Nemački "Novi poredak" i Jugoistočna Evropa: 1940/41- 1944/45 ; planovi o budučnosti i praksa
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Službeni Glasnik
2005
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. izd. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Evropa - Balkan
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: German "New order" and Southeastern Europe ... |
| Beschreibung: | 426 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 8675493975 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136226173747200 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Sadržaj
Predgovor
................................................... 5
Beleške autora za ovo izdanje
................................... 9
Uvod
........................................................ 11
-
Privreda kao prethodnica
1930-1939/40............................. 12
-
„Novi evropski poredak i nacistički »pogled na svet
................. 24
-
„Rađanje Jugoistočne Evrope i „smrt Balkana
...................... 36
„Prirodni poredak država i naroda : Evropa i Jugoistok
............. 49
-
Jugoistok u razmatranjima
о
„reorganizaciji Evrope
.................. 49
-
Objekti „novog poretka
.......................................... 73
Nemačka manjina kao „rasno jezgro „novog poretka naroda
na Jugoistoku
................................................. 97
-
Stratezi u potrazi za planskom strategijom
........................... 117
-
Naučne i privredne agencije za Jugoistok između saradnje
i sukoba interesa
.................................................
H?
„Uklanjanje privrednog balkanizovanja Evrope
................... 150
industrijalizacija i planiranje privrednog razvoja
„Dopunskog privrednog prostora
1940-1944..................... 180
-
„Modernizacija i
promene
privredne strukture u diskusijama
о
„novom poretku na Jugoistoku
....................................
18°
-
„Objektivne i subjektivne nejasnoće u planiranju privredne
budućnosti Jugoistoka i ratna stvarnost
............................. 194
Diskusije
о
„novom privrednom poretku i suverenitet
............. 215
-
Beskrvna okupacija; Nemačke banke i Jugoistok
...................... 228
-
Jugoistočna Evropa kao dopunski izvor radne snage
.................. 252
-
„Najvrednije izvozno dobro i „opasnost po
čistotu krvi
nemačkog naroda
...............................................
252
- Aufteilung der Kriegsgefangenen auf die Landesarbeitsämter.......... 273
„Obuhvatiti prostor kao
celinu
.................................
275
Saveznici kao suparnici:
„Neue Ordnung
і
„ordine nuovo
1940/41-1943.................................................
295
425
---------------------------------------------------- Milan D.
Ristović
---------------------------------------------------
-
Između „priznavanja političke prednosti
І
zahteva za „podelu tržišta .
.. 296
-
Nemačko-italijanska privredna konkurencija do
1941.
Jedna analiza Ulriha fon Hasela
.................................... 306
-
Teritorijalna
podela
І
¡talijansko-nemačko privredno sukobljavanje
na Jugoistoku
1941-1943.......................................... 315
-
¡talijanska „hijerarhijska zajednica naroda
.......................... 334
Slom privredne politike „novog poretka na Jugoistoku
i traženje opravdanja
.......................................... 339
Zaključak
.................................................... 357
German
New Order and Southeastern Europe
1940/41-1944/45
-
Plans for the Future and Practice
................................... 380
Izvori i literatura
.............................................. 388
Izbor iz literature
............................................. 391
Skraćenice
................................................... 409
Registar ličnih imena
.......................................... 411
Registar geografskih imena i pojmova*
........................... 419
426
German New Order3
and Southeastern Europe
1940/41-1944/45
Plans for the Future and Practice
Successful implementation of the Third Reich s initial strategic plans
(Anschluss of Austria, breaking up of Czechoslovakia), owing to the
use of political and diplomatic pressures and coercion, weaknesses
and unwillingness of opponents to resolutely resist aggressive moves of
Berlin, opened the processes of complete changing of the picture of the
European continent and principles of international relations. Yet, war
was the best incentive and natural environment that created prerequi¬
sites for carrying out a comprehensive Nazi project for a New European
Order .
The set of ideas, around the core concept of winning of living spa¬
ce as well as the so-called Gross-ideas
{Grossraum, Grosswirtschaßsraum,
Grossdeutschlandy etc.), with pronounced racist component (and additio¬
nal anti-nuances
-
anti-liberalism,
anti-
communism, anti-Semitism,
etc.) gave a specific flair to the order conceived in such a way. Anti-
Comintern Pact and, particularly, the Triple Alliance, introduced the
principle of division of Europe into separated large spaces on the basis
of the law of the stronger racial superiority (as in the German case)
or historical inheritance right (in the Italian case). In such a constella¬
tion, the Southeast found itself amidst crossing influences and aspirati¬
ons of these two large spaces . In the scope of diverse plans and discu¬
ssions about re-composition of territorial, political, ethnic and econo¬
mic structure of Europe, which proliferated in
1940,
a special place was
reserved for the Southeast. The position of the European Southeast, both
present and in the future, was closely correlated with the attempts of the
Third Reich to achieve complete military and political control and eco¬
nomic autarchy of its large space
(Grossraum),
from which other com¬
petitive influences should have been eliminated. Intensive economic pe¬
netration of the German economy to the Southeast and its transforma¬
tion into supplementary economic space
(Ergänzungswirtschaftsraum)
since the
1930s
has weakened the defense ability of southeastern coun¬
tries exposing them in the late
1930s
to strong political influences and in
1941
to military penetration.
Ì8U
NcmaČki Noví
poredak
Issues referring to the place and role of the Southeast as a geopo¬
litical and economic whole in the plans of different state-, party-, priva¬
te-economic institutions, services and influential individuals from the
ruling structures of the Nazi state, in the period from
1940
to
1945
are
observed within the scope of other major projects and ideas that emer¬
ged in war environment and which have partially been carried out using
instruments of brutal war violence.
Having in view that the specific features of this issue are reflected,
among other things, in the introduction
οι
a long list of ideologically
abused terms, special attention has been devoted to the analysis of the¬
ir genesis, meaning and contents, as weli as the role in the Nazi planning
policy and attempts of its implementation.
The New European Order itself emerged as a negative certain
unity of the European geographic, political and cultural space, tran¬
sformed into
Grossraum.
It has been shaped through discussions and
proposals in the headquarters of German elites, and during the war was
partially carried out in the Southeast, as a nightmarish anti-utopian visi¬
on of this part of New Europe built with sword with complete new ra¬
cial transformation of Europe as the ultimate ideal goal . The conditions
for its existence and functioning were conquering and submission, main¬
tained by extensively developed system of control and oppression. In this
case, underlying justification of the German right to control the space
and its division were quite pragmatic (economic) motives that should ha¬
ve been carried out, on the one hand, using systematic planned activities
and, on the other, chaotic and ruthless war pillaging in reality.
The New Order on the Southeast can be observed as a subsy¬
stem of the German European Order , as clearly indicated by numero¬
us documents containing deliberations about its (short-term) role in the
war, as well as those dedicated to the future . In both cases the Southeast
had an important, though secondary place, whose value for the Third
Reich kept increasing as the end of the war was nearing. The order in
Southeastern Europe lias been conceived as
a
neofeudal
hierarchical
pyramid of conquered and vassal allied peoples and states, connected
with various degrees of dependence. Its foundation was laid by drawing
southeast European states into the Triple Alliance and creating new terri¬
torial and political system through occupation and division of Yugoslav
and Greek territories.
By studying the German subsystem and supplementary econo¬
mic space on the Southeast it is possible to gain a clear picture about
this contradictory historical phenomenon. It was an order designed and
planned, on the one hand, as a hierarchical system of states and nations,
submitted to the supreme power of the Third Reich. On the other, it was
a kingdom of improvisation and an arena for fight between different
interest groups within the elite of the very master nation and source
of conflict between their interests and the interests of their southeastern
___________________ -------■---------------------------■ 381
Milan D.
Rlstovtć
vassals. In addition, the subordinated allies fought relentlessly between
themselves for a better position on the hierarchical scale of dependence
or struggled over territory of their neighbors.
What we have generally termed planning policy was a range of
deliberations dedicated largely to the economic role of the Southeast.
Those were often loosely connected ideas and contradictory requests.
The zest of planning of the New European Order in
1939-1940
was
the result of notable military successes of the Hitler s regime and esta¬
blishment of the complex system of control over conquered territories.
In these projections of the future, increasing attention has been devoted
to the future status of the Southeast that should have been drawn into the
orbit of
Grossraum
either by political or by economic instruments.
The first steps toward territorial
recomposition
of the Southeast
European space were made in
1940
under the German and Italian patro¬
nage by the Vienna arbitrations. The failure in making Yugoslavia join
the Triple Alliance led, at the beginning of April, to a radical move in the
Southeast: after the joint Axis attack, it was militarily defeated, together
with Greece, and territorially dismembered. Annexations and occupati¬
on of Yugoslav and Greek territories in
1941,
proclamation of the puppet
Ustashi Croat state
-
Independent State of Croatia that was, along with
Slovakia, the product of the New Order created a new territorial situa¬
tion accompanied by radical political changes.
A network of new borders was spread across this area and all of
them, without exception, were disputable and considered only as tem¬
porary . This added the attributes of permanent crisis, aggravated to the
point of an open conflict, to relations prevailing within the German va¬
ssal camp in the Southeast
-
including Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria
and Independent State of Croatia (NDH) as active members. Serbia
and Greece were passive elements of the order and they were treated
accordingly.
As anywhere else where the system of German domination has
been established, the racist categorization of peoples started to enter in¬
to circulation in the Southeast, particularly in discussions about their fu¬
ture position in the New European Order . Even German allies have not
been spared of this categorization, not to mention those who have been
proclaimed enemies of the order established in
1941.
That was the ca¬
se with the Serbs, who were subjected to brutal repression and massi¬
ve extermination in all territories where they lived. Serbs have been re¬
garded as alien element in the tissue of the New European Order and
cause of internal unrest and instability of the area. Despite certain the¬
oretical positions which maintained that after re-education Serbs wo¬
uld find their place in the European New Order in the future, genoci¬
de in Independent State of Croatia (NDH), denationalization and massi¬
ve killings in annexed territories (in
Bačka,
eastern and southern Serbia,
in Kosovo and Metohia, retaliation against civilians in occupied Serbia
382
blemački Novi poredak
and Banat)
testified to the contrary. All combinations referring to terri¬
torial
recomposition
and change of ethnic structure of the Southeast to¬
ok into consideration the need for neutralizing or finding a final solu¬
tion to the Serbian issue
Implementation of theoretical concepts of racist doctrine in the
wartime reality of this space had tragic consequences. Jews and Roma
constituted a particular racial category in the Southeast, as in other
parts of the European continent under German occupation and domi¬
nation. Southeast European Judaism was subjected to thorough measu¬
res of racial purge of the space both by German occupation authoriti¬
es (Serbia, Greece) and by the authorities of their local allies (Hungary,
Independent State of Croatia, Romania).
A special factor in the practice and deliberations of the futu¬
re order in the Southeast was the German minority. Over two million
Voihdeutscher settled in Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania, with their eco¬
nomic power and prevailing political preferences, owing to strong propa¬
ganda activity of national-socialists, became the racial core of the future
German government in the Danube basin. Yugoslav
Banat
was only for¬
mally a part of occupied Serbia, while in reality it was under the admini¬
stration of
Volksdeutscher
leadership; in Romania and Independent State of
Croatia, owing to Berlin patronage, members of German minority obtai¬
ned extremely wide rights, thus becoming a kind of corpus separatum *.
Among the minority leadership, as in Berlin government and par¬
ty services in charge of acting among the German minority, ideas ha¬
ve been disseminated about the need for establishing a German state in
the Southeast, consisting of parts of territories of Southeastern states. Its
center should have been in Belgrade, converted into the Reich fortress
and renamed into
Prinz Eugen Stadt .
The purpose of this
Volksdeutscher
state should have been to defend communications in the
Danubian
re¬
gion, as well as important resource and agrarian areas. That was intended
to be a kind of German military frontier, to serve to defend the approa¬
ch to
Lebensraum in
the East. It was conceived as racially and ethnically
monolithic, and this would be achieved by moving out all non-German,
particularly Serbian population from the area around the middle co¬
urse of the Danube. In addition to this plan, submitted in July
1941
to
the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs, there existed a range of similar
plans about organization of different forms of German autonomies or
states . They all remained without unanimous support in Berlin, prima¬
rily because of the need to safeguard allied relations and also due to the
opinion voiced by Hitler himself that all members of the German mino¬
rity should be moved to the areas within the Reich.
Volksdeutscher
we¬
re in the Southeast the prime-rate political and economic factor for the
Third Reich, but they also represented a significant reserve of human po¬
tential for recruitment into
Wehrmacht
and Waffen-SS, police units and
Organization Tot.
Milan D.
¡iislović
Southeastern
Europe
entered the discussions about the New
European Order in grand style in
1940,
as an inseparable and still for¬
mally, militarily and politically incompletely subjugated space. Its pla¬
cing under direct German control, as some of the leading national-soci¬
alist experts in this space pointed out, was in the function of an attempt
to eliminate economic Balkanization of Europe. Its integration in¬
to the New European Order was given great importance, but atten¬
tion was also drawn to the fact that it was a Teilproblem, one of the se¬
gments of the comprehensive solution to all economic issues within
the Grosswirtschafisrautn, The Southeast, although united under the
German domination and military power, was fragmented within more
than ever. That did not remain without consequences for the plans on
the future and their effectuation. Visible inconsistencies in the operation
of over organized mechanism of the Nazi state, both at the planning le¬
vel and in practice, appeared in the Southeast.
The most prominent place in the discussions about the future of
Southeast European economies in strictly directed mechanism of the
great economic space occupied ideas about the definition of the direc¬
tion of their development, more precisely would it be more meaningful
to undertake their further industrialization and economic and social mo¬
dernization, or freeze them at the level of food producers and produ¬
cers of industrial raw materials for the needs of developed parts of the
New European Order1 Through them one can clearly observe the line of
thinking about the future place of this space, in which concordance abo¬
ut the need that it retains its supplementary character was continuou¬
sly present (despite formal theoretical
âifferences).
Planning of economic trends and war exploitation of countri¬
es that belonged to important southeastern frontier area of the New
Order had great appeal for German economists and experts. Shortly
before the war, an organized campaign was undertaken mobilizing a wi¬
de circle of interested parties, with an intention of creating professional
and scientific assumptions for broad, detailed planning and active acti¬
on, aimed toward complete overtaking of economic life of peoples in the
European southeast by German economy. Business leaders and experts
in the Southeast gathered into various interest alliances, societies, com¬
mittees, councils, as another way of institutionalizing the interests of cer¬
tain groups sharing similar opinions, methods of action and affiliation
(either to state or private industry or else to certain branches of German
economy).
In this aim, activities of several most prominent organizations spe¬
cialized in the Southeast were observed. The Southeast-European Society
(Südosteuropa Gesellschaft -
SOEG) was founded in Vienna in
1940
under
the patronage of the Nazi state and party. Besides this organization, the
association of private businessmen Central European Economic Council
{Mitteleuropäische Wirtschaftstag)
acted in the same direction since
1933,
384
Nemalkt Novi poredak
enjoying the support of and having among its leadership the represen¬
tatives of the biggest German industrial and financial concerns
(IG
Farbenindustrie
AG,
Deutsche Bank,
Dresdner
Bank, Siemens,
Zeiss,
etc.). Besides organizing and coordinating the economic activity, both
associations engaged in mutual competitive struggle for prestige in ma¬
naging the economic activity. In this activity they have been joined by
the
Reichsgruppe
for industry
{Reichsgruppeindustrie)
with its Department
for the Southeast, as well as separate southeastern departments of eco¬
nomic giants. The last in this line was the European Circle from Berlin
with its Southeast European state representatives and committees, cre¬
ated in the last phase of war.
Numerous institutions of higher learning and scientific institutions
from the entire territory of the Reich, particularly those from its sout¬
hern parts, were actively involved in economic planning. Differences and
conflicts pronounced during the wartime years reflected discrepancy
between traditionalist and modernist approach to the Southeast and
planning for the Southeast (e.g. differences between MWT and SOEG).
Restricting ourselves to the analysis of only some selected charac¬
teristic (in our opinion) manifestations of German wartime planning po¬
licy and its implementation in the Southeast, it was necessary to draw
attention to the establishment of what can be termed bloodless occupa¬
tion , carried out by large German economic, particularly banking con¬
cerns. It completes the picture and witnesses of the essence of current re¬
lations, as well as those that should have been established in the area of fi¬
nances in the future. The choice was the consequence of extreme impor¬
tance that banks had as masters of financial bloodstream of the German
economy. In addition to industrial giants, big banks were members of the
striking phalange of Nazi economy and one of the cornerstones on which
rested the New European Economic Order . Closely following German
tanks, they engaged in in-depth occupation of territories, absorbing
domestic banking systems on the Southeast, in allied or occupied sta¬
tes alike, dividing the space into zones of influence and financing pro¬
jects important for war economy. Despite its violence, their activity in the
Southeast has not been elemental, but the result of tactic, thought-out
and comprehensive penetration achieved in the period
1940-1944/45.
All Southeast European nations, regardless of their status in the
New Order system have been observed by the German side as an im¬
portant source of labor for the Third Reich s economy. This most va¬
luable export commodity from the Southeast was particularly coun¬
ted on for the period after the war. Taking agrarian overpopulation and
high birth rate into consideration, it was estimated that this space co¬
uld provide millions of workers for the German economy. This resour¬
ce has been used only partially during the war and was limited primari¬
ly by the situation on the Yugoslav territories» where uprisings and war
operations interfered with and interrupted activities of drawing workers
__. __________„__,----------------------------
3S5
Mito» D.
RiMovlč
away. Massive recruitment of manpower into armies of allied, Axis sta¬
tes and their engagement on fronts, primarily Eastern, and other war ta¬
sks also affected these plans. Besides, certain allied governments oppo¬
sed the German policy of recruiting and taking away workers. The mo¬
dalities of use of this resource were complete with the engagement of pri¬
soners of war as well as slave work of camp prisoners. Presence of wor¬
kers from the Southeast in Germany encouraged racist theoreticians to
test their wits again in the discipline of defining their racial adequacy
and place in the hierarchical racist categorization.
Planning of the future of supplementary economic space on the
Southeast took into account its great importance for the Third Reich as
the space which geographically and in transport terms constitutes a brid¬
ge toward other major areas. Ambitious plans for the construction of a
network of new communications through the Southeast have been up¬
dated. Promotion of sailing on the Danube was planned, since extreme
importance was attached to this river as the German river and com¬
munication artery which should connect, passing across the Southeast,
the political and economic center of
Grossraum
with the newly-conque¬
red
Lebensraum in
the East. Old plans have been modified with the additi¬
on of new, more ambitious ones, such as construction of a dense network
of canals that would connect the Danube with the Northern Adriatic,
Rhine-Main-Danube canal, connecting Danube with
Morava,
Vardar
and Aegean, etc. Construction of a highway that should keep the space
together from Hamburg to Bosporus was also discussed. The Southeast
should have become a communication springboard for penetration to
the Near and Middle East, Northern Africa.
The specific role of Italy was discussed as well. In addition to be¬
ing an ally, it was considered to be a factor whose policy and ambiti¬
ons contributed to instability of the order in the Southeast. Since the be¬
ginning of war in the Balkans Italy demanded from Berlin to keep pro¬
mises that in this territory, Italian influence will have at least equal if not
predominant role. Demands to enable its economy, chronically squee¬
zed by shortage in raw materials and dependent of German deliveries,
to get more room in the European Southeast before and during the war
caused unfavorable and hostile reactions of German allies. Such intenti¬
ons of Rome were regarded as a great danger for German economic in¬
terests, which had to be opposed in every possible way. There were some
attempts to strengthen Italian economic positions by political connecti¬
ons with certain members of the German camp in the Southeast, parti¬
cularly Hungary and Romania, while Independent State of Croatia, due
to territorial conflicts with Italy, came under the control of the new tu¬
tor
-
Germany. Also, the leadership of fascist Italy intended to promo¬
te the Italian model of the New Order , its
ordine nuovo,
attempting to
present it as more original and acceptable for the implementation in the
Southeast than the German model.
386
Ncmaikt
Novi poredak
Collapse of the planning strategy on the Southeast as well as of
the entire German system was caused by war defeats, in the same way as
the initial successes enabled the emergence of blueprints for the develo¬
pment of the European New Order , The economy of total war had only
short-term goals before it
-
functioning of the German war machinery.
Abandonment of the planning of the future of the European Order af¬
ter Stalingrad marked the suspension of the planning of the future of
the European Southeast. Narrowing of the Grosswirtschaftsraum led to the
collapse of ideological and propaganda structure of the New Order
which found one of its last refuges in the Southeast.
Dealing with this form of expression of totalitarian spirit and its
impact on the European Southeast in wartime years
1940-1945,
anal¬
ysis of planning concepts ideas planning notions all this anti-uto-
pian
ideological arsenal, forged in the headquarters of the Nazi state eli¬
tes, serves to illuminate a segment
ofthat
period when» according to the
words of a contemporary, the deepest darkness ruled over Europe and,
we may add, over its southeastern space.
|
| adam_txt |
Sadržaj
Predgovor
. 5
Beleške autora za ovo izdanje
. 9
Uvod
. 11
-
Privreda kao prethodnica
1930-1939/40. 12
-
„Novi evropski poredak" i nacistički »pogled na svet"
. 24
-
„Rađanje Jugoistočne Evrope" i „smrt Balkana"
. 36
„Prirodni poredak država i naroda": Evropa i Jugoistok
. 49
-
Jugoistok u razmatranjima
о
„reorganizaciji Evrope"
. 49
-
Objekti „novog poretka"
. 73
Nemačka manjina kao „rasno jezgro" „novog poretka naroda"
na Jugoistoku
. 97
-
Stratezi u potrazi za planskom strategijom
. 117
-
Naučne i privredne agencije za Jugoistok između saradnje
i sukoba interesa
.
H?
„Uklanjanje privrednog balkanizovanja Evrope"
. 150
industrijalizacija i planiranje privrednog razvoja
„Dopunskog privrednog prostora"
1940-1944. 180
-
„Modernizacija" i
promene
privredne strukture u diskusijama
о
„novom poretku" na Jugoistoku
.
18°
-
„Objektivne i subjektivne nejasnoće" u planiranju privredne
budućnosti Jugoistoka i ratna stvarnost
. 194
Diskusije
о
„novom privrednom poretku" i suverenitet
. 215
-
Beskrvna okupacija; Nemačke banke i Jugoistok
. 228
-
Jugoistočna Evropa kao dopunski izvor radne snage
. 252
-
„Najvrednije izvozno dobro" i „opasnost po
čistotu krvi
nemačkog naroda"
.
252
- Aufteilung der Kriegsgefangenen auf die Landesarbeitsämter. 273
„Obuhvatiti prostor kao
celinu"
.
275
Saveznici kao suparnici:
„Neue Ordnung"
і
„ordine nuovo"
1940/41-1943.
295
425'
---------------------------------------------------- Milan D.
Ristović
---------------------------------------------------
-
Između „priznavanja političke prednosti"
І
zahteva za „podelu tržišta".
. 296
-
Nemačko-italijanska privredna konkurencija do
1941.
Jedna analiza Ulriha fon Hasela
. 306
-
Teritorijalna
podela
І
¡talijansko-nemačko privredno sukobljavanje
na Jugoistoku
1941-1943. 315
-
¡talijanska „hijerarhijska zajednica naroda"
. 334
Slom privredne politike „novog poretka" na Jugoistoku
i traženje opravdanja
. 339
Zaključak
. 357
German
"New Order" and Southeastern Europe
1940/41-1944/45
-
Plans for the Future and Practice
. 380
Izvori i literatura
. 388
Izbor iz literature
. 391
Skraćenice
. 409
Registar ličnih imena
. 411
Registar geografskih imena i pojmova*
. 419
426
German "New Order3'
and Southeastern Europe
1940/41-1944/45
Plans for the Future and Practice
Successful implementation of the Third Reich's initial strategic plans
(Anschluss of Austria, breaking up of Czechoslovakia), owing to the
use of political and diplomatic pressures and coercion, weaknesses
and unwillingness of opponents to resolutely resist aggressive moves of
Berlin, opened the processes of complete changing of the picture of the
European continent and principles of international relations. Yet, war
was the best incentive and "natural environment" that created prerequi¬
sites for carrying out a comprehensive Nazi project for a "New European
Order".
The set of ideas, around the core concept of winning of "living spa¬
ce" as well as the so-called "Gross-ideas"
{Grossraum, Grosswirtschaßsraum,
Grossdeutschlandy etc.), with pronounced racist component (and additio¬
nal "anti-nuances"
-
anti-liberalism,
anti-
communism, anti-Semitism,
etc.) gave a specific flair to the order conceived in such a way. Anti-
Comintern Pact and, particularly, the Triple Alliance, introduced the
principle of division of Europe into separated "large spaces" on the basis
of the "law of the stronger" "racial superiority" (as in the German case)
or "historical inheritance right" (in the Italian case). In such a constella¬
tion, the Southeast found itself amidst crossing influences and aspirati¬
ons of these two "large spaces". In the scope of diverse plans and discu¬
ssions about "re-composition" of territorial, political, ethnic and econo¬
mic structure of Europe, which proliferated in
1940,
a special place was
reserved for the Southeast. The position of the European Southeast, both
present and in the future, was closely correlated with the attempts of the
Third Reich to achieve complete military and political control and eco¬
nomic autarchy of its "large space"
(Grossraum),
from which other com¬
petitive influences should have been eliminated. Intensive economic pe¬
netration of the German economy to the Southeast and its transforma¬
tion into "supplementary economic space"
(Ergänzungswirtschaftsraum)
since the
1930s
has weakened the defense ability of southeastern coun¬
tries exposing them in the late
1930s
to strong political influences and in
1941
to military penetration.
Ì8U
NcmaČki Noví
poredak
Issues referring to the place and role of the Southeast as a geopo¬
litical and economic whole in the plans of different state-, party-, priva¬
te-economic institutions, services and influential individuals from the
ruling structures of the Nazi state, in the period from
1940
to
1945
are
observed within the scope of other major projects and ideas that emer¬
ged in war environment and which have partially been carried out using
instruments of brutal war violence.
Having in view that the specific features of this issue are reflected,
among other things, in the introduction
οι
a long list of ideologically
abused terms, special attention has been devoted to the analysis of the¬
ir genesis, meaning and contents, as weli as the role in the Nazi planning
policy and attempts of its implementation.
The "New European Order" itself emerged as a "negative certain
unity" of the European geographic, political and cultural space, "tran¬
sformed" into
Grossraum.
It has been shaped through discussions and
proposals in the headquarters of German elites, and during the war was
partially carried out in the Southeast, as a nightmarish anti-utopian visi¬
on of this part of "New Europe" built "with sword" with complete new ra¬
cial transformation of Europe as the ultimate "ideal goal". The conditions
for its existence and functioning were conquering and submission, main¬
tained by extensively developed system of control and oppression. In this
case, underlying justification of the German "right" to control the space
and its division were quite pragmatic (economic) motives that should ha¬
ve been carried out, on the one hand, using systematic planned activities
and, on the other, chaotic and ruthless war pillaging in reality.
The "New Order" on the Southeast can be observed as a subsy¬
stem of the German "European Order", as clearly indicated by numero¬
us documents containing deliberations about its (short-term) role in the
war, as well as those dedicated to the "future". In both cases the Southeast
had an important, though secondary place, whose value for the Third
Reich kept increasing as the end of the war was nearing. The order in
Southeastern Europe lias been conceived as
a
neofeudal
hierarchical
pyramid of conquered and vassal "allied" peoples and states, connected
with various degrees of dependence. Its foundation was laid by drawing
southeast European states into the Triple Alliance and creating new terri¬
torial and political system through occupation and division of Yugoslav
and Greek territories.
By studying the German "subsystem" and "supplementary econo¬
mic space" on the Southeast it is possible to gain a clear picture about
this contradictory historical phenomenon. It was an order designed and
planned, on the one hand, as a hierarchical system of states and nations,
submitted to the supreme power of the Third Reich. On the other, it was
a "kingdom of improvisation" and an arena for fight between different
interest groups within the elite of the very "master nation" and source
of conflict between their interests and the interests of their southeastern
_ -------■---------------------------■ 381
Milan D.
Rlstovtć
vassals. In addition, the subordinated allies fought relentlessly between
themselves for a better position on the hierarchical scale of dependence
or struggled over territory of their neighbors.
What we have generally termed "planning policy" was a range of
deliberations dedicated largely to the economic role of the Southeast.
Those were often loosely connected ideas and contradictory requests.
The zest of planning of the "New European Order" in
1939-1940
was
the result of notable military successes of the Hitler's regime and esta¬
blishment of the complex system of control over conquered territories.
In these projections of the future, increasing attention has been devoted
to the future status of the Southeast that should have been drawn into the
orbit of
Grossraum
either by political or by economic instruments.
The first steps toward territorial
"recomposition"
of the Southeast
European space were made in
1940
under the German and Italian patro¬
nage by the Vienna arbitrations. The failure in making Yugoslavia join
the Triple Alliance led, at the beginning of April, to a radical move in the
Southeast: after the joint Axis attack, it was militarily defeated, together
with Greece, and territorially dismembered. Annexations and occupati¬
on of Yugoslav and Greek territories in
1941,
proclamation of the puppet
Ustashi Croat state
-
Independent State of Croatia that was, along with
Slovakia, the product of the "New Order" created a new territorial situa¬
tion accompanied by radical political changes.
A network of new borders was spread across this area and all of
them, without exception, were "disputable" and considered only as "tem¬
porary". This added the attributes of permanent crisis, aggravated to the
point of an open conflict, to relations prevailing within the German va¬
ssal camp in the Southeast
-
including Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria
and Independent State of Croatia (NDH) as active members. Serbia
and Greece were "passive elements of the order" and they were treated
accordingly.
As anywhere else where the system of German domination has
been established, the racist categorization of peoples started to enter in¬
to circulation in the Southeast, particularly in discussions about their fu¬
ture position in the "New European Order". Even German allies have not
been spared of this categorization, not to mention those who have been
proclaimed enemies of the order established in
1941.
That was the ca¬
se with the Serbs, who were subjected to brutal repression and massi¬
ve extermination in all territories where they lived. Serbs have been re¬
garded as "alien element" in the tissue of the "New European Order" and
cause of internal unrest and instability of the area. Despite certain "the¬
oretical positions" which maintained that after "re-education" Serbs wo¬
uld find their place in the European "New Order" in the future, genoci¬
de in Independent State of Croatia (NDH), denationalization and massi¬
ve killings in annexed territories (in
Bačka,
eastern and southern Serbia,
in Kosovo and Metohia, "retaliation" against civilians in occupied Serbia
382
blemački Novi poredak
and Banat)
testified to the contrary. All combinations referring to terri¬
torial
recomposition
and change of ethnic structure of the Southeast to¬
ok into consideration the need for "neutralizing" or finding a "final solu¬
tion to the Serbian issue"
Implementation of "theoretical concepts" of racist doctrine in the
wartime reality of this space had tragic consequences. Jews and Roma
constituted a particular "racial category" in the Southeast, as in other
parts of the European continent under German occupation and domi¬
nation. Southeast European Judaism was subjected to thorough measu¬
res of "racial purge of the space" both by German occupation authoriti¬
es (Serbia, Greece) and by the authorities of their local allies (Hungary,
Independent State of Croatia, Romania).
A special factor in the practice and deliberations of the futu¬
re order in the Southeast was the German minority. Over two million
Voihdeutscher settled in Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania, with their eco¬
nomic power and prevailing political preferences, owing to strong propa¬
ganda activity of national-socialists, became the "racial core" of the future
German government in the Danube basin. Yugoslav
Banat
was only for¬
mally a part of occupied Serbia, while in reality it was under the admini¬
stration of
Volksdeutscher
leadership; in Romania and Independent State of
Croatia, owing to Berlin patronage, members of German minority obtai¬
ned extremely wide rights, thus becoming a kind of "corpus separatum'*.
Among the minority leadership, as in Berlin government and par¬
ty services in charge of acting among the German minority, ideas ha¬
ve been disseminated about the need for establishing a German state in
the Southeast, consisting of parts of territories of Southeastern states. Its
center should have been in Belgrade, converted into the "Reich fortress"
and renamed into
"Prinz Eugen Stadt".
The purpose of this
Volksdeutscher
"state" should have been to defend communications in the
Danubian
re¬
gion, as well as important resource and agrarian areas. That was intended
to be a kind of German military frontier, to serve to defend the approa¬
ch to
Lebensraum in
the East. It was conceived as racially and ethnically
monolithic, and this would be achieved by moving out all non-German,
particularly Serbian population from the area around the middle co¬
urse of the Danube. In addition to this plan, submitted in July
1941
to
the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs, there existed a range of similar
plans about organization of different forms of German "autonomies" or
"states". They all remained without unanimous support in Berlin, prima¬
rily because of the need to safeguard allied relations and also due to the
opinion voiced by Hitler himself that all members of the German mino¬
rity should be moved to the areas within the Reich.
Volksdeutscher
we¬
re in the Southeast the prime-rate political and economic factor for the
Third Reich, but they also represented a significant reserve of human po¬
tential for recruitment into
Wehrmacht
and Waffen-SS, police units and
Organization Tot.
Milan D.
¡iislović
Southeastern
Europe
entered the discussions about the "New
European Order" in grand style in
1940,
as an inseparable and still for¬
mally, militarily and politically incompletely subjugated space. Its pla¬
cing under direct German control, as some of the leading national-soci¬
alist experts in this space pointed out, was in the function of an attempt
to eliminate "economic Balkanization" of Europe. Its integration in¬
to the "New European Order" was given great importance, but atten¬
tion was also drawn to the fact that it was a Teilproblem, one of the se¬
gments of the comprehensive solution to all economic issues within
the Grosswirtschafisrautn, The Southeast, although "united" under the
German domination and military power, was fragmented within more
than ever. That did not remain without consequences for the plans on
the future and their effectuation. Visible inconsistencies in the operation
of over organized mechanism of the Nazi state, both at the planning le¬
vel and in practice, appeared in the Southeast.
The most prominent place in the discussions about the future of
Southeast European economies in strictly directed mechanism of the
"great economic space" occupied ideas about the definition of the direc¬
tion of their development, more precisely would it be more meaningful
to undertake their further industrialization and economic and social mo¬
dernization, or "freeze" them at the level of food producers and produ¬
cers of industrial raw materials for the needs of developed parts of the
"New European Order1' Through them one can clearly observe the line of
thinking about the future place of this space, in which concordance abo¬
ut the need that it retains its "supplementary character" was continuou¬
sly present (despite formal theoretical
âifferences).
Planning of economic trends and war exploitation of countri¬
es that belonged to important southeastern frontier area of the "New
Order" had great appeal for German economists and experts. Shortly
before the war, an organized campaign was undertaken mobilizing a wi¬
de circle of interested parties, with an intention of creating "professional
and scientific assumptions" for broad, detailed planning and active acti¬
on, aimed toward complete overtaking of economic life of peoples in the
European southeast by German economy. Business leaders and experts
in the Southeast gathered into various interest alliances, societies, com¬
mittees, councils, as another way of institutionalizing the interests of cer¬
tain groups sharing similar opinions, methods of action and affiliation
(either to state or private industry or else to certain branches of German
economy).
In this aim, activities of several most prominent organizations spe¬
cialized in the Southeast were observed. The Southeast-European Society
(Südosteuropa Gesellschaft -
SOEG) was founded in Vienna in
1940
under
the patronage of the Nazi state and party. Besides this organization, the
association of private businessmen Central European Economic Council
{Mitteleuropäische Wirtschaftstag)
acted in the same direction since
1933,
384
Nemalkt Novi poredak
enjoying the support of and having among its leadership the represen¬
tatives of the biggest German industrial and financial concerns
(IG
Farbenindustrie
AG,
Deutsche Bank,
Dresdner
Bank, Siemens,
Zeiss,
etc.). Besides organizing and coordinating the economic activity, both
associations engaged in mutual competitive struggle for prestige in ma¬
naging the economic activity. In this activity they have been joined by
the
Reichsgruppe
for industry
{Reichsgruppeindustrie)
with its Department
for the Southeast, as well as separate "southeastern departments" of eco¬
nomic giants. The last in this line was the "European Circle" from Berlin
with its Southeast European "state representatives" and committees, cre¬
ated in the last phase of war.
Numerous institutions of higher learning and scientific institutions
from the entire territory of the Reich, particularly those from its sout¬
hern parts, were actively involved in economic planning. Differences and
conflicts pronounced during the wartime years reflected discrepancy
between "traditionalist" and "modernist" approach to the Southeast and
planning for the Southeast (e.g. differences between MWT and SOEG).
Restricting ourselves to the analysis of only some selected charac¬
teristic (in our opinion) manifestations of German wartime planning po¬
licy and its implementation in the Southeast, it was necessary to draw
attention to the establishment of what can be termed "bloodless occupa¬
tion", carried out by large German economic, particularly banking con¬
cerns. It completes the picture and witnesses of the essence of current re¬
lations, as well as those that should have been established in the area of fi¬
nances in the future. The choice was the consequence of extreme impor¬
tance that banks had as masters of financial bloodstream of the German
economy. In addition to industrial giants, big banks were members of the
striking phalange of Nazi economy and one of the cornerstones on which
rested the "New European Economic Order". Closely following German
tanks, they engaged in "in-depth occupation" of territories, absorbing
domestic banking systems on the Southeast, in allied or occupied sta¬
tes alike, dividing the space into zones of influence and financing pro¬
jects important for war economy. Despite its violence, their activity in the
Southeast has not been elemental, but the result of tactic, thought-out
and comprehensive penetration achieved in the period
1940-1944/45.
All Southeast European nations, regardless of their status in the
"New Order" system have been observed by the German side as an im¬
portant source of labor for the Third Reich's economy. This "most va¬
luable export commodity" from the Southeast was particularly coun¬
ted on for the period after the war. Taking agrarian overpopulation and
high birth rate into consideration, it was estimated that this space co¬
uld provide millions of workers for the German economy. This resour¬
ce has been used only partially during the war and was limited primari¬
ly by the situation on the Yugoslav territories» where uprisings and war
operations interfered with and interrupted activities of drawing workers
_. _„_,----------------------------
3S5
Mito» D.
RiMovlč
away. Massive recruitment of manpower into armies of allied, Axis sta¬
tes and their engagement on fronts, primarily Eastern, and other war ta¬
sks also affected these plans. Besides, certain allied governments oppo¬
sed the German policy of recruiting and taking away workers. The mo¬
dalities of use of this resource were complete with the engagement of pri¬
soners of war as well as slave work of camp prisoners. Presence of wor¬
kers from the Southeast in Germany encouraged racist theoreticians to
test their wits again in the discipline of defining their "racial adequacy"
and place in the hierarchical racist categorization.
Planning of the future of "supplementary economic space" on the
Southeast took into account its great importance for the Third Reich as
the space which geographically and in transport terms constitutes a brid¬
ge toward other major areas. Ambitious plans for the construction of a
network of new communications through the Southeast have been up¬
dated. Promotion of sailing on the Danube was planned, since extreme
importance was attached to this river as the "German river" and com¬
munication artery which should connect, passing across the Southeast,
the political and economic center of
Grossraum
with the newly-conque¬
red
Lebensraum in
the East. Old plans have been modified with the additi¬
on of new, more ambitious ones, such as construction of a dense network
of canals that would connect the Danube with the Northern Adriatic,
Rhine-Main-Danube canal, connecting Danube with
Morava,
Vardar
and Aegean, etc. Construction of a highway that should "keep the space
together" from Hamburg to Bosporus was also discussed. The Southeast
should have become a communication springboard for penetration to
the Near and Middle East, Northern Africa.
The specific role of Italy was discussed as well. In addition to be¬
ing an ally, it was considered to be a factor whose policy and ambiti¬
ons contributed to instability of the order in the Southeast. Since the be¬
ginning of war in the Balkans Italy demanded from Berlin to keep pro¬
mises that in this territory, Italian influence will have at least equal if not
predominant role. Demands to enable its economy, chronically squee¬
zed by shortage in raw materials and dependent of German deliveries,
to get more room in the European Southeast before and during the war
caused unfavorable and hostile reactions of German allies. Such intenti¬
ons of Rome were regarded as a great danger for German economic in¬
terests, which had to be opposed in every possible way. There were some
attempts to strengthen Italian economic positions by political connecti¬
ons with certain members of the German camp in the Southeast, parti¬
cularly Hungary and Romania, while Independent State of Croatia, due
to territorial conflicts with Italy, came under the control of the new tu¬
tor
-
Germany. Also, the leadership of fascist Italy intended to promo¬
te the Italian model of the "New Order", its
ordine nuovo,
attempting to
present it as more original and acceptable for the implementation in the
Southeast than the German model.
386
Ncmaikt
Novi poredak
Collapse of the "planning strategy" on the Southeast as well as of
the entire German system was caused by war defeats, in the same way as
the initial successes enabled the emergence of blueprints for the develo¬
pment of the "European New Order", The economy of total war had only
short-term goals before it
-
functioning of the German war machinery.
Abandonment of the "planning of the future of the European Order" af¬
ter Stalingrad marked the suspension of the "planning of the future" of
the European Southeast. Narrowing of the Grosswirtschaftsraum led to the
collapse of ideological and propaganda structure of the "New Order"
which found one of its last refuges in the Southeast.
Dealing with this form of expression of totalitarian spirit and its
impact on the European Southeast in wartime years
1940-1945,
anal¬
ysis of "planning concepts" "ideas" "planning notions" all this anti-uto-
pian
ideological arsenal, forged in the headquarters of the Nazi state eli¬
tes, serves to illuminate a segment
ofthat
period when» according to the
words of a contemporary, the deepest darkness ruled over Europe and,
we may add, over its southeastern space. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Ristović, Milan D. 1953- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)13229950X |
| author_facet | Ristović, Milan D. 1953- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ristović, Milan D. 1953- |
| author_variant | m d r md mdr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022236233 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)180900080 (DE-599)BVBBV022236233 |
| dewey-full | 940.5312 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 940 - History of Europe |
| dewey-raw | 940.5312 |
| dewey-search | 940.5312 |
| dewey-sort | 3940.5312 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| edition | 2. izd. |
| era | Geschichte 1933-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1933-1945 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Duitsland gtt Zuidoost-Europa gtt Deutschland Balkanhalbinsel (DE-588)4004334-4 gnd Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Duitsland Zuidoost-Europa Deutschland Balkanhalbinsel |
| id | DE-604.BV022236233 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T16:34:14Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:53:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8675493975 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015447239 |
| oclc_num | 180900080 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 426 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Službeni Glasnik |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Evropa - Balkan |
| spelling | Ristović, Milan D. 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)13229950X aut Nemački "Novi poredak" i Jugoistočna Evropa 1940/41- 1944/45 ; planovi o budučnosti i praksa Milan D. Ristović 2. izd. Beograd Službeni Glasnik 2005 426 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Evropa - Balkan Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: German "New order" and Southeastern Europe ... Geschichte 1933-1945 gnd rswk-swf Derde Rijk gtt Economische aspecten gtt Wirtschaft Hegemonie (DE-588)4023979-2 gnd rswk-swf Weltordnung (DE-588)4126263-3 gnd rswk-swf Duitsland gtt Zuidoost-Europa gtt Deutschland Balkanhalbinsel (DE-588)4004334-4 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 g Weltordnung (DE-588)4126263-3 s Hegemonie (DE-588)4023979-2 s Balkanhalbinsel (DE-588)4004334-4 g Geschichte 1933-1945 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015447239&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015447239&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Ristović, Milan D. 1953- Nemački "Novi poredak" i Jugoistočna Evropa 1940/41- 1944/45 ; planovi o budučnosti i praksa Derde Rijk gtt Economische aspecten gtt Wirtschaft Hegemonie (DE-588)4023979-2 gnd Weltordnung (DE-588)4126263-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4023979-2 (DE-588)4126263-3 (DE-588)4004334-4 (DE-588)4011882-4 |
| title | Nemački "Novi poredak" i Jugoistočna Evropa 1940/41- 1944/45 ; planovi o budučnosti i praksa |
| title_auth | Nemački "Novi poredak" i Jugoistočna Evropa 1940/41- 1944/45 ; planovi o budučnosti i praksa |
| title_exact_search | Nemački "Novi poredak" i Jugoistočna Evropa 1940/41- 1944/45 ; planovi o budučnosti i praksa |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Nemački "Novi poredak" i Jugoistočna Evropa 1940/41- 1944/45 ; planovi o budučnosti i praksa |
| title_full | Nemački "Novi poredak" i Jugoistočna Evropa 1940/41- 1944/45 ; planovi o budučnosti i praksa Milan D. Ristović |
| title_fullStr | Nemački "Novi poredak" i Jugoistočna Evropa 1940/41- 1944/45 ; planovi o budučnosti i praksa Milan D. Ristović |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nemački "Novi poredak" i Jugoistočna Evropa 1940/41- 1944/45 ; planovi o budučnosti i praksa Milan D. Ristović |
| title_short | Nemački "Novi poredak" i Jugoistočna Evropa |
| title_sort | nemacki novi poredak i jugoistocna evropa 1940 41 1944 45 planovi o buducnosti i praksa |
| title_sub | 1940/41- 1944/45 ; planovi o budučnosti i praksa |
| topic | Derde Rijk gtt Economische aspecten gtt Wirtschaft Hegemonie (DE-588)4023979-2 gnd Weltordnung (DE-588)4126263-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Derde Rijk Economische aspecten Wirtschaft Hegemonie Weltordnung Duitsland Zuidoost-Europa Deutschland Balkanhalbinsel |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015447239&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015447239&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ristovicmiland nemackinoviporedakijugoistocnaevropa194041194445planoviobuducnostiipraksa |