Intellectual property: patents, copyright, trade marks and allied rights
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Sweet & Maxwell
2007
|
| Ausgabe: | 6. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | CXXIV, 918 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780421919006 9780421918009 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1820135597624262656 |
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CONTENTS
PREFACE TO SIXTH EDITION V
TABLE OF CASES XXIII
TABLE OF STATUTES XCVII
TABLE OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS DX
TABLE OF EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION CXIII
TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES, CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS CXIX
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
PART I: COMMON GROUND
1. STARTING POINTS 1-01
1. GENERAL 1-01
(1) "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY" 1-02
(2) ORGANISATION OF THE MATERIAL 1-02
2. TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 1-04
(1) PATENTS (CHAPTERS 3-7, 21) 1-05
(2) COPYRIGHT (CHAPTERS 10-14, 20) 1-06
(3) TRADE MARKS AND NAMES (CHAPTERS 16-18) 1-07
(4) OTHER ASPIRANTS 1-08
(A) INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS (CHAPTER 15) 1-09
(B) TRADE SECRETS AND OTHER CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION (CHAPTERS 8
AND 9) 1-10
(C) FURTHER DEMANDS 1-1!
3. PRESSURES FOR DEVELOPMENT 1-12
(1) SPECIFIC RIGHTS AND UNFAIR COMPETITION 1-13
(2) ENHANCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 1-23
(A) DEMANDS FOR GREATER PROTECTION 1-23
(B) SOURCES OF UK LAW: LEGISLATION AND INTERPRETATION 1-25
(C) SOURCES OF EUROPEAN UNION LAW: GENERAL 1-26
-28
-29
-30
-33
-35
-37
-39
(1) PROPERTY RIGHTS 1-40
(2) MONOPOLIST BEHAVIOUR
(D) THE EU TREATY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
(E) EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
(F) LEGAL ISSUES ACROSS STATE BOUNDARIES; INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
(G) INTERNATIONAL TREATIES: AUTHORITY AND APPLICABILITY
(3) CHALLENGES TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: POLITICAL
(4) CHALLENGES TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: TECHNOLOGICAL
4. PROPERTY AND MONOPOLY: ECONOMIC APPROACHES
VU
CONTENTS
(3) THE PRESUMPTION AGAINST MONOPOLY 1-44
(4) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND MONOPOLY 1-45
DIVISION OF MARKETS AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA 1-48
(1) DIVIDING MARKETS 1-48
(2) EXHAUSTION OF RIGHTS 1-49
(3) THE IDEA OF A COMMON MARKET 1-50
(4) FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS 1-51
(5) RULES OF COMPETITION 1-53
(6) RELATION BETWEEN THE TWO POLICIES 1-55
(A) TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES 1-56
(B) THE ECONOMIC COUNTER-BALANCE 1-57
(7) OVERVIEW OF THE PARALLEL IMPORTATION PROBLEM 1-58
2. THE ENFORCEMENT OF RIGHTS 2-01
1. TYPES OF PROCEEDING 2-04
(1) CIVIL CAUSES OF ACTION 2-05
(A) OWNERS AND LICENSEES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 2-06
(B) DEFENDANTS 2-07
(C) HIGH COURT AND COUNTY COURT 2-10
(D) GENERAL TORTS COVERING ECONOMIC LOSS 2-12
(2) CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 2-19
(A) OFFENCES SPECIFICALLY CONCERNING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 2-20
(B) CONSPIRACY TO DEFRAUD 2-21
(C) CRIMES AND CIVIL RELIEF 2-22
(3) ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES 2-23
(A) CUSTOMS PROHIBITION 2-23
(B) TRADING STANDARDS AUTHORITIES 2-24
(C) SUPERVISION OF ADVERTISING 2-25
(D) ADVERTISING STANDARDS AUTHORITY 2-26
(4) SELF-HELP 2-27
2. REMEDIES IN CIVIL ACTIONS 2-28
(1) INJUNCTION 2-31
(A) INTERIM INJUNCTION 2-32
(B) FINAL INJUNCTION 2-37
(2) DELIVERY UP 2-38
(3) DAMAGES 2-39
(A) BASES FOR ASSESSMENT 2-39
(B) INNOCENCE 2-42
(4) ACCOUNT OF PROFITS 2^3
(5) "FRANKING" 2-45
(6) REMEDIES FOR ACTS WHICH ARE NOT THEMSELVES INFRINGEMENTS 2-A6
3. SECURING EVIDENCE OF INFRINGEMENT 2^T7
(1) SEARCH ORDER FOR INSPECTION AND OTHER RELIEF 2^8
(A) REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ORDER 2-48
(B) DANGERS IN THE PROCESS 2-49
(C) CHALLENGES TO THE ORDER 2-52
(D) SELF-INCRIMINATION 2-54
(2) FREEZING INJUNCTION FOR THE RETENTION OF ASSETS 2-56
(3) DISCOVERY OF NAMES 2-58
(4) DISCLOSURE, INTERROGATORIES, INSPECTION 2-59
4. DELAYED AMBUSH AND SELECTIVE ACTION 2-62
(1) LIMITATION OF ACTIONS 2-63
(2) ACQUIESCENCE 2-64
VIII
CONTENTS
(3) ESTOPPELS OF RECORD (RES JUDICATA) 2-65
(A) JUDGMENT IN REM 2-66
(B) CAUSE OF ACTION ESTOPPEL 2-67
(C) ISSUE ESTOPPEL 2-68
(4) ACTIONS CONCERNING FOREIGN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 2-72
(A) FOREIGN INFRINGEMENTS 2-72
(B) JURISDICTION: THE JUDGMENTS REGULATION OF 2002 2-74
(C) RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT: THE REGULATION AND THE
CONVENTIONS 2-82
(D) FOREIGN DEFENDANT FROM OUTSIDE EU AND EFTA 2-83
(E) AN INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT CONVENTION? 2-84
(0 CHOICE OF APPLICABLE LAW 2-85
(G) FOREIGN TRANSACTIONS 2-86
(5) MAKING OTHERS RESPONSIBLE 2-90
(6) ESTABLISHING FREEDOM FROM LIABILITY 2-92
(7) THREATS TO SUE 2-93
PART II: PATENTS
3. GROWTH AND PURPOSE OF PATENTS 3-01
1. THE NEW DEAL OF 1978 3-01
2. THE BRITISH PATENT SYSTEM: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 3-04
(1) BEGINNINGS 3-04
(2) THE COMING OF INDUSTRIALISATION 3-06
3. THE "INTERNATIONAL" PATENT SYSTEM 3-13
(1) FOREIGN IMPACT UPON NATIONAL SYSTEMS 3-13
(2) HOSTILITY TO PATENTS 3-16
(3) CO-OPERATION IN PATENTING: WORLD-WIDE LINKAGES 3-19
(4) CO-OPERATION IN PATENTING: WESTERN EUROPE 3-23
(5) A SECOND-TIER RIGHT FOR EUROPE 3-30
4. JUSTIFYING THE PATENT SYSTEM 3-36
(1) BASIC OBJECTIVES 3-36
(2) PATENTS AS INCENTIVES TO INVENT AND INNOVATE 3-38
(A) TYPES OF INVENTOR 3-39
(B) LEVELS OF INVENTION 3-42
(C) OPTIMUM TERM FOR PATENTS
(3) PATENTS AS AN INFORMATION SYSTEM
(4) ADAPTING THE PATENT SYSTEM: NEW TECHNOLOGY 3-52
5. THE PATENTS ACT 1977: STRUCTURE AND INTERPRETATION 3-54
4. THE PATENT: GRANT AND CONTENT 4-0!
1. OBTAINING A PATENT 4-01
(1) GENERAL 4-01
(A) PARALLEL ROUTES 4-01
(B) COMPETITION BETWEEN THE SYSTEMS 4-02
(C) LANGUAGES 4-04
(2) PERSONS ENTITLED TO GRANT 4-06
(3) PATENT SPECIFICATION 4-09
(4) PRIORITY 4-10
(5) SECRECY: NATIONAL INTEREST 4-I4
(6) UNITY AND DIVISION 4-15
IX
CONTENTS
(7) FORMAL EXAMINATION
(8) SEARCH AND EXAMINATION
(A) INTRODUCTORY
(B) SEARCH
(C) EARLY PUBLICATION OF APPLICATION
(D) AMENDING DURING PROSECUTION
(E) THE COURSE OF EXAMINATION
(0 TIME-LIMITS
(9) GRANT AND RENEWAL
(10) OBJECTIONS TO VALIDITY AFTER GRANT
2. AMENDMENT
(1) INTRODUCTORY
(2) AMENDMENT: GENERAL
(A) LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
(B) THE DISCRETION
(3) CORRECTIONS OF ERRORS
3. CLAIMS
(1) CLAIMS AND INFRINGEMENT: AN INTRODUCTION
(2) INTERPRETATION OF SPECIFICATIONS
(3) THE ADDRESSEE OF THE SPECIFICATION
(4) THE APPLICATION FILE
(5) TYPES OF CLAIM
(A) GENERAL
(B) CHEMICAL INVENTIONS
5. VALIDITY
1. NOVELTY
(1) INTRODUCTION
(2) PUBLICATION AND USE
(3) MATERIAL AVAILABLE FOR CONSIDERATION
(A) TEMPORAL FACTORS
(B) TERRITORIAL FACTORS
(C) FORM
(D) DEGREE OF DISSEMINATION
(E) MATTER IN PRIOR SPECIFICATIONS
(0 SPECIAL EXCLUSIONS
(4) RELATIONS BETWEEN ANTICIPATION AND INVENTION IN SUIT
(A) THE COMPARISON
(B) THE ANTICIPATION: CLARITY AND SUFFICIENCY OF A DOCUMENT
(C) THE ANTICIPATION: APPRECIATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF AN
EMBODIMENT
(5) THINGS AND THEIR USES
(A) NEW THING WITH AN ADVANTAGE
(B) NEW USE OF AN OLD THING
(C) SELECTION PATENTS
(D) NEW ADVANTAGE OF OLD THING
(6) EXCLUSION BY AMENDMENT
2. INVENTIVE STEP
(1) INTRODUCTION
(A) TERMINOLOGY
(B) PARAPHRASES
(C) OBJECTIVE TEST
(D) ADVANCE IN THE ART
4-16
4-17
4-17
4-19
4-20
4-21
4-22
4-23
4-24
4-27
4-30
4-30
4-31
4-31
4-34
4-35
4-37
4-37
4-41
4-43
4-45
4-46
4^16
4-47
5-01
5-03
5-03
5-06
5-09
5-10
5-11
5-12
5-13
5-14
5-16
5-17
5-17
5-18
5-19
5-21
5-21
5-22
5-23
5-26
5-28
5-29
5-29
5-31
5-32
5-33
5-34
CONTENTS
(E) NEW ADVANTAGE AND NEW USE 5-35
(F) PERCEPTION OF PROBLEM 5-36
(G) ONUS OF PROOF 5-37
(2) ASSESSING OBVIOUSNESS 5-38
(A) THE NOTIONAL SKILLED WORKER 5-38
(B) THE UNINVENTIVE TECHNICIAN'S KNOWLEDGE 5-39
(C) "MOSAICING" 5-42
(D) OBSCURE SOURCES: PUBLICATION
(E) OBSCURE SOURCES: COMPREHENSION
(3) THE BASIC COMPARISON 5-45
(A) PROXIMITY TO THE PRIOR ART
(B) OBVIOUS TO TRY: CHEMICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INVENTIONS
(C) TECHNICAL ADVANTAGE AND COMMERCIAL SUCCESS 5-51
3. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION 5-53
4. PATENTABLE SUBJECT-MATTER 5-54
(1) INTELLECTUAL CONCEPTIONS 5-56
(A) DISCOVERIES 5-56
(B) SCHEMES FOR PERFORMING MENTAL ACTS; BUSINESS METHODS;
PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION 5-59
(C) AESTHETIC CREATIONS 5-61
(D) COMPUTER PROGRAMS 5-62
(2) BIOLOGICAL SUBJECT-MATTER 5-64
(A) METHODS OF TREATING THE HUMAN OR ANIMAL BODY 5-67
(B) PLANT AND ANIMAL VARIETIES; CERTAIN PROCESSES FOR THEIR
PRODUCTION 5-76
(C) "ORDRE PUBLIC" AND MORALITY 5-83
5. CLEAR AND COMPLETE DISCLOSURE 5-84
(1) GENERAL 5-84
(2) MAKING THE DISCLOSURE 5-86
(3) MICRO-ORGANISM DEPOSIT 5-89
(4) GOOD FAITH IN DISCLOSING 5-90
6. REQUIREMENT FOR CLAIMS 5-92
(1) CLAIMS AND DISCLOSURE 5-92
(2) AMBIGUOUS CLAIMS 5-97
6. SCOPE OF MONOPOLY 6-FLI
1. INFRINGEMENT 6-01
(1) INTRODUCTION 6-01
(2) THE ROLE OF THE CLAIMS 6-02
(3) TYPE OF INFRINGING ACTIVITY 6-09
(A) INFRINGEMENT DURING MANUFACTURE 6-11
(B) INFRINGEMENT AFTER MANUFACTURE: GENERAL PROVISIONS 6-12
(C) AFTER MANUFACTURE: EXHAUSTION OF RIGHTS 6-15
(D) BEFORE MANUFACTURE: "INDIRECT" AND OTHER INFRINGEMENT 6-17
(E) NEW MEDICAL AND OTHER APPLICATIONS OF KNOWN SUBSTANCES 6-20
(4) PRIOR USE AND COMMENCEMENT INFRINGEMENT 6-21
(5) PROCEEDINGS CONCERNING THE INFRINGEMENT AND VALIDITY OF PATENTS 6-23
2. THE SPECIFICATION IN LIGHT OF THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS 6-28
(1) THE DESCRIPTION 6-29
(2) THE CLAIMS 6-30
(3) PITFALLS OF SAYING TOO MUCH 6-31
XI
CONTENTS
7. PROPERTY RIGHTS AND EXPLOITATION 7 01
1. INITIAL ENTITLEMENT AND PROPERTY DEALINGS 7-02
(1) THE RIGHT TO GRANT: GENERAL 7-02
(2) THE RIGHT TO GRANT: EMPLOYEES 7-03
(A) COMMON LAW RULES 7-03
(B) THE CHANGES IN THE 1977 ACT 7-06
(C) BASIC ENTITLEMENT UNDER THE 1977 ACT 7-07
(D) COMPENSATION AND EMPLOYERS' INVENTIONS 7-08
(E) COMPENSATION AND EMPLOYEES' INVENTIONS 7-09
(F) SCOPE OF THE PROVISIONS 7-10
(G) BY-PASSING THE ACT: COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS 7-11
(H) BY-PASSING THE ACT: INDIVIDUAL AGREEMENTS 7-12
(I) BY-PASSING THE ACT BY NOT PATENTING 7-13
(J) ADMINISTRATION 7-14
(3) DEALING IN RIGHTS 7-15
(A) FORMALITIES 7-16
(B) THE REGISTER 7-17
(4) CO-OWNERSHIP 7-18
2. LICENCES OF PATENTS AND ALLIED RIGHTS 7-19
(1) TRADITIONAL APPROACH 7-19
(2) TYPES OF LICENCE 7-20
(A) INTERESTS AT THE START 7-21
(B) RIGHTS IN THE TECHNOLOGY 7-22
(C) EXCLUSIVITY 7-23
(3) PARTICULAR TERMS IN LICENSES 7-24
(A) BASIC OBLIGATIONS 7-24
(B) DURATION 7-25
(C) IMPROVEMENTS 7-26
(D) TIES 7-27
(E) PROTECTION FOR THE LICENSOR 7-28
(F) PROTECTION FOR THE LICENSEE 7-29
(4) COMPETITION LAW CRITERIA 7-30
(5) DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN COMMISSION POLICY ON PATENT LICENSES 7-32
(6) EXCLUSIVITY 7-34
(7) RESTRICTIVE TERMS 7-36
(A) RESTRICTIONS ON PRODUCTION AND SALE 7-36
(B) PREVIOUS OBJECTIONS NOW LIFTED 7-37
3. COMPULSORY LICENCES 7-39
(1) COMPULSORY LICENSING UNDER THE 1977 ACT 7-43
(A) LEGAL GROUNDS 7-43
(B) THE DISCRETION 7-46
4. CROWN USE 7^9
PART NI: CONFIDENCE AND PERSONAL PRIVACY
8. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 8-01
1. INTRODUCTION 8-01
(1) NATURE OF THE LIABILITY 8-01
(2) CONFIDENCE AND PATENTS 8-02
(3) CONFIDENCE AND COPYRIGHT 8-04
(4) HISTORICAL AND DOCTRINAL 8-06
XU
CONTENTS
2. REQUIREMENTS FOR LIABILITY 8-09
(1) SUBJECT-MATTER CAPABLE OF PROTECTION 8-10
(A) TYPES OF INFORMATION 8-10
(B) INFORMATION AND OBSERVATION 8-11
(C) PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE 8-12
(D) PUBLIC INTEREST 8-15
(E) GOVERNMENT SECRETS 8-19
(2) CONFIDENTIAL OBLIGATION 8-20
(A) CONFIDENCE IN THE RECEIPT OF INFORMATION 8-20
(B) FIDUCIARY DUTIES 8-23
(C) EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEE 8-24
(D) GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES 8-31
(E) THE INDIRECT RECIPIENT 8-32
(F) ABSENCE OF ANY RELATIONSHIP 8-34
(3) UNAUTHORISED USE 8-37
(A) WRONGFUL ACTS 8-37
(B) THE DEFENDANT'S STATE OF MIND 8-38
(C) DETRIMENT TO THE PLAINTIFF 8-39
3. REMEDIES 8^(0
(1) INJUNCTION AND OTHER EQUITABLE REMEDIES 8-40
(A) INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 8-^41
(B) DISCRETION TO GRANT INJUNCTION 8-46
(2) DAMAGES AND OTHER MONETARY RELIEF 8^T7
4. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AS "PROPERTY" 8-50
5. TRADE SECRET MISUSE: CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY 8-55
9. PERSONAL PRIVACY 9-01
1. PRIVACY AND CONFIDENCE 9-01
(1) INDEPENDENCE FOR PRIVACY CLAIMS 9-01
(2) THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION 9-02
(3) PRIVACY: THE ENGLISH TRADITION 9-04
(4) JURISDICTIONS CONCERNED WITH PRIVACY 9-05
(5) EMERGENCE OF PERSONAL PRIVACY ACTION FOR BREACH OF CONFIDENCE 9-06
2. CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS OF PRIVACY CLAIMS 9-08
(1) REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY 9-09
(2) CLAIMANTS: DATA SUBJECTS AND CARERS 9-11
(3) DURATION OF THE CLAIM 9-12
(4) DEFENDANT'S BREACH 9-13
(5) THE DEFENDANT'S STATE OF MIND 9-14
(6) JUSTIFIABLE DISCLOSURES: GENERAL 9-15
(7) JUSTIFIABLE DISCLOSURES: FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION IN THE MEDIA 9-16
(8) THE DATA SUBJECT'S INTEREST: CONTINUED SECRECY OR EXPLOITATION 9-19
(9) QUASI-PROPRIETARY CHARACTERISTICS 9-20
3. CONSEQUENTIAL ISSUES 9-21
(1) RAPID RESPONSE: PRIOR RESTRAINT 9-21
(2) COMPENSATION AFTER DISCLOSURE 9-22
(3) DATA PROTECTION COMPENSATION 9-23
XUI
CONTENTS
PART IV: COPYRIGHT AND DESIGNS
10. RANGE AND AIMS OF COPYRIGHT 10-01
1. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 10-01
(1) THE EMERGENCE OF COPYRIGHT 10-01
(2) ADDITIONS TO COPYRIGHT: NINETEENTH CENTURY EXPERIENCE 10-04
(3) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND THE ACT OF 1911 10-06
(4) DEVELOPMENTS SINCE 1945 10-09
(A) THE 1956 ACT 10-09
(B) INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 10-11
(C) THE NEW ACTIVISM: FROM 1985 10-17
(D) INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS: CURRENT SCOPE 10-24
(E) COPYRIGHT, UNFAIR COMPETITION AND INDUSTRIAL DESIGN 10-39
2. VALUES AND INTERESTS 10-12
3. ECONOMIC AND PUBLIC INTEREST PERSPECTIVES 10-45
(1) MARKET POWER AND INDIVIDUAL WORKS 10-45
(2) COLLECTIVE ENFORCEMENT 10-49
(3) ENTREPRENEURS AND AUTHORS 10-52
(4) THE DURATION OF COPYRIGHT 10-54
4. THE 1988 ACT AND PRE-EXISTING WORKS 10-56
11. SUBSISTENCE OF COPYRIGHT 11-01
1. THE GENERAL PICTURE 11-01
2. THE TYPE AND QUALITY OF SUBJECT-MATTER 11-04
(1) ORIGINAL LITERARY, DRAMATIC, MUSICAL AND ARTISTIC WORKS 11-04
(A) LITERARY WORKS 11-05
(B) DRAMATIC WORKS 11-U
(C) MUSICAL WORKS: TYPE AND QUALITY 11-12
(D) ARTISTIC WORKS 11-13
(E) COMPUTER-GENERATED WORKS 11-22
(2) FILMS 11-23
(3) THE ENTREPRENEURIAL COPYRIGHTS 11-26
3. FORMALITIES AND PERMANENT FORM 11-32
(1) ABSENCE AND FORMALITIES 11-32
(2) PERMANENT FORM FOR THE WORK 11-33
4. QUALIFICATION 11-35
(1) QUALIFICATION BY PERSONAL STATUS 11-36
(2) CONNECTION BY PUBLICATION 11-37
5. PUBLICATION 11-38
6. TERM OF COPYRIGHT 11-42
(1) CLASSICAL WORKS OF AUTHORSHIP 11*43
(2) FILMS 11-45
(3) PHOTOGRAPHS 11-47
(4) RELIEVED COPYRIGHT: PROTECTION OF THIRD PARTIES 11-49
(5) "NEIGHBOURING" COPYRIGHTS 11-50
(6) SPECIAL CASES 11*51
(A) ANONYMOUS AND PSEUDONYMOUS WORKS 11*52
(B) CROWN AND PARLIAMENTARY COPYRIGHT 11-54
(7) LESSER TERMS OUTSIDE THE EEA 11-55
XIV
CONTENTS
12. INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND MORAL RIGHTS12-01
1. INFRINGEMENT: BASIC CONCEPTS 12-01
(1) OWNERSHIP OF THE ORIGINAL WORK 12-02
(2) MISAPPROPRIATION 12-03
(A) CAUSAL CONNECTION 12-03
(B) SUBCONSCIOUS COPYING 12-04
(C) INDIRECT COPYING 12-05
(3) SUBSTANTIAL TAKING 12-06
(A) UNALTERED COPYING 12-08
(B) EXTENT OF DEFENDANT'S ALTERATION 12-09
(C) CHARACTER OF PLAINTIFFS OR DEFENDANT'S WORK 12-12
(D) NATURE OF PLAINTIFFS EFFORT 12-13
(E) EXTENT OF PLAINTIFFS EFFORT 12-14
(0 MANNER IN WHICH THE DEFENDANT HAS TAKEN ADVANTAGE OF
PLAINTIFFS WORK 12-15
(G) WHETHER THE DEFENDANT'S USE WILL SERIOUSLY INTERFERE WITH
THE PLAINTIFFS EXPLOITATION OF HIS OWN WORK 12-16
(H) REPRODUCTION BY THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR 12-17
(4) INFRINGEMENT CARRIED OUT BY OTHERS 12-18
2. CLASSES OF PROHIBITED ACT 12-21
(1) RIGHTS CONCERNED WITH REPRODUCTION AND ADAPTATION 12-23
(A) PRIMARY INFRINGEMENT: COPYING 12-23
(B) PRIMARY INFRINGEMENT: ISSUING COPIES, RENTAL AND LENDING 12-27
(C) SECONDARY INFRINGEMENT: DEALINGS WITH COPIES 12-29
(2) RIGHTS CONCERNED WITH COMMUNICATIONS TO THE PUBLIC-
PERFORMANCE, BROADCASTING, INTERNET AND SIMILAR PROVISION 12-30
(A) PRIMARY INFRINGEMENT: COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC 12-30
(B) PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC 12-32
(C) BROADCASTING 12-33
(D) SECONDARY INFRINGEMENT: PERFORMANCES 12-35
3. "FAIR DEALING" AND LIKE EXCEPTIONS 12-36
(1) FAIR DEALING 12-36
(A) GENERAL 12-36
(B) RESEARCH OR PRIVATE STUDY 12-39
(C) REPORTING CURRENT EVENTS 12-40
(D) CRITICISM OR REVIEW 12-41
(2) OTHER EXCEPTIONS 12^2
(A) EXCEPTIONS DESIGNED TO ENCOURAGE COLLECTIVE LICENSING SCHEMES 12-43
(B) EXCEPTIONS CONCERNING ARTISTIC WORKS 12-44
(C) BROADCASTS AND CABLE-CASTS 12-45
(D) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 12-49
(E) MISCELLANEOUS DEFENCES IN THE 1998 ACT 12-50
(F) INTERNET TRANSMISSION 12-55
4. PUBLIC POLICY 12-56
(1) POLICY AGAINST LEGAL PROTECTION 12-57
(2) POLICY FAVOURING DISSEMINATION 12-58
5. ACTIONS FOR INFRINGEMENT 12-59
(1) DAMAGES 12-60
(2) PRESUMPTIONS IN COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT ACTIONS 12-62
6. MORAL RIGHTS 12-63
(1) PROTECTION OF AUTHORS UNDER GENERAL LEGAL RULES 12-66
(2) RIGHT TO BE IDENTIFIED 12-69
(A) ENTITLEMENT AND DURATION 12-69
XV
CONTENTS
(B) ASSERTION
12
~
70
(C) PRECLUSION
12
~
71
(D) ACTS COVERED 12-72
(E) IMPACT
12
~
74
(3) RIGHT TO OBJECT TO DEROGATORY TREATMENT 12-75
(A) ENTITLEMENT AND DURATION 12-75
(B) EXERCISE AND PRECLUSION 12-78
(C) ACTS COVERED 12-80
(D) IMPACT
12
-
81
(4) FALSE ATTRIBUTION 12~
83
(5) RIGHT TO PRIVACY 12-85
(6) OVERALL SIGNIFICANCE 12-87
13. PROPERTY RIGHTS AND EXPLOITATION 13-01
1. INITIAL OWNERSHIP 13-04
(1) LITERARY, DRAMATIC, MUSICAL AND ARTISTIC WORKS; FILMS 13-04
(A) LEGAL FRAMEWORK 13-04
(B) EMPLOYMENT 13-05
(C) CONTRACTS TO THE CONTRARY 13-07
(D) COPYRIGHT EXTENDED AND REVIVED 13-08
(2) ENTREPRENEURIAL COPYRIGHT 13-10
2. ASSIGNMENTS AND LICENSING 13-11
(1) THE DISTINCTION 13-11
(2) FORMAL REQUIREMENT 13-12
(A) STATUTORY PROVISIONS 13-12
(B) IMPLIED LICENCES 13-13
(C) TRANS-NATIONAL MOVEMENT OF GOODS 13-14
(3) CO-OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT 13-19
3. DEALINGS BASED ON COPYRIGHT 13-22
(1) TYPES OF DEALING 13-22
(2) LEGAL CONTROLS ON BARGAINING 13-26
(A) RESTRAINT OF TRADE 13-27
(B) UNDUE INFLUENCE 13-30
(C) EC COMPETITION LAW 13-34
(3) THE MAIN COPYRIGHT INDUSTRIES 13-35
(A) PUBLISHING 13-35
(B) MUSIC 13-38
(C) SCREENWRITING: FILM, TELEVISION AND VIDEO 13-44
(D) VISUAL ARTS 13-49
4. CONTROL OF MONOPOLY 13-51
(1) THE 1988 ACT 13-51
(2) THE COPYRIGHT TRIBUNAL 13-54
(3) DOMINANT POSITION IN THE EC 13-59
14. COPYRIGHT: PARTICULAR CASES 14-01
1. THE MEDIA AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST IN NEWS 14-02
(1) COPYRIGHT IN NEWS 14-03
(2) FAIR DEALING AND RECORDED SPEECH 14-04
(3) ORGANISATION AND JOURNALIST 14-08
2. REPROGRAPHY AND RECORDING: EDUCATIONAL AND PRIVATE COPYING 14-10
(1) VISUAL COPIES OF LITERARY AND OTHER MATERIAL 14-12
(A) FAIR DEALING AND OTHER EXCEPTIONS 14-12
(B) THE REPROGRAPHY PROBLEM 14-13
XVI
CONTENTS
(C) RIGHTS FOR PUBLISHERS 14-17
(2) AUDIO AND VIDEO COPYING 14-19
3. CABLE AND SATELLITE TRANSMISSION 14-24
4. RIGHTS IN PERFORMANCES 14-30
(1) THE CURRENT LAW 14-32
(2) OTHER CHARACTERISTICS 14-36
(3) REMEDIES FOR INFRINGEMENT 14-37
5. PUBLIC LENDING RIGHT 14-38
(1) BACKGROUND 14-38
(2) THE PLR SCHEME FOR BOOKS 14-42
(3) PUBLIC "RENTAL" 14-44
6. ARTISTS' RESALE RIGHT: DROIT DE SUITE 14-45
7. CROWN AND PARLIAMENTARY COPYRIGHT 14-47
15. INDUSTRIAL DESIGN 15-01
1. BACKGROUND 15-01
(1) ORIGINS OF DESIGN REGISTRATION 15-02
(2) COPYRIGHT ACT 1911 15-03
(3) COPYRIGHT ACT 1956 15-04
(4) DESIGN COPYRIGHT ACT 1968 15-05
(5) BRITISH LEY LAND V ARMSTRONG; CANON V GREEN CARTRIDGE 15-06
(6) COPYRIGHT DESIGNS AND PATENTS ACT 1988 15-07
(7) THE COMMUNITY INTERVENTIONS BY REGULATION AND DIRECTIVE 15-08
(8) ORDER OF THE CHAPTER 15-09
2. REGISTERED DESIGNS 15-10
(1) REQUIREMENTS FOR A REGISTRABLE DESIGN (VALIDITY) 15-12
(A) PRODUCT DESIGN 15-13
(B) NOVELTY AND INDIVIDUAL CHARACTER 15-17
(C) TECHNICAL FUNCTION 15-19
(D) PUBLIC POLICY AND MORALITY 15-21
(E) PROPRIETORSHIP AND DEALINGS: RIGHT TO BE NAMED 15-22
(2) REGISTRATION AND TERM 15-23
(3) PROPERTY RIGHTS 15-24
(4) RIGHT GIVEN BY REGISTRATION 15-25
(A) THE TEST OF SCOPE 15-25
(B) WRONGFUL ACTS 15-26
(C) EXCLUSIONS FROM PROTECTION 15-27
(D) "COMPLEX PRODUCTS" 15-28
(5) CROWN USE 15-29
3. COMMUNITY UNREGISTERED DESIGN RIGHT (UDR) 15-30
4. ARTISTIC COPYRIGHT 15-31
(1) THE EXCLUSION OF DESIGN DOCUMENTS AND MODELS 15-31
(A) "DESIGN DOCUMENT OR MODEL RECORDING OR EMBODYING A
DESIGN FOR ANYTHING OTHER THAN AN ARTISTIC WORK ." 15-32
(B) "ANY ASPECT OF SHAPE OR CONFIGURATION . OTHER THAN
SURFACE DECORATION" 15-35
(2) THE LIMITATION OF DURATION 15-36
5. BRITISH UNREGISTERED DESIGN RIGHT 15-37
(1) SUBJECT-MATTER 15-37
(2) QUALIFICATION 15-43
(3) EXCLUSIVE RIGHT 15-45
(4) AUTHORSHIP AND FIRST OWNERSHIP 15-47
(5) DURATION AND LICENCES OF RIGHT 15-48
XVII
CONTENTS
(6) A BRIEF COMPARISON 15-51
(7) TOPOGRAPHY RIGHT 15-52
PART V: TRADE MARKS AND NAMES
16. COMPETITOR AND CONSUMER 16-01
1. UNDERLYING THEMES 16-01
2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 16-04
(1) JUDICIAL PROTECTION 16-04
(2) THE TRADE MARKS REGISTER 16-08
(3) TRADE MARKS IN WORLD TRADE 16-13
(A) INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS 16-13
(B) THE COMMUNITY MARK AND THE EU TRADE MARK
APPROXIMATION DIRECTIVE 16-16
(C) UNFAIR COMPETITION AND CONSUMER PROTECTION 16-19
(D) SOURCE INDICATIONS AND OTHER NAMING SYSTEMS 16-21
3. THE PURPOSE OF PROTECTING TRADE MARKS 16-22
(1) TRADE MARK FUNCTIONS 16-22
(2) INFORMATION VERSUS PROMOTION 16-23
(3) FUNCTIONS AND RIGHTS 16-28
17. COMMON LAW LIABILITY 17-01
1. PASSING OFF 17-01
(1) THE CLAIMANT'S REPUTATION 17-07
(A) NOT JUST CONFUSION 17-07
(B) DISTINGUISHING FEATURE 17-08
(C) SECONDARY MEANING 17-12
(D) PERSONAL NAMES 17-13
(E) MARK BECOMING DESCRIPTIVE 17-14
(F) CONCURRENT REPUTATION 17-15
(G) GEOGRAPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 17-16
(H) TEMPORAL CONSIDERATIONS 17-18
(I) DEALINGS IN TRADE REPUTATION 17-19
(2) DEFENDANT'S REPRESENTATION 17-22
(A) DEFENDANT'S STATE OF MIND 17-22
(B) FORM OF PASSING OFF 17-23
(C) LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 17-24
(D) DESCRIPTIVE CONNOTATION 17-26
(E) RESPONSIBILITY UPON THE DEFENDANT 17-27
(F) PROOF OF LIKELY DECEPTION 17-28
(3) LIKELIHOOD OF DAMAGE 17-29
(A) LIKELY DAMAGE 17-29
(B) GOODS OR BUSINESS NOT THE SAME 17-30
(C) NOT TRADING IN THE SAME GEOGRAPHICAL AREA 17-31
(D) NOT TRADING: OTHER SUFFICIENT REPUTATION 17-32
(E) NOT TRADING: SPONSORSHIP AND PERSONALITY ASSOCIATION 17-33
(4) THE PROPER SCOPE OF PASSING OFF 17-36
(A) NATURE OF THE DECEPTION 17-37
(B) NATURE OF THE INJURY 17-41
(C) CHARACTER MERCHANDISING 17-44
2. INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD 17-48
XVUI
CONTENTS
(1) ELEMENTS OF THE TORT
(A) THE FALSEHOOD
(B) MALICE
(C) SPECIAL DAMAGE
(2) PARTICULAR ASPECTS
(A) RELATION TO OTHER TORTS
(B) FALSE CLAIMS OF INFRINGEMENT
(C) COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING
18. REGISTERED TRADE MARKS
1. REGISTRATION SYSTEMS
2. THE PROCESS OF REGISTRATION
(1) PROCEDURE FOR A UK APPLICATION
(A) APPLICANTS
(B) PRIORITY
(C) CLASSIFICATION
(D) SEARCH AND EXAMINATION
(E) OPPOSITION
(F) APPEAL
(G) REGISTRATION AND TERM
(2) MADRID PROTOCOL: INTERNATIONAL APPLICATIONS
(3) COMMUNITY TRADE MARKS
3. PROPRIETARY INTERESTS AND LICENSES
(1) ASSIGNMENT
(2) LICENSING
4. CONDITIONS FOR SECURING REGISTRATION: ABSOLUTE GROUNDS
(1) "TRADE MARK"
(A) CAPACITY TO DISTINGUISH
(B) GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION
(C) UNDERTAKING
(2) ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE GROUNDS
(3) ABSOLUTE GROUNDS: GENERAL CATEGORIES
(A) STATUTORY PROVISIONS
(B) COUNTERVAILING EVIDENCE TO SHOW ACQUIRED DISTINCTIVENESS
(C) INDEFEASIBLE OBJECTIONS
(D) "DEVOID OF DISTINCTIVENESS"
(E) "DESCRIPTIVENESS"
(F) "CUSTOMARY USAGE"
(4) ABSOLUTE GROUNDS: SPECIFIC CATEGORIES
(A) SHAPES
(B) PERSONALITY AND CHARACTER MERCHANDISING
(C) PUBLIC INTEREST
(D) STATE, OFFICIAL AND ROYAL EMBLEMS AND OTHER INDICIA
5. CONDITIONS FOR SECURING REGISTRATION: THE RELATIVE GROUNDS
(1) EARLIER MARKS
(2) EARLIER RIGHTS
(3) ANTI-DILUTION MEASURES
(4) OTHER FACTORS
(A) PUBLIC INTEREST
(B) SCOPE OF OBJECTIONS
(C) DISCLAIMER
(5) COMPARISON BETWEEN MARKS
(A) THE BASIS FOR COMPARISON
17-48
17-49
17-50
17-51
17-52
17-52
17-53
17-54
18-01
18-01
18-02
18-03
18-03
18-04
18-05
18-06
18-07
18-08
18-09
18-10
18-11
18-12
18-13
18-14
18-16
18-16
18-17
18-20
18-21
18-22
18-23
18-24
18-25
18-28
18-29
18-35
18-39
18-40
18-40
18-46
18^7
18-51
18-52
18-53
18-54
18-55
18-58
18-58
18-59
18-60
18-62
18-62
XIX
CONTENTS
(B) FACTORS IN THE COMPARISON 18-64
(6) COMMUNITY TRADE MARKS 18-66
6. REVOCATION AND INVALIDITY 18-68
(1) REVOCATION FOR NON-USE 18-69
(A) SCOPE OF THE GROUND 18-70
(B) EXCEPTIONS 18-72
(2) MARK BECOMING GENERIC 18-74
(3) MARK BECOMING DECEPTIVE 18-76
7. INVALIDITY OF A REGISTERED MARK 18-79
(1) ABSOLUTE GROUNDS 18-80
(2) RELATIVE GROUNDS: ACQUIESCENCE 18-81
8. INFRINGEMENT 18-82
(1) INFRINGEMENT OF A UK REGISTERED MARK 18-84
(A) TYPES OF USE AMOUNTING TO INFRINGEMENT 18-85
(B) THE WRONG TO THE REGISTERED MARK 18-86
(C) SCOPE OF INFRINGEMENT: OTHER FACTORS 18-107
(D) LIMITATIONS UPON INFRINGEMENT 18-110
(2) EXHAUSTION OF RIGHT 18-113
(3) INFRINGEMENT OF A CTM 18-115
(4) TRADE MARKS AND PARALLEL IMPORTING 18-119
PART VI: THE EUROPEAN DIMENSION AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES
19. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE EUROPEAN
UNION 19-01
1. THE INTERNAL MARKET: "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY" 19-02
(1) FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS 19-02
(A) PRELIMINARY FACTORS 19-03
(B) BASIC RULE AND ITS APPLICATION 19-04
(C) JUSTIFICATIONS 19-05
(D) THE "COMMON ORIGIN" ADVENTURE 19-06
(E) ABSENCE OF CONSENT 19-07
(0 REPACKAGING AND RELABELLING 19-09
(2) RIGHTS IN PERFORMANCE AND OTHER TEMPORARY USE 19-10
2. INTERNAL MARKET: UNFAIR COMPETITION 19-11
3. THE RULES OF COMPETITION 19-14
4. PARALLEL IMPORTATION FROM OUTSIDE THE EEA 19-17
20. DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY: COMPUTERS AND THE
INTERNET 20-01
1. COMPUTER PROGRAMS 20-03
(1) COPYRIGHT IN PROGRAMS 20-04
(A) EXISTENCE OF COPYRIGHT 20-07
(B) EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS 20-09
(C) SUBSTANTIAL TAKING 20-10
(D) EXCEPTIONS 20-16
(2) PATENTS FOR COMPUTER PROGRAMS 20-26
(A) PATENTABLE SUBJECT-MATTER 20-26
(B) SCOPE OF RIGHTS 20-33
(C) BUSINESS METHODS 20-34
XX
CONTENTS
2. STORED CONTENT AND OUTPUT 20-35
(1) DATABASES 20-35
(A) COPYRIGHT ORIGINALITY 20-35
(B) THE DATABASE DIRECTIVE 20-37
(2) COMPUTER OUTPUT 20-44
(3) MULTI-MEDIA: PROGRAM AND CONTENT MIXED 20-46
(A) WORK 20-47
(B) AUTHOR 20-49
(C) ADAPTATION 20-50
(D) MORAL RIGHTS AND DIGITAL MANIPULATION 20-51
3. MATERIAL ON THE INTERNET 20-52
(1) INTRODUCTORY 20-52
(A) THE INTERNET AND COPYRIGHT 20-52
(B) COPYRIGHT AND ADJUNCT PROTECTION 20-56
(C) LEGISLATIVE MOVES 20-57
(D) PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND PROCEDURE 20-58
(2) BRITISH LAW AND ITS AMENDMENT 20-59
(A) ILLICIT MATERIAL 20-60
(B) LEGITIMATE MATERIAL 20-71
4. DOMAIN NAME DISPUTES 20-90
(1) INTERNET ADDRESSES 20-90
21. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 21-20
1. INTRODUCTION 21-01
(1) A HALF-CENTURY OF MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY 21-01
(2) BIOLOGICAL BASIS 21-02
(3) THE HPG AND ITS POLITICS 21-03
(4) PUBLIC AND PRIVATE RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 21-04
(5) GROWTH OF PATENTS ON BIOTECHNOLOGY 21-05
2. PATENT SYSTEMS AND BIOETHICS 21-06
(1) DISCOVERY AND INVENTION 21-07
3. PATENTABILITY: PUBLIC POLICY AND MORALITY 21-09
(1) JUSTICIABILITY 21-09
(2) MORALITY: GENETIC ANIMAL DESIGN 21-10
(3) PUBLIC POLICY: GM PLANTS 21-11
(4) ETHICAL OBJECTIONS: HUMAN TISSUE 21-12
(5) CLARIFICATION BY DIRECTIVE 21-13
(6) HUMAN STEM-CELL RESEARCH 21-14
4. PATENTS AND HUMAN GENETICS 21-15
(1) NOVELTY AND INVENTIVE STEP 21-16
(2) EXCESSIVE CLAIMS 21-17
(3) "ANTI-COMMONS" THAT IMPEDE R & D 21-18
(4) RESEARCH TOOL PATENTS AND EXPERIMENTAL USE 21-20
(5) THE CAUSES OF ANGUISH 21-21
5. OTHER IPRS AND GENETIC KNOWLEDGE 22-23
6. DERIVED CELL-LINES AND PARTICIPATION 21-24
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1*COMPETITION LAW AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: NOTE ON
INSTITUTIONS AND SOME SUBSTANTIVE RULES AL-01
XXI
CONTENTS
APPENDIX 2*JOINT INTERESTS IN MARKS, NAMES AND SYMBOLS A2-01
APPENDIX 3*PROTECTION OF PLANT VARIETIES A3-01
INDEX 923 |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
PREFACE TO SIXTH EDITION V
TABLE OF CASES XXIII
TABLE OF STATUTES XCVII
TABLE OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS DX
TABLE OF EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION CXIII
TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES, CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS CXIX
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
PART I: COMMON GROUND
1. STARTING POINTS 1-01
1. GENERAL 1-01
(1) "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY" 1-02
(2) ORGANISATION OF THE MATERIAL 1-02
2. TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 1-04
(1) PATENTS (CHAPTERS 3-7, 21) 1-05
(2) COPYRIGHT (CHAPTERS 10-14, 20) 1-06
(3) TRADE MARKS AND NAMES (CHAPTERS 16-18) 1-07
(4) OTHER ASPIRANTS 1-08
(A) INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS (CHAPTER 15) 1-09
(B) TRADE SECRETS AND OTHER CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION (CHAPTERS 8
AND 9) 1-10
(C) FURTHER DEMANDS 1-1!
3. PRESSURES FOR DEVELOPMENT 1-12
(1) SPECIFIC RIGHTS AND UNFAIR COMPETITION 1-13
(2) ENHANCEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 1-23
(A) DEMANDS FOR GREATER PROTECTION 1-23
(B) SOURCES OF UK LAW: LEGISLATION AND INTERPRETATION 1-25
(C) SOURCES OF EUROPEAN UNION LAW: GENERAL 1-26
-28
-29
-30
-33
-35
-37
-39
(1) PROPERTY RIGHTS 1-40
(2) MONOPOLIST BEHAVIOUR
(D) THE EU TREATY AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
(E) EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
(F) LEGAL ISSUES ACROSS STATE BOUNDARIES; INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS
(G) INTERNATIONAL TREATIES: AUTHORITY AND APPLICABILITY
(3) CHALLENGES TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: POLITICAL
(4) CHALLENGES TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: TECHNOLOGICAL
4. PROPERTY AND MONOPOLY: ECONOMIC APPROACHES
VU
CONTENTS
(3) THE PRESUMPTION AGAINST MONOPOLY 1-44
(4) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND MONOPOLY 1-45
DIVISION OF MARKETS AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA 1-48
(1) DIVIDING MARKETS 1-48
(2) EXHAUSTION OF RIGHTS 1-49
(3) THE IDEA OF A COMMON MARKET 1-50
(4) FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS 1-51
(5) RULES OF COMPETITION 1-53
(6) RELATION BETWEEN THE TWO POLICIES 1-55
(A) TRADE BETWEEN MEMBER STATES 1-56
(B) THE ECONOMIC COUNTER-BALANCE 1-57
(7) OVERVIEW OF THE PARALLEL IMPORTATION PROBLEM 1-58
2. THE ENFORCEMENT OF RIGHTS 2-01
1. TYPES OF PROCEEDING 2-04
(1) CIVIL CAUSES OF ACTION 2-05
(A) OWNERS AND LICENSEES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 2-06
(B) DEFENDANTS 2-07
(C) HIGH COURT AND COUNTY COURT 2-10
(D) GENERAL TORTS COVERING ECONOMIC LOSS 2-12
(2) CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 2-19
(A) OFFENCES SPECIFICALLY CONCERNING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 2-20
(B) CONSPIRACY TO DEFRAUD 2-21
(C) CRIMES AND CIVIL RELIEF 2-22
(3) ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES 2-23
(A) CUSTOMS PROHIBITION 2-23
(B) TRADING STANDARDS AUTHORITIES 2-24
(C) SUPERVISION OF ADVERTISING 2-25
(D) ADVERTISING STANDARDS AUTHORITY 2-26
(4) SELF-HELP 2-27
2. REMEDIES IN CIVIL ACTIONS 2-28
(1) INJUNCTION 2-31
(A) INTERIM INJUNCTION 2-32
(B) FINAL INJUNCTION 2-37
(2) DELIVERY UP 2-38
(3) DAMAGES 2-39
(A) BASES FOR ASSESSMENT 2-39
(B) INNOCENCE 2-42
(4) ACCOUNT OF PROFITS 2^3
(5) "FRANKING" 2-45
(6) REMEDIES FOR ACTS WHICH ARE NOT THEMSELVES INFRINGEMENTS 2-A6
3. SECURING EVIDENCE OF INFRINGEMENT 2^T7
(1) SEARCH ORDER FOR INSPECTION AND OTHER RELIEF 2^8
(A) REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ORDER 2-48
(B) DANGERS IN THE PROCESS 2-49
(C) CHALLENGES TO THE ORDER 2-52
(D) SELF-INCRIMINATION 2-54
(2) FREEZING INJUNCTION FOR THE RETENTION OF ASSETS 2-56
(3) DISCOVERY OF NAMES 2-58
(4) DISCLOSURE, INTERROGATORIES, INSPECTION 2-59
4. DELAYED AMBUSH AND SELECTIVE ACTION 2-62
(1) LIMITATION OF ACTIONS 2-63
(2) ACQUIESCENCE 2-64
VIII
CONTENTS
(3) ESTOPPELS OF RECORD (RES JUDICATA) 2-65
(A) JUDGMENT IN REM 2-66
(B) CAUSE OF ACTION ESTOPPEL 2-67
(C) ISSUE ESTOPPEL 2-68
(4) ACTIONS CONCERNING FOREIGN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 2-72
(A) FOREIGN INFRINGEMENTS 2-72
(B) JURISDICTION: THE JUDGMENTS REGULATION OF 2002 2-74
(C) RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT: THE REGULATION AND THE
CONVENTIONS 2-82
(D) FOREIGN DEFENDANT FROM OUTSIDE EU AND EFTA 2-83
(E) AN INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT CONVENTION? 2-84
(0 CHOICE OF APPLICABLE LAW 2-85
(G) FOREIGN TRANSACTIONS 2-86
(5) MAKING OTHERS RESPONSIBLE 2-90
(6) ESTABLISHING FREEDOM FROM LIABILITY 2-92
(7) THREATS TO SUE 2-93
PART II: PATENTS
3. GROWTH AND PURPOSE OF PATENTS 3-01
1. THE NEW DEAL OF 1978 3-01
2. THE BRITISH PATENT SYSTEM: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 3-04
(1) BEGINNINGS 3-04
(2) THE COMING OF INDUSTRIALISATION 3-06
3. THE "INTERNATIONAL" PATENT SYSTEM 3-13
(1) FOREIGN IMPACT UPON NATIONAL SYSTEMS 3-13
(2) HOSTILITY TO PATENTS 3-16
(3) CO-OPERATION IN PATENTING: WORLD-WIDE LINKAGES 3-19
(4) CO-OPERATION IN PATENTING: WESTERN EUROPE 3-23
(5) A SECOND-TIER RIGHT FOR EUROPE 3-30
4. JUSTIFYING THE PATENT SYSTEM 3-36
(1) BASIC OBJECTIVES 3-36
(2) PATENTS AS INCENTIVES TO INVENT AND INNOVATE 3-38
(A) TYPES OF INVENTOR 3-39
(B) LEVELS OF INVENTION 3-42
(C) OPTIMUM TERM FOR PATENTS
(3) PATENTS AS AN INFORMATION SYSTEM
(4) ADAPTING THE PATENT SYSTEM: NEW TECHNOLOGY 3-52
5. THE PATENTS ACT 1977: STRUCTURE AND INTERPRETATION 3-54
4. THE PATENT: GRANT AND CONTENT 4-0!
1. OBTAINING A PATENT 4-01
(1) GENERAL 4-01
(A) PARALLEL ROUTES 4-01
(B) COMPETITION BETWEEN THE SYSTEMS 4-02
(C) LANGUAGES 4-04
(2) PERSONS ENTITLED TO GRANT 4-06
(3) PATENT SPECIFICATION 4-09
(4) PRIORITY 4-10
(5) SECRECY: NATIONAL INTEREST 4-I4
(6) UNITY AND DIVISION 4-15
IX
CONTENTS
(7) FORMAL EXAMINATION
(8) SEARCH AND EXAMINATION
(A) INTRODUCTORY
(B) SEARCH
(C) EARLY PUBLICATION OF APPLICATION
(D) AMENDING DURING PROSECUTION
(E) THE COURSE OF EXAMINATION
(0 TIME-LIMITS
(9) GRANT AND RENEWAL
(10) OBJECTIONS TO VALIDITY AFTER GRANT
2. AMENDMENT
(1) INTRODUCTORY
(2) AMENDMENT: GENERAL
(A) LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
(B) THE DISCRETION
(3) CORRECTIONS OF ERRORS
3. CLAIMS
(1) CLAIMS AND INFRINGEMENT: AN INTRODUCTION
(2) INTERPRETATION OF SPECIFICATIONS
(3) THE ADDRESSEE OF THE SPECIFICATION
(4) THE APPLICATION FILE
(5) TYPES OF CLAIM
(A) GENERAL
(B) CHEMICAL INVENTIONS
5. VALIDITY
1. NOVELTY
(1) INTRODUCTION
(2) PUBLICATION AND USE
(3) MATERIAL AVAILABLE FOR CONSIDERATION
(A) TEMPORAL FACTORS
(B) TERRITORIAL FACTORS
(C) FORM
(D) DEGREE OF DISSEMINATION
(E) MATTER IN PRIOR SPECIFICATIONS
(0 SPECIAL EXCLUSIONS
(4) RELATIONS BETWEEN ANTICIPATION AND INVENTION IN SUIT
(A) THE COMPARISON
(B) THE ANTICIPATION: CLARITY AND SUFFICIENCY OF A DOCUMENT
(C) THE ANTICIPATION: APPRECIATION OF SIGNIFICANCE OF AN
EMBODIMENT
(5) THINGS AND THEIR USES
(A) NEW THING WITH AN ADVANTAGE
(B) NEW USE OF AN OLD THING
(C) SELECTION PATENTS
(D) NEW ADVANTAGE OF OLD THING
(6) EXCLUSION BY AMENDMENT
2. INVENTIVE STEP
(1) INTRODUCTION
(A) TERMINOLOGY
(B) PARAPHRASES
(C) OBJECTIVE TEST
(D) ADVANCE IN THE ART
4-16
4-17
4-17
4-19
4-20
4-21
4-22
4-23
4-24
4-27
4-30
4-30
4-31
4-31
4-34
4-35
4-37
4-37
4-41
4-43
4-45
4-46
4^16
4-47
5-01
5-03
5-03
5-06
5-09
5-10
5-11
5-12
5-13
5-14
5-16
5-17
5-17
5-18
5-19
5-21
5-21
5-22
5-23
5-26
5-28
5-29
5-29
5-31
5-32
5-33
5-34
CONTENTS
(E) NEW ADVANTAGE AND NEW USE 5-35
(F) PERCEPTION OF PROBLEM 5-36
(G) ONUS OF PROOF 5-37
(2) ASSESSING OBVIOUSNESS 5-38
(A) THE NOTIONAL SKILLED WORKER 5-38
(B) THE UNINVENTIVE TECHNICIAN'S KNOWLEDGE 5-39
(C) "MOSAICING" 5-42
(D) OBSCURE SOURCES: PUBLICATION
(E) OBSCURE SOURCES: COMPREHENSION
(3) THE BASIC COMPARISON 5-45
(A) PROXIMITY TO THE PRIOR ART
(B) OBVIOUS TO TRY: CHEMICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INVENTIONS
(C) TECHNICAL ADVANTAGE AND COMMERCIAL SUCCESS 5-51
3. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION 5-53
4. PATENTABLE SUBJECT-MATTER 5-54
(1) INTELLECTUAL CONCEPTIONS 5-56
(A) DISCOVERIES 5-56
(B) SCHEMES FOR PERFORMING MENTAL ACTS; BUSINESS METHODS;
PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION 5-59
(C) AESTHETIC CREATIONS 5-61
(D) COMPUTER PROGRAMS 5-62
(2) BIOLOGICAL SUBJECT-MATTER 5-64
(A) METHODS OF TREATING THE HUMAN OR ANIMAL BODY 5-67
(B) PLANT AND ANIMAL VARIETIES; CERTAIN PROCESSES FOR THEIR
PRODUCTION 5-76
(C) "ORDRE PUBLIC" AND MORALITY 5-83
5. CLEAR AND COMPLETE DISCLOSURE 5-84
(1) GENERAL 5-84
(2) MAKING THE DISCLOSURE 5-86
(3) MICRO-ORGANISM DEPOSIT 5-89
(4) GOOD FAITH IN DISCLOSING 5-90
6. REQUIREMENT FOR CLAIMS 5-92
(1) CLAIMS AND DISCLOSURE 5-92
(2) AMBIGUOUS CLAIMS 5-97
6. SCOPE OF MONOPOLY 6-FLI
1. INFRINGEMENT 6-01
(1) INTRODUCTION 6-01
(2) THE ROLE OF THE CLAIMS 6-02
(3) TYPE OF INFRINGING ACTIVITY 6-09
(A) INFRINGEMENT DURING MANUFACTURE 6-11
(B) INFRINGEMENT AFTER MANUFACTURE: GENERAL PROVISIONS 6-12
(C) AFTER MANUFACTURE: EXHAUSTION OF RIGHTS 6-15
(D) BEFORE MANUFACTURE: "INDIRECT" AND OTHER INFRINGEMENT 6-17
(E) NEW MEDICAL AND OTHER APPLICATIONS OF KNOWN SUBSTANCES 6-20
(4) PRIOR USE AND COMMENCEMENT INFRINGEMENT 6-21
(5) PROCEEDINGS CONCERNING THE INFRINGEMENT AND VALIDITY OF PATENTS 6-23
2. THE SPECIFICATION IN LIGHT OF THE LEGAL REQUIREMENTS 6-28
(1) THE DESCRIPTION 6-29
(2) THE CLAIMS 6-30
(3) PITFALLS OF SAYING TOO MUCH 6-31
XI
CONTENTS
7. PROPERTY RIGHTS AND EXPLOITATION 7 01
1. INITIAL ENTITLEMENT AND PROPERTY DEALINGS 7-02
(1) THE RIGHT TO GRANT: GENERAL 7-02
(2) THE RIGHT TO GRANT: EMPLOYEES 7-03
(A) COMMON LAW RULES 7-03
(B) THE CHANGES IN THE 1977 ACT 7-06
(C) BASIC ENTITLEMENT UNDER THE 1977 ACT 7-07
(D) COMPENSATION AND EMPLOYERS' INVENTIONS 7-08
(E) COMPENSATION AND EMPLOYEES' INVENTIONS 7-09
(F) SCOPE OF THE PROVISIONS 7-10
(G) BY-PASSING THE ACT: COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS 7-11
(H) BY-PASSING THE ACT: INDIVIDUAL AGREEMENTS 7-12
(I) BY-PASSING THE ACT BY NOT PATENTING 7-13
(J) ADMINISTRATION 7-14
(3) DEALING IN RIGHTS 7-15
(A) FORMALITIES 7-16
(B) THE REGISTER 7-17
(4) CO-OWNERSHIP 7-18
2. LICENCES OF PATENTS AND ALLIED RIGHTS 7-19
(1) TRADITIONAL APPROACH 7-19
(2) TYPES OF LICENCE 7-20
(A) INTERESTS AT THE START 7-21
(B) RIGHTS IN THE TECHNOLOGY 7-22
(C) EXCLUSIVITY 7-23
(3) PARTICULAR TERMS IN LICENSES 7-24
(A) BASIC OBLIGATIONS 7-24
(B) DURATION 7-25
(C) IMPROVEMENTS 7-26
(D) TIES 7-27
(E) PROTECTION FOR THE LICENSOR 7-28
(F) PROTECTION FOR THE LICENSEE 7-29
(4) COMPETITION LAW CRITERIA 7-30
(5) DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN COMMISSION POLICY ON PATENT LICENSES 7-32
(6) EXCLUSIVITY 7-34
(7) RESTRICTIVE TERMS 7-36
(A) RESTRICTIONS ON PRODUCTION AND SALE 7-36
(B) PREVIOUS OBJECTIONS NOW LIFTED 7-37
3. COMPULSORY LICENCES 7-39
(1) COMPULSORY LICENSING UNDER THE 1977 ACT 7-43
(A) LEGAL GROUNDS 7-43
(B) THE DISCRETION 7-46
4. CROWN USE 7^9
PART NI: CONFIDENCE AND PERSONAL PRIVACY
8. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 8-01
1. INTRODUCTION 8-01
(1) NATURE OF THE LIABILITY 8-01
(2) CONFIDENCE AND PATENTS 8-02
(3) CONFIDENCE AND COPYRIGHT 8-04
(4) HISTORICAL AND DOCTRINAL 8-06
XU
CONTENTS
2. REQUIREMENTS FOR LIABILITY 8-09
(1) SUBJECT-MATTER CAPABLE OF PROTECTION 8-10
(A) TYPES OF INFORMATION 8-10
(B) INFORMATION AND OBSERVATION 8-11
(C) PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE 8-12
(D) PUBLIC INTEREST 8-15
(E) GOVERNMENT SECRETS 8-19
(2) CONFIDENTIAL OBLIGATION 8-20
(A) CONFIDENCE IN THE RECEIPT OF INFORMATION 8-20
(B) FIDUCIARY DUTIES 8-23
(C) EMPLOYER AND EMPLOYEE 8-24
(D) GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS AND AGENCIES 8-31
(E) THE INDIRECT RECIPIENT 8-32
(F) ABSENCE OF ANY RELATIONSHIP 8-34
(3) UNAUTHORISED USE 8-37
(A) WRONGFUL ACTS 8-37
(B) THE DEFENDANT'S STATE OF MIND 8-38
(C) DETRIMENT TO THE PLAINTIFF 8-39
3. REMEDIES 8^(0
(1) INJUNCTION AND OTHER EQUITABLE REMEDIES 8-40
(A) INTERIM INJUNCTIONS 8-^41
(B) DISCRETION TO GRANT INJUNCTION 8-46
(2) DAMAGES AND OTHER MONETARY RELIEF 8^T7
4. CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION AS "PROPERTY" 8-50
5. TRADE SECRET MISUSE: CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY 8-55
9. PERSONAL PRIVACY 9-01
1. PRIVACY AND CONFIDENCE 9-01
(1) INDEPENDENCE FOR PRIVACY CLAIMS 9-01
(2) THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION 9-02
(3) PRIVACY: THE ENGLISH TRADITION 9-04
(4) JURISDICTIONS CONCERNED WITH PRIVACY 9-05
(5) EMERGENCE OF PERSONAL PRIVACY ACTION FOR BREACH OF CONFIDENCE 9-06
2. CONSTITUENT ELEMENTS OF PRIVACY CLAIMS 9-08
(1) REASONABLE EXPECTATION OF PRIVACY 9-09
(2) CLAIMANTS: DATA SUBJECTS AND CARERS 9-11
(3) DURATION OF THE CLAIM 9-12
(4) DEFENDANT'S BREACH 9-13
(5) THE DEFENDANT'S STATE OF MIND 9-14
(6) JUSTIFIABLE DISCLOSURES: GENERAL 9-15
(7) JUSTIFIABLE DISCLOSURES: FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION IN THE MEDIA 9-16
(8) THE DATA SUBJECT'S INTEREST: CONTINUED SECRECY OR EXPLOITATION 9-19
(9) QUASI-PROPRIETARY CHARACTERISTICS 9-20
3. CONSEQUENTIAL ISSUES 9-21
(1) RAPID RESPONSE: PRIOR RESTRAINT 9-21
(2) COMPENSATION AFTER DISCLOSURE 9-22
(3) DATA PROTECTION COMPENSATION 9-23
XUI
CONTENTS
PART IV: COPYRIGHT AND DESIGNS
10. RANGE AND AIMS OF COPYRIGHT 10-01
1. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 10-01
(1) THE EMERGENCE OF COPYRIGHT 10-01
(2) ADDITIONS TO COPYRIGHT: NINETEENTH CENTURY EXPERIENCE 10-04
(3) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND THE ACT OF 1911 10-06
(4) DEVELOPMENTS SINCE 1945 10-09
(A) THE 1956 ACT 10-09
(B) INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS 10-11
(C) THE NEW ACTIVISM: FROM 1985 10-17
(D) INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS: CURRENT SCOPE 10-24
(E) COPYRIGHT, UNFAIR COMPETITION AND INDUSTRIAL DESIGN 10-39
2. VALUES AND INTERESTS 10-12
3. ECONOMIC AND PUBLIC INTEREST PERSPECTIVES 10-45
(1) MARKET POWER AND INDIVIDUAL WORKS 10-45
(2) COLLECTIVE ENFORCEMENT 10-49
(3) ENTREPRENEURS AND AUTHORS 10-52
(4) THE DURATION OF COPYRIGHT 10-54
4. THE 1988 ACT AND PRE-EXISTING WORKS 10-56
11. SUBSISTENCE OF COPYRIGHT 11-01
1. THE GENERAL PICTURE 11-01
2. THE TYPE AND QUALITY OF SUBJECT-MATTER 11-04
(1) ORIGINAL LITERARY, DRAMATIC, MUSICAL AND ARTISTIC WORKS 11-04
(A) LITERARY WORKS 11-05
(B) DRAMATIC WORKS 11-U
(C) MUSICAL WORKS: TYPE AND QUALITY 11-12
(D) ARTISTIC WORKS 11-13
(E) COMPUTER-GENERATED WORKS 11-22
(2) FILMS 11-23
(3) THE ENTREPRENEURIAL COPYRIGHTS 11-26
3. FORMALITIES AND PERMANENT FORM 11-32
(1) ABSENCE AND FORMALITIES 11-32
(2) PERMANENT FORM FOR THE WORK 11-33
4. QUALIFICATION 11-35
(1) QUALIFICATION BY PERSONAL STATUS 11-36
(2) CONNECTION BY PUBLICATION 11-37
5. PUBLICATION 11-38
6. TERM OF COPYRIGHT 11-42
(1) CLASSICAL WORKS OF AUTHORSHIP 11*43
(2) FILMS 11-45
(3) PHOTOGRAPHS 11-47
(4) RELIEVED COPYRIGHT: PROTECTION OF THIRD PARTIES 11-49
(5) "NEIGHBOURING" COPYRIGHTS 11-50
(6) SPECIAL CASES 11*51
(A) ANONYMOUS AND PSEUDONYMOUS WORKS 11*52
(B) CROWN AND PARLIAMENTARY COPYRIGHT 11-54
(7) LESSER TERMS OUTSIDE THE EEA 11-55
XIV
CONTENTS
12. INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT AND MORAL RIGHTS12-01
1. INFRINGEMENT: BASIC CONCEPTS 12-01
(1) OWNERSHIP OF THE ORIGINAL WORK 12-02
(2) MISAPPROPRIATION 12-03
(A) CAUSAL CONNECTION 12-03
(B) SUBCONSCIOUS COPYING 12-04
(C) INDIRECT COPYING 12-05
(3) SUBSTANTIAL TAKING 12-06
(A) UNALTERED COPYING 12-08
(B) EXTENT OF DEFENDANT'S ALTERATION 12-09
(C) CHARACTER OF PLAINTIFFS OR DEFENDANT'S WORK 12-12
(D) NATURE OF PLAINTIFFS EFFORT 12-13
(E) EXTENT OF PLAINTIFFS EFFORT 12-14
(0 MANNER IN WHICH THE DEFENDANT HAS TAKEN ADVANTAGE OF
PLAINTIFFS WORK 12-15
(G) WHETHER THE DEFENDANT'S USE WILL SERIOUSLY INTERFERE WITH
THE PLAINTIFFS EXPLOITATION OF HIS OWN WORK 12-16
(H) REPRODUCTION BY THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR 12-17
(4) INFRINGEMENT CARRIED OUT BY OTHERS 12-18
2. CLASSES OF PROHIBITED ACT 12-21
(1) RIGHTS CONCERNED WITH REPRODUCTION AND ADAPTATION 12-23
(A) PRIMARY INFRINGEMENT: COPYING 12-23
(B) PRIMARY INFRINGEMENT: ISSUING COPIES, RENTAL AND LENDING 12-27
(C) SECONDARY INFRINGEMENT: DEALINGS WITH COPIES 12-29
(2) RIGHTS CONCERNED WITH COMMUNICATIONS TO THE PUBLIC-
PERFORMANCE, BROADCASTING, INTERNET AND SIMILAR PROVISION 12-30
(A) PRIMARY INFRINGEMENT: COMMUNICATION TO THE PUBLIC 12-30
(B) PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC 12-32
(C) BROADCASTING 12-33
(D) SECONDARY INFRINGEMENT: PERFORMANCES 12-35
3. "FAIR DEALING" AND LIKE EXCEPTIONS 12-36
(1) FAIR DEALING 12-36
(A) GENERAL 12-36
(B) RESEARCH OR PRIVATE STUDY 12-39
(C) REPORTING CURRENT EVENTS 12-40
(D) CRITICISM OR REVIEW 12-41
(2) OTHER EXCEPTIONS 12^2
(A) EXCEPTIONS DESIGNED TO ENCOURAGE COLLECTIVE LICENSING SCHEMES 12-43
(B) EXCEPTIONS CONCERNING ARTISTIC WORKS 12-44
(C) BROADCASTS AND CABLE-CASTS 12-45
(D) PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 12-49
(E) MISCELLANEOUS DEFENCES IN THE 1998 ACT 12-50
(F) INTERNET TRANSMISSION 12-55
4. PUBLIC POLICY 12-56
(1) POLICY AGAINST LEGAL PROTECTION 12-57
(2) POLICY FAVOURING DISSEMINATION 12-58
5. ACTIONS FOR INFRINGEMENT 12-59
(1) DAMAGES 12-60
(2) PRESUMPTIONS IN COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT ACTIONS 12-62
6. MORAL RIGHTS 12-63
(1) PROTECTION OF AUTHORS UNDER GENERAL LEGAL RULES 12-66
(2) RIGHT TO BE IDENTIFIED 12-69
(A) ENTITLEMENT AND DURATION 12-69
XV
CONTENTS
(B) ASSERTION
12
~
70
(C) PRECLUSION
12
~
71
(D) ACTS COVERED 12-72
(E) IMPACT
12
~
74
(3) RIGHT TO OBJECT TO DEROGATORY TREATMENT 12-75
(A) ENTITLEMENT AND DURATION 12-75
(B) EXERCISE AND PRECLUSION 12-78
(C) ACTS COVERED 12-80
(D) IMPACT
12
-
81
(4) FALSE ATTRIBUTION 12~
83
(5) RIGHT TO PRIVACY 12-85
(6) OVERALL SIGNIFICANCE 12-87
13. PROPERTY RIGHTS AND EXPLOITATION 13-01
1. INITIAL OWNERSHIP 13-04
(1) LITERARY, DRAMATIC, MUSICAL AND ARTISTIC WORKS; FILMS 13-04
(A) LEGAL FRAMEWORK 13-04
(B) EMPLOYMENT 13-05
(C) CONTRACTS TO THE CONTRARY 13-07
(D) COPYRIGHT EXTENDED AND REVIVED 13-08
(2) ENTREPRENEURIAL COPYRIGHT 13-10
2. ASSIGNMENTS AND LICENSING 13-11
(1) THE DISTINCTION 13-11
(2) FORMAL REQUIREMENT 13-12
(A) STATUTORY PROVISIONS 13-12
(B) IMPLIED LICENCES 13-13
(C) TRANS-NATIONAL MOVEMENT OF GOODS 13-14
(3) CO-OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT 13-19
3. DEALINGS BASED ON COPYRIGHT 13-22
(1) TYPES OF DEALING 13-22
(2) LEGAL CONTROLS ON BARGAINING 13-26
(A) RESTRAINT OF TRADE 13-27
(B) UNDUE INFLUENCE 13-30
(C) EC COMPETITION LAW 13-34
(3) THE MAIN COPYRIGHT INDUSTRIES 13-35
(A) PUBLISHING 13-35
(B) MUSIC 13-38
(C) SCREENWRITING: FILM, TELEVISION AND VIDEO 13-44
(D) VISUAL ARTS 13-49
4. CONTROL OF MONOPOLY 13-51
(1) THE 1988 ACT 13-51
(2) THE COPYRIGHT TRIBUNAL 13-54
(3) DOMINANT POSITION IN THE EC 13-59
14. COPYRIGHT: PARTICULAR CASES 14-01
1. THE MEDIA AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST IN NEWS 14-02
(1) COPYRIGHT IN NEWS 14-03
(2) FAIR DEALING AND RECORDED SPEECH 14-04
(3) ORGANISATION AND JOURNALIST 14-08
2. REPROGRAPHY AND RECORDING: EDUCATIONAL AND PRIVATE COPYING 14-10
(1) VISUAL COPIES OF LITERARY AND OTHER MATERIAL 14-12
(A) FAIR DEALING AND OTHER EXCEPTIONS 14-12
(B) THE REPROGRAPHY PROBLEM 14-13
XVI
CONTENTS
(C) RIGHTS FOR PUBLISHERS 14-17
(2) AUDIO AND VIDEO COPYING 14-19
3. CABLE AND SATELLITE TRANSMISSION 14-24
4. RIGHTS IN PERFORMANCES 14-30
(1) THE CURRENT LAW 14-32
(2) OTHER CHARACTERISTICS 14-36
(3) REMEDIES FOR INFRINGEMENT 14-37
5. PUBLIC LENDING RIGHT 14-38
(1) BACKGROUND 14-38
(2) THE PLR SCHEME FOR BOOKS 14-42
(3) PUBLIC "RENTAL" 14-44
6. ARTISTS' RESALE RIGHT: DROIT DE SUITE 14-45
7. CROWN AND PARLIAMENTARY COPYRIGHT 14-47
15. INDUSTRIAL DESIGN 15-01
1. BACKGROUND 15-01
(1) ORIGINS OF DESIGN REGISTRATION 15-02
(2) COPYRIGHT ACT 1911 15-03
(3) COPYRIGHT ACT 1956 15-04
(4) DESIGN COPYRIGHT ACT 1968 15-05
(5) BRITISH LEY LAND V ARMSTRONG; CANON V GREEN CARTRIDGE 15-06
(6) COPYRIGHT DESIGNS AND PATENTS ACT 1988 15-07
(7) THE COMMUNITY INTERVENTIONS BY REGULATION AND DIRECTIVE 15-08
(8) ORDER OF THE CHAPTER 15-09
2. REGISTERED DESIGNS 15-10
(1) REQUIREMENTS FOR A REGISTRABLE DESIGN (VALIDITY) 15-12
(A) PRODUCT DESIGN 15-13
(B) NOVELTY AND INDIVIDUAL CHARACTER 15-17
(C) TECHNICAL FUNCTION 15-19
(D) PUBLIC POLICY AND MORALITY 15-21
(E) PROPRIETORSHIP AND DEALINGS: RIGHT TO BE NAMED 15-22
(2) REGISTRATION AND TERM 15-23
(3) PROPERTY RIGHTS 15-24
(4) RIGHT GIVEN BY REGISTRATION 15-25
(A) THE TEST OF SCOPE 15-25
(B) WRONGFUL ACTS 15-26
(C) EXCLUSIONS FROM PROTECTION 15-27
(D) "COMPLEX PRODUCTS" 15-28
(5) CROWN USE 15-29
3. COMMUNITY UNREGISTERED DESIGN RIGHT (UDR) 15-30
4. ARTISTIC COPYRIGHT 15-31
(1) THE EXCLUSION OF DESIGN DOCUMENTS AND MODELS 15-31
(A) "DESIGN DOCUMENT OR MODEL RECORDING OR EMBODYING A
DESIGN FOR ANYTHING OTHER THAN AN ARTISTIC WORK ." 15-32
(B) "ANY ASPECT OF SHAPE OR CONFIGURATION . OTHER THAN
SURFACE DECORATION" 15-35
(2) THE LIMITATION OF DURATION 15-36
5. BRITISH UNREGISTERED DESIGN RIGHT 15-37
(1) SUBJECT-MATTER 15-37
(2) QUALIFICATION 15-43
(3) EXCLUSIVE RIGHT 15-45
(4) AUTHORSHIP AND FIRST OWNERSHIP 15-47
(5) DURATION AND LICENCES OF RIGHT 15-48
XVII
CONTENTS
(6) A BRIEF COMPARISON 15-51
(7) TOPOGRAPHY RIGHT 15-52
PART V: TRADE MARKS AND NAMES
16. COMPETITOR AND CONSUMER 16-01
1. UNDERLYING THEMES 16-01
2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 16-04
(1) JUDICIAL PROTECTION 16-04
(2) THE TRADE MARKS REGISTER 16-08
(3) TRADE MARKS IN WORLD TRADE 16-13
(A) INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS 16-13
(B) THE COMMUNITY MARK AND THE EU TRADE MARK
APPROXIMATION DIRECTIVE 16-16
(C) UNFAIR COMPETITION AND CONSUMER PROTECTION 16-19
(D) SOURCE INDICATIONS AND OTHER NAMING SYSTEMS 16-21
3. THE PURPOSE OF PROTECTING TRADE MARKS 16-22
(1) TRADE MARK FUNCTIONS 16-22
(2) INFORMATION VERSUS PROMOTION 16-23
(3) FUNCTIONS AND RIGHTS 16-28
17. COMMON LAW LIABILITY 17-01
1. PASSING OFF 17-01
(1) THE CLAIMANT'S REPUTATION 17-07
(A) NOT JUST CONFUSION 17-07
(B) DISTINGUISHING FEATURE 17-08
(C) SECONDARY MEANING 17-12
(D) PERSONAL NAMES 17-13
(E) MARK BECOMING DESCRIPTIVE 17-14
(F) CONCURRENT REPUTATION 17-15
(G) GEOGRAPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 17-16
(H) TEMPORAL CONSIDERATIONS 17-18
(I) DEALINGS IN TRADE REPUTATION 17-19
(2) DEFENDANT'S REPRESENTATION 17-22
(A) DEFENDANT'S STATE OF MIND 17-22
(B) FORM OF PASSING OFF 17-23
(C) LIKELIHOOD OF CONFUSION 17-24
(D) DESCRIPTIVE CONNOTATION 17-26
(E) RESPONSIBILITY UPON THE DEFENDANT 17-27
(F) PROOF OF LIKELY DECEPTION 17-28
(3) LIKELIHOOD OF DAMAGE 17-29
(A) LIKELY DAMAGE 17-29
(B) GOODS OR BUSINESS NOT THE SAME 17-30
(C) NOT TRADING IN THE SAME GEOGRAPHICAL AREA 17-31
(D) NOT TRADING: OTHER SUFFICIENT REPUTATION 17-32
(E) NOT TRADING: SPONSORSHIP AND PERSONALITY ASSOCIATION 17-33
(4) THE PROPER SCOPE OF PASSING OFF 17-36
(A) NATURE OF THE DECEPTION 17-37
(B) NATURE OF THE INJURY 17-41
(C) CHARACTER MERCHANDISING 17-44
2. INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD 17-48
XVUI
CONTENTS
(1) ELEMENTS OF THE TORT
(A) THE FALSEHOOD
(B) MALICE
(C) SPECIAL DAMAGE
(2) PARTICULAR ASPECTS
(A) RELATION TO OTHER TORTS
(B) FALSE CLAIMS OF INFRINGEMENT
(C) COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING
18. REGISTERED TRADE MARKS
1. REGISTRATION SYSTEMS
2. THE PROCESS OF REGISTRATION
(1) PROCEDURE FOR A UK APPLICATION
(A) APPLICANTS
(B) PRIORITY
(C) CLASSIFICATION
(D) SEARCH AND EXAMINATION
(E) OPPOSITION
(F) APPEAL
(G) REGISTRATION AND TERM
(2) MADRID PROTOCOL: INTERNATIONAL APPLICATIONS
(3) COMMUNITY TRADE MARKS
3. PROPRIETARY INTERESTS AND LICENSES
(1) ASSIGNMENT
(2) LICENSING
4. CONDITIONS FOR SECURING REGISTRATION: ABSOLUTE GROUNDS
(1) "TRADE MARK"
(A) CAPACITY TO DISTINGUISH
(B) GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION
(C) UNDERTAKING
(2) ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE GROUNDS
(3) ABSOLUTE GROUNDS: GENERAL CATEGORIES
(A) STATUTORY PROVISIONS
(B) COUNTERVAILING EVIDENCE TO SHOW ACQUIRED DISTINCTIVENESS
(C) INDEFEASIBLE OBJECTIONS
(D) "DEVOID OF DISTINCTIVENESS"
(E) "DESCRIPTIVENESS"
(F) "CUSTOMARY USAGE"
(4) ABSOLUTE GROUNDS: SPECIFIC CATEGORIES
(A) SHAPES
(B) PERSONALITY AND CHARACTER MERCHANDISING
(C) PUBLIC INTEREST
(D) STATE, OFFICIAL AND ROYAL EMBLEMS AND OTHER INDICIA
5. CONDITIONS FOR SECURING REGISTRATION: THE RELATIVE GROUNDS
(1) EARLIER MARKS
(2) EARLIER RIGHTS
(3) ANTI-DILUTION MEASURES
(4) OTHER FACTORS
(A) PUBLIC INTEREST
(B) SCOPE OF OBJECTIONS
(C) DISCLAIMER
(5) COMPARISON BETWEEN MARKS
(A) THE BASIS FOR COMPARISON
17-48
17-49
17-50
17-51
17-52
17-52
17-53
17-54
18-01
18-01
18-02
18-03
18-03
18-04
18-05
18-06
18-07
18-08
18-09
18-10
18-11
18-12
18-13
18-14
18-16
18-16
18-17
18-20
18-21
18-22
18-23
18-24
18-25
18-28
18-29
18-35
18-39
18-40
18-40
18-46
18^7
18-51
18-52
18-53
18-54
18-55
18-58
18-58
18-59
18-60
18-62
18-62
XIX
CONTENTS
(B) FACTORS IN THE COMPARISON 18-64
(6) COMMUNITY TRADE MARKS 18-66
6. REVOCATION AND INVALIDITY 18-68
(1) REVOCATION FOR NON-USE 18-69
(A) SCOPE OF THE GROUND 18-70
(B) EXCEPTIONS 18-72
(2) MARK BECOMING GENERIC 18-74
(3) MARK BECOMING DECEPTIVE 18-76
7. INVALIDITY OF A REGISTERED MARK 18-79
(1) ABSOLUTE GROUNDS 18-80
(2) RELATIVE GROUNDS: ACQUIESCENCE 18-81
8. INFRINGEMENT 18-82
(1) INFRINGEMENT OF A UK REGISTERED MARK 18-84
(A) TYPES OF USE AMOUNTING TO INFRINGEMENT 18-85
(B) THE WRONG TO THE REGISTERED MARK 18-86
(C) SCOPE OF INFRINGEMENT: OTHER FACTORS 18-107
(D) LIMITATIONS UPON INFRINGEMENT 18-110
(2) EXHAUSTION OF RIGHT 18-113
(3) INFRINGEMENT OF A CTM 18-115
(4) TRADE MARKS AND PARALLEL IMPORTING 18-119
PART VI: THE EUROPEAN DIMENSION AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES
19. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE EUROPEAN
UNION 19-01
1. THE INTERNAL MARKET: "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY" 19-02
(1) FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS 19-02
(A) PRELIMINARY FACTORS 19-03
(B) BASIC RULE AND ITS APPLICATION 19-04
(C) JUSTIFICATIONS 19-05
(D) THE "COMMON ORIGIN" ADVENTURE 19-06
(E) ABSENCE OF CONSENT 19-07
(0 REPACKAGING AND RELABELLING 19-09
(2) RIGHTS IN PERFORMANCE AND OTHER TEMPORARY USE 19-10
2. INTERNAL MARKET: UNFAIR COMPETITION 19-11
3. THE RULES OF COMPETITION 19-14
4. PARALLEL IMPORTATION FROM OUTSIDE THE EEA 19-17
20. DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY: COMPUTERS AND THE
INTERNET 20-01
1. COMPUTER PROGRAMS 20-03
(1) COPYRIGHT IN PROGRAMS 20-04
(A) EXISTENCE OF COPYRIGHT 20-07
(B) EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS 20-09
(C) SUBSTANTIAL TAKING 20-10
(D) EXCEPTIONS 20-16
(2) PATENTS FOR COMPUTER PROGRAMS 20-26
(A) PATENTABLE SUBJECT-MATTER 20-26
(B) SCOPE OF RIGHTS 20-33
(C) BUSINESS METHODS 20-34
XX
CONTENTS
2. STORED CONTENT AND OUTPUT 20-35
(1) DATABASES 20-35
(A) COPYRIGHT ORIGINALITY 20-35
(B) THE DATABASE DIRECTIVE 20-37
(2) COMPUTER OUTPUT 20-44
(3) MULTI-MEDIA: PROGRAM AND CONTENT MIXED 20-46
(A) WORK 20-47
(B) AUTHOR 20-49
(C) ADAPTATION 20-50
(D) MORAL RIGHTS AND DIGITAL MANIPULATION 20-51
3. MATERIAL ON THE INTERNET 20-52
(1) INTRODUCTORY 20-52
(A) THE INTERNET AND COPYRIGHT 20-52
(B) COPYRIGHT AND ADJUNCT PROTECTION 20-56
(C) LEGISLATIVE MOVES 20-57
(D) PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW AND PROCEDURE 20-58
(2) BRITISH LAW AND ITS AMENDMENT 20-59
(A) ILLICIT MATERIAL 20-60
(B) LEGITIMATE MATERIAL 20-71
4. DOMAIN NAME DISPUTES 20-90
(1) INTERNET ADDRESSES 20-90
21. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 21-20
1. INTRODUCTION 21-01
(1) A HALF-CENTURY OF MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY 21-01
(2) BIOLOGICAL BASIS 21-02
(3) THE HPG AND ITS POLITICS 21-03
(4) PUBLIC AND PRIVATE RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 21-04
(5) GROWTH OF PATENTS ON BIOTECHNOLOGY 21-05
2. PATENT SYSTEMS AND BIOETHICS 21-06
(1) DISCOVERY AND INVENTION 21-07
3. PATENTABILITY: PUBLIC POLICY AND MORALITY 21-09
(1) JUSTICIABILITY 21-09
(2) MORALITY: GENETIC ANIMAL DESIGN 21-10
(3) PUBLIC POLICY: GM PLANTS 21-11
(4) ETHICAL OBJECTIONS: HUMAN TISSUE 21-12
(5) CLARIFICATION BY DIRECTIVE 21-13
(6) HUMAN STEM-CELL RESEARCH 21-14
4. PATENTS AND HUMAN GENETICS 21-15
(1) NOVELTY AND INVENTIVE STEP 21-16
(2) EXCESSIVE CLAIMS 21-17
(3) "ANTI-COMMONS" THAT IMPEDE R & D 21-18
(4) RESEARCH TOOL PATENTS AND EXPERIMENTAL USE 21-20
(5) THE CAUSES OF ANGUISH 21-21
5. OTHER IPRS AND GENETIC KNOWLEDGE 22-23
6. DERIVED CELL-LINES AND PARTICIPATION 21-24
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1*COMPETITION LAW AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: NOTE ON
INSTITUTIONS AND SOME SUBSTANTIVE RULES AL-01
XXI
CONTENTS
APPENDIX 2*JOINT INTERESTS IN MARKS, NAMES AND SYMBOLS A2-01
APPENDIX 3*PROTECTION OF PLANT VARIETIES A3-01
INDEX 923 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Cornish, W. R. 1937-2022 Llewelyn, David |
| author_GND | (DE-588)128404116 (DE-588)129510971 |
| author_facet | Cornish, W. R. 1937-2022 Llewelyn, David |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Cornish, W. R. 1937-2022 |
| author_variant | w r c wr wrc d l dl |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022239941 |
| classification_rvk | PU 4374 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)269254023 (DE-599)BVBBV022239941 |
| dewey-full | 346.41048 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 346 - Private law |
| dewey-raw | 346.41048 |
| dewey-search | 346.41048 |
| dewey-sort | 3346.41048 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 6. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Großbritannien Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Großbritannien |
| id | DE-604.BV022239941 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T16:35:38Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:16:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780421919006 9780421918009 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015450879 |
| oclc_num | 269254023 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-20 DE-11 |
| physical | CXXIV, 918 S. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Sweet & Maxwell |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Cornish, W. R. 1937-2022 Verfasser (DE-588)128404116 aut Intellectual property patents, copyright, trade marks and allied rights by William Cornish and David LLewelyn 6. ed. London Sweet & Maxwell 2007 CXXIV, 918 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Intellectual property Great Britain Schutz (DE-588)4180271-8 gnd rswk-swf Geistiges Eigentum (DE-588)4136832-0 gnd rswk-swf Markenschutz (DE-588)4168904-5 gnd rswk-swf Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd rswk-swf Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz (DE-588)4020871-0 gnd rswk-swf Patentrecht (DE-588)4044884-8 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz (DE-588)4020871-0 s DE-604 Geistiges Eigentum (DE-588)4136832-0 s Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 s 1\p DE-604 Schutz (DE-588)4180271-8 s 2\p DE-604 Markenschutz (DE-588)4168904-5 s 3\p DE-604 Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b 4\p DE-604 Patentrecht (DE-588)4044884-8 s 5\p DE-604 Llewelyn, David Verfasser (DE-588)129510971 aut SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015450879&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 5\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Cornish, W. R. 1937-2022 Llewelyn, David Intellectual property patents, copyright, trade marks and allied rights Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Intellectual property Great Britain Schutz (DE-588)4180271-8 gnd Geistiges Eigentum (DE-588)4136832-0 gnd Markenschutz (DE-588)4168904-5 gnd Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz (DE-588)4020871-0 gnd Patentrecht (DE-588)4044884-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4180271-8 (DE-588)4136832-0 (DE-588)4168904-5 (DE-588)4048737-4 (DE-588)4020871-0 (DE-588)4044884-8 (DE-588)4022153-2 |
| title | Intellectual property patents, copyright, trade marks and allied rights |
| title_auth | Intellectual property patents, copyright, trade marks and allied rights |
| title_exact_search | Intellectual property patents, copyright, trade marks and allied rights |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Intellectual property patents, copyright, trade marks and allied rights |
| title_full | Intellectual property patents, copyright, trade marks and allied rights by William Cornish and David LLewelyn |
| title_fullStr | Intellectual property patents, copyright, trade marks and allied rights by William Cornish and David LLewelyn |
| title_full_unstemmed | Intellectual property patents, copyright, trade marks and allied rights by William Cornish and David LLewelyn |
| title_short | Intellectual property |
| title_sort | intellectual property patents copyright trade marks and allied rights |
| title_sub | patents, copyright, trade marks and allied rights |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Intellectual property Great Britain Schutz (DE-588)4180271-8 gnd Geistiges Eigentum (DE-588)4136832-0 gnd Markenschutz (DE-588)4168904-5 gnd Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz (DE-588)4020871-0 gnd Patentrecht (DE-588)4044884-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Intellectual property Great Britain Schutz Geistiges Eigentum Markenschutz Recht Gewerblicher Rechtsschutz Patentrecht Großbritannien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015450879&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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