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Wolane: descriptive grammar of an East Gurage language (Ethiosemitic)

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Meyer, Ronny 1970- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Köln Köppe 2006
Series:	Grammatical analyses of African languages 31
Subjects:	Grammatik Gurage languages > Grammar Gurage languages > Morphology Gurage languages > Phonology Gurage languages > Syntax Wolane-Sprache
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Literaturverz. S. 337 - 340
Physical Description:	340 S. 24 cm
ISBN:	9783896455475 3896455478

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245	1	0	\|a Wolane \|b descriptive grammar of an East Gurage language (Ethiosemitic) \|c Ronny Meyer
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490	1		\|a Grammatical analyses of African languages \|v 31
500			\|a Literaturverz. S. 337 - 340
650		4	\|a Grammatik
650		4	\|a Gurage languages \|x Grammar
650		4	\|a Gurage languages \|x Morphology
650		4	\|a Gurage languages \|x Phonology
650		4	\|a Gurage languages \|x Syntax
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_version_	1804136256216498176
adam_text	Contents list of tables ......................................................................................................................................................13 list of charts and map .................................................................................................................................13 abbreviations .....................................................................................................................................................14 1 introduction ................................................................................................................................................15 1.1 The Wołane language and its speakers ..............................................................................15 1.1.1 General remarks ......................................................................................................................15 1.1.2 On the history of the Wołane people .....................................................................................16 1.1.3 Sociolinguistic situation and genetic classification ..............................................................17 1.2 Review of previous work .........................................................................................................20 1.3 the language data ....................................................................................................................20 2 phonology .....................................................................................................................................................23 2.1 Consonants .................................................................................................................................23 2.1.1 Overview of consonantal phones and phonemes ..................................................................23 2.1.2 Distributional restrictions on consonant phonemes in words ..............................................24 2.1.3 Gemination of consonants ......................................................................................................24 2.1.4 Interdependence between к and h ..........................................................................................25 2.1.5 Glottal stop as phoneme .........................................................................................................27 2.1.6 Secondary co-articulated consonants ....................................................................................29 2.1.6.1 General observations ........................................................................................................29 2.1.6.2 Labial co-articulated fricative A .....................................................................................30 2.1.6.3 Glottal stop, bilabial approximant and labial co-articulation ........................................31 2.1.7 Allophones ..............................................................................................................................32 2.1.7.1 Morpho-phonologically conditioned allophones ............................................................33 2.1.7.1.1 Allophones of the voiced bilabial plosive 1Ы ...................................................33 2.1.7.1.2 Allophones of the voiceless velar ejective .......................................................33 2.1.7.1.3 Allophones of the alveolar nasal .......................................................................34 2.1.7.2 Socio-linguistically conditioned allophones ...................................................................34 2.2 Vowels ..........................................................................................................................................35 2.2.1 Vowel phonemes .....................................................................................................................35 2.2.2 Distributional restrictions on phonemic vowels ...................................................................36 2.2.3 Relationship between the vowels ε, a and a ..........................................................................36 2.2.4 Approximants and closed vowels ..........................................................................................37 2.2.5 Schwa ......................................................................................................................................38 2.2.6 Allophones of vowels .............................................................................................................38 2.2.7 Sequences of vowels ...............................................................................................................39 2.2.7.1 Diphthongs ........................................................................................................................39 2.2.7.2 Meeting of vowels due to morpho-phonemic processes ................................................40 2.3 Syllable structure ..................................................................................................................42 2.4 morphophonemic processes ....................................................................................................44 2.4.1 Vowel lengthening ..................................................................................................................44 2.4.2 Vowel deletion ........................................................................................................................44 2.4.3 Deletion of the phonemic glottal stop ...................................................................................44 2.4.4 Assimilation of adjacent consonants .....................................................................................45 2.4.4.1 Assimilation in manner of articulation ............................................................................45 2.4.4.2 Devoicing ..........................................................................................................................45 2.4.4.3 De-buccalization of/, é and q ..........................................................................................46 2.4.4.4 Change of an affricate to a fricative ................................................................................46 2.4.5 Palatalization ...........................................................................................................................46 2.4.6 Labialization ............................................................................................................................46 2.4.7 Metathesis ...............................................................................................................................46 o Contents о _^ __ _^ ____ ______ _, __ .„ ___ __. ..... 3 MORPHOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................. 49 3.1 Verb morphology ...................................................................................................................... 4У 3.1.1 Morpho-phonemic character ofroot-morpheraes and templates......................................... 50 3.1.1.1 Basic typology of simplex verbs in Wołane ...................................................................50 3.1.1.2 Discussion of sub-types ...................................................................................................52 3.1.1.2.1 Final root-vowels .......................................................................................................52 3.1.1.2.2 Nasal «-insertion ........................................................................................................53 3.1.1.2.3 Gemination of root-consonants ................................................................................54 3.1.1.3 Morphology of main types and sub-types in simplex stems ..........................................54 3.1.1.3.1 Verb type A ...............................................................................................................54 3.1.1.3.2 Verb type В ................................................................................................................56 3.1.1.3.3 Verb type С ................................................................................................................58 3.1.1.3.4 Verb type D ...............................................................................................................59 3.1.1.3.5 Verb type F ................................................................................................................60 3.1.1.4 Verbs with labial co-articulated consonants ...................................................................61 3.1.1.5 Root-morphemes with weak consonants ........................................................................64 3.1.1.5.1 Approximants w and y ..............................................................................................64 3.1.1.5.2 Glottal fricative h ......................................................................................................68 3.1.1.5.3 Glottal stop ? and the velar ejective q ......................................................................70 3.1.1.5.4 Metathesis involving the root-consonants ?and h ..................................................71 3.1.1.6 Derived stems ...................................................................................................................72 3.1.1.6.1 Derivation by prefixation ..........................................................................................72 3.1.1.6.1.1 Causatives ...........................................................................................................72 3.1.1.6.1.1.1 Direct causative ...........................................................................................73 3.1.1.6.1.1.2 Indirect causati ve........................................................................................ 74 3.1.1.6.1.2 Medio-passive ....................................................................................................76 3.1.1.6.2 Derivation by modification of the consonants or vowels of the root-morpheme.. 80 3.1.1.6.2.1 Insertion of the vowel S without reduplication of a root-consonant ............... HO 3.1.1.6.2.2 Reduplication of a root-consonant with insertion of the vowel ă ...................82 3.1.1.6.3 Unproductive derivational prefixes ..........................................................................85 3.1.1.6.4 Verbal noun ...............................................................................................................86 3.1.1.7 Irregular root-morphemes and verbs ...............................................................................88 3.1.1.7.1 Root-morphemes with special consonants ...............................................................88 .1.7.1.1 Bi-radical verbs with fas second root-consonant and the root-vowel ä .........88 3. 3.1.1 3. 3. 3. .1.7.1.2 Non-type В verbs with geminated root-consonant ...........................................89 .7.2 Verbs with unpredictable realizations of certain base forms ..................................90 1.7.2.1 Verb Me say ....................................................................................................90 .1.7.2.2 Verb fare be seen ............................................................................................92 1.1.7.2.3 Verb удає sleep ..............................................................................................92 3.1.1.7.2.4 Verb hone become, be .....................................................................................93 3.1.1.7.2.5 Verb wăbe give ................................................................................................94 3.1.1.7.3 Verbs and related morphemes with a restricted distribution ..................................94 3.1.1.7.3.1 Locative verbs in the non-past tense .................................................................94 3.1.1.7.3.2 Auxiliary ηετ ......................................................................................................95 3.1.1.7.3.3 Non-past tense auxiliary clitic -än. ....................................................................% 3.1.1.7.3.4 Present-tense copula ........................................................................................... Щ 3.1.1.7.3.5 Verbal constructions expressing possession and obligation ............................ W 3.1.2 Phrasal verbs ......................................................................... 1 00 3.1.3 Exceptional morphological and semantic relations regarding verbs .................................103 3.1.3.1 Root-morphemes without a simplex stem ..................................................................103 3.1.3.2 Roots and verb-like expressions in suppletive or in complementary distribution ..... 1 03 3.1.3.3 Lexicalized verbal expressions ........................................................... ..106 3.1.3.4 Verbs referring to a variety of semantic concepts ........................................................106 3.1.4 Verbal negation .......................................................................................... 107 3.1.5 Agreement-marking morphemes on the verb ......................................................................108 Contents _ _ _____________ _ ^. __ 9 3.1.5.1 Subject agreement markers ............................................................................................108 3.1.5.2 Object agreement markers and applicative suffixes .....................................................112 3.1.6 Tense, aspect, mood and aktionsart .....................................................................................114 3.1.6.1 General remarks and theoretical preliminaries .............................................................114 3.1.6.2 Aspect as a grammatical category .................................................................................115 3.1.6.2.1 Aspect in main clauses ............................................................................................115 3.1.6.2.2 Aspect in subordinate contexts ...............................................................................117 3.1.6.3 Tense ............................................................................................................................... П8 3.1.6.4 Jussive and imperative ...................................................................................................119 3.1.6.5 Perfect .............................................................................................................................120 3.1.6.6 Aktionsart........................................................................................................................121 3.1.6.6.1 Progressive and prospective ...................................................................................121 3.1.6.6.2 Immediate-subsequent action or event ...................................................................122 3.1.6.6.3 Iterative ....................................................................................................................122 3.1.7 Morpho-syntactic verb constructions with specific semantics ..........................................123 3.1.7.1 Experiencer constructions ..............................................................................................123 3.1.7.2 Impersonal passive .........................................................................................................124 3.1.7.3 Relative verbs .................................................................................................................125 3.1.7.4 Converbs .........................................................................................................................131 3.2 Nominal morphology .............................................................................................................134 3.2.1 General morpho-phonemic appearance of nouns ...............................................................134 3.2.2 Morpho-syntactic and semantic classes of nominais ..........................................................135 3.2.2.1 Genderless transnumeral nouns and non-countable nouns ..........................................135 3.2.2.2 Gender-coding transnumeral nouns ..............................................................................135 3.2.2.3 Kinship terms and proper names ...................................................................................136 3.2.2.4 Nominais with morphological overt accusative ...........................................................137 3.2.2.5 Adjectives .......................................................................................................................137 3.2.3 Nominal compounds .............................................................................................................138 3.2.4 Derived nominais ..................................................................................................................140 3.2.4.1 Productive derivations ....................................................................................................141 3.2.4.1.1 Derived nouns based on relative constructions .....................................................141 3.2.4.1.1.1 Agent nouns (nomen agentis) ..........................................................................141 3.2.4.1.1.2 Place nouns (nomen loci) .................................................................................141 3.2.4.1.1.3 Instrument nouns (nomen instrumenti)........................................................... 141 3.2.4.1.2 Agent nouns (nomen agentis) marked by the suffix -(t)ejipë ...............................142 3.2.4.1.3 Action nouns (nomen actionis) marked by the suffix -ne .....................................142 3.2.4.1.4 Result nouns (nomen acti) marked by the suffix -t ...............................................142 3.2.4.1.5 Abstract nouns marked by the suffix -net ..............................................................142 3.2.4.1.6 Language names ......................................................................................................143 3.2.4.2 Unproductive derivations ...............................................................................................143 3.2.4.2.1 Agent nouns (nomen agentis) with the pattern CiVQ.aCji, C,ãC2i orC^Qi .....143 3.2.4.2.2 Result nouns (nomen acti) marked by the vowel ë ...............................................144 3.2.4.2.3 Lexicalized noun stems ending in the vowel -f .....................................................145 3.2.4.2.4 Lexicalized noun stems ending in the suffix -ãn ...................................................145 3.2.4.2.5 Lexicalized noun stems ending in the suffix -ãr ....................................................145 3.2.4.2.6 Agent nouns (nomen agentis) marked by the suffix -amime) ..............................145 3.2.4.2.7 Lexicalized noun stems with the pattern CiCSCi and CisCjCj ............................146 3.2.4.2.8 Lexicalized noun stems with the pattern (CJCiCNSGi .........................................146 3.2.4.2.9 Lexicalized noun stems with the pattern CiCNuCj or СіиС^Сз) .........................¡46 3.2.4.2.10 Lexicalized noun stems based on the template for the perfective aspect ...........146 3.2.4.2.11 Lexicalized noun stems marked by the prefix m(e)- ...........................................147 3.2.4.2.12 Lexicalized noun stems marked by the suffix -o .................................................147 3.2.4.2.13 Lexicalized noun stems marked by the suffix -yyëor the prefix ye- .................147 3.2.4.2.14 Miscellaneous patterns of lexicalized noun stems ...............................................148 3.2.5 Morpho-syntactic features of nouns ....................................................................................148 Content^ 3.2.5.1 Number ............................................................................................................................ 148 3.2.5.1.1 Plural marker -čče and its allomorphes .................................................................. 4° 3.2.5.1.2 Plural by reduplication involving the pattern Cl-SCio .........................................150 3.2.5.1.3 Plural by combining reduplication and suffixation ...............................................150 3.2.5.1.4 Repetition of the entire nominal stem (full reduplication) ...................................151 3.2.5.1.5 Suppletive lexical entries for singular and plural ..................................................152 3.2.5.1.6 Distributionalexpressions...................................................................................... I52 3.2.5.2 Gender ............................................................................................................................. 154 3.2.5.3 Definite article ................................................................................................................ 55 3.2.5.4 Case ................................................................................................................................. 157 3.2.5.4.1 Accusative case .......................................................................................................157 3.2.5.4.2 Vocative ................................................................................................................... 158 3.2.5.5 Negation of nouns ..........................................................................................................159 3.3 Numerals, time expressions and quantities ....................................................................160 3.3.1 Numerals and quantifiers .....................................................................................................160 3.3.1.1 Cardinal numbers ........................................................................................................... 60 3.3.1.2 Ordinal numbers .............................................................................................................161 3.3.1.3 Multiplicative numbers ..................................................................................................161 3.3.1.4 Distributional number expressions ................................................................................161 3.3.2 Unspecific quantifiers ...........................................................................................................161 3.3.3 Calendar and time expressions .............................................................................................162 3.3.4 Expressions for amounts of banknotes and coins ...............................................................164 3.4 Pronouns and pro-forms .......................................................................................................164 3.4.1 Personal pronouns .................................................................................................................164 3.4.2 Demonstrative Pronouns ......................................................................................................166 3.4.2.1 Basic demonstratives ......................................................................................................166 3.4.2.2 Lexicalized demonstrative expressions .........................................................................169 3.4.2.3 Presentative demonstrative pronouns ............................................................................170 3.4.3 Pronominal possessive constructions ..................................................................................170 3.4.3.1 Possessive suffixes .........................................................................................................171 3.4.3.2 Personal pronouns in genitive constructions ................................................................172 3.4.3.3 Emphatic possessive suffix -ddi ....................................................................................172 3.4.4 indefinite Pronouns ...............................................................................................................172 3.4.5 Interrogative pronouns .........................................................................................................173 3.5 intensifiers ................................................................................................................................175 3.6 Adverbs and relational nouns ........................................................................................... 1 77 3.6.1 Adverbs .................................................................................................................................177 3.6.1.1 Adverbs of time ..............................................................................................................177 3.6.1.2 Adverbs of place .............................................................................................................179 3.6.1.3 Adverbs of manner and epistemic modality .................................................................180 3.6.1.4 Adverbs of quantities .....................................................................................................181 3.6.2 Relational nouns ........................................................................... 182 3.7 Relational affixes .................................................................................................................. 1 84 3.7.1 Relational prefixes ........................................................................ 185 3.7.1.1 Prefix ye- ................................................................... 185 3.7.1.2 Prefix t(e)- ............................................................................. ..... ............................ 186 3.7.1.3 Prefix t(e)- ................................................................................................................ 187 3.7.1.4 Prefix off)- ............................................................................]..................................... 188 3.7.2 Relational suffix -ko .......................................................... 190 3.7.3 Combinations of relational prefixes and relational nouns ..................... 190 3.7.3.1 Combinations with the relational noun gan time ........... 191 3.7.3.2 Combinations with the relational noun Ш place ............ 192 3.7.3.3 Other combinations ....................................................... j94 Contents ______ 11 3.8 Interjections .............................................................................................................................196 3.9 PARATACTIC CONJUNCTIONS ......................................................................................................197 3.9.1 Coordinating conjunction -we ..............................................................................................197 3.9.2 Disjunctive conjunctions weym and ianmgsn ...................................................................198 3.9.3 Exclusive conjunction baldeley ...........................................................................................199 3.10 Discourse markers ..................................................................................................................200 3.10.1 Focus marker .........................................................................................................................201 3.10.1.1 Contrastive focus marker .............................................................................................201 3.10.1.1.1 Selective focus marker -m .....................................................................................201 3.10.1.1.2 Expanding focus marker -nge ...............................................................................207 3.10.1.1.3 Replacive focus marker -w ...................................................................................208 3.10.1.2 Assertive focus marker -me ..........................................................................................210 3.10.2 Secondary markers of focus and referentiality ...................................................................212 3.10.2.1 Morpheme -neas accusative marker and marker of specificity .................................212 3.10.2.2 Singulative marker and feminine definite article -të ..................................................214 3.10.2.3 Morphemes -nand-ff ...................................................................................................215 3.10.3 Suffixes -sand -Afe as markers of epistemic modality or tag questions ...........................216 3.10.4 Particle wey as marker of reported questions and as disjunctive conjunction ..................219 3.10.5 Particles gan and ?эпк ап .....................................................................................................220 3.11 Connecting vowel ...................................................................................................................220 4 SYNTAX ..............................................................................................................................................................223 4.1 Determination ..........................................................................................................................223 4.1.1 Defmiteness and inherent semantics of nouns ....................................................................223 4.1.2 Determination and plural marking .......................................................................................225 4.1.3 Determination with accusative and dative objects ..............................................................226 4.1.4 Determination and possessive suffixes ................................................................................227 4.1.5 Indefiniteness ........................................................................................................................228 4.2 Noun phrase ...............................................................................................................................229 4.2.1 Structure of the noun phrase ................................................................................................229 4.2.2 Coordination of noun phrases ..............................................................................................232 4.2.3 On the use of betam and hullám ..........................................................................................235 4.3 Phrases headed by relational prefixes ............................................................................236 4.3.1 General morpho-syntactic features ......................................................................................236 4.3.2 Locative expressions marked by the prefixes be-, te-, and le- ...........................................239 4.4 Verb phrase ...............................................................................................................................240 4.4.1 General structure of the verb ................................................................................................240 4.4.1.1 Simple verbs ...................................................................................................................240 4.4.1.2 Phrasal verbs ...................................................................................................................244 4.4.2 Valence-adjusting mechanisms ............................................................................................244 4.4.2.1 Valence-decreasing mechanisms ...................................................................................245 4.4.2.2 Valence-increasing mechanisms ...................................................................................250 4.4.2.3 Noun incorporation ........................................................................................................252 4.4.2.4 Verbs with labile vaience ...............................................................................................253 4.4.3 Experience constructions and structurally related expressions ..........................................254 4.4.4 Verbs of movement ..............................................................................................................255 4.4.5 Marking of arguments and adjuncts on the verb .................................................................257 4.5 Dependent clauses ..................................................................................................................261 4.5.1 Subordinate clauses ..............................................................................................................261 4.5. i.l Subordination with perfective verbs .............................................................................261 4.5.1.2 Subordination with imperfective verbs .........................................................................262 4.5.1.2.1 Relational prefix ŕ- as subordinating conjunction .................................................262 . 2 Contents 4.5.1.2.2 Relational prefix b-as subordinating conjunction ................................................264 4.5.1.2.3 Relational prefix 1- as subordinating conjunction .................................................264 4.5.2 Converb clauses ....................................................................................................................265 4.5.3 Dependent nominal clauses ..................................................................................................270 4.5.3.1 Relative clauses ..............................................................................................................270 4.5.3.1.1 Structure of relative clauses ....................................................................................270 4.5.3.1.2 Clause types based on relative verbs ......................................................................275 4.5.3.1.2.1 Complement clauses ........................................................................................275 4.5.3.1.2.2 Adverbial clauses .............................................................................................275 4.5.3.2 Verbal-noun clauses .......................................................................................................277 4.6 Simple sentences ......................................................................................................................278 4.6.1 Copular and copula-like clauses ..........................................................................................279 4.6.1.1 Nominal clauses ..............................................................................................................279 4.6.1.1.1 Equational clauses ...................................................................................................279 4.6.1.1.2 Locative clauses ......................................................................................................281 4.6.1.1.3 Possession and obligation .......................................................................................283 4.6.1.1.4 Cleft sentences .........................................................................................................284 4.6.2 Comparative sentences .........................................................................................................286 4.6.3 Verb clauses ..........................................................................................................................288 4.7 Complex sentences ..................................................................................................................291 4.7.1 Manner clauses ......................................................................................................................291 4.7.2 Temporal clauses ..................................................................................................................294 4.7.3 Purpose clauses .....................................................................................................................296 4.7.4 Causal clauses .......................................................................................................................298 4.7.5 Complement clauses .............................................................................................................299 4.7.6 Conditionals ..........................................................................................................................300 4.7.6.1 Conditional clauses ........................................................................................................300 4.7.6.2 Concessive-conditional clauses .....................................................................................303 4.7.7 Coordination of clauses ........................................................................................................304 4.8 Experiential state construction ........................................................................................308 4.9 Expression of deliberately performed actions .............................................................308 4.10 Reported speech .......................................................................................................................309 4.10.1 Reported speech as marker of complement clauses and quotations ..................................309 4.10.2 Reported speech as adverbial expression of motive for action ..........................................311 4.10.3 Reported speech as marker of emphatic constituents .........................................................312 4.11 NON-DECLARATIVE CLAUSES ......................................................................................................313 4.11.1 Questions ...............................................................................................................................313 4.11.2 Commands .......................................................................................................................315 4.11.3 Epistemic modality ...............................................................................................................317 4.11.3.1 Validity and source of information ..............................................................................317 4.11.3.2 Potential for the fulfillment of states of affairs ...........................................................319 4.11.3.2.1 Intentional ..........................................................................................................320 4.11.3.2.2 Dubitative ........................................................... ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. ....... 320 5 language examples ..........................................................................................................................323 5.1 Greetings and wishes ..................................................................... 323 5.2 Texts ................................................................................................... 325 5.2.1 Lion and hyena ............................................................. 325 5.2.2 Construction of a house ................................................... 327 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................
adam_txt	Contents list of tables .13 list of charts and map .13 abbreviations .14 1 introduction .15 1.1 The Wołane language and its speakers .15 1.1.1 General remarks .15 1.1.2 On the history of the Wołane people .16 1.1.3 Sociolinguistic situation and genetic classification .17 1.2 Review of previous work .20 1.3 the language data .20 2 phonology .23 2.1 Consonants .23 2.1.1 Overview of consonantal phones and phonemes .23 2.1.2 Distributional restrictions on consonant phonemes in words .24 2.1.3 Gemination of consonants .24 2.1.4 Interdependence between к and h .25 2.1.5 Glottal stop as phoneme .27 2.1.6 Secondary co-articulated consonants .29 2.1.6.1 General observations .29 2.1.6.2 Labial co-articulated fricative A' .30 2.1.6.3 Glottal stop, bilabial approximant and labial co-articulation .31 2.1.7 Allophones .32 2.1.7.1 Morpho-phonologically conditioned allophones .33 2.1.7.1.1 Allophones of the voiced bilabial plosive 1Ы .33 2.1.7.1.2 Allophones of the voiceless velar ejective .33 2.1.7.1.3 Allophones of the alveolar nasal .34 2.1.7.2 Socio-linguistically conditioned allophones .34 2.2 Vowels .35 2.2.1 Vowel phonemes .35 2.2.2 Distributional restrictions on phonemic vowels .36 2.2.3 Relationship between the vowels ε, a and a .36 2.2.4 Approximants and closed vowels .37 2.2.5 Schwa .38 2.2.6 Allophones of vowels .38 2.2.7 Sequences of vowels .39 2.2.7.1 Diphthongs .39 2.2.7.2 Meeting of vowels due to morpho-phonemic processes .40 2.3 Syllable structure .42 2.4 morphophonemic processes .44 2.4.1 Vowel lengthening .44 2.4.2 Vowel deletion .44 2.4.3 Deletion of the phonemic glottal stop .44 2.4.4 Assimilation of adjacent consonants .45 2.4.4.1 Assimilation in manner of articulation .45 2.4.4.2 Devoicing .45 2.4.4.3 De-buccalization of/, é and q .46 2.4.4.4 Change of an affricate to a fricative .46 2.4.5 Palatalization .46 2.4.6 Labialization .46 2.4.7 Metathesis .46 o Contents о _^ _ _^ _ _ _, _ .„ _ _. . 3 MORPHOLOGY . 49 3.1 Verb morphology . 4У 3.1.1 Morpho-phonemic character ofroot-morpheraes and templates. 50 3.1.1.1 Basic typology of simplex verbs in Wołane .50 3.1.1.2 Discussion of sub-types .52 3.1.1.2.1 Final root-vowels .52 3.1.1.2.2 Nasal «-insertion .53 3.1.1.2.3 Gemination of root-consonants .54 3.1.1.3 Morphology of main types and sub-types in simplex stems .54 3.1.1.3.1 Verb type A .54 3.1.1.3.2 Verb type В .56 3.1.1.3.3 Verb type С .58 3.1.1.3.4 Verb type D .59 3.1.1.3.5 Verb type F .60 3.1.1.4 Verbs with labial co-articulated consonants .61 3.1.1.5 Root-morphemes with weak consonants .64 3.1.1.5.1 Approximants w and y .64 3.1.1.5.2 Glottal fricative h .68 3.1.1.5.3 Glottal stop ? and the velar ejective q .70 3.1.1.5.4 Metathesis involving the root-consonants ?and h .71 3.1.1.6 Derived stems .72 3.1.1.6.1 Derivation by prefixation .72 3.1.1.6.1.1 Causatives .72 3.1.1.6.1.1.1 Direct causative .73 3.1.1.6.1.1.2 Indirect causati ve. 74 3.1.1.6.1.2 Medio-passive .76 3.1.1.6.2 Derivation by modification of the consonants or vowels of the root-morpheme. 80 3.1.1.6.2.1 Insertion of the vowel S without reduplication of a root-consonant . HO 3.1.1.6.2.2 Reduplication of a root-consonant with insertion of the vowel ă .82 3.1.1.6.3 Unproductive derivational prefixes .85 3.1.1.6.4 Verbal noun .86 3.1.1.7 Irregular root-morphemes and verbs .88 3.1.1.7.1 Root-morphemes with special consonants .88 .1.7.1.1 Bi-radical verbs with fas second root-consonant and the root-vowel ä .88 3. 3.1.1 3. 3. 3. .1.7.1.2 Non-type В verbs with geminated root-consonant .89 .7.2 Verbs with unpredictable realizations of certain base forms .90 1.7.2.1 Verb Me'say' .90 .1.7.2.2 Verb fare'be seen' .92 1.1.7.2.3 Verb удає 'sleep' .92 3.1.1.7.2.4 Verb hone 'become, be' .93 3.1.1.7.2.5 Verb wăbe 'give' .94 3.1.1.7.3 Verbs and related morphemes with a restricted distribution .94 3.1.1.7.3.1 Locative verbs in the non-past tense .94 3.1.1.7.3.2 Auxiliary ηετ .95 3.1.1.7.3.3 Non-past tense auxiliary clitic -än. .% 3.1.1.7.3.4 Present-tense copula . Щ 3.1.1.7.3.5 Verbal constructions expressing possession and obligation . W 3.1.2 Phrasal verbs . 1 00 3.1.3 Exceptional morphological and semantic relations regarding verbs .103 3.1.3.1 Root-morphemes without a simplex stem .103 3.1.3.2 Roots and verb-like expressions in suppletive or in complementary distribution . 1 03 3.1.3.3 Lexicalized verbal expressions . .106 3.1.3.4 Verbs referring to a variety of semantic concepts .106 3.1.4 Verbal negation . 107 3.1.5 Agreement-marking morphemes on the verb .108 Contents _ _ _ _ ^. _ 9 3.1.5.1 Subject agreement markers .108 3.1.5.2 Object agreement markers and applicative suffixes .112 3.1.6 Tense, aspect, mood and aktionsart .114 3.1.6.1 General remarks and theoretical preliminaries .114 3.1.6.2 Aspect as a grammatical category .115 3.1.6.2.1 Aspect in main clauses .115 3.1.6.2.2 Aspect in subordinate contexts .117 3.1.6.3 Tense . П8 3.1.6.4 Jussive and imperative .119 3.1.6.5 Perfect .120 3.1.6.6 Aktionsart.121 3.1.6.6.1 Progressive and prospective .121 3.1.6.6.2 Immediate-subsequent action or event .122 3.1.6.6.3 Iterative .122 3.1.7 Morpho-syntactic verb constructions with specific semantics .123 3.1.7.1 Experiencer constructions .123 3.1.7.2 Impersonal passive .124 3.1.7.3 Relative verbs .125 3.1.7.4 Converbs .131 3.2 Nominal morphology .134 3.2.1 General morpho-phonemic appearance of nouns .134 3.2.2 Morpho-syntactic and semantic classes of nominais .135 3.2.2.1 Genderless transnumeral nouns and non-countable nouns .135 3.2.2.2 Gender-coding transnumeral nouns .135 3.2.2.3 Kinship terms and proper names .136 3.2.2.4 Nominais with morphological overt accusative .137 3.2.2.5 Adjectives .137 3.2.3 Nominal compounds .138 3.2.4 Derived nominais .140 3.2.4.1 Productive derivations .141 3.2.4.1.1 Derived nouns based on relative constructions .141 3.2.4.1.1.1 Agent nouns (nomen agentis) .141 3.2.4.1.1.2 Place nouns (nomen loci) .141 3.2.4.1.1.3 Instrument nouns (nomen instrumenti). 141 3.2.4.1.2 Agent nouns (nomen agentis) marked by the suffix -(t)ejipë .142 3.2.4.1.3 Action nouns (nomen actionis) marked by the suffix -ne .142 3.2.4.1.4 Result nouns (nomen acti) marked by the suffix -t .142 3.2.4.1.5 Abstract nouns marked by the suffix -net .142 3.2.4.1.6 Language names .143 3.2.4.2 Unproductive derivations .143 3.2.4.2.1 Agent nouns (nomen agentis) with the pattern CiVQ.aCji, C,ãC2i orC^Qi .143 3.2.4.2.2 Result nouns (nomen acti) marked by the vowel ë .144 3.2.4.2.3 Lexicalized noun stems ending in the vowel -f .145 3.2.4.2.4 Lexicalized noun stems ending in the suffix -ãn .145 3.2.4.2.5 Lexicalized noun stems ending in the suffix -ãr .145 3.2.4.2.6 Agent nouns (nomen agentis) marked by the suffix -amime) .145 3.2.4.2.7 Lexicalized noun stems with the pattern CiCSCi and CisCjCj .146 3.2.4.2.8 Lexicalized noun stems with the pattern (CJCiCNSGi .146 3.2.4.2.9 Lexicalized noun stems with the pattern CiCNuCj or СіиС^Сз) .¡46 3.2.4.2.10 Lexicalized noun stems based on the template for the perfective aspect .146 3.2.4.2.11 Lexicalized noun stems marked by the prefix m(e)- .147 3.2.4.2.12 Lexicalized noun stems marked by the suffix -o .147 3.2.4.2.13 Lexicalized noun stems marked by the suffix -yyëor the prefix ye- .147 3.2.4.2.14 Miscellaneous patterns of lexicalized noun stems .148 3.2.5 Morpho-syntactic features of nouns .148 Content^ 3.2.5.1 Number . 148 3.2.5.1.1 Plural marker -čče and its allomorphes .'4° 3.2.5.1.2 Plural by reduplication involving the pattern Cl-SCio .150 3.2.5.1.3 Plural by combining reduplication and suffixation .150 3.2.5.1.4 Repetition of the entire nominal stem (full reduplication) .151 3.2.5.1.5 Suppletive lexical entries for singular and plural .152 3.2.5.1.6 Distributionalexpressions. I52 3.2.5.2 Gender . 154 3.2.5.3 Definite article . '55 3.2.5.4 Case . 157 3.2.5.4.1 Accusative case .157 3.2.5.4.2 Vocative . 158 3.2.5.5 Negation of nouns .159 3.3 Numerals, time expressions and quantities .160 3.3.1 Numerals and quantifiers .160 3.3.1.1 Cardinal numbers .'60 3.3.1.2 Ordinal numbers .161 3.3.1.3 Multiplicative numbers .161 3.3.1.4 Distributional number expressions .161 3.3.2 Unspecific quantifiers .161 3.3.3 Calendar and time expressions .162 3.3.4 Expressions for amounts of banknotes and coins .164 3.4 Pronouns and pro-forms .164 3.4.1 Personal pronouns .164 3.4.2 Demonstrative Pronouns .166 3.4.2.1 Basic demonstratives .166 3.4.2.2 Lexicalized demonstrative expressions .169 3.4.2.3 Presentative demonstrative pronouns .170 3.4.3 Pronominal possessive constructions .170 3.4.3.1 Possessive suffixes .171 3.4.3.2 Personal pronouns in genitive constructions .172 3.4.3.3 Emphatic possessive suffix -ddi .172 3.4.4 indefinite Pronouns .172 3.4.5 Interrogative pronouns .173 3.5 intensifiers .175 3.6 Adverbs and relational nouns . 1 77 3.6.1 Adverbs .177 3.6.1.1 Adverbs of time .177 3.6.1.2 Adverbs of place .179 3.6.1.3 Adverbs of manner and epistemic modality .180 3.6.1.4 Adverbs of quantities .181 3.6.2 Relational nouns . 182 3.7 Relational affixes . 1 84 3.7.1 Relational prefixes . 185 3.7.1.1 Prefix ye- . 185 3.7.1.2 Prefix t(e)- . \ . . 186 3.7.1.3 Prefix t(e)- . 187 3.7.1.4 Prefix off)- .]. 188 3.7.2 Relational suffix -ko . 190 3.7.3 Combinations of relational prefixes and relational nouns . 190 3.7.3.1 Combinations with the relational noun gan 'time' . 191 3.7.3.2 Combinations with the relational noun Ш 'place' . 192 3.7.3.3 Other combinations . j94 Contents _ 11 3.8 Interjections .196 3.9 PARATACTIC CONJUNCTIONS .197 3.9.1 Coordinating conjunction -we .197 3.9.2 Disjunctive conjunctions weym and ianmgsn .198 3.9.3 Exclusive conjunction baldeley .199 3.10 Discourse markers .200 3.10.1 Focus marker .201 3.10.1.1 Contrastive focus marker .201 3.10.1.1.1 Selective focus marker -m .201 3.10.1.1.2 Expanding focus marker -nge .207 3.10.1.1.3 Replacive focus marker -w .208 3.10.1.2 Assertive focus marker -me .210 3.10.2 Secondary markers of focus and referentiality .212 3.10.2.1 Morpheme -neas accusative marker and marker of specificity .212 3.10.2.2 Singulative marker and feminine definite article -të .214 3.10.2.3 Morphemes -nand-ff .215 3.10.3 Suffixes -sand -Afe as markers of epistemic modality or tag questions .216 3.10.4 Particle wey as marker of reported questions and as disjunctive conjunction .219 3.10.5 Particles gan and ?эпк"ап .220 3.11 Connecting vowel .220 4 SYNTAX .223 4.1 Determination .223 4.1.1 Defmiteness and inherent semantics of nouns .223 4.1.2 Determination and plural marking .225 4.1.3 Determination with accusative and dative objects .226 4.1.4 Determination and possessive suffixes .227 4.1.5 Indefiniteness .228 4.2 Noun phrase .229 4.2.1 Structure of the noun phrase .229 4.2.2 Coordination of noun phrases .232 4.2.3 On the use of betam and hullám .235 4.3 Phrases headed by relational prefixes .236 4.3.1 General morpho-syntactic features .236 4.3.2 Locative expressions marked by the prefixes be-, te-, and le- .239 4.4 Verb phrase .240 4.4.1 General structure of the verb .240 4.4.1.1 Simple verbs .240 4.4.1.2 Phrasal verbs .244 4.4.2 Valence-adjusting mechanisms .244 4.4.2.1 Valence-decreasing mechanisms .245 4.4.2.2 Valence-increasing mechanisms .250 4.4.2.3 Noun incorporation .252 4.4.2.4 Verbs with labile vaience .253 4.4.3 Experience constructions and structurally related expressions .254 4.4.4 Verbs of movement .255 4.4.5 Marking of arguments and adjuncts on the verb .257 4.5 Dependent clauses .261 4.5.1 Subordinate clauses .261 4.5. i.l Subordination with perfective verbs .261 4.5.1.2 Subordination with imperfective verbs .262 4.5.1.2.1 Relational prefix ŕ- as subordinating conjunction .262 . 2 Contents 4.5.1.2.2 Relational prefix b-as subordinating conjunction .264 4.5.1.2.3 Relational prefix 1- as subordinating conjunction .264 4.5.2 Converb clauses .265 4.5.3 Dependent nominal clauses .270 4.5.3.1 Relative clauses .270 4.5.3.1.1 Structure of relative clauses .270 4.5.3.1.2 Clause types based on relative verbs .275 4.5.3.1.2.1 Complement clauses .275 4.5.3.1.2.2 Adverbial clauses .275 4.5.3.2 Verbal-noun clauses .277 4.6 Simple sentences .278 4.6.1 Copular and copula-like clauses .279 4.6.1.1 Nominal clauses .279 4.6.1.1.1 Equational clauses .279 4.6.1.1.2 Locative clauses .281 4.6.1.1.3 Possession and obligation .283 4.6.1.1.4 Cleft sentences .284 4.6.2 Comparative sentences .286 4.6.3 Verb clauses .288 4.7 Complex sentences .291 4.7.1 Manner clauses .291 4.7.2 Temporal clauses .294 4.7.3 Purpose clauses .296 4.7.4 Causal clauses .298 4.7.5 Complement clauses .299 4.7.6 Conditionals .300 4.7.6.1 Conditional clauses .300 4.7.6.2 Concessive-conditional clauses .303 4.7.7 Coordination of clauses .304 4.8 Experiential state construction .308 4.9 Expression of deliberately performed actions .308 4.10 Reported speech .309 4.10.1 Reported speech as marker of complement clauses and quotations .309 4.10.2 Reported speech as adverbial expression of motive for action .311 4.10.3 Reported speech as marker of emphatic constituents .312 4.11 NON-DECLARATIVE CLAUSES .313 4.11.1 Questions .313 4.11.2 Commands .315 4.11.3 Epistemic modality .317 4.11.3.1 Validity and source of information .317 4.11.3.2 Potential for the fulfillment of states of affairs .319 4.11.3.2.1 Intentional .320 4.11.3.2.2 Dubitative . \ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ. . 320 5 language examples .323 5.1 Greetings and wishes . 323 5.2 Texts . 325 5.2.1 Lion and hyena . 325 5.2.2 Construction of a house . 327 BIBLIOGRAPHY .
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spelling	Meyer, Ronny 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)12490839X aut Wolane descriptive grammar of an East Gurage language (Ethiosemitic) Ronny Meyer Köln Köppe 2006 340 S. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Grammatical analyses of African languages 31 Literaturverz. S. 337 - 340 Grammatik Gurage languages Grammar Gurage languages Morphology Gurage languages Phonology Gurage languages Syntax Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Wolane-Sprache (DE-588)7546369-6 gnd rswk-swf Wolane-Sprache (DE-588)7546369-6 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Grammatical analyses of African languages 31 (DE-604)BV004132539 31 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015468208&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Meyer, Ronny 1970- Wolane descriptive grammar of an East Gurage language (Ethiosemitic) Grammatical analyses of African languages Grammatik Gurage languages Grammar Gurage languages Morphology Gurage languages Phonology Gurage languages Syntax Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Wolane-Sprache (DE-588)7546369-6 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4021806-5 (DE-588)7546369-6
title	Wolane descriptive grammar of an East Gurage language (Ethiosemitic)
title_auth	Wolane descriptive grammar of an East Gurage language (Ethiosemitic)
title_exact_search	Wolane descriptive grammar of an East Gurage language (Ethiosemitic)
title_exact_search_txtP	Wolane descriptive grammar of an East Gurage language (Ethiosemitic)
title_full	Wolane descriptive grammar of an East Gurage language (Ethiosemitic) Ronny Meyer
title_fullStr	Wolane descriptive grammar of an East Gurage language (Ethiosemitic) Ronny Meyer
title_full_unstemmed	Wolane descriptive grammar of an East Gurage language (Ethiosemitic) Ronny Meyer
title_short	Wolane
title_sort	wolane descriptive grammar of an east gurage language ethiosemitic
title_sub	descriptive grammar of an East Gurage language (Ethiosemitic)
topic	Grammatik Gurage languages Grammar Gurage languages Morphology Gurage languages Phonology Gurage languages Syntax Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Wolane-Sprache (DE-588)7546369-6 gnd
topic_facet	Grammatik Gurage languages Grammar Gurage languages Morphology Gurage languages Phonology Gurage languages Syntax Wolane-Sprache
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015468208&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV004132539
work_keys_str_mv	AT meyerronny wolanedescriptivegrammarofaneastguragelanguageethiosemitic

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