Operation of market-oriented power systems: with 80 tables
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Springer
2003
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Engineering online library
Power systems |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 443 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1852336706 9781852336707 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Operation of market-oriented power systems |b with 80 tables |c Yong-Hua Song ... (eds.) |
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| 300 | |a XVIII, 443 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Electric power systems |x Load dispatching | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Electric power systems |x Management | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Electric utilities |x Cost effectiveness | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136199111049216 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | PREFACE WORLD-WIDE UNPRECEDENTED REFORM AND RESTRUCTURING OF THE
ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY HAS IMPOSED TREMENDOUS CHALLENGES ON THE
OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEMS UNDER THIS NEW ENVIRONMENT. REGARDLESS OF THE
MARKET STRUCTURES THAT MAY EMERGE IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WORLD, SYSTEM
SECURITY, RELIABILITY AND QUALITY OF SUPPLY MUST BE MAINTAINED. FACED BY
AN INCREASINGLY COMPLICATED CO-EXISTENCE OF TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL
CONSIDERATIONS, NEW COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS AND SOFTWARE SYSTEMS ARE IN
GREAT DEMAND BY GENERATORS, SYSTEM OPERATORS, RETAILERS, AND OTHER
MARKET PARTICIPANTS TO MEET OPERATING, SCHEDULING, PLANNING, AND
FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS. IN RECENT YEARS THERE HAVE BEEN MANY BOOKS
PUBLISHED ON DEREGULATION OF THE POWER INDUSTRY BUT MOST OF THEM PLACED
EMPHASIS ON THE MARKET STRUCTURE AND POL- ICY ISSUES. FROM AN
ENGINEERING POINT OF VIEW, HOW TO DEVELOP EFFECTIVE COMPUTA- TIONAL
TOOLS FOR EFFICIENTLY OPERATING RESTRUCTURED POWER SYSTEMS IS STILL A
BIG CHAL- LENGE. DURING THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS, WITH FUNDING FROM BOTH
RESEARCH COUNCIL AND INDUSTRY, WE HAVE BEEN WORKING ON DIFFERENT
COMPUTATIONAL MODELS AND METHODS FOR OPERATION AND CONTROL OF
MARKET-ORIENTED POWER SYSTEMS. THIS BOOK, RESULTING FROM THESE
SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS, COVERS ALL THE MAJOR OPERATIONAL ISSUES, SUCH AS
SCHEDULING AND DISPATCH, CONGESTION MANAGEMENT, AVAILABLE TRANSFER
CAPABILITY CALCULATION, PRICE FORECASTING AND OPTIMAL BIDDING
STRATEGIES. IN ADDITION, A COM- PREHENSIVE REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL
RESEARCH AND WORLD-WIDE INDUSTRY PRACTICE IS PRESENTED IN EACH CHAPTER
BEFORE DESCRIBING OUR METHODS, SO AS TO GIVE READERS A BROADER
STATE-OF-THE-ART IN THIS EXCITING FIELD. THUS THIS BOOK SHOULD BE A
USEFUL REF- ERENCE FOR PROFESSIONAL MANAGERS AND ENGINEERS INVOLVED IN
THE OPERATION AND CONTROL OF MARKET-ORIENTED POWER SYSTEMS. IT WOULD
ALSO BE OF CONSIDERABLE VALUE TO POST- GRADUATE RESEARCHERS. WE ARE VERY
GRATEFUL TO VARIOUS SPONSORS FOR THEIR GENEROUS FUNDING OF OUR RE-
SEARCH. WE THANK OUR FORMER/CURRENT PHD STUDENTS, RESEARCH FOLLOWS AND
COL- LEAGUES FOR THEIR COOPERATION AND CONTRIBUTIONS. WE WISH TO THANK
OLIVER JACKSON OF SPRINGER FOR HIS ASSISTANCE IN THE PREPARATION OF THE
BOOK. WE WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK ANGELO CENTONZA FOR RE-SETTING THE
STYLE OF THE WHOLE BOOK BY OVERCOMING INCOMPATIBLE WORD PROCESSING
FORMATS. YONG-HUA SONG, BRUNEL UNIVERSITY, UK XI-FAN WANG, XI*AN
JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY, CHINA TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
..........................................................................................XVII
1. OPERATION OF RESTRUCTURED POWER SYSTEMS Y.H. SONG, X. WANG AND
J.Z. LIU
.......................................................................
1 1.1 SYSTEM OPERATION IN A COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT
..................................... 1 1.1.1 RELIABILITY-RELATED
FUNCTIONS .......................................................... 2
1.1.2 MARKET-RELATED
FUNCTIONS................................................................
2 1.2 EFFECTS OF INDUSTRY RESTRUCTURING ON SYSTEM RELIABILITY
........................... 3 1.3 NEW REQUIREMENT FOR COMPUTATION TOOLS
AND SOFTWARE SYSTEMS IN ELECTRICITY
MARKETS.....................................................................................
5 1.4 OUTLINE OF THE
BOOK....................................................................................
7 1.5
REFERENCES................................................................................................
12 2. MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICITY MARKETS A. MAIORANO,
Y.H. SONG AND M. TROVATO
.......................................................... 13 2.1
TYPES OF MARKETS
.....................................................................................
14 2.1.1 FUNDAMENTAL MARKET STRUCTURE AND
MECHANISM........................... 15 2.2 COMMODITY MARKETS
................................................................................
16 2.2.1 CASH
MARKET..................................................................................
17 2.2.2 FUTURES
MARKET..............................................................................
17 2.2.3 OPTIONS
MARKET.............................................................................
17 2.2.4 SWAP
MARKET.................................................................................
17 2.2.5 PLANNING MARKET
...........................................................................
17 2.3 PERFECT COMPETITION AND OLIGOPOLISTIC MARKET
........................................ 18 2.3.1 MARKET EQUILIBRIUM:
THE LAW OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND ................ 19 2.3.1.1 ELASTICITIES OF
SUPPLY AND DEMAND................................... 21 2.3.2 PERFECT
COMPETITION......................................................................
22 2.3.3 CLASSICAL THEORIES OF OLIGOPOLY
................................................... 24 2.3.3.1 THE
COURNOT MODEL ..........................................................
24 2.3.3.2 ISOPROFIT CURVES AND REACTION
FUNCTIONS......................... 25 2.3.3.3 THE BERTRAND
MODEL.......................................................... 28
2.3.3.4 THE STACKELBERG
EQUILIBRIUM............................................ 30 2.4
OLIGOPOLISTIC ELECTRICITY MARKET
.............................................................. 31 VIII
CONTENTS 2.4.1 MODELLING OF THE LOAD DEMAND
................................................... 32 2.4.2 EVALUATION
OF COMPANY MARGINAL COST FUNCTIONS ....................... 34 2.4.3
PRESENCE OF TRANSMISSION LOSSES
................................................. 35 2.4.4 PROPOSED
MODEL............................................................................
37 2.4.5 PRESENCE OF BILATERAL CONTRACTS
.................................................... 3 9 2.5 CASE
STUDIES AND RESULTS ANALYSIS
.......................................................... 40 2.6
CONCLUSIONS
.............................................................................................
46 2.7 REFERENCES
...............................................................................................
48 3. LOCATION-BASED MARGINAL PRICING OF ELECTRICITY AND ITS
DECOMPOSITION K. XIE AND Y.H. SONG
..............................................................................
.......... 51 3.1 INTRODUCTION
.............................................................................................
51 3.2 SPOT PRICING MODELS
................................................................................
52 3.2.1 REVIEW OF SOME EXISTING SPOT PRICING MODELS
........................... 52 3.2.2 THE DECOMPOSITION
MODEL........................................................... 53 3.3
LAGRANGIAN MULTIPLIERS, MARGINAL COST AND SPOT PRICE
........................... 56 3.4 INTEGRATED SENSITIVITY
CALCULATION............................................................
58 3.4.1 LOSS SENSITIVITY
............................................................................
58 3.4.2 SENSITIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF AN AC NETWORK
MODEL....................... 59 3.5 DECOMPOSITION MODEL OF SPOT PRICING
.................................................... 61 3.5.1 FRAMEWORK
...................................................................................
61 3.5.2 OPTIMAL SPOT PRICING
.................................................................... 63
3.5.3 SPOT PRICE DECOMPOSITION
............................................................ 65 3.5.4
IMPLEMENTATION.............................................................................
66 3.6 FEATURES OF THE PROPOSED IOSP
MODEL..................................................... 68 3.6.1
COMPARISON WITH EXISTING MODELS
............................................... 68 3.6.2 THE INNER
CONNECTION WITH ECONOMIC DISPATCHING (ED)............. 69 3.7 NUMERICAL
STUDIES....................................................................................
70 3.7.1 CASE STUDY 1: INSIGHT VIEW OF A 5-BUS
SYSTEM............................. 70 3.7.2 CASE SUDY 2: IEEE 30-BUS
SYSTEM............................................... 75 3.7.3 CASE
STUDY 3: 118-BUS SYSTEM
..................................................... 76 3.8
SUMMARY..................................................................................................
78 3.9 LIST OF PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS
........................................................................
79 3.10 REFERENCES
...............................................................................................
80 4. COORDINATED REAL-TIME DISPATCH OF UNBUNDLED ELECTRICITY MARKETS
X. WANG, Y.H. SONG AND M. TAN
.......................................................................
83 4.1 POWER SYSTEM OPERATION
............................................................................
84 4.1.1 OPERATION IN VERTICALLY INTEGRATED UTILITIES
.................................. 84 4.1.2 OPERATION IN COMPETITIVE
ELECTRICITY MARKETS.............................. 85 4.2 COORDINATED
REAL-TIME DISPATCH THROUGH BALANCING MECHANISM............ 86 4.2.1
BILATERAL CONTRACT
MARKET............................................................. 88
4.2.2 POOL DAY-AHEAD ENERGY AUCTION
MARKET...................................... 88 4.2.3 POOL ANCILLARY
SERVICES AUCTION MARKET...................................... 88 4.2.4
REAL-TIME BALANCING MARKET AND COORDINATED DISPATCH .............. 89
4.3 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE PROPOSED
FRAMEWORK................................... 91 4.3.1 P
SUB-PROBLEM..............................................................................
91 CONTENTS IX 4.3.1.1
OBJECTIVE.......................................................................
91 4.3.1.2 EQUALITY
CONSTRAINTS...................................................... 92
4.3.1.3 INEQUALITY CONSTRAINTS
................................................... 93 4.3.1.4 PRICING
FOR REAL-TIME ACTIVE POWER DISPATCH............... 93 4.3.1.5 MEETING
REAL-TIME IMBALANCE OF MARKET UNDER NORMAL OPERATING CONDITION
........................................ 95 4.3.1.6 REPLACEMENT OF
OPERATING RESERVES............................. 96 4.3.1.7 CURTAILMENT
OF BILATERAL CONTRACTS ................................ 97 4.3.2 Q
SUB-PROBLEM
.............................................................................
97 4.4 IMBALANCE SETTLEMENT
METHODOLOGIES...................................................... 98
4.5 IMPLEMENTATION
......................................................................................
99 4.6 TEST RESULTS
....................................................................................
100 4.6.1 COORDINATED DISPATCH WITHOUT NETWORK CONGESTION
.................. 101 4.6.2 COORDINATED DISPATCH WITH NETWORK
CONGESTION ....................... 102 4.6.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE RSLP
AND PDIPLP ............................ 104 4.7 CONCLUSIONS
....................................................................................
105 4.8 REFERENCES
....................................................................................
105 APPENDIX A: PRIMAL-DUAL INTERIOR POINT LINEAR PROGRAMMING METHOD
.......... 106 5. AVAILABLE TRANSFER CAPABILITY EVALUATION Y. XIAO,
Y.H. SONG AND Y.Z. SUN
.....................................................................
113 5.1 DEFINITION AND APPLICATION OF ATC
....................................................... 113 5.1.1
DEFINITION OF ATC
......................................................................
113 5.1.2 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ATC
.................................................. 115 5.2 CRITERIA FOR
ATC EVALUATION
.................................................................. 116
5.2.1
ACCURACY.....................................................................................
117 5.2.2 DEPENDABILITY
.............................................................................
117 5.2.3 HIGH EFFICIENCY
..........................................................................
118 5.3 REVIEW OF EXISTING METHODOLOGIES FOR ATC EVALUATION
....................... 118 5.3.1 EXISTING
METHODOLOGIES..............................................................
118 5.3.1.1 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
.................................................... 118 5.3.1.2
CONTINUATION POWER FLOW ........................................... 118
5.3.1.3 OPTIMAL POWER
FLOW................................................... 119 5.3.2 ATC
EVALUATION IN INDUSTRY
....................................................... 119 5.3.2.1 EPRI
[19]....................................................................
120 5.3.2.2 ECAR
[20]..................................................................
120 5.3.2.3 PJM [7]
.......................................................................
120 5.3.2.4 NYISO [21]
................................................................ 121 5.4
PROPOSED STOCHASTIC MODEL FOR ATC EVALUATION
................................... 121 5.4.1 OVERVIEW OF PROPOSED
APPROACH................................................ 121 5.4.2
MODELLING UNCERTAINTIES
............................................................. 123 5.5
FORMULATED ATC EVALUATION MODEL
...................................................... 124 5.5.1
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
.....................................................................
124 5.5.2 OPERATING
CONSTRAINTS.................................................................
124 5.6 PROPOSED HYBRID STOCHASTIC APPROACH
.................................................. 126 5.6.1 APPLICATION
OF SPR TO DEAL WITH DISCRETE VARIABLES.................. 127 5.6.2
APPLICATION OF CCP TO DEAL WITH CONTINUOUS VARIABLES ............ 128 X
CONTENTS 5.7
IMPLEMENTATION......................................................................................
133 5.8 CASE STUDIES AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
............................................ 133 5.9 CONCLUSIONS
...........................................................................................
139 5.10 REFERENCES
.............................................................................................
140 APPENDIX A: STOCHASTIC PROGRAMMING WITH RECOURSE
(SPR)......................... 142 APPENDIX B: CHANCE-CONSTRAINED
PROGRAMMING ............................................ 144 APPENDIX C:
LINE THERMAL LIMITS OF IEEE 118-BUS SYSTEM ......................... 146
6. TRANSMISSION CONGESTION MANAGEMENT X. WANG, Y.H. SONG AND Q. LU
.......................................................................
147 6.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGIES FOR CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
........................... 148 6.1.1 TRANSACTION CURTAILMENT
............................................................. 148 6.1.2
TRANSMISSION CAPACITY RESERVATION
........................................... 149 6.1.3 SYSTEM REDISPATCH
.....................................................................
150 6.1.4 OVERALL CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
PROCESS.................................. 151 6.2 INTERNATIONAL
COMPARISON OF CONGESTION MANAGEMENT APPROACHES ..... 152 6.2.1 UK
MARKET..................................................................................
152 6.2.1.1 CONGESTION MANAGEMENT IN PREVIOUS ENERGY-TRADING ARRANGEMENT
...................................... 152 6.2.1.2 CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
IN NETA............................. 153 6.2.2 PJM MARKET IN THE US
................................................................ 154
6.2.3 CALIFORNIA MARKET IN THE US [3,
15]............................................ 155 6.2.4 NORWAY AND
SWEDEN MARKET [8 * 15] .......................................... 157
6.2.5 NEW ZEALAND MARKET [15 * 17]
.................................................... 158 6.3 REAL-TIME
CONGESTION MANAGEMENT ACROSS INTERCONNECTED REGIONS ..... 158 6.3.1
PROPOSED METHOD FOR REGIONAL DECOMPOSITION OPF ................. 159
6.3.2 APPLICATION OF THE PROPOSED METHOD TO CONGESTION MANAGEMENT ACROSS
INTERCONNECTED REGIONS.............................. 163 6.3.2.1
MATHEMATICAL MODEL...................................................
164 6.3.2.2 SEQUENTIAL SOLUTION VERSUS PARALLEL SOLUTION ..............
165 6.3.2.3 GLOBAL CONGESTION MANAGEMENT VERSUS TWO-LEVEL CONGESTION
MANAGEMENT ............................................ 165 6.3.3 TEST
RESULTS
................................................................................
166 6.3.3.1 CASE 1: INTER-REGIONAL CONGESTION MANAGEMENT......... 166
6.3.3.2 CASE 2: INTRA-REGIONAL CONGESTION MANAGEMENT......... 169
6.3.3.3 PARAMETERS SELECTION AND DISCUSSION .........................
171 6.4 CONCLUSIONS
....................................................................................
172 6.5 REFERENCES
....................................................................................
173 APPENDIX A: LAGRANGIAN RELAXATION DECOMPOSITION APPROACH
.................... 174 7. DYNAMIC CONGESTION MANAGEMENT J. MA, Q.
LU AND Y.H. SONG
............................................................................
177 7.1 STABILITY ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS
................................. 177 7.2 STABILITY-CONSTRAINED OPTIMAL
POWER FLOW............................................ 181 7.3
MARKET-BASED DYNAMIC CONGESTION MANAGEMENT [14 * 16]...................
184 7.4 CASE STUDIES AND
ANALYSIS.....................................................................
193 7.5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
............................................................... 201
CONTENTS XI 7.6
REFERENCES..............................................................................................
202 8. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR ROLE IN MARKET DISPATCH AND
CONGESTION MANAGEMENT X. WANG, Y.H. SONG AND M. EREMIA
................................................................ 205
8.1 CFDS AND FTRS
......................................................................................
206 8.1.1
CFDS..........................................................................
.................. 206 8.1.2 FTRS
...........................................................................................
207 8.1.3 HOW CFDS AND FTRS HEDGE PRICE
RISKS.................................... 210 8.2 SPOT MARKET DISPATCH
AND CONGESTION MANAGEMENT WITH INDIVIDUAL REVENUE ADEQUACY
CONSTRAINTS............................................ 211 8.2.1 IMPACT
OF OPERATING LIMITS ON LOCATIONAL MARGINAL PRICES ....... 211 8.2.2
FORMULATION OF INDIVIDUAL REVENUE ADEQUACY CONSTRAINTS........ 213 8.2.3
IMPLEMENTATION...........................................................................
214 8.2.4 TEST RESULTS
................................................................................
216 8.2.4.1 SYSTEM I: 5-BUS
SYSTEM............................................... 216 8.2.4.2 SYSTEM
II: IEEE 30-BUS SYSTEM.................................. 216 8.3
CONCLUSIONS
....................................................................................
220 8.4 REFERENCES
....................................................................................
220 9. ANCILLARY SERVICES I: PRICING AND PROCUREMENT OF RESERVES M.
RASHIDINEJAD, Y.H. SONG AND M.H. JAVIDI
................................................. 223 9.1 ANCILLARY
SERVICES IN THE ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY
........................................ 223 9.1.1 TYPES OF ANCILLARY
SERVICES ....................................................... 224
9.1.2 MARKET FOR ANCILLARY SERVICES
.................................................... 226 9.1.3 GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS IN ENGLAND AND WALES ANCILLARY SERVICES MARKETS
........................................................ 228 9.2 RESERVE
PROVISION AND PRICING IN POWER MARKETS..................................
229 9.2.1 CONTINGENCY RESERVES
................................................................ 229
9.2.2 RESERVE PROCUREMENT MECHANISM
.............................................. 230 9.2.3 RESERVE MARKETS
IN SEVERAL POWER MARKETS ............................... 231 9.2.3.1
RESERVE MARKETS IN ENGLAND AND WALES ..................... 231 9.2.3.1.1
MANDATORY FREQUENCY RESPONSE................ 231 9.2.3.1.2 COMMERCIAL
ANCILLARY SERVICES ................. 232 9.2.3.2 RESERVE MARKETS IN THE
USA....................................... 232 9.2.3.2.1 CALIFORNIA
MARKETS ..................................... 232 9.2.3.2.2 NEW YORK
MARKETS..................................... 233 9.2.3.2.3 NEW ENGLAND
MARKETS................................ 234 9.2.3.2.4 PENNSYLVANIA NEW
JERSEY MARYLAND PJM
MARKETS.............................................. 234 9.2.4 RESEARCH
INTO RESERVE PROCUREMENT AND PRICING ........................ 235 9.3
JOINT DISPATCH FOR RESERVE PROVISION AND
PRICING.................................. 237 9.3.1 APPLICATION OF JEROD
TO DEAL WITH RESERVE PROVISION AND PRICING
................................................................... 237
9.3.1.1 PHYSICAL
CONSTRAINTS.................................................... 239
9.3.1.2 OPERATIONAL SECURITY CONSTRAINTS
................................ 239 9.3.2 NUMERICAL CASE STUDY
................................................................ 240 XII
CONTENTS 9.3.2.1 SIX-UNIT TEST
SYSTEM................................................... 240 9.3.2.2
CONTINGENCY RESERVE SETTLEMENTS .............................. 242 9.4
DEVELOPMENT OF OPTION PRICING MECHANISM FOR RESERVE MARKETS........ 243
9.4.1 DERIVATIVE SECURITIES AND FINANCIAL
CONTRACTS............................ 243 9.4.1.1 WHAT IS A DERIVATIVE?
................................................. 243 9.4.1.2 FORWARD
CONTRACTS ...................................................... 243
9.4.1.3 FUTURES
CONTRACTS........................................................ 244
9.4.1.4 OPTION
CONTRACTS......................................................... 244
9.4.1.5 WHY OPTION CONTRACTS ARE NEEDED FOR ELECTRICITY AND ANCILLARY
SERVICES................................................ 244 9.4.2
OPTION STUCTURE AND OPTION
EVALUATION...................................... 245 9.4.3 APPLICATION
OF STANDARD OPTIONS FOR RESERVE PROCUREMENT AND PRICING
................................................................... 247
9.4.4 CASE STUDY AND RESULTS ANALYSIS
............................................... 248 9.5 REFERENCE
................................................................... 250
10. ANCILLARY SERVICES II: VOLTAGE SECURITY AND REACTIVE POWER
MANAGEMENT G.A. TAYLOR, S. PHICHAISAWAT, M.R. IRVING AND Y.H. SONG
............................. 253 10.1 INTRODUCTION
...........................................................................................
253 10.1.1 REACTIVE POWER AND VOLTAGE CONTROL
......................................... 253 10.1.2 MONITORING AND
ASSESSMENT OF VOLTAGE SECURITY ....................... 254 10.1.3
TRANSITION-OPTIMISED REACTIVE POWER AND VOLTAGE CONTROL....... 254
10.1.4 VOLTAGE SECURITY AND CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
......................... 255 10.2 REACTIVE POWER MARKETS AND PRICING
MECHANISMS................................ 255 10.2.1 EXAMPLES OF
REACTIVE POWER MARKETS........................................ 255
10.2.1.1 ENGLAND AND WALES
(UK)............................................ 256 10.2.1.2 NEW YORK
(USA)........................................................ 257
10.2.1.3 AUSTRALIA
.....................................................................
258 10.2.2 ANALYSIS OF REACTIVE POWER
MARKETS.......................................... 259 10.3
TRANSITION-OPTIMISED REACTIVE POWER
CONTROL....................................... 260 10.3.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................
260 10.3.2 ALGORITHMIC PROCEDURE
............................................................... 261
10.3.2.1 OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
..................................................... 261 10.3.2.2
TRANSITION CONSTRAINTS.................................................
262 10.3.2.3 SOLUTION
ALGORITHM..................................................... 262
10.3.3 CASE STUDIES
...............................................................................
263 10.3.3.1 CASE STUDY
I................................................................ 264
10.3.3.2 CASE STUDY II
.............................................................. 265
10.3.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS
.................................................................. 266
10.4 CONGESTION MANAGEMENT AND VOLTAGE
SECURITY..................................... 267 10.4.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................
267 10.4.2 NOMENCLATURE
.............................................................................
267 10.4.3 ALGORITHMIC PROCEDURE
............................................................... 268
10.4.3.1 MATHEMATICAL
MODEL................................................... 269 10.4.3.2
COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURES.......................................... 271
10.4.4 COMPUTATIONAL CASE
STUDIES....................................................... 273
CONTENTS XIII 10.4.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
.................................................................. 277
10.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
.................................................................................
277 10.6 REFERENCES
....................................................................................
277 11. LOAD AND PRICE FORECASTING VIA WAVELET TRANSFORM AND NEURAL
NETWORKS I.K. YU AND Y.H. SONG
..............................................................................
....... 281 11.1 LOAD FORECASTING AND CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES
................................... 282 11.1.1 TIME-SERIES MODELS
.................................................................... 282
11.1.1.1 AUTO-REGRESSIVE
(AR).................................................. 283 11.1.1.2
MOVING AVERAGES (MA).............................................. 284
11.1.1.3 MIXED AUTO-REGRESSIVE AND MOVING AVERAGE
(ARMA)......................................................................
284 11.1.2 REGRESSION
MODEL.......................................................................
285 11.2 NOVEL METHODS FOR SHORT-TERM LOAD FORECASTING
.................................. 286 11.2.1 WAVELET TRANSFORM
APPLICATIONS................................................ 287
11.2.1.1 WAVELET TRANSFORM ANALYSIS
...................................... 287 11.2.1.2 LOAD FORECASTING
PROCESS BY THE WAVELET TRANSFORM. 289 11.2.2
KOHONEN-NEURAL-NETWORK-BASED APPROACH.................................
290 11.2.2.1 ARCHITECTURE OF THE KOHONEN NEURAL NETWORK............ 291
11.2.2.2 UNSUPERVISED LEARNING
............................................... 292 11.2.3 STLF BY A
COMPOSITE MODEL .....................................................
293 11.2.4 CASE STUDIES AND
ANALYSIS.......................................................... 294
11.2.4.1 CASE STUDY BY WAVELET-TRANSFORM-BASED MODEL......... 294
11.2.4.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF THE DAILY LOAD PATTERNS... 298 11.2.4.1.2
NUMERICAL RESULTS...................................... 299 11.3
ELECTRICITY PRICE AND MODELLING
............................................................. 301 11.3.1
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SMP
......................................................... 302 11.3.2 SMP
MODELS
................................................................... 304
11.4 FORECASTING THE SMP
................................................................... 305
11.4.1 NEURAL-NETWORK-BASED MODEL
..................................................... 305 11.4.2
WAVELET-TRANSFORM-BASED MODEL
................................................ 306 11.4.3 COMBINED
MODEL
................................................................... 306
11.4.3.1 DECOMPOSING THE SMP DATA.......................................
307 11.4.3.2 PREDICTING THE
APPROXIMATION..................................... 307 11.4.3.3
ESTIMATING THE DETAIL ..................................................
309 11.4.3.4 SUMMING THE APPROXIMATION AND THE DETAILS............. 310
11.4.4 PREDICTION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
................................................. 310 11.4.4.1
PREDICTIONS RESULTS BY NEURAL-NETWORK-BASED
MODEL..........................................................................
310 11.4.4.2 PREDICTIONS RESULTS BY WAVELET-TRANSFORM-BASED MODEL
................................................................... 310
11.4.4.3 PREDICTIONS RESULTS BY COMBINED MODEL.................... 312
11.5 SUMMARY
................................................................... 313
11.6 REFERENCES
................................................................... 314
XIV CONTENTS 12. ANALYSIS OF GENERATING COMPANIES* STRATEGIC BEHAVOUR
A. MAIORANO, Y.H. SONG AND M. TROVATO ... ..
................................................. 317 12.1 THE
ELECTRICITY MARKETPLACE
.................................................................. 318
12.1.1 AUCTION
STRUCTURES......................................................................
318 12.1.1.1 BUNDLING OF DEMAND INTO LOTS
................................... 319 12.1.1.2 SEQUENCING OF
AUCTIONS.............................................. 321 12.1.1.3
PRICING RULE
................................................................ 321
12.2 STRATEGIC SUPPLY
FUNCTIONS....................................................................
323 12.2.1 SUPPLY CONSTRAINTS
.....................................................................
326 12.3 LINEAR STRATEGIC SUPPLY
FUNCTIONS......................................................... 328
12.4 PROPOSED MODEL
....................................................................................
330 12.4.1 INVERSE DEMAND FUNCTION EVALUATION
........................................ 332 12.4.2 PRESENCE OF PRIVATE
CONTRACTS..................................................... 333
12.4.3 FINAL FORMULATION OF THE MODEL
................................................. 333 12.5 CASE STUDIES
AND RESULTS ANALYSIS
........................................................ 337 12.6
CONCLUSIONS
....................................................................................
343 12.7 REFERENCES
....................................................................................
344 13. BIDDING PROBLEMS IN ELECTRICITY GENERATION MARKETS Y. HE, Y.H.
SONG AND X.F. WANG
.................................................................... 347
13.1 GENERATION AUCTION MARKETS IN ELECTRICITY
MARKETS.............................. 347 13.1.1 AUCTION MECHANISM
................................................................... 347
13.1.1.1 STANDARD AUCTION FORMATS
.......................................... 347 13.1.1.2 SINGLE-ROUND
BIDDING AND MULTI-ROUND BIDDING......... 349 13.1.1.3 SIMPLE BIDS AND
MULTI-PART BIDS ................................ 349 13.1.2 EXISTING
AUCTION MECHANISM: TRADING ARRANGEMENT AND PRICING
MECHANISM.....................................................................
350 13.1.2.1 UK
MARKET..................................................................
350 13.1.2.2 PETA
[6][7]................................................................
350 13.1.2.3 NETA [8][9]
............................................................... 351
13.1.2.4 CALIFORNIA [10]
............................................................ 352
13.1.2.5 PJM [11]
.....................................................................
352 13.1.2.6 NORD POOL
[13]............................................................ 353
13.1.2.7 AUSTRALIA NATIONAL ELECTRICITY MARKET (NEM) [14]..... 354
13.1.2.8 NEW ZEALAND [3]
......................................................... 354 13.1.2.9
ONTARIO ELECTRICITY MARKET IN CANADA [2] ................... 355
13.1.2.10
SUMMARY.....................................................................
355 13.1.3 MARKET POWER IN GENERATION AUCTION
MARKETS........................... 355 13.1.4 GETTING TO KNOW MARKET
POWER ................................................. 355 13.1.5
MEASURING MARKET POWER
........................................................... 357 13.1.5.1
MITIGATING MARKET POWER............................................ 358
13.1.6 UNCERTAINTIES AND RISK
MITIGATION.............................................. 359 13.1.6.1
UNCERTAINTIES IN ELECTRICITY MARKETS ........................... 359
13.1.6.2 RISK
MITIGATION...........................................................
360 13.2 DECISION-MAKING AND STRATEGIES IN GENERATION AUCTION
MARKETS.......... 361 13.2.1 OVERVIEW OF DECISION-MAKING
................................................... 361 13.2.1.1
DECISION-MAKING, MODEL AND ALGORITHM .................... 361 CONTENTS
XV 13.2.1.2 DECISION-MAKING IN ELECTRICITY MARKETS
..................... 363 13.2.1.3 DECISION-MAKING IN ELECTRICITY
GENERATION MARKET .... 364 13.2.2 GAME THEORY APPLICATIONS IN GENERATION
AUCTION MARKET........ 365 13.2.2.1 BASIC CONCEPT OF GAME THEORY AND ITS
APPLICATIO N IN ELECTRICITY
MARKETS.................................................. 365 13.2.2.2
GAME-THEORY-BASED BIDDING STRATEGIES ...................... 366 13.2.3
OPTIMISATION-BASED APPROACHES TO MAKING BIDDING STRATEGIES MAKING
........................................................................................
367 13.2.3.1 BIDDING DECISION-MAKING BY OPTIMISATION- BASED MARKET
SIMULATOR .............................................. 367 13.2.3.2
OPTIMAL BIDDING BASED ON FORMULATION OF MARKET PRICES WITH GENERATORS*
BEHAVIOURS EMBEDDED.......... 368 13.2.3.3 APPLICATION OF MARKOV
DECISION PROCESS (MDP) IN BIDDING
STRATEGIES................................................... 371 13.2.4
OTHER METHODOLOGIES FOR DECISION-MAKING ................................
372 13.3 STUDY OF BIDDING STRATEGIES BASED ON BID SENSITIVITIES IN
POOL-BASED SPOT MARKETS
.......................................................................
372 13.3.1 INTRODUCTION
................................................................................
372 13.3.2 ANALYSIS OF BID SENSITIVITIES BASED ON THE IPOPF
MODEL.......... 373 13.3.3 BIDDING STRATEGIES BASED ON BID
SENSITIVITIES............................ 375 13.3.3.1 DESCRIPTION OF
THE PROPOSED MODEL ............................ 375 13.3.3.2 OPTIMAL
BIDS............................................................... 376
13.3.3.3 NASH EQUILIBRIUM
PROCESS........................................... 378 13.3.4 BIDDING
STRATEGIES WHEN CONSIDERING COALITIONS ....................... 379
13.3.4.1 COMBINATIONS OF POTENTIAL COALITIONS .........................
379 13.3.4.2 THE BIDDING PROCESS CONSIDERING COALITIONS .............
379 13.3.4.3 OPTIMAL BIDS OF SUB-GROUPS
...................................... 380 13.3.5 CASE STUDIES AND
CONCLUSIONS .................................................... 384
13.3.5.1 BID SENSITIVITIES
.......................................................... 384 13.3.5.2
BIDDING PROCESSES AND OPTIMAL BIDS WITHOUT COALITION
.....................................................................
386 13.3.5.3 RESULTS WHEN BIDDING UNDER COALITION ......................
388 13.3.5.4
CONCLUSIONS.................................................................
390 13.4 INTEGRATED BIDDING STRATEGIES WITH OPTIMAL RESPONSE TO THE
PROBABILISTIC LOCAL MARGINAL
PRICES....................................................... 391 13.4.1
INTRODUCTION
................................................................................
391 13.4.2 THE PROPOSED
GENCOBDS........................................................... 391
13.4.3 THREE MAIN MODULES OF
GENCOBDS........................................... 393 13.4.3.1
SECURITY-CONSTRAINED PROBABILISTIC LMP SIMULATION
MODEL..........................................................................
393 13.4.3.2 SELF-SCHEDULING UNIT COMMITMENT MODEL.................. 395
13.4.3.3 MCDM METHOD FOR OPTIMAL OFFERS ........................... 397
13.4.3.4 BIDDING DECISION-MAKING PROCESS..............................
398 13.4.4 TEST RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
..................................................... 399 13.4.4.1 TEST
RESULTS.................................................................
399 13.4.4.2
CONCLUSIONS.................................................................
403 13.5
REFERENCES..............................................................................................
404 XVI CONTENTS APPENDIX A: NOTATION USED IN THE SELF-SCHEDULING UNIT
COMMITMENT MODEL MODULE
...................................................... 406 14.
TRANSMISSION SERVICES IMPROVEMENT BY FACTS CONTROL Y. XIAO, X. WANG,
Y.H. SONG AND Y.Z. SUN
..................................................... 407 14.1 FACTS
SOLUTIONS TO POWER FLOW CONTROL
.............................................. 408 14.1.1 CONCEPT OF
FACTS TECHNOLOGY................................................. 408
14.1.2 MODELS OF FACTS DEVICES
........................................................ 409 14.1.2.1
POWER INJECTION MODEL (PIM) OF FACTS DEVICES FOR ATC ENHANCEMENT
..................................................... 410 14.1.2.2 PIM
OF SHUNT CONTROLLER FOR VOLTAGE CONTROL............. 410 14.1.2.3 PIM OF
SERIES CONTROLLER FOR LINE FLOW CONTROL ........ 410 14.1.2.4 PIM OF THE
UNIFIED CONTROLLER FOR POWER FLOW
CONTROL........................................................................
412 14.1.2.5 DC MODEL OF TCSC AND TCPS FOR FTR AUCTION ....... 413 14.2
ATC ENHANCEMENT BY FACTS CONTROL
................................................. 415 14.2.1 FORMULATED
ATC ENHANCEMENT MODEL....................................... 418
14.2.1.1 CONTROL
VARIABLES........................................................ 418
14.2.1.2 OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
..................................................... 418 14.2.1.3
OPERATING AND CONTROL CONSTRAINTS ............................. 419
14.2.2
IMPLEMENTATION...........................................................................
421 14.2.3 CASE STUDIES
...............................................................................
422 14.2.3.1 CASE 1: ATC EVALUATION WITHOUT FACTS DEVICE ...... 424
14.2.3.2 CASE 2: ATC ENHANCEMENT WITH CONTROL OF SVC ...... 425 14.2.3.3
CASE 3: ATC ENHANCEMENT WITH CONTROL OF
SVC+TCPS.................................................................
428 14.2.3.4 CASE 4: ATC ENHANCEMENT WITH CONTROL OF SVC+UPFC
................................................................ 428
14.2.4
REMARKS......................................................................................
429 14.3 FTR AUCTION IMPROVEMENT BY FACTS CONTROL
.................................... 430 14.3.1 PROPOSED OPTIMAL FTR
AUCTION MODEL...................................... 430 14.3.2 CASE
STUDIES
...............................................................................
432 14.3.2.1 SYSTEM I: 8-BUS TEST
SYSTEM....................................... 432 14.3.2.2 SYSTEM II:
30-BUS TEST SYSTEM ................................... 434 14.3.2.3
DISCUSSION...................................................................
438 14.3.3
REMARKS......................................................................................
439 14.4 REFERENCES
.............................................................................................
439 INDEX
....................................................................................................
441
|
| adam_txt |
PREFACE WORLD-WIDE UNPRECEDENTED REFORM AND RESTRUCTURING OF THE
ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY HAS IMPOSED TREMENDOUS CHALLENGES ON THE
OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEMS UNDER THIS NEW ENVIRONMENT. REGARDLESS OF THE
MARKET STRUCTURES THAT MAY EMERGE IN VARIOUS PARTS OF THE WORLD, SYSTEM
SECURITY, RELIABILITY AND QUALITY OF SUPPLY MUST BE MAINTAINED. FACED BY
AN INCREASINGLY COMPLICATED CO-EXISTENCE OF TECHNICAL AND ECONOMICAL
CONSIDERATIONS, NEW COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS AND SOFTWARE SYSTEMS ARE IN
GREAT DEMAND BY GENERATORS, SYSTEM OPERATORS, RETAILERS, AND OTHER
MARKET PARTICIPANTS TO MEET OPERATING, SCHEDULING, PLANNING, AND
FINANCIAL REQUIREMENTS. IN RECENT YEARS THERE HAVE BEEN MANY BOOKS
PUBLISHED ON DEREGULATION OF THE POWER INDUSTRY BUT MOST OF THEM PLACED
EMPHASIS ON THE MARKET STRUCTURE AND POL- ICY ISSUES. FROM AN
ENGINEERING POINT OF VIEW, HOW TO DEVELOP EFFECTIVE COMPUTA- TIONAL
TOOLS FOR EFFICIENTLY OPERATING RESTRUCTURED POWER SYSTEMS IS STILL A
BIG CHAL- LENGE. DURING THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS, WITH FUNDING FROM BOTH
RESEARCH COUNCIL AND INDUSTRY, WE HAVE BEEN WORKING ON DIFFERENT
COMPUTATIONAL MODELS AND METHODS FOR OPERATION AND CONTROL OF
MARKET-ORIENTED POWER SYSTEMS. THIS BOOK, RESULTING FROM THESE
SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS, COVERS ALL THE MAJOR OPERATIONAL ISSUES, SUCH AS
SCHEDULING AND DISPATCH, CONGESTION MANAGEMENT, AVAILABLE TRANSFER
CAPABILITY CALCULATION, PRICE FORECASTING AND OPTIMAL BIDDING
STRATEGIES. IN ADDITION, A COM- PREHENSIVE REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL
RESEARCH AND WORLD-WIDE INDUSTRY PRACTICE IS PRESENTED IN EACH CHAPTER
BEFORE DESCRIBING OUR METHODS, SO AS TO GIVE READERS A BROADER
STATE-OF-THE-ART IN THIS EXCITING FIELD. THUS THIS BOOK SHOULD BE A
USEFUL REF- ERENCE FOR PROFESSIONAL MANAGERS AND ENGINEERS INVOLVED IN
THE OPERATION AND CONTROL OF MARKET-ORIENTED POWER SYSTEMS. IT WOULD
ALSO BE OF CONSIDERABLE VALUE TO POST- GRADUATE RESEARCHERS. WE ARE VERY
GRATEFUL TO VARIOUS SPONSORS FOR THEIR GENEROUS FUNDING OF OUR RE-
SEARCH. WE THANK OUR FORMER/CURRENT PHD STUDENTS, RESEARCH FOLLOWS AND
COL- LEAGUES FOR THEIR COOPERATION AND CONTRIBUTIONS. WE WISH TO THANK
OLIVER JACKSON OF SPRINGER FOR HIS ASSISTANCE IN THE PREPARATION OF THE
BOOK. WE WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK ANGELO CENTONZA FOR RE-SETTING THE
STYLE OF THE WHOLE BOOK BY OVERCOMING INCOMPATIBLE WORD PROCESSING
FORMATS. YONG-HUA SONG, BRUNEL UNIVERSITY, UK XI-FAN WANG, XI*AN
JIAOTONG UNIVERSITY, CHINA TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
.XVII
1. OPERATION OF RESTRUCTURED POWER SYSTEMS Y.H. SONG, X. WANG AND
J.Z. LIU
.
1 1.1 SYSTEM OPERATION IN A COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT
. 1 1.1.1 RELIABILITY-RELATED
FUNCTIONS . 2
1.1.2 MARKET-RELATED
FUNCTIONS.
2 1.2 EFFECTS OF INDUSTRY RESTRUCTURING ON SYSTEM RELIABILITY
. 3 1.3 NEW REQUIREMENT FOR COMPUTATION TOOLS
AND SOFTWARE SYSTEMS IN ELECTRICITY
MARKETS.
5 1.4 OUTLINE OF THE
BOOK.
7 1.5
REFERENCES.
12 2. MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICITY MARKETS A. MAIORANO,
Y.H. SONG AND M. TROVATO
. 13 2.1
TYPES OF MARKETS
.
14 2.1.1 FUNDAMENTAL MARKET STRUCTURE AND
MECHANISM. 15 2.2 COMMODITY MARKETS
.
16 2.2.1 CASH
MARKET.
17 2.2.2 FUTURES
MARKET.
17 2.2.3 OPTIONS
MARKET.
17 2.2.4 SWAP
MARKET.
17 2.2.5 PLANNING MARKET
.
17 2.3 PERFECT COMPETITION AND OLIGOPOLISTIC MARKET
. 18 2.3.1 MARKET EQUILIBRIUM:
THE LAW OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND . 19 2.3.1.1 ELASTICITIES OF
SUPPLY AND DEMAND. 21 2.3.2 PERFECT
COMPETITION.
22 2.3.3 CLASSICAL THEORIES OF OLIGOPOLY
. 24 2.3.3.1 THE
COURNOT MODEL .
24 2.3.3.2 ISOPROFIT CURVES AND REACTION
FUNCTIONS. 25 2.3.3.3 THE BERTRAND
MODEL. 28
2.3.3.4 THE STACKELBERG
EQUILIBRIUM. 30 2.4
OLIGOPOLISTIC ELECTRICITY MARKET
. 31 VIII
CONTENTS 2.4.1 MODELLING OF THE LOAD DEMAND
. 32 2.4.2 EVALUATION
OF COMPANY MARGINAL COST FUNCTIONS . 34 2.4.3
PRESENCE OF TRANSMISSION LOSSES
. 35 2.4.4 PROPOSED
MODEL.
37 2.4.5 PRESENCE OF BILATERAL CONTRACTS
. 3 9 2.5 CASE
STUDIES AND RESULTS ANALYSIS
. 40 2.6
CONCLUSIONS
.
46 2.7 REFERENCES
.
48 3. LOCATION-BASED MARGINAL PRICING OF ELECTRICITY AND ITS
DECOMPOSITION K. XIE AND Y.H. SONG
.
. 51 3.1 INTRODUCTION
.
51 3.2 SPOT PRICING MODELS
.
52 3.2.1 REVIEW OF SOME EXISTING SPOT PRICING MODELS
. 52 3.2.2 THE DECOMPOSITION
MODEL. 53 3.3
LAGRANGIAN MULTIPLIERS, MARGINAL COST AND SPOT PRICE
. 56 3.4 INTEGRATED SENSITIVITY
CALCULATION.
58 3.4.1 LOSS SENSITIVITY
.
58 3.4.2 SENSITIVITY COEFFICIENTS OF AN AC NETWORK
MODEL. 59 3.5 DECOMPOSITION MODEL OF SPOT PRICING
. 61 3.5.1 FRAMEWORK
.
61 3.5.2 OPTIMAL SPOT PRICING
. 63
3.5.3 SPOT PRICE DECOMPOSITION
. 65 3.5.4
IMPLEMENTATION.
66 3.6 FEATURES OF THE PROPOSED IOSP
MODEL. 68 3.6.1
COMPARISON WITH EXISTING MODELS
. 68 3.6.2 THE INNER
CONNECTION WITH ECONOMIC DISPATCHING (ED). 69 3.7 NUMERICAL
STUDIES.
70 3.7.1 CASE STUDY 1: INSIGHT VIEW OF A 5-BUS
SYSTEM. 70 3.7.2 CASE SUDY 2: IEEE 30-BUS
SYSTEM. 75 3.7.3 CASE
STUDY 3: 118-BUS SYSTEM
. 76 3.8
SUMMARY.
78 3.9 LIST OF PRINCIPAL SYMBOLS
.
79 3.10 REFERENCES
.
80 4. COORDINATED REAL-TIME DISPATCH OF UNBUNDLED ELECTRICITY MARKETS
X. WANG, Y.H. SONG AND M. TAN
.
83 4.1 POWER SYSTEM OPERATION
.
84 4.1.1 OPERATION IN VERTICALLY INTEGRATED UTILITIES
. 84 4.1.2 OPERATION IN COMPETITIVE
ELECTRICITY MARKETS. 85 4.2 COORDINATED
REAL-TIME DISPATCH THROUGH BALANCING MECHANISM. 86 4.2.1
BILATERAL CONTRACT
MARKET. 88
4.2.2 POOL DAY-AHEAD ENERGY AUCTION
MARKET. 88 4.2.3 POOL ANCILLARY
SERVICES AUCTION MARKET. 88 4.2.4
REAL-TIME BALANCING MARKET AND COORDINATED DISPATCH . 89
4.3 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE PROPOSED
FRAMEWORK. 91 4.3.1 P
SUB-PROBLEM.
91 CONTENTS IX 4.3.1.1
OBJECTIVE.
91 4.3.1.2 EQUALITY
CONSTRAINTS. 92
4.3.1.3 INEQUALITY CONSTRAINTS
. 93 4.3.1.4 PRICING
FOR REAL-TIME ACTIVE POWER DISPATCH. 93 4.3.1.5 MEETING
REAL-TIME IMBALANCE OF MARKET UNDER NORMAL OPERATING CONDITION
. 95 4.3.1.6 REPLACEMENT OF
OPERATING RESERVES. 96 4.3.1.7 CURTAILMENT
OF BILATERAL CONTRACTS . 97 4.3.2 Q
SUB-PROBLEM
.
97 4.4 IMBALANCE SETTLEMENT
METHODOLOGIES. 98
4.5 IMPLEMENTATION
.
99 4.6 TEST RESULTS
.
100 4.6.1 COORDINATED DISPATCH WITHOUT NETWORK CONGESTION
. 101 4.6.2 COORDINATED DISPATCH WITH NETWORK
CONGESTION . 102 4.6.3 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE RSLP
AND PDIPLP . 104 4.7 CONCLUSIONS
.
105 4.8 REFERENCES
.
105 APPENDIX A: PRIMAL-DUAL INTERIOR POINT LINEAR PROGRAMMING METHOD
. 106 5. AVAILABLE TRANSFER CAPABILITY EVALUATION Y. XIAO,
Y.H. SONG AND Y.Z. SUN
.
113 5.1 DEFINITION AND APPLICATION OF ATC
. 113 5.1.1
DEFINITION OF ATC
.
113 5.1.2 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ATC
. 115 5.2 CRITERIA FOR
ATC EVALUATION
. 116
5.2.1
ACCURACY.
117 5.2.2 DEPENDABILITY
.
117 5.2.3 HIGH EFFICIENCY
.
118 5.3 REVIEW OF EXISTING METHODOLOGIES FOR ATC EVALUATION
. 118 5.3.1 EXISTING
METHODOLOGIES.
118 5.3.1.1 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
. 118 5.3.1.2
CONTINUATION POWER FLOW . 118
5.3.1.3 OPTIMAL POWER
FLOW. 119 5.3.2 ATC
EVALUATION IN INDUSTRY
. 119 5.3.2.1 EPRI
[19].
120 5.3.2.2 ECAR
[20].
120 5.3.2.3 PJM [7]
.
120 5.3.2.4 NYISO [21]
. 121 5.4
PROPOSED STOCHASTIC MODEL FOR ATC EVALUATION
. 121 5.4.1 OVERVIEW OF PROPOSED
APPROACH. 121 5.4.2
MODELLING UNCERTAINTIES
. 123 5.5
FORMULATED ATC EVALUATION MODEL
. 124 5.5.1
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
.
124 5.5.2 OPERATING
CONSTRAINTS.
124 5.6 PROPOSED HYBRID STOCHASTIC APPROACH
. 126 5.6.1 APPLICATION
OF SPR TO DEAL WITH DISCRETE VARIABLES. 127 5.6.2
APPLICATION OF CCP TO DEAL WITH CONTINUOUS VARIABLES . 128 X
CONTENTS 5.7
IMPLEMENTATION.
133 5.8 CASE STUDIES AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
. 133 5.9 CONCLUSIONS
.
139 5.10 REFERENCES
.
140 APPENDIX A: STOCHASTIC PROGRAMMING WITH RECOURSE
(SPR). 142 APPENDIX B: CHANCE-CONSTRAINED
PROGRAMMING . 144 APPENDIX C:
LINE THERMAL LIMITS OF IEEE 118-BUS SYSTEM . 146
6. TRANSMISSION CONGESTION MANAGEMENT X. WANG, Y.H. SONG AND Q. LU
.
147 6.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGIES FOR CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
. 148 6.1.1 TRANSACTION CURTAILMENT
. 148 6.1.2
TRANSMISSION CAPACITY RESERVATION
. 149 6.1.3 SYSTEM REDISPATCH
.
150 6.1.4 OVERALL CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
PROCESS. 151 6.2 INTERNATIONAL
COMPARISON OF CONGESTION MANAGEMENT APPROACHES . 152 6.2.1 UK
MARKET.
152 6.2.1.1 CONGESTION MANAGEMENT IN PREVIOUS ENERGY-TRADING ARRANGEMENT
. 152 6.2.1.2 CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
IN NETA. 153 6.2.2 PJM MARKET IN THE US
. 154
6.2.3 CALIFORNIA MARKET IN THE US [3,
15]. 155 6.2.4 NORWAY AND
SWEDEN MARKET [8 * 15] . 157
6.2.5 NEW ZEALAND MARKET [15 * 17]
. 158 6.3 REAL-TIME
CONGESTION MANAGEMENT ACROSS INTERCONNECTED REGIONS . 158 6.3.1
PROPOSED METHOD FOR REGIONAL DECOMPOSITION OPF . 159
6.3.2 APPLICATION OF THE PROPOSED METHOD TO CONGESTION MANAGEMENT ACROSS
INTERCONNECTED REGIONS. 163 6.3.2.1
MATHEMATICAL MODEL.
164 6.3.2.2 SEQUENTIAL SOLUTION VERSUS PARALLEL SOLUTION .
165 6.3.2.3 GLOBAL CONGESTION MANAGEMENT VERSUS TWO-LEVEL CONGESTION
MANAGEMENT . 165 6.3.3 TEST
RESULTS
.
166 6.3.3.1 CASE 1: INTER-REGIONAL CONGESTION MANAGEMENT. 166
6.3.3.2 CASE 2: INTRA-REGIONAL CONGESTION MANAGEMENT. 169
6.3.3.3 PARAMETERS SELECTION AND DISCUSSION .
171 6.4 CONCLUSIONS
.
172 6.5 REFERENCES
.
173 APPENDIX A: LAGRANGIAN RELAXATION DECOMPOSITION APPROACH
. 174 7. DYNAMIC CONGESTION MANAGEMENT J. MA, Q.
LU AND Y.H. SONG
.
177 7.1 STABILITY ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS
. 177 7.2 STABILITY-CONSTRAINED OPTIMAL
POWER FLOW. 181 7.3
MARKET-BASED DYNAMIC CONGESTION MANAGEMENT [14 * 16].
184 7.4 CASE STUDIES AND
ANALYSIS.
193 7.5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
. 201
CONTENTS XI 7.6
REFERENCES.
202 8. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR ROLE IN MARKET DISPATCH AND
CONGESTION MANAGEMENT X. WANG, Y.H. SONG AND M. EREMIA
. 205
8.1 CFDS AND FTRS
.
206 8.1.1
CFDS.
. 206 8.1.2 FTRS
.
207 8.1.3 HOW CFDS AND FTRS HEDGE PRICE
RISKS. 210 8.2 SPOT MARKET DISPATCH
AND CONGESTION MANAGEMENT WITH INDIVIDUAL REVENUE ADEQUACY
CONSTRAINTS. 211 8.2.1 IMPACT
OF OPERATING LIMITS ON LOCATIONAL MARGINAL PRICES . 211 8.2.2
FORMULATION OF INDIVIDUAL REVENUE ADEQUACY CONSTRAINTS. 213 8.2.3
IMPLEMENTATION.
214 8.2.4 TEST RESULTS
.
216 8.2.4.1 SYSTEM I: 5-BUS
SYSTEM. 216 8.2.4.2 SYSTEM
II: IEEE 30-BUS SYSTEM. 216 8.3
CONCLUSIONS
.
220 8.4 REFERENCES
.
220 9. ANCILLARY SERVICES I: PRICING AND PROCUREMENT OF RESERVES M.
RASHIDINEJAD, Y.H. SONG AND M.H. JAVIDI
. 223 9.1 ANCILLARY
SERVICES IN THE ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY
. 223 9.1.1 TYPES OF ANCILLARY
SERVICES . 224
9.1.2 MARKET FOR ANCILLARY SERVICES
. 226 9.1.3 GENERAL
CONSIDERATIONS IN ENGLAND AND WALES ANCILLARY SERVICES MARKETS
. 228 9.2 RESERVE
PROVISION AND PRICING IN POWER MARKETS.
229 9.2.1 CONTINGENCY RESERVES
. 229
9.2.2 RESERVE PROCUREMENT MECHANISM
. 230 9.2.3 RESERVE MARKETS
IN SEVERAL POWER MARKETS . 231 9.2.3.1
RESERVE MARKETS IN ENGLAND AND WALES . 231 9.2.3.1.1
MANDATORY FREQUENCY RESPONSE. 231 9.2.3.1.2 COMMERCIAL
ANCILLARY SERVICES . 232 9.2.3.2 RESERVE MARKETS IN THE
USA. 232 9.2.3.2.1 CALIFORNIA
MARKETS . 232 9.2.3.2.2 NEW YORK
MARKETS. 233 9.2.3.2.3 NEW ENGLAND
MARKETS. 234 9.2.3.2.4 PENNSYLVANIA NEW
JERSEY MARYLAND PJM
MARKETS. 234 9.2.4 RESEARCH
INTO RESERVE PROCUREMENT AND PRICING . 235 9.3
JOINT DISPATCH FOR RESERVE PROVISION AND
PRICING. 237 9.3.1 APPLICATION OF JEROD
TO DEAL WITH RESERVE PROVISION AND PRICING
. 237
9.3.1.1 PHYSICAL
CONSTRAINTS. 239
9.3.1.2 OPERATIONAL SECURITY CONSTRAINTS
. 239 9.3.2 NUMERICAL CASE STUDY
. 240 XII
CONTENTS 9.3.2.1 SIX-UNIT TEST
SYSTEM. 240 9.3.2.2
CONTINGENCY RESERVE SETTLEMENTS . 242 9.4
DEVELOPMENT OF OPTION PRICING MECHANISM FOR RESERVE MARKETS. 243
9.4.1 DERIVATIVE SECURITIES AND FINANCIAL
CONTRACTS. 243 9.4.1.1 WHAT IS A DERIVATIVE?
. 243 9.4.1.2 FORWARD
CONTRACTS . 243
9.4.1.3 FUTURES
CONTRACTS. 244
9.4.1.4 OPTION
CONTRACTS. 244
9.4.1.5 WHY OPTION CONTRACTS ARE NEEDED FOR ELECTRICITY AND ANCILLARY
SERVICES. 244 9.4.2
OPTION STUCTURE AND OPTION
EVALUATION. 245 9.4.3 APPLICATION
OF STANDARD OPTIONS FOR RESERVE PROCUREMENT AND PRICING
. 247
9.4.4 CASE STUDY AND RESULTS ANALYSIS
. 248 9.5 REFERENCE
. 250
10. ANCILLARY SERVICES II: VOLTAGE SECURITY AND REACTIVE POWER
MANAGEMENT G.A. TAYLOR, S. PHICHAISAWAT, M.R. IRVING AND Y.H. SONG
. 253 10.1 INTRODUCTION
.
253 10.1.1 REACTIVE POWER AND VOLTAGE CONTROL
. 253 10.1.2 MONITORING AND
ASSESSMENT OF VOLTAGE SECURITY . 254 10.1.3
TRANSITION-OPTIMISED REACTIVE POWER AND VOLTAGE CONTROL. 254
10.1.4 VOLTAGE SECURITY AND CONGESTION MANAGEMENT
. 255 10.2 REACTIVE POWER MARKETS AND PRICING
MECHANISMS. 255 10.2.1 EXAMPLES OF
REACTIVE POWER MARKETS. 255
10.2.1.1 ENGLAND AND WALES
(UK). 256 10.2.1.2 NEW YORK
(USA). 257
10.2.1.3 AUSTRALIA
.
258 10.2.2 ANALYSIS OF REACTIVE POWER
MARKETS. 259 10.3
TRANSITION-OPTIMISED REACTIVE POWER
CONTROL. 260 10.3.1 INTRODUCTION
.
260 10.3.2 ALGORITHMIC PROCEDURE
. 261
10.3.2.1 OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
. 261 10.3.2.2
TRANSITION CONSTRAINTS.
262 10.3.2.3 SOLUTION
ALGORITHM. 262
10.3.3 CASE STUDIES
.
263 10.3.3.1 CASE STUDY
I. 264
10.3.3.2 CASE STUDY II
. 265
10.3.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS
. 266
10.4 CONGESTION MANAGEMENT AND VOLTAGE
SECURITY. 267 10.4.1 INTRODUCTION
.
267 10.4.2 NOMENCLATURE
.
267 10.4.3 ALGORITHMIC PROCEDURE
. 268
10.4.3.1 MATHEMATICAL
MODEL. 269 10.4.3.2
COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURES. 271
10.4.4 COMPUTATIONAL CASE
STUDIES. 273
CONTENTS XIII 10.4.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
. 277
10.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
.
277 10.6 REFERENCES
.
277 11. LOAD AND PRICE FORECASTING VIA WAVELET TRANSFORM AND NEURAL
NETWORKS I.K. YU AND Y.H. SONG
.
. 281 11.1 LOAD FORECASTING AND CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES
. 282 11.1.1 TIME-SERIES MODELS
. 282
11.1.1.1 AUTO-REGRESSIVE
(AR). 283 11.1.1.2
MOVING AVERAGES (MA). 284
11.1.1.3 MIXED AUTO-REGRESSIVE AND MOVING AVERAGE
(ARMA).
284 11.1.2 REGRESSION
MODEL.
285 11.2 NOVEL METHODS FOR SHORT-TERM LOAD FORECASTING
. 286 11.2.1 WAVELET TRANSFORM
APPLICATIONS. 287
11.2.1.1 WAVELET TRANSFORM ANALYSIS
. 287 11.2.1.2 LOAD FORECASTING
PROCESS BY THE WAVELET TRANSFORM. 289 11.2.2
KOHONEN-NEURAL-NETWORK-BASED APPROACH.
290 11.2.2.1 ARCHITECTURE OF THE KOHONEN NEURAL NETWORK. 291
11.2.2.2 UNSUPERVISED LEARNING
. 292 11.2.3 STLF BY A
COMPOSITE MODEL .
293 11.2.4 CASE STUDIES AND
ANALYSIS. 294
11.2.4.1 CASE STUDY BY WAVELET-TRANSFORM-BASED MODEL. 294
11.2.4.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF THE DAILY LOAD PATTERNS. 298 11.2.4.1.2
NUMERICAL RESULTS. 299 11.3
ELECTRICITY PRICE AND MODELLING
. 301 11.3.1
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SMP
. 302 11.3.2 SMP
MODELS
. 304
11.4 FORECASTING THE SMP
. 305
11.4.1 NEURAL-NETWORK-BASED MODEL
. 305 11.4.2
WAVELET-TRANSFORM-BASED MODEL
. 306 11.4.3 COMBINED
MODEL
. 306
11.4.3.1 DECOMPOSING THE SMP DATA.
307 11.4.3.2 PREDICTING THE
APPROXIMATION. 307 11.4.3.3
ESTIMATING THE DETAIL .
309 11.4.3.4 SUMMING THE APPROXIMATION AND THE DETAILS. 310
11.4.4 PREDICTION RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
. 310 11.4.4.1
PREDICTIONS RESULTS BY NEURAL-NETWORK-BASED
MODEL.
310 11.4.4.2 PREDICTIONS RESULTS BY WAVELET-TRANSFORM-BASED MODEL
. 310
11.4.4.3 PREDICTIONS RESULTS BY COMBINED MODEL. 312
11.5 SUMMARY
. 313
11.6 REFERENCES
. 314
XIV CONTENTS 12. ANALYSIS OF GENERATING COMPANIES* STRATEGIC BEHAVOUR
A. MAIORANO, Y.H. SONG AND M. TROVATO . .
. 317 12.1 THE
ELECTRICITY MARKETPLACE
. 318
12.1.1 AUCTION
STRUCTURES.
318 12.1.1.1 BUNDLING OF DEMAND INTO LOTS
. 319 12.1.1.2 SEQUENCING OF
AUCTIONS. 321 12.1.1.3
PRICING RULE
. 321
12.2 STRATEGIC SUPPLY
FUNCTIONS.
323 12.2.1 SUPPLY CONSTRAINTS
.
326 12.3 LINEAR STRATEGIC SUPPLY
FUNCTIONS. 328
12.4 PROPOSED MODEL
.
330 12.4.1 INVERSE DEMAND FUNCTION EVALUATION
. 332 12.4.2 PRESENCE OF PRIVATE
CONTRACTS. 333
12.4.3 FINAL FORMULATION OF THE MODEL
. 333 12.5 CASE STUDIES
AND RESULTS ANALYSIS
. 337 12.6
CONCLUSIONS
.
343 12.7 REFERENCES
.
344 13. BIDDING PROBLEMS IN ELECTRICITY GENERATION MARKETS Y. HE, Y.H.
SONG AND X.F. WANG
. 347
13.1 GENERATION AUCTION MARKETS IN ELECTRICITY
MARKETS. 347 13.1.1 AUCTION MECHANISM
. 347
13.1.1.1 STANDARD AUCTION FORMATS
. 347 13.1.1.2 SINGLE-ROUND
BIDDING AND MULTI-ROUND BIDDING. 349 13.1.1.3 SIMPLE BIDS AND
MULTI-PART BIDS . 349 13.1.2 EXISTING
AUCTION MECHANISM: TRADING ARRANGEMENT AND PRICING
MECHANISM.
350 13.1.2.1 UK
MARKET.
350 13.1.2.2 PETA
[6][7].
350 13.1.2.3 NETA [8][9]
. 351
13.1.2.4 CALIFORNIA [10]
. 352
13.1.2.5 PJM [11]
.
352 13.1.2.6 NORD POOL
[13]. 353
13.1.2.7 AUSTRALIA NATIONAL ELECTRICITY MARKET (NEM) [14]. 354
13.1.2.8 NEW ZEALAND [3]
. 354 13.1.2.9
ONTARIO ELECTRICITY MARKET IN CANADA [2] . 355
13.1.2.10
SUMMARY.
355 13.1.3 MARKET POWER IN GENERATION AUCTION
MARKETS. 355 13.1.4 GETTING TO KNOW MARKET
POWER . 355 13.1.5
MEASURING MARKET POWER
. 357 13.1.5.1
MITIGATING MARKET POWER. 358
13.1.6 UNCERTAINTIES AND RISK
MITIGATION. 359 13.1.6.1
UNCERTAINTIES IN ELECTRICITY MARKETS . 359
13.1.6.2 RISK
MITIGATION.
360 13.2 DECISION-MAKING AND STRATEGIES IN GENERATION AUCTION
MARKETS. 361 13.2.1 OVERVIEW OF DECISION-MAKING
. 361 13.2.1.1
DECISION-MAKING, MODEL AND ALGORITHM . 361 CONTENTS
XV 13.2.1.2 DECISION-MAKING IN ELECTRICITY MARKETS
. 363 13.2.1.3 DECISION-MAKING IN ELECTRICITY
GENERATION MARKET . 364 13.2.2 GAME THEORY APPLICATIONS IN GENERATION
AUCTION MARKET. 365 13.2.2.1 BASIC CONCEPT OF GAME THEORY AND ITS
APPLICATIO N IN ELECTRICITY
MARKETS. 365 13.2.2.2
GAME-THEORY-BASED BIDDING STRATEGIES . 366 13.2.3
OPTIMISATION-BASED APPROACHES TO MAKING BIDDING STRATEGIES MAKING
.
367 13.2.3.1 BIDDING DECISION-MAKING BY OPTIMISATION- BASED MARKET
SIMULATOR . 367 13.2.3.2
OPTIMAL BIDDING BASED ON FORMULATION OF MARKET PRICES WITH GENERATORS*
BEHAVIOURS EMBEDDED. 368 13.2.3.3 APPLICATION OF MARKOV
DECISION PROCESS (MDP) IN BIDDING
STRATEGIES. 371 13.2.4
OTHER METHODOLOGIES FOR DECISION-MAKING .
372 13.3 STUDY OF BIDDING STRATEGIES BASED ON BID SENSITIVITIES IN
POOL-BASED SPOT MARKETS
.
372 13.3.1 INTRODUCTION
.
372 13.3.2 ANALYSIS OF BID SENSITIVITIES BASED ON THE IPOPF
MODEL. 373 13.3.3 BIDDING STRATEGIES BASED ON BID
SENSITIVITIES. 375 13.3.3.1 DESCRIPTION OF
THE PROPOSED MODEL . 375 13.3.3.2 OPTIMAL
BIDS. 376
13.3.3.3 NASH EQUILIBRIUM
PROCESS. 378 13.3.4 BIDDING
STRATEGIES WHEN CONSIDERING COALITIONS . 379
13.3.4.1 COMBINATIONS OF POTENTIAL COALITIONS .
379 13.3.4.2 THE BIDDING PROCESS CONSIDERING COALITIONS .
379 13.3.4.3 OPTIMAL BIDS OF SUB-GROUPS
. 380 13.3.5 CASE STUDIES AND
CONCLUSIONS . 384
13.3.5.1 BID SENSITIVITIES
. 384 13.3.5.2
BIDDING PROCESSES AND OPTIMAL BIDS WITHOUT COALITION
.
386 13.3.5.3 RESULTS WHEN BIDDING UNDER COALITION .
388 13.3.5.4
CONCLUSIONS.
390 13.4 INTEGRATED BIDDING STRATEGIES WITH OPTIMAL RESPONSE TO THE
PROBABILISTIC LOCAL MARGINAL
PRICES. 391 13.4.1
INTRODUCTION
.
391 13.4.2 THE PROPOSED
GENCOBDS. 391
13.4.3 THREE MAIN MODULES OF
GENCOBDS. 393 13.4.3.1
SECURITY-CONSTRAINED PROBABILISTIC LMP SIMULATION
MODEL.
393 13.4.3.2 SELF-SCHEDULING UNIT COMMITMENT MODEL. 395
13.4.3.3 MCDM METHOD FOR OPTIMAL OFFERS . 397
13.4.3.4 BIDDING DECISION-MAKING PROCESS.
398 13.4.4 TEST RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
. 399 13.4.4.1 TEST
RESULTS.
399 13.4.4.2
CONCLUSIONS.
403 13.5
REFERENCES.
404 XVI CONTENTS APPENDIX A: NOTATION USED IN THE SELF-SCHEDULING UNIT
COMMITMENT MODEL MODULE
. 406 14.
TRANSMISSION SERVICES IMPROVEMENT BY FACTS CONTROL Y. XIAO, X. WANG,
Y.H. SONG AND Y.Z. SUN
. 407 14.1 FACTS
SOLUTIONS TO POWER FLOW CONTROL
. 408 14.1.1 CONCEPT OF
FACTS TECHNOLOGY. 408
14.1.2 MODELS OF FACTS DEVICES
. 409 14.1.2.1
POWER INJECTION MODEL (PIM) OF FACTS DEVICES FOR ATC ENHANCEMENT
. 410 14.1.2.2 PIM
OF SHUNT CONTROLLER FOR VOLTAGE CONTROL. 410 14.1.2.3 PIM OF
SERIES CONTROLLER FOR LINE FLOW CONTROL . 410 14.1.2.4 PIM OF THE
UNIFIED CONTROLLER FOR POWER FLOW
CONTROL.
412 14.1.2.5 DC MODEL OF TCSC AND TCPS FOR FTR AUCTION . 413 14.2
ATC ENHANCEMENT BY FACTS CONTROL
. 415 14.2.1 FORMULATED
ATC ENHANCEMENT MODEL. 418
14.2.1.1 CONTROL
VARIABLES. 418
14.2.1.2 OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
. 418 14.2.1.3
OPERATING AND CONTROL CONSTRAINTS . 419
14.2.2
IMPLEMENTATION.
421 14.2.3 CASE STUDIES
.
422 14.2.3.1 CASE 1: ATC EVALUATION WITHOUT FACTS DEVICE . 424
14.2.3.2 CASE 2: ATC ENHANCEMENT WITH CONTROL OF SVC . 425 14.2.3.3
CASE 3: ATC ENHANCEMENT WITH CONTROL OF
SVC+TCPS.
428 14.2.3.4 CASE 4: ATC ENHANCEMENT WITH CONTROL OF SVC+UPFC
. 428
14.2.4
REMARKS.
429 14.3 FTR AUCTION IMPROVEMENT BY FACTS CONTROL
. 430 14.3.1 PROPOSED OPTIMAL FTR
AUCTION MODEL. 430 14.3.2 CASE
STUDIES
.
432 14.3.2.1 SYSTEM I: 8-BUS TEST
SYSTEM. 432 14.3.2.2 SYSTEM II:
30-BUS TEST SYSTEM . 434 14.3.2.3
DISCUSSION.
438 14.3.3
REMARKS.
439 14.4 REFERENCES
.
439 INDEX
.
441 |
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| bvnumber | BV022217232 |
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| spelling | Operation of market-oriented power systems with 80 tables Yong-Hua Song ... (eds.) London [u.a.] Springer 2003 XVIII, 443 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Engineering online library Power systems Literaturangaben Electric power systems Load dispatching Electric power systems Management Electric utilities Cost effectiveness Netzplanung (DE-588)4171522-6 gnd rswk-swf Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 gnd rswk-swf Elektrizitätsmarkt (DE-588)4328181-3 gnd rswk-swf Lastverteilung Energietechnik (DE-588)4166843-1 gnd rswk-swf Kostenmanagement (DE-588)4323274-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Elektrizitätsmarkt (DE-588)4328181-3 s Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 s Netzplanung (DE-588)4171522-6 s Lastverteilung Energietechnik (DE-588)4166843-1 s Kostenmanagement (DE-588)4323274-7 s DE-604 Song, Yong-Hua Sonstige oth SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015428508&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Operation of market-oriented power systems with 80 tables Electric power systems Load dispatching Electric power systems Management Electric utilities Cost effectiveness Netzplanung (DE-588)4171522-6 gnd Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 gnd Elektrizitätsmarkt (DE-588)4328181-3 gnd Lastverteilung Energietechnik (DE-588)4166843-1 gnd Kostenmanagement (DE-588)4323274-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4171522-6 (DE-588)4121178-9 (DE-588)4328181-3 (DE-588)4166843-1 (DE-588)4323274-7 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Operation of market-oriented power systems with 80 tables |
| title_auth | Operation of market-oriented power systems with 80 tables |
| title_exact_search | Operation of market-oriented power systems with 80 tables |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Operation of market-oriented power systems with 80 tables |
| title_full | Operation of market-oriented power systems with 80 tables Yong-Hua Song ... (eds.) |
| title_fullStr | Operation of market-oriented power systems with 80 tables Yong-Hua Song ... (eds.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Operation of market-oriented power systems with 80 tables Yong-Hua Song ... (eds.) |
| title_short | Operation of market-oriented power systems |
| title_sort | operation of market oriented power systems with 80 tables |
| title_sub | with 80 tables |
| topic | Electric power systems Load dispatching Electric power systems Management Electric utilities Cost effectiveness Netzplanung (DE-588)4171522-6 gnd Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz (DE-588)4121178-9 gnd Elektrizitätsmarkt (DE-588)4328181-3 gnd Lastverteilung Energietechnik (DE-588)4166843-1 gnd Kostenmanagement (DE-588)4323274-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Electric power systems Load dispatching Electric power systems Management Electric utilities Cost effectiveness Netzplanung Elektrizitätsversorgungsnetz Elektrizitätsmarkt Lastverteilung Energietechnik Kostenmanagement Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015428508&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT songyonghua operationofmarketorientedpowersystemswith80tables |