K̕art̕uli numizmatika:
ქართული ნუმიზმატიკა
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Georgian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
T̕bilisi
Gamomc̕emloba "Artanuǰi"
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Georgian numismatics. - In georg. Schr. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Bd. 2 im Verl. Gamomc̕emloba "Meridiani", Tb̕ilisi, erschienen |
| ISBN: | 9994055364 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |6 880-01 |a Dundua, Giorgi |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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| 264 | 1 | |a T̕bilisi |b Gamomc̕emloba "Artanuǰi" | |
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| 500 | |a PST: Georgian numismatics. - In georg. Schr. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Bd. 2 im Verl. Gamomc̕emloba "Meridiani", Tb̕ilisi, erschienen | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Coins, Georgian (South Caucasian) |x History | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Numismatik |0 (DE-588)4172175-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Georgien |0 (DE-588)4022406-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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| 880 | 1 | |6 100-01/Geor |a დუნდუა, გიორგი |a ut | |
| 880 | 1 | |6 700-02/Geor |a დუნდუა, თედო |a ut | |
| 880 | 1 | 0 | |6 245-03/Geor |a ქართული ნუმიზმატიკა |c გიორგი დუნდუა ; თედო დუნდუა |
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| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015436460 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1816329629542121472 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Giorgi
GEORGIAN
Part One
SUMMARY*
A pocket-size Georgia has amazingly different nature. Indeed, the West of the country is sunny
and humid, while the East and the South lack later character. The West is Colchis. And the East
-
-
HISTORY
COLCHIS/LAZICA
Protofeudalism
towards the end of the 2nd millennium
B.C.-the 1st
Feudalism
the 1st-the
IBERIA
Protofeudalism
the
Feudalism
the 4th-the 10th
GEORGIA
Feudalism
the
Capitalism
1864/71 -
CAPITALISM IN
GEORGIA
Abolishment of serfdom
Civil equality
Liberalism
1864/1871
1917
nowadays
*
by step.
295
GEORGIA
COLCHIS/LAZICA
partner
type of relationship
chronology
Ionian Greeks /Miletus/
Colonization and Hellemzation
the6th-the 5th cc. B.C.
Hellas /Athens/
Colonization and Hellenization
the 5th
Pontus
Economic and political integration.
Failure of Hellenism
the 4th
A.D.
Pontus
Economic integration
the 1st-thence.
Rome
Pontic
oned at the seaside
the 1st-the 4th cc.
Byzantium
Slight hegemony
the 4th-the
IBERIA
partner
type of relationship
chronology
Greeks from Syria
Seleucids
Military alliance and Transcaucasian
transit of the Indian goods
the 3rd
Rome
Military alliance and Transcaucasian
transit of the Indian goods
the 1st-the 3rd cc.
Byzantium
Slight hegemony
the 4th-the
GEORGIA
partner
type of relationship
chronology
Byzantium
Dual Empire
the ll"1-thence.
Russia
Political integration and economic
assistance
the 18th
Soviet Union
East European integration
1922-1991
Europe
Councilor Europe
nowadays
296
MONEY HISTORY
GENERAL SCHEME
Protofeudalism
Feudalism
Capitalism
occasional local issues
imported silver coins
intensive
local
issues
1)
2)
3)
There are some exceptions for Georgia:
1)
working hard
neat bimetallistic structure. As soon as these Greeks seized to speak Greek, the local issues were
postponed for a very long time.
2)
money -just a measure to keep silver within the country, and not a modern financial summit.
3)
issues.
COLCHIS
In the 5th ~ the 3rd cc. B.C. Phasis, the bilingual /Graeco-Colchian/ community of the Eastern
Black Sea littoral issued the silver coins with the Craeco-Colchian types.
I type. Stater /the Milesian
standards/. JR.
Obv. Lion's head, left/right/, showing teeth
Rev. Winged Pegasus, right, in quadratum incusum.
PL. I
II type. Stater /the Persian system
- 7.9
B.C.
Obv. Lying hermaphrodite lion /with a mane and the teats/, to right /left/ with a head turned
back.
Rev. Kneeling female figure with a bull's head /also hermaphrodite/, and a necklace
right /left/, in quadratum incusum
moon and Arethusa.
297
PL. I
HI type. Stater/the Persian standard
standard
B.C. /II and III types are usually replaced by each other/.
Obv. Archaic female head, right, within linear circle.
Rev. two identical heads, facing one another, each in
PL. I№3
IV type. Didrachm
Obv. Archaic female head /identical with III type/, right, within the linear circle.
Rev. Two bull's heads, facing one another, each in quadratum incusum.
V type.
connection is very symptomatic/. Phasis. The 5th
Obv. Lion's head facing.
Rev. Bull's head, right, in quadratum incusum.
PL. I Ni>
VI type. Hemidrachm /Attic standard,
connection with II type is symptomatic. They both should be considered as one
issue within Attic standard. Phasis. The 5th
Obv. Lion's head, right /left/, showing teeth.
Rev. Lioness's foreparts, right, in quadratum incusum.
PL. I№
VII
JR.
The 5th
Obv. Archaic female head /identical with III and IV types/, either in linear circle, or in
border of the dots, right /left/.
Rev. Bull's head, right, within linear circle. Sometimes there are the Greek letters
ΣΟ, Ο, Α, Φ, Π, Ε, Δ
PL. I №Ns
VHTtype. Hemitetartemorion
Phasis. The second half of the 5th cB.C.
Obv. Archaic female head /identical with III, IV and
Rev. Crane
An idea of the Hellenistic integration is reflected in the Colchian imitations to the gold staters
of Alexander and Lysimachus.
Colchis. King Aka /Alois/. Stater
Obv. Diademed head of Alexander the Great, right, wearing horn of Ammon.
Rev. Athena enthroned, left, holding Nike and resting left arm on shield; on right
298
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ,
dolphins.
PL. II
Colchian imitations to Lysimachan type gold staters. Sceptukhoi /the dukes/.
Series
Pontus/.
Obv. Non-naturalistic head, right; radiant hair style sometimes ornamented with bird-effigies.
Rev. Schematic Athena enthroned, left /right/, holding Nike, trident below.
PL. II
Colchian imitations to Alexander's type gold staters. Sceptukhoi /the dukes/. Series
/inflation/.
Pontus/.
Obv. Non-naturalistic head, right.
Rev. Bull-headed, or ram-headed schematic Nike, facing.
PL. Ill
In the 2nd —the 1st cc. B.C.
were well preserved in the Colchian numismatics.
Dioscurias. Chalkos /ex.
This sample is poorly preserved/. Series.
Obv. Caps of Dioscuri, surmounted by six, or eight-pointed stars.
Rev. Thyrsos /of Dionysios, i.e. of Mithridates Eupator/, and legend
ΔΟΣ.
PL. Ill Ns№
Colchis. Mithridates Philopator Philadelphus -son of Mithridates Eupator, king of the country.
Chalkos
pieces too/. Surion /modern
Obv. Lotus
Rev. eight-pointed star.
PL. Ill
Gnaeus Pompejus put Colchis within the Roman hegemony. And his local client certain
Aristarchus placed an effigy of the famous Roman general on his drachm.
Colchis. Aristarchus. Light drachm
Obv. Gnaeus Pompejus, diademed and crowned with the rays, right.
Rev. Seated figure of Tyche in a tall crown, with vessel and rudder, right; on right
ΑΡΙΣΤΑΡΧΟΥ,
viceroy
PL. Ill
Trapezus with its mixed /Graeco-Colchian/ population worshiped Mithras as equestrian.
Trapezus. Municipal coinage.
Obv. Bust /Trajan
299
Rev. Full picture
behind. Fire-altar
holding an upright torch and signifying day and life; and Cautopates, holding an
inverted torch, signifying night and death. Star
-
PL.
IBERIA
The first Iberian coins /the 3rd c.
Gaius and Lucius Caesars standing facing, shields and spears between them /PL. IV
PL. V N»№
fineness
The next is "Georgian /IberianASassanian" silver, copied mostly from a drachm of Ohrmazd IV
/personification of a ruler/Rev. Holy fire
structure of the group seems to be as follows:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Georgian letters for the name Stephanos /prince of Iberia. Obv./
8)
Stephanos /Obv./
The supposed chronology of the group is
Stephanos 1.
Obv. Bust, right. Name
Double-linear circle
Rev. The cross on altar. Guardians.
Threefold-linear circle
PL. VI NeN»
The Arab hegemony was marked by a restoration of Tbilisi /Tiflis/ mint. The occupation series
/money of the Umayyads and the
were struck there:
1)
2)
3)
4)
300
5) 'Ali
The fineness is being reduced. The last pieces are irregular.
And free from any control the dukes of Kartli issued the imitations with the distorted Arabian
legends and the Georgian letters inserted into /the 10th a/.
Even Bagrat III /from Bagrationi ruling house/, king of Georgia, possessing by that time the
West /former Colchis/Lazica/ and the East parts of the country, used Arab pattern for his coin. But
he put very proud Georgian legend on the reverse
/i. e. of West Georgia; the whole problem will be discussed later/. Bagrat III. Half dirhem.
Uplistsikhe /East Georgia/.
GEORGIAN COINS WITH BYZANTINE
ICONOGRAPHY
This part deals with the money issues of Georgia in the 10th
strict attribution of numismatic data and consideration of the corresponding historical information.
Epoch under the discussion is very important in the view of the Byzantine-Georgian relationship.
A numismatic expression of this conjuncture is under a special interest
money was struck in Byzantine style and Georgian kings claimed their imperial titles stressing this
was a formal integrity of the Orthodox World.
It is more correct to split the whole period into two stages: I. the 10thc.
ІЗ"1
The founder of the "Byzantine" period of the Georgian numismatics was David III Kuropalates,
seignior of Imier Tao, the part of the South-Western Georgia. The Description of his miliaresion
/drama in
David III Kurapalates. Miliaresion. The weight ranges from
Obv. Georgia legend (abbreviation everywhere)
Cross Potent and Georgian legend
PL.
Only four specimens are known from the emission.
The most important thing to know for dating these coins is the precise year when David was
granted the title of Kuropalates. And it is thought that this title was bestowed upon him for his
special help to the emperor Basileios in the struggle against mutinous grandees. This event took
place in
he received the title of Kuropalates and coins bearing that title would have served as a magnificent
memorial to that historical event.
From the
discovered far away from there, on the territory of Eastern, Central and Northern Europe /Russia,
301
Estonia, Germany and Sweden/. How did they find their way to those regions? Two hypotheses
exist concerning this item:
1)
and
could circulate everywhere together with Byzantine currency. Russian merchants used to come to
Constantinople regularly and then they took the silver pieces of David Kuropalates to Europe.
2)
the territory of Eastern, Central and Northern Europe, the existence of the trading contacts between
Georgia and Russia in the
view being buttressed by other evidence as well. Rare Tmutaracanian piece was found in Georgia
-the imitation of Miliaresion.
The supposed mint for coins of Kuropalates is
The kings of Georgia- Bagrat IV
1125) -
The very characteristic trait of the 11th
towards weight lightening
tetri
Now let us describe the material:
,
Georgia/.
Obv. Facing bust of Virgin orans,
legend
Rev. Marginal Georgian legend
the Western Georgia/, in the centre
PL.
Only
political traits.
Now briefly about the mentioned Georgian title
economic-geographic region. Unique culture is formed within on a basis of the intensive interior
economic links. And Georgia is such complex. It was formed by economic synthesis of the East
/Iberia/ and the West /Colchis/, and since the Mingrelian /i.e. the Colchian/ language has been
transfered to a position of a family-language. A bit earlier the
were put on the same position by the Mingrelian language. In the 8th
Colchis, or Lazica. And this ruling house was from the province of Abkhasia, part of Lazica. Lazica
now is called "the Kingdom of Abkhasians", and the languages spoken here are Mingrelian, first,
then
some times later the country was unified by Bagrationi ruling house. This house also claimed to be
"the king of the Abkhasians", i.e. of the Western Georgia.
Bagrat IV. II emission
69.
"Sebastos".
302
PL.
The whole money production/more than
into three emissions, taking into account the alterations of Byzantine title.
Giorgi
Obv. Facing bust of Virgin orans,
Greek legend
Rev. Marginal Georgian legend
the Kartvelians" /i. e. the Eastern and Southern Georgia/. In the centre
Nobilíssimos".
PL.
II and III emissions have
ΒΛΑΧΕΡ
Giorgi
1074.
PL.
Giorgi
1 (?)
PL.
Three types exist within the money issues of the king David IV /some
David IV. I emission. Half
Obv. Facing bust of Virgin orans,
legend:
Rev. Marginal Georgian legend
In the centre
PL. IX
And the second type has the cross on Rev. While St. Virgin is maintained. II emission. Half
tetri.
PL. IX
Thus St. Virgin Blachernitissa series came to an end.
David IV. Ill emission. Follis Weight-
Obv. The bust of king in imperial coat
the pendants, pendilia,
scepter cruciger, and in left,
Rev. Cross in a centre and marginal Georgian legend
Abkhasians, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians, Armenians" /Rani and Kakheti are
very Eastern provinces of Georgia/.
PL. IX
303
The obverse type of this coin is patterned on the reserve of the post-reforn aspron trachy
/billon/ of Alexius I Comnenus. But the imperial coat of the Georgian king is not a fiction.
After this in Georgia for some times only copper functions asamohetary metal. Credit money
was founded. Eastern legends on these "irregularly" struck coins are just the indicators of inclusion
into the credit system of Asia. And the Georgian king is nothing else but "the sword of Messiah".
But the Western typology is still preserved.
Giorgi
Obv. The king with
filled with dust
1184)
Rev. Here Lasha claims in Arabic to be
PL.
The Iranian-Turkish reaction causes a decomposition and degradation of the economic-
geographical complex. But imperial attitude still exists.
The bust of Christ appears on the silver "Botinati" of queen Rusudan
The weight ranges from
Obv. Bust of Christ facing, wearing nimbus, pallium and colobium and raising right hand
in benediction, holds ornamented book of Gospels in left hand. Greek legend
XC,
Rev. Specific badges with the name of Rusudan inside. And Arabic legend
of the Queens, glory of the country and faith, Rusudan, daughter of
of Messiah.
PL.
The crowns of David Ulugh and David Narin on their drama struck in Kutaisi mint in
with emperor's pendants, i.e. this is again
Obv.
-
Rev. St. Virgin seated upon a throne like on the imperial issue of Michael
and corresponding Georgian legend.
PL. XV
Georgian imitations of Trapezuntine aspers keep the effigy of
Georgian culture.
Money called "Kirmaneuli". Several monetary units exist within this group, drama,
half
Obv. Caesar holding
Georgian origin is outlined by a six-pointed star typology.
Rev. St.
PL. XV
This especially interesting period of the Georgian numismatics came to an end in
304
CREDIT
Demetre
Obv. Octagon with Georgian letter "D" in centre. Arabic legend
Sword of the Messiah".
Rev. Rosette and the names of Caliph and Sultan in Arabic.
PL. X
Giorgi
Obv. Rosette with Georgian letter "G" in centre. "King of the Kings
Messiah"
Rev. Rosette and the names of Caliph.
PL. X
Giorgi
Obv. King in
facing. His right /left/ hand rests on his thigh, on his left hand up lifted sits a falcon.
Georgian letters for the name of
cycle.
Rev. King of the Kings/Giorgi, son of Demetre,/ Sword of the Messiah
PL. X№№
Giorgi
Obv. Rosette with Georgian letters "GI", in centre. Georgian legend
King of the Kings".
Rev, Rosette with Georgian letters "T", "TR", "TMR", "TM" in centre. Georgian legend
-
PL. XI
Tamar
Obv. Five semicircles form a frame, Georgian abbreviation within
Cross above.
Rev. Large dots.
PL. XI
Tamar.
Obv. In centre
of God, this silver piece was struck in
/=1210//.
Rev. Arabic legend
daughter of Giorgij/Champion of the Messiahs/may God increase her victories".
Marginal Arabic legend
and strengthen her beneficence".
PL. XI
305
Tamar
Series.
Obv. In centre, specific badge. To left and right
Date
Rev. Arabic legend
of
Border of the dots.
PL. XI
Next follis
co-regnancy is dated by
of South Georgia, was destined to a Georgian prince/ outlines Lasha's subordinated position.
PL. XI Ni>
Giorgi
Rusudan
Till the 11th
Christendom against onslaught of Asia and Islam. But it was already very old European pattern
of South trying to control North. Soon Empire found itself caught between two fires
and the Turks. European and Turkish receptio destroyed the whole system. And sophisticated half-
Asiatic Sultan did very little to maintain military alliance with the countries dwelling on Asiatic
frontier. For a long time Georgia had been left alone.
Enriched by Turkish /Seljuks, Mongols etc./ receptio, Iran became supreme Asiatic power.
Russia was thought to be a potential rival, and Caucasian Range
was to be attacked severely.
Mongols stationed in Iran exercised their power and Asiatic numismatic style over East
Georgia. The occupation series and the coins of local kings were struck there. And those who had
to move to West Georgia were safe to maintain Byzantine style.
306 |
| adam_txt |
Giorgi
GEORGIAN
Part One
SUMMARY*
A pocket-size Georgia has amazingly different nature. Indeed, the West of the country is sunny
and humid, while the East and the South lack later character. The West is Colchis. And the East
-
-
HISTORY
COLCHIS/LAZICA
Protofeudalism
towards the end of the 2nd millennium
B.C.-the 1st
Feudalism
the 1st-the
IBERIA
Protofeudalism
the
Feudalism
the 4th-the 10th
GEORGIA
Feudalism
the
Capitalism
1864/71 -
CAPITALISM IN
GEORGIA
Abolishment of serfdom
Civil equality
Liberalism
1864/1871
1917
nowadays
*
by step.
295
GEORGIA
COLCHIS/LAZICA
partner
type of relationship
chronology
Ionian Greeks /Miletus/
Colonization and Hellemzation
the6th-the 5th cc. B.C.
Hellas /Athens/
Colonization and Hellenization
the 5th
Pontus
Economic and political integration.
Failure of Hellenism
the 4th
A.D.
Pontus
Economic integration
the 1st-thence.
Rome
Pontic
oned at the seaside
the 1st-the 4th cc.
Byzantium
Slight hegemony
the 4th-the
IBERIA
partner
type of relationship
chronology
Greeks from Syria
Seleucids
Military alliance and Transcaucasian
transit of the Indian goods
the 3rd
Rome
Military alliance and Transcaucasian
transit of the Indian goods
the 1st-the 3rd cc.
Byzantium
Slight hegemony
the 4th-the
GEORGIA
partner
type of relationship
chronology
Byzantium
Dual Empire
the ll"1-thence.
Russia
Political integration and economic
assistance
the 18th
Soviet Union
East European integration
1922-1991
Europe
Councilor Europe
nowadays
296
MONEY HISTORY
GENERAL SCHEME
Protofeudalism
Feudalism
Capitalism
occasional local issues
imported silver coins
intensive
local
issues
1)
2)
3)
There are some exceptions for Georgia:
1)
working hard
neat bimetallistic structure. As soon as these Greeks seized to speak Greek, the local issues were
postponed for a very long time.
2)
money -just a measure to keep silver within the country, and not a modern financial summit.
3)
issues.
COLCHIS
In the 5th ~ the 3rd cc. B.C. Phasis, the bilingual /Graeco-Colchian/ community of the Eastern
Black Sea littoral issued the silver coins with the Craeco-Colchian types.
I type. Stater /the Milesian
standards/. JR.
Obv. Lion's head, left/right/, showing teeth
Rev. Winged Pegasus, right, in quadratum incusum.
PL. I
II type. Stater /the Persian system
- 7.9
B.C.
Obv. Lying hermaphrodite lion /with a mane and the teats/, to right /left/ with a head turned
back.
Rev. Kneeling female figure with a bull's head /also hermaphrodite/, and a necklace
right /left/, in quadratum incusum
moon and Arethusa.
297
PL. I
HI type. Stater/the Persian standard
standard
B.C. /II and III types are usually replaced by each other/.
Obv. Archaic female head, right, within linear circle.
Rev. two identical heads, facing one another, each in
PL. I№3
IV type. Didrachm
Obv. Archaic female head /identical with III type/, right, within the linear circle.
Rev. Two bull's heads, facing one another, each in quadratum incusum.
V type.
connection is very symptomatic/. Phasis. The 5th
Obv. Lion's head facing.
Rev. Bull's head, right, in quadratum incusum.
PL. I Ni>
VI type. Hemidrachm /Attic standard,
connection with II type is symptomatic. They both should be considered as one
issue within Attic standard. Phasis. The 5th
Obv. Lion's head, right /left/, showing teeth.
Rev. Lioness's foreparts, right, in quadratum incusum.
PL. I№
VII
JR.
The 5th
Obv. Archaic female head /identical with III and IV types/, either in linear circle, or in
border of the dots, right /left/.
Rev. Bull's head, right, within linear circle. Sometimes there are the Greek letters
ΣΟ, Ο, Α, Φ, Π, Ε, Δ
PL. I №Ns
VHTtype. Hemitetartemorion
Phasis. The second half of the 5th cB.C.
Obv. Archaic female head /identical with III, IV and
Rev. Crane
An idea of the Hellenistic integration is reflected in the Colchian imitations to the gold staters
of Alexander and Lysimachus.
Colchis. King Aka /Alois/. Stater
Obv. Diademed head of Alexander the Great, right, wearing horn of Ammon.
Rev. Athena enthroned, left, holding Nike and resting left arm on shield; on right
298
ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ,
dolphins.
PL. II
Colchian imitations to Lysimachan type gold staters. Sceptukhoi /the dukes/.
Series
Pontus/.
Obv. Non-naturalistic head, right; radiant hair style sometimes ornamented with bird-effigies.
Rev. Schematic Athena enthroned, left /right/, holding Nike, trident below.
PL. II
Colchian imitations to Alexander's type gold staters. Sceptukhoi /the dukes/. Series
/inflation/.
Pontus/.
Obv. Non-naturalistic head, right.
Rev. Bull-headed, or ram-headed schematic Nike, facing.
PL. Ill
In the 2nd —the 1st cc. B.C.
were well preserved in the Colchian numismatics.
Dioscurias. Chalkos /ex.
This sample is poorly preserved/. Series.
Obv. Caps of Dioscuri, surmounted by six, or eight-pointed stars.
Rev. Thyrsos /of Dionysios, i.e. of Mithridates Eupator/, and legend
ΔΟΣ.
PL. Ill Ns№
Colchis. Mithridates Philopator Philadelphus -son of Mithridates Eupator, king of the country.
Chalkos
pieces too/. Surion /modern
Obv. Lotus
Rev. eight-pointed star.
PL. Ill
Gnaeus Pompejus put Colchis within the Roman hegemony. And his local client certain
Aristarchus placed an effigy of the famous Roman general on his drachm.
Colchis. Aristarchus. Light drachm
Obv. Gnaeus Pompejus, diademed and crowned with the rays, right.
Rev. Seated figure of Tyche in a tall crown, with vessel and rudder, right; on right
ΑΡΙΣΤΑΡΧΟΥ,
viceroy
PL. Ill
Trapezus with its mixed /Graeco-Colchian/ population worshiped Mithras as equestrian.
Trapezus. Municipal coinage.
Obv. Bust /Trajan
299
Rev. Full picture
behind. Fire-altar
holding an upright torch and signifying day and life; and Cautopates, holding an
inverted torch, signifying night and death. Star
-
PL.
IBERIA
The first Iberian coins /the 3rd c.
Gaius and Lucius Caesars standing facing, shields and spears between them /PL. IV
PL. V N»№
fineness
The next is "Georgian /IberianASassanian" silver, copied mostly from a drachm of Ohrmazd IV
/personification of a ruler/Rev. Holy fire
structure of the group seems to be as follows:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Georgian letters for the name Stephanos /prince of Iberia. Obv./
8)
Stephanos /Obv./
The supposed chronology of the group is
Stephanos 1.
Obv. Bust, right. Name
Double-linear circle
Rev. The cross on altar. Guardians.
Threefold-linear circle
PL. VI NeN»
The Arab hegemony was marked by a restoration of Tbilisi /Tiflis/ mint. The occupation series
/money of the Umayyads and the
were struck there:
1)
2)
3)
4)
300
5) 'Ali
The fineness is being reduced. The last pieces are irregular.
And free from any control the dukes of Kartli issued the imitations with the distorted Arabian
legends and the Georgian letters inserted into /the 10th a/.
Even Bagrat III /from Bagrationi ruling house/, king of Georgia, possessing by that time the
West /former Colchis/Lazica/ and the East parts of the country, used Arab pattern for his coin. But
he put very proud Georgian legend on the reverse
/i. e. of West Georgia; the whole problem will be discussed later/. Bagrat III. Half dirhem.
Uplistsikhe /East Georgia/.
GEORGIAN COINS WITH BYZANTINE
ICONOGRAPHY
This part deals with the money issues of Georgia in the 10th
strict attribution of numismatic data and consideration of the corresponding historical information.
Epoch under the discussion is very important in the view of the Byzantine-Georgian relationship.
A numismatic expression of this conjuncture is under a special interest
money was struck in Byzantine style and Georgian kings claimed their imperial titles stressing this
was a formal integrity of the Orthodox World.
It is more correct to split the whole period into two stages: I. the 10thc.
ІЗ"1
The founder of the "Byzantine" period of the Georgian numismatics was David III Kuropalates,
seignior of Imier Tao, the part of the South-Western Georgia. The Description of his miliaresion
/drama in
David III Kurapalates. Miliaresion. The weight ranges from
Obv. Georgia legend (abbreviation everywhere)
Cross Potent and Georgian legend
PL.
Only four specimens are known from the emission.
The most important thing to know for dating these coins is the precise year when David was
granted the title of Kuropalates. And it is thought that this title was bestowed upon him for his
special help to the emperor Basileios in the struggle against mutinous grandees. This event took
place in
he received the title of Kuropalates and coins bearing that title would have served as a magnificent
memorial to that historical event.
From the
discovered far away from there, on the territory of Eastern, Central and Northern Europe /Russia,
301
Estonia, Germany and Sweden/. How did they find their way to those regions? Two hypotheses
exist concerning this item:
1)
and
could circulate everywhere together with Byzantine currency. Russian merchants used to come to
Constantinople regularly and then they took the silver pieces of David Kuropalates to Europe.
2)
the territory of Eastern, Central and Northern Europe, the existence of the trading contacts between
Georgia and Russia in the
view being buttressed by other evidence as well. Rare Tmutaracanian piece was found in Georgia
-the imitation of Miliaresion.
The supposed mint for coins of Kuropalates is
The kings of Georgia- Bagrat IV
1125) -
The very characteristic trait of the 11th
towards weight lightening
tetri
Now let us describe the material:
,
Georgia/.
Obv. Facing bust of Virgin orans,
legend
Rev. Marginal Georgian legend
the Western Georgia/, in the centre
PL.
Only
political traits.
Now briefly about the mentioned Georgian title
economic-geographic region. Unique culture is formed within on a basis of the intensive interior
economic links. And Georgia is such complex. It was formed by economic synthesis of the East
/Iberia/ and the West /Colchis/, and since the Mingrelian /i.e. the Colchian/ language has been
transfered to a position of a family-language. A bit earlier the
were put on the same position by the Mingrelian language. In the 8th
Colchis, or Lazica. And this ruling house was from the province of Abkhasia, part of Lazica. Lazica
now is called "the Kingdom of Abkhasians", and the languages spoken here are Mingrelian, first,
then
some times later the country was unified by Bagrationi ruling house. This house also claimed to be
"the king of the Abkhasians", i.e. of the Western Georgia.
Bagrat IV. II emission
69.
"Sebastos".
302
PL.
The whole money production/more than
into three emissions, taking into account the alterations of Byzantine title.
Giorgi
Obv. Facing bust of Virgin orans,
Greek legend
Rev. Marginal Georgian legend
the Kartvelians" /i. e. the Eastern and Southern Georgia/. In the centre
Nobilíssimos".
PL.
II and III emissions have
ΒΛΑΧΕΡ
Giorgi
1074.
PL.
Giorgi
1 (?)
PL.
Three types exist within the money issues of the king David IV /some
David IV. I emission. Half
Obv. Facing bust of Virgin orans,
legend:
Rev. Marginal Georgian legend
In the centre
PL. IX
And the second type has the cross on Rev. While St. Virgin is maintained. II emission. Half
tetri.
PL. IX
Thus St. Virgin Blachernitissa series came to an end.
David IV. Ill emission. Follis Weight-
Obv. The bust of king in imperial coat
the pendants, pendilia,
scepter cruciger, and in left,
Rev. Cross in a centre and marginal Georgian legend
Abkhasians, Kartvelians, Ranians, Kakhetians, Armenians" /Rani and Kakheti are
very Eastern provinces of Georgia/.
PL. IX
303
The obverse type of this coin is patterned on the reserve of the post-reforn aspron trachy
/billon/ of Alexius I Comnenus. But the imperial coat of the Georgian king is not a fiction.
After this in Georgia for some times only copper functions asamohetary metal. Credit money
was founded. Eastern legends on these "irregularly" struck coins are just the indicators of inclusion
into the credit system of Asia. And the Georgian king is nothing else but "the sword of Messiah".
But the Western typology is still preserved.
Giorgi
Obv. The king with
filled with dust
1184)
Rev. Here Lasha claims in Arabic to be
PL.
The Iranian-Turkish reaction causes a decomposition and degradation of the economic-
geographical complex. But imperial attitude still exists.
The bust of Christ appears on the silver "Botinati" of queen Rusudan
The weight ranges from
Obv. Bust of Christ facing, wearing nimbus, pallium and colobium and raising right hand
in benediction, holds ornamented book of Gospels in left hand. Greek legend
XC,
Rev. Specific badges with the name of Rusudan inside. And Arabic legend
of the Queens, glory of the country and faith, Rusudan, daughter of
of Messiah.
PL.
The crowns of David Ulugh and David Narin on their drama struck in Kutaisi mint in
with emperor's pendants, i.e. this is again
Obv.
-
Rev. St. Virgin seated upon a throne like on the imperial issue of Michael
and corresponding Georgian legend.
PL. XV
Georgian imitations of Trapezuntine aspers keep the effigy of
Georgian culture.
Money called "Kirmaneuli". Several monetary units exist within this group, drama,
half
Obv. Caesar holding
Georgian origin is outlined by a six-pointed star typology.
Rev. St.
PL. XV
This especially interesting period of the Georgian numismatics came to an end in
304
CREDIT
Demetre
Obv. Octagon with Georgian letter "D" in centre. Arabic legend
Sword of the Messiah".
Rev. Rosette and the names of Caliph and Sultan in Arabic.
PL. X
Giorgi
Obv. Rosette with Georgian letter "G" in centre. "King of the Kings
Messiah"
Rev. Rosette and the names of Caliph.
PL. X
Giorgi
Obv. King in
facing. His right /left/ hand rests on his thigh, on his left hand up lifted sits a falcon.
Georgian letters for the name of
cycle.
Rev. King of the Kings/Giorgi, son of Demetre,/ Sword of the Messiah
PL. X№№
Giorgi
Obv. Rosette with Georgian letters "GI", in centre. Georgian legend
King of the Kings".
Rev, Rosette with Georgian letters "T", "TR", "TMR", "TM" in centre. Georgian legend
-
PL. XI
Tamar
Obv. Five semicircles form a frame, Georgian abbreviation within
Cross above.
Rev. Large dots.
PL. XI
Tamar.
Obv. In centre
of God, this silver piece was struck in
/=1210//.
Rev. Arabic legend
daughter of Giorgij/Champion of the Messiahs/may God increase her victories".
Marginal Arabic legend
and strengthen her beneficence".
PL. XI
305
Tamar
Series.
Obv. In centre, specific badge. To left and right
Date
Rev. Arabic legend
of
Border of the dots.
PL. XI
Next follis
co-regnancy is dated by
of South Georgia, was destined to a Georgian prince/ outlines Lasha's subordinated position.
PL. XI Ni>
Giorgi
Rusudan
Till the 11th
Christendom against onslaught of Asia and Islam. But it was already very old European pattern
of South trying to control North. Soon Empire found itself caught between two fires
and the Turks. European and Turkish receptio destroyed the whole system. And sophisticated half-
Asiatic Sultan did very little to maintain military alliance with the countries dwelling on Asiatic
frontier. For a long time Georgia had been left alone.
Enriched by Turkish /Seljuks, Mongols etc./ receptio, Iran became supreme Asiatic power.
Russia was thought to be a potential rival, and Caucasian Range
was to be attacked severely.
Mongols stationed in Iran exercised their power and Asiatic numismatic style over East
Georgia. The occupation series and the coins of local kings were struck there. And those who had
to move to West Georgia were safe to maintain Byzantine style.
306 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author | Dundua, Giorgi Dundua, T̕edo |
| author_facet | Dundua, Giorgi Dundua, T̕edo |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Dundua, Giorgi |
| author_variant | g d gd t d td |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022225312 |
| callnumber-first | C - Historical Sciences |
| callnumber-label | CJ1397 |
| callnumber-raw | CJ1397 |
| callnumber-search | CJ1397 |
| callnumber-sort | CJ 41397 |
| callnumber-subject | CJ - Numismatics |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)78894483 (DE-599)BVBBV022225312 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Georgien (DE-588)4022406-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Georgien |
| id | DE-604.BV022225312 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T16:30:43Z |
| indexdate | 2024-11-21T11:01:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9994055364 |
| language | Georgian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015436460 |
| oclc_num | 78894483 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| publishDateSort | 0000 |
| publisher | Gamomc̕emloba "Artanuǰi" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | 880-01 Dundua, Giorgi Verfasser aut 880-03 K̕art̕uli numizmatika Giorgi Dundua ; T̕edo Dundua T̕bilisi Gamomc̕emloba "Artanuǰi" txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier PST: Georgian numismatics. - In georg. Schr. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Bd. 2 im Verl. Gamomc̕emloba "Meridiani", Tb̕ilisi, erschienen Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Coins, Georgian (South Caucasian) History Numismatik (DE-588)4172175-5 gnd rswk-swf Georgien (DE-588)4022406-5 gnd rswk-swf Georgien (DE-588)4022406-5 g Numismatik (DE-588)4172175-5 s Geschichte z DE-604 880-02 Dundua, T̕edo Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015436460&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract 100-01/Geor დუნდუა, გიორგი ut 700-02/Geor დუნდუა, თედო ut 245-03/Geor ქართული ნუმიზმატიკა გიორგი დუნდუა ; თედო დუნდუა |
| spellingShingle | Dundua, Giorgi Dundua, T̕edo K̕art̕uli numizmatika Geschichte Coins, Georgian (South Caucasian) History Numismatik (DE-588)4172175-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4172175-5 (DE-588)4022406-5 |
| title | K̕art̕uli numizmatika |
| title_auth | K̕art̕uli numizmatika |
| title_exact_search | K̕art̕uli numizmatika |
| title_exact_search_txtP | K̕art̕uli numizmatika |
| title_full | K̕art̕uli numizmatika Giorgi Dundua ; T̕edo Dundua |
| title_fullStr | K̕art̕uli numizmatika Giorgi Dundua ; T̕edo Dundua |
| title_full_unstemmed | K̕art̕uli numizmatika Giorgi Dundua ; T̕edo Dundua |
| title_short | K̕art̕uli numizmatika |
| title_sort | kartuli numizmatika |
| topic | Geschichte Coins, Georgian (South Caucasian) History Numismatik (DE-588)4172175-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Coins, Georgian (South Caucasian) History Numismatik Georgien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015436460&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dunduagiorgi kartulinumizmatika AT dunduatedo kartulinumizmatika |