century
Crisurilor decreased from
it was not about a considerable decrease, but following the table below, one can
notice much higher values
has been fairly well humanized, mostly having in mind the fact that we are in a
plain area. After this period, the consequence of the factors mentioned, the
evolution of the rural density registers a prominent decrease.
The dynamic of the population. The natural movement. In the life of a human
community, especially rural, each major event related to the evolution of the
number of inhabitants, of the demographic structures and implicitly the material or
spiritual state is reflected upon the birth rate and death rate.
The natural balance, as a result of the difference between the birth rate index
and the death rate one is influenced similarly to the age factor. Being a result of the
two demographic indicators, the natural balance index is characterized, at the level
of the region studied, by almost the same variety as in the case of the birth rate and
death rate indices, the reduced values of which very well characterize the
demographic type.
The migratory movement. Being in a convergence area, at the western border
of Romania, the entire space of
population transfers from one part to another of the border or to the interior.
Analyzing the migratory balance at the scale of the rural population in
Câmpia
increase of it, from the value of
certainly, with the specific differentiations at the level of the communes, this being
a consequence of the increase in the number of newcomers (immigrants) in favour
212
Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor
of those who left (emigrants).
The structure of the population on age groups. I have insisted on the analysis
of this element and especially the major age groups (the young, adult and old
population), because this lies at the base of analyzing the demographic aging of the
population process, whereas the evolution of the rural population in
Crişurilor
certain type of dynamics.
The phenomenon of demographic aging can be noticed as a result of the
analysis of the index (coefficient) of demographic aging, resulted from reporting
the population effectives of old population to the young one, as a result of which
there can be established the share of the old population which incurs on
persons.
Further to the analysis of this indicator, an average value of the demographic
aging index was reached for the whole area of
specific to the year
were outlined in the communes Husasau
Further on, the values remain very high whereas in the rest of the situations they
oscillate around the average or even below the average.
The lowest values of the demographic aging index can be observed in those
communes from the very proximity of the towns, such as: Santandrei
Sanmartin
Baiar
The ethnic structure of the population. This rural area of
can be considered as one of ethnic interference, of course on a background of
domination of the Romanian autochthonous population. Compared to the interwar
years, when besides the majority Romanian population
census), other ethnicities convened in good relationships, among whom in majority
were the Hungarians
Rroma, Slovaks, Jews, etc., in the actual period, on the ground of reducing the
number of inhabitants their shares have decreased too. The ethnicities that have
registered the most significant decreases were the Jews, who have disappeared
completely out of the rural space of
and Slovaks, whose share considerably reduced after the
census of
minority ethnicity within the rural population in
explosive dynamics in the interval between
the share of whom increased from
The confessional structure appears as more heterogeneous at the level of the
rural population of
of important interferences
territory. Thus to the Orthodox and Greek-Catholic religion, specific to the
Romanian autochthonous population, other religions were added, adopted by the
213
STAŞAC
colonizing peoples: Roman-Catholic, Reformed, Evangelic, to which there were
added, especially in the post-war period a series of neo-protestant cults: baptists,
penticostals, adventists, etc., the share of which has increased significantly in the
last decade and a half.
Actual Geographic Characteristics of the Rural Settlements
1.
such as: the density of settlements, coefficient of areality, the average distance
between the two localities, to which one can add the dispersion index, the
polarization potential, etc.
2.
fragmentation and energy of the relief, being in close connection to the lithological
and tectonic constitution of the region.
Being an area of low plain, the altitudes of which vary between
with a very low slope and a reduced degree of relief fragmentation, these
characteristics did not constitute an impediment for the development of the rural
settlements, except for some marshy areas in the past, annihilated in the present.
The functional typology of the rural settlements in
functional
long evolution, in the context of specific local and regional conditions.
The specific function of the villages in the area of
agricultural one, wit the two basic sectors
cereals and the animal breeding sector. In this category could be comprised almost
all the rural settlements in the plain area, within which the agro-zootechnical sector
presents a high degree of
The farmstead and household
environment in
Câmpia
the result of strong transformations, registered both at the level of farmstead and
the household proper. Thus the systematizations and colonization effected during
various periods of time and under various administrations have changed the aspect
of the village landscape, of the households and farmsteads, inclusively the plan of
the houses. Also, the influence of the urban environment upon the traditional rural
was felt not only in the way of organizing the household, the house interior, but
also the peasants way of life, thus changing the architectonic aspect of the
traditional peasant house in this region.
For the
trodden mud walls. Another type of house specific to this area was the house with
the walls of adobe, that is a kind of bricks made of non-burnt clay mingled with
chaff, known here under the name of vaioage
parallel other building materials: wood, trodden mud/soil, etc.
The plan of the traditional house at the end of the
beginning of the XX-th century was rectangular, usually compartmented into three
214
Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor
rooms: the house towards the street or the clean room, with the windows oriented
always towards the street, then the entrance room called
on another room was added towards the garden
Beginning with the second half of the XX-th century, the rural architecture
in
of this reason, the rural house lost more and more of the traits of the once
traditional peasant house. The new houses, gradually were giving up that
significant compartment for the old rural architecture namely the porch.
The modern house comprises now a wide variety of combinations in what
the compartmenting of the construction is concerned. The size and exterior aspect
of the building, the number of rooms and their surface has increased and do not
reflect the dimensions of the family, but rather the economic welfare of it.
215
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| adam_txt |
Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor
CUPRINS
Prefaţă
Introducere
Capitolul
Aşezarea geografică şi limitele Câmpiei Crişurilor
Capitolul
Contribuţii la istoricul cercetărilor de geografie umană din Câmpia Crişurilor
Capitolul
Premisele
3.1.
3.1.1.
rurale
3.1.2.
rurale
3.1.3.
rurale
3.1.3.1.
satelor
3.1.4.
rurale
3.1.4.1.
3.1.5.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.
Capitolul
Umanizarea spaţiului rural din Câmpia Crişurilor prin prisma structurilor
agricole
4.1.
4.2.
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4.
4.3.
Crişurilor
STAŞAC
Capitolul
Permanenţa şi continuitatea popularii şi umanizării Câmpiei Crişurilor
5.1.
5.2-
5.3.
sec
Capitolul
Aşezările omeneşti de la apariţia lor în documente
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
Capitolul VIL
Modul deformare şi evoluţie a aşezărilor rurale'
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
7.4.
Capitolul Vin.
Evoluţia spaţială a vetrelor desat
Capitolul
Particularităţi geodemografice contemporane
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.3.1.
9.3.2.
9.4.
9.5.
9.6.
Capitolul
Caracteristici geografice actuale ale aşezărilor rurale
10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
10.4.
10.5.
Capitolul
Gospodăria şi locuinţa
Câmpia Crişurilor
Concluzii
Bibliografie
Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor
Summary
Reconstituting The Rural Environment
In
By the present paper, Reconstituting the Rural Area in
we have aimed at a modest contribution to the studies of historical Geography
regarding the age, evolution and continuity of the villages, of the rural life
generally, carried out all along this territory.
The few specialty works in this field and moreover the lack of a specific
work methodology, centered on the problems of
more difficult the working out of this study.
In working out the topic proposed I have had as a goal, insofar as it was
possible, an interdisciplinary approach of the rural area in
from a geographical point of view, as well as historical and ethnographic. I have
tried to outline the factors that have influenced the appearance and evolution of the
rural settlements in this territory and further on, based on archeological materials
and archive historical documents I was able to trace the age and continuity of the
Romanian autochthonous villages from the ancient times on, until their appearance
in documents, when the network of settlements begins to crystallize, having very
close characteristics to the present one.
In order to be able to bring arguments to the problems analyzed, these have
been joined by a series of graphic materials, maps, drawn up further to interpreting
data and materials analyzed, as well as photographs made in the field.
Câmpia
compartment of the West Plain, being hydrographically superposed over the basins
of the three Crisuri (rivers) (Crisul
enabled the identifying of this unit with the respective denomination.
This relief unit is framed by the west border of Romania with Hungary, by
the Crisene Hills to the east,
Barcau Valley.
205
STAŞAC
Between these limits,
3.500
Vest (West Plain) and
Any type of settlement must be considered as a product of inter-conditioning
of several factors, which act with various intensities, according to its stages of
evolution. Thus, the appearance and development of settlements are related not
only to a natural evolution of the natural factors, but also to certain economic
factors
administrative interventions having a great impact upon them.
The physical-Geographic premises among which: the morphology of the
ground, the climatic factors, the
special contribution to the appearance and development of the rural settlements,
contributing altogether to the permanent settlement and continuity of inhabiting the
whole territory of
Besides natural factors, an important role in the development of settlements
was played by the economic-geographic factors. These have laid their imprint on
the way of organizing the core of the villages and the type of economy,
contributing, there where it was the case, to a spectacular evolution of certain
settlements, which, as a result of commercial activities practiced, taking advantage
of the existence of important access roads, have reached superior stages of
development. In this case one can mention the fairs
subsequently being turned into cities (Salonta, Ineu) whereas others have lost this
function in time, re-entering the category of proper rural settlements, having a
profound agricultural character (Varsand, Simand).
Thus, the villages in the contact area with the piedmont hills, until the
systematization action started in the first half of the XlX-th century, were generally
small, having a poor aspect, whose houses were placed at the foot of the hills, in
between them, being interposed gardens of trees, vegetables or even cereals and the
streets were chaotically disposed.
The tendency of bringing the villages together, was characteristic to those in
which the colonizing population predominated (Hungarians or Germans), to whom
the rulers of the respective times have given the most favorable lands to practice
agriculture and building houses.
The social-historical factors intervene often directly or indirectly upon the
setting up and making permanent the human settlements, but also on the change
and disappearance of their hearts of the village.
The armed confrontations between Turks, Hapsburgs have had as a result,
among others, changing the network of settlements in
by the disappearance of small villages and the migration of the population to the
bigger rural settlements, increasing their number of inhabitants.
The consequence of this fact has also determined the appearance of
intermediary forms of settlements, some of them even on the old placement of its
206
Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor
ex-depopulated or rained villages, known under the name of
having a prevailing agricultural character, that have spread late in time (even after
the second world war)the surface of
As social-historical determinants, having a negative impact upon the rural
settlements in the analyzed area, one can mention: famine and epidemics, who have
succeeded in sequence not for few times in the conditions of an unstable situation,
haunted by wars or repeated draughts.
Another factor of social-historical nature, that has left its imprint upon the
types of settlements in
populations, settled there in various periods of time, with certain purposes, either
strategic, or economic, contributing to the flourishing of the region.
The political-administrative factors have their significant role, especially in
what concerns the organization of the hearts of rural settlements along time. The
administrative divisions of various historical periods of time, the dispositions of
administrative order could also modify the position and configuration of
settlements. As an example, one can mention the administrative measures referring
to the operation of alignment of villages and merging the houses, until then spread
all along valleys or through forests. These measures were imposed exactly in order
to avoid the population to set up those merged villages, which were thus easier to
administrate and the population was better kept under observation. The first
mentioning referring to moving by administrative measure, of a hill village to the
plain dates back to
Conclusively, one can mention the fact that this area with the rivers
been populated ever since the oldest times, with very ancient settlements and to
whose appearance and development have contributed both physical and economic-
geographic ones, and the social-historical ones as well as political-administrative
ones.
The old age and continuity of practicing agriculture
The particular features of the geographic environment specific to
Crisurilor allow us to assert that, without any doubt, the agriculture has constituted
the most ancient occupation, traditional to the autochthonous population, who
existed in a sedentary way, ever since the Neolithic. The first proofs referring to the
cultivation of land on the current territory of
Neolithic (around
Age
have been discovered in settlements with a long continuity such as
Oradea,
During the Middle Ages, the agricultural activity knows a certain regress,
this reaching successively to the form it had during the preceding times of the
Roman rule.
Closely connected to the practicing of agriculture is the second basic
occupation of the inhabitants of
207
STAŞAC
animals.
The two basic agricultural occupations (the plant culture and the animal
breeding) have been thus practiced in parallel and have often had a complementary
character, without one of them having registered a more intense rhythm of
evolution. Anyway, until the XVTII-th century at least, the agriculture of the plain
has had a subsistence character, the agricultural production being destined, par
excellence, to the household consumption. It is known that there was enough
agricultural land (farmland) on the whole surface of the plain, but its working and
maintenance in view of obtaining agricultural-food products for satisfying the food
needs was quite a difficult task, although it was assumed by the whole collectivity
of the village.
The beginnings of humanizing the
ancient traces of inhabiting the territory of
Neolithic (millenniums IV-III B.C), where representative are the archaeological
cultures Starcevo-Cris and
The settlements were established on terraces with the not too high slope
(Biharia), or even on the bank of the rivers (Santandrei), these not being fortified
and having a single level of inhabiting.
On the territory of
Thracians of the Bronze Age have left a series of vestiges, discovered in the
perimeter of the following localities: Oradea-Salca,
Cris,
The
fortresses, consolidated settlements, monetary treasuries and jewelry that cover the
whole surface of
culture and civilization in this West part of
the great civilizations
The ancient Romanian epoch (The period of the early Feudalism
century
of the Romanian people (Vl-th century
certain lull of the barbarian conquests, the population in the depression areas and of
plain,
progress, which shall enable it to move on to new forms, superior ones of social
organization.
Beginning probably with the Ylll-th century, the first social-political
formations with a feudal character start to take shape, of the type of community,
which subsequently shall group themselves into unions of village communities, in
which the inhabitants enjoyed liberties from a social-juridical point of view, they
were the owners of the house in the hearth of the village and had in family usage a
parcel of land with various uses: plain, pasture, orchard, etc., whereas the joint
usage consisted in pastures, forests and waters.
The period comprised between theXII-th andXV-th cenutries, corresponding
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Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor
from a historical point of vies, to the stage of developed Feudalism, the general
traits of society and especially the settlements in
further on be reconstituted with quite certain approximation, but also with a major
advantage, in the sense that besides the archaeological materials the written sources
begin now to appear.
Towards the end of the XV-th century, the network of rural settlements in
the
documentarily from the first attesting and until this period (the Xl-th
century) has sensibly outnumbered the number of the present-day villages.
Starting from the following centuries onwards, the documentary mentioning
of certain settlements are diminished considerably, but this does not mean that the
network of settlements shall not suffer some changes further to important historical
events, political, social and economic as well, that shall be felt upon this as well.
The human settlements between the XFI-th and XVIII-th centuries. The area
of the
characterized in this epoch by strong social-historical and political upheavals. It is
the period in which this territory is occupied by the
part of the plain, that is the one that belonged to the
being transformed into pashalik. The Austrian-Otoman wars followed then, and in
the second half of the XVII-th century, around
these areas, the Hapsburg administration was instaurated. Over these events, other
events of social nature superposed (epidemics burst out) or natural (periods of
draughts, followed by others with floods), all these events leaving deep traces both
in what the life of inhabitants was concerned, and the stability of the settlements.
Many of these villages were destroyed following these battles, others have
been depopulated, as well as there were groupings of villages, by joining of smaller
villages in the boundary of larger ones.
By the end of the XVT-th century the network of settlements in
Crişurilor
The number of the settlements documentary mentioned in the period of this century
being
Olcea and
settlements mentioned documentarily in
which
disappeared.
The XVTI-th and XVIII-th centuries almost bring no changes in what the
documentary mentioning is concerned, only
these not being found among the actual ones, they have probably disappeared in
not too long a period of time from their setting up.
Once formed, the network of settlements in
submitted to important metamorphoses that were to change the sense of the
population lives.
209
STAŞAC
The human settlements in the contemporary times (the XlX-th-XX-th
centuries). The contemporary period intervenes with new and important changes in
the life of the villages in
systematization of the agricultural space begin, which following some important
and beneficial drainage works, sewerage and damming etc., were to be restituted to
agriculture in huge spaces, until then impracticable.
In an attempt to keep an account of all the settlements mentioned
documentarily, one shall be able to notice that on the actual territory of the
Crisurilor Plain at least
settlements,
(70%)
The way of forming and evolution of the rural settlements. An important
phenomenon in increasing the number of settlements ever since the medieval times
was that of "swarming'. The enhancing of the villages by 'swarming' also devolves
from a series of documents known fairly early and that attest to the presence of
double, triple, etc., villages, even if the existence of some was unsure. For example
one can quote in this respect the case of the localities Bataru
attested in
name of Bataru Mare. The same,
documentarily attested at
Boiu. In the old county of Zarand, one can mention the localities Zerindul
Dinlăuntru
Zerindul
for the first time at
Zelend, i.e. the nowadays Zelend.
The disappeared settlement. Among the causes that have lead to the
disappearance of certain settlements, one can mention: the invasions of certain
people, the wars with the whole range of misfortunes and casualties they have
brought along,
gathered with so much work and difficulty by their people and until the leaving of
the devastated villages and the search for more sheltered and secure places. Then
followed the epidemics, like for example the plague of
others in the second half of the XTV-th century and the first half of the XV-th
century, have determined the abandoning of several settlements.
Also, the phenomenon of "swallowing" certain smaller villages by larger
ones that were more stable, better set up, was not strange for the respective
medieval times. These have got nearer and nearer to the smaller neighboring
villages by extension, that in time they were integrated within those.
The settlements having the right of being fairs. Many of the localities having
the right of fair owe then· beginnings to the weekly or annual fairs (trade fairs
village fairs) approved of by the officialties of the time, as places of periodical
meetings of those who sold their agricultural and craftsmanship products. In spite
210
Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor
of the fact that the number of the fairs at the end of the XVIII-th century and the
beginning of the XEX-th was pretty big, however, their importance decreased,
especially due to the increase in the number of railways that has enabled the
consumers to be in direct connection with the localities of producing the goods
looked for by them, without having to search through the fairs. There still remained
the famous animal fairs, such as the ones from Chisineu
(for cattle and horses) or Tinea (for cattle and pigs) that have maintained their
profile to date, those of cereals from Simand, set up ever since the XVI-th century.
Other fairs were renowned by their mixed character, who offered products both in
the field of agriculture and animal breeding and in the field of village or town
craftsmanship. Among these there stood out in the period of the end of the XK-th
century the fairs in Zarand, Ineu, Cermei, Salonta, etc.
Conclusively, by means of the fair, the man in the village has had access to
the town life because, to a great extent, all the fairs are like towns, some of them
ephemeral, without doubt.
The intermediary -type settlements, the dwellings. The fact that in this region
there predominated the grouped villages, in several cases with an ordered texture
(radial-concentrically) and intensely populated, between them there have existed
considerable distances, determining the development of the so-called dwellings or
hodai, spread all over the surface of the plain.
At the beginning, these dwellings had a temporary character, being used
more by the Nomadic shepherds, either in winter or in summer and had the form of
simple enclosures, cow houses or huts. When the shepherds left, these dwellings
were deserted, or if they came back the following years as well, they erected other
dwellings on the site of the old ones.
From the XlX-th century onwards, the situation changes, in the sense that
the shepherding, be it Nomadic, or by
by a more and more developed agriculture. Thus, the entering into the agricultural
circuitry of important surfaces of land by cultivating it with different grain and
cereals, as well as the enhanced needs for work, no longer allow the workers to
carry out long travels from the village to the upturned land and vice versa. In this
sense, on the surface of the plain, for man's and the animals' shelter, there start to
appear groups of households or isolated households, thus the pastoral dwelling was
replaced by the agricultural one, having a temporary character in the beginning.
The spatial evolution of the village hearths. The evolution process of
the village hearths has occurred from the beginning on the background of the
permanent tendency of the inhabitants of acquiring and extending the surfaces of
agricultural land as a result of the clearings and fallowings, etc., and further on,
having in mind the economizing of the agricultural space, the population was
obliged to concentrate the lodgings, contributing to the formation of those
settlements with grouped hearths.
Gradually the non-ordered (non-regular) form that characterized the hearths
211
STAŞAC
of the villages in the XVIII-th and XlX-th century was to be replaced towards the
end of the XlX-th century and the beginning of the XX-th century by an ordered,
(geometrical) one.
This type of organization of the hearths was effected under the impulse of
increasing the number of inhabitants in the region, but moreover of their
colonization with population, either Hungarian, or German, or Slovak, thus
imprinting a new physionomy.
Contemporary Geo-demographic Particularities. The changes occurred along
time upon the rural space in
introduced by the various political regimes that have come to power have determined
a whole series of social-economic metamorphoses having implications upon the
demographic component too.
Analysed at an interval of over a century, the demographic evolution of the
rural space in
century, obvious increases, after which there followed a period of regress, period
maintained until the present, but with a slight rehabilitation, especially at the level
of communal centers, advantaged by the position and economic potential (Fig.
Thus, within more than one century
Crisurilor decreased from
it was not about a considerable decrease, but following the table below, one can
notice much higher values
has been fairly well humanized, mostly having in mind the fact that we are in a
plain area. After this period, the consequence of the factors mentioned, the
evolution of the rural density registers a prominent decrease.
The dynamic of the population. The natural movement. In the life of a human
community, especially rural, each major event related to the evolution of the
number of inhabitants, of the demographic structures and implicitly the material or
spiritual state is reflected upon the birth rate and death rate.
The natural balance, as a result of the difference between the birth rate index
and the death rate one is influenced similarly to the age factor. Being a result of the
two demographic indicators, the natural balance index is characterized, at the level
of the region studied, by almost the same variety as in the case of the birth rate and
death rate indices, the reduced values of which very well characterize the
demographic type.
The migratory movement. Being in a convergence area, at the western border
of Romania, the entire space of
population transfers from one part to another of the border or to the interior.
Analyzing the migratory balance at the scale of the rural population in
Câmpia
increase of it, from the value of
certainly, with the specific differentiations at the level of the communes, this being
a consequence of the increase in the number of newcomers (immigrants) in favour
212
Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor
of those who left (emigrants).
The structure of the population on age groups. I have insisted on the analysis
of this element and especially the major age groups (the young, adult and old
population), because this lies at the base of analyzing the demographic aging of the
population process, whereas the evolution of the rural population in
Crişurilor
certain type of dynamics.
The phenomenon of demographic aging can be noticed as a result of the
analysis of the index (coefficient) of demographic aging, resulted from reporting
the population effectives of old population to the young one, as a result of which
there can be established the share of the old population which incurs on
persons.
Further to the analysis of this indicator, an average value of the demographic
aging index was reached for the whole area of
specific to the year
were outlined in the communes Husasau
Further on, the values remain very high whereas in the rest of the situations they
oscillate around the average or even below the average.
The lowest values of the demographic aging index can be observed in those
communes from the very proximity of the towns, such as: Santandrei
Sanmartin
Baiar
The ethnic structure of the population. This rural area of
can be considered as one of ethnic interference, of course on a background of
domination of the Romanian autochthonous population. Compared to the interwar
years, when besides the majority Romanian population
census), other ethnicities convened in good relationships, among whom in majority
were the Hungarians
Rroma, Slovaks, Jews, etc., in the actual period, on the ground of reducing the
number of inhabitants their shares have decreased too. The ethnicities that have
registered the most significant decreases were the Jews, who have disappeared
completely out of the rural space of
and Slovaks, whose share considerably reduced after the
census of
minority ethnicity within the rural population in
explosive dynamics in the interval between
the share of whom increased from
The confessional structure appears as more heterogeneous at the level of the
rural population of
of important interferences
territory. Thus to the Orthodox and Greek-Catholic religion, specific to the
Romanian autochthonous population, other religions were added, adopted by the
213
STAŞAC
colonizing peoples: Roman-Catholic, Reformed, Evangelic, to which there were
added, especially in the post-war period a series of neo-protestant cults: baptists,
penticostals, adventists, etc., the share of which has increased significantly in the
last decade and a half.
Actual Geographic Characteristics of the Rural Settlements
1.
such as: the density of settlements, coefficient of areality, the average distance
between the two localities, to which one can add the dispersion index, the
polarization potential, etc.
2.
fragmentation and energy of the relief, being in close connection to the lithological
and tectonic constitution of the region.
Being an area of low plain, the altitudes of which vary between
with a very low slope and a reduced degree of relief fragmentation, these
characteristics did not constitute an impediment for the development of the rural
settlements, except for some marshy areas in the past, annihilated in the present.
The functional typology of the rural settlements in
functional
long evolution, in the context of specific local and regional conditions.
The specific function of the villages in the area of
agricultural one, wit the two basic sectors
cereals and the animal breeding sector. In this category could be comprised almost
all the rural settlements in the plain area, within which the agro-zootechnical sector
presents a high degree of
The farmstead and household
environment in
Câmpia
the result of strong transformations, registered both at the level of farmstead and
the household proper. Thus the systematizations and colonization effected during
various periods of time and under various administrations have changed the aspect
of the village landscape, of the households and farmsteads, inclusively the plan of
the houses. Also, the influence of the urban environment upon the traditional rural
was felt not only in the way of organizing the household, the house interior, but
also the peasants' way of life, thus changing the architectonic aspect of the
traditional peasant house in this region.
For the
trodden mud walls. Another type of house specific to this area was the house with
the walls of adobe, that is a kind of bricks made of non-burnt clay mingled with
chaff, known here under the name of "vaioage"
parallel other building materials: wood, trodden mud/soil, etc.
The plan of the traditional house at the end of the
beginning of the XX-th century was rectangular, usually compartmented into three
214
Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor
rooms: the house towards the street or the clean room, with the windows oriented
always towards the street, then the entrance room called
on another room was added towards the garden
Beginning with the second half of the XX-th century, the rural architecture
in
of this reason, the rural house lost more and more of the traits of the once
traditional peasant house. The new houses, gradually were giving up that
significant compartment for the old rural architecture namely the porch.
The modern house comprises now a wide variety of combinations in what
the compartmenting of the construction is concerned. The size and exterior aspect
of the building, the number of rooms and their surface has increased and do not
reflect the dimensions of the family, but rather the economic welfare of it.
215 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Staşac, Marcu |
| author_facet | Staşac, Marcu |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Staşac, Marcu |
| author_variant | m s ms |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022266344 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)162437927 (DE-599)BVBBV022266344 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Cămpia Crişurilor (DE-588)7565881-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Cămpia Crişurilor |
| id | DE-604.BV022266344 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T16:44:31Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:53:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9736138038 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015476908 |
| oclc_num | 162437927 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 222 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Ed. Univ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Staşac, Marcu Verfasser aut Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor Marcu Staşac Oradea Ed. Univ. 2005 222 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Reconstituting the Rural Environment in Campia Crisurilor Plain Volkskunde (DE-588)4078937-8 gnd rswk-swf Cămpia Crişurilor (DE-588)7565881-1 gnd rswk-swf Cămpia Crişurilor (DE-588)7565881-1 g Volkskunde (DE-588)4078937-8 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015476908&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015476908&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Staşac, Marcu Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor Volkskunde (DE-588)4078937-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4078937-8 (DE-588)7565881-1 |
| title | Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor |
| title_auth | Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor |
| title_exact_search | Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor |
| title_full | Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor Marcu Staşac |
| title_fullStr | Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor Marcu Staşac |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor Marcu Staşac |
| title_short | Reconstituirea mediului rural în Câmpia Crişurilor |
| title_sort | reconstituirea mediului rural in campia crisurilor |
| topic | Volkskunde (DE-588)4078937-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Volkskunde Cămpia Crişurilor |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015476908&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015476908&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT stasacmarcu reconstituireamediuluiruralincampiacrisurilor |