Energy policies and the Greenhouse effect: 2 Country studies and technical options
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Aldershot [u.a.]
Dartmouth
1991
|
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 450 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 185521198X |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Energy policies and the Greenhouse effect |n 2 |p Country studies and technical options |c The Royal Institute of International Affairs |
| 264 | 1 | |a Aldershot [u.a.] |b Dartmouth |c 1991 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 450 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Grubb, Michael |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)122189256 |4 oth | |
| 710 | 2 | |a Royal Institute of International Affairs |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)35736-4 |4 oth | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136036157095936 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Foreword xiii
About the Lead Author xiv
Acknowledgments xv
Acronyms, Units and Conversion Factors xvi
Summary and Conclusions xvii
PART 1: TECHNICAL OPTIONS
Chapter 1 Energy Resources and Systems 1
1.1 Fossil fuel reserves and resources 3
1.2 Nuclear fuels 10
1.3 Renewable energy resources 11
1.4 Energy systems: transport issues 19
1.5 Electricity system dynamics and the role of variable power
sources 23
1.6 Conclusions 27
Chapter 2 Technologies for Efficient Energy Use 29
2.1 Generic technologies for heat supply and demand 34
2.2 Electricity technologies and motive power 39
2.3 Materials and industrial processes 43
2.4 Energy in buildings: heating, appliances, and lighting 44
2.5 Transport 57
2.6 Industry 67
2.7 Energy efficiency in transition economies and developing
countries 73
2.8 Potential, constraints and economic context 76
2.9 How far can efficiency go? 81
Chapter 3 Energy Supply and Conversion Technologies 87
3.1 Generating electricity from fossil fuels: technical options 89
3.2 Biomass production and conversion 103
3.3 Nuclear energy 113
3.4 Renewable sources for primary heat and electricity 120
3.5 Conclusions 133
Chapter 4 Energy Modelling and Analysis 137
4.1 Energy forecasting: lessons from the track record 139
4.2 The use and abuse of scenarios 144
4.3 Bottom up or top down analysis? 145
4.4 Illustrative end use analysis for the UK 152
4.5 Interpreting the end use scenarios 166
4.6 Modelling policies for closing the efficiency gap:
a case study 172
4.7 Generalizing the results: carbon trends and policy impacts 177
PART II: COUNTRY STUDIES
Chapter 5 Greenhouse Responses in the United Kingdom and
European Community: Will Britannia Waive the Rules? 185
5.1 Trends in UK energy consumption 187
Comparison with EC member countries 191
5.2 Energy resources and production 193
Fossil and nuclear resources 193
Renewable and geothermal energy resources 196
Comparison with the EC 201
5.3 Scenario resume and policy background 203
Resource impacts and fuel switching opportunities 204
5.4 Policy options and constraints 210
Free markets and market measures 210
Demand side measures for promoting energy efficiency 212
Supply side policy options 220
5.5 Political themes 224
5.6 An EC perspective 228
5.7 International aspects 230
5.8 Conclusions 231
Chapter 6 The Greenhouse Effect in the US:
the Legacy of Energy Abundance 233
6.1 The state of the US energy system 237
US energy flows and resources 237
Prospects and scenarios 240
6.2 Policy opportunities and constraints 245
Electricity generation 247
The transport sector 251
Manufacturing industry 255
Residential and commercial energy demand 258
The potential costs of CO2 reductions 262
6.3 The political context and prospects for greenhouse gas
reduction policies 264
The social basis of policy choices 264
Conflicts in US environmental policy 267
The greenhouse debate: status and prospects 268
The international perspective 270
A flexible response strategy for the US energy system 273
Conclusions 276
/Chapter 7 The Greenhouse Effect in Japan:
Burden or Opportunity? 279
7.1 Development and trends in the energy balance 283
Indigenous energy resource base 288
Indigenous renewable energy resources 289
7.2 Projections and options to the year 2000 and 2030 294
7.3 Policy options and constraints 301
Feasibility of emissions abatement scenario 310
Feasibility of fuel switching 311
Feasibility of reduced demand for fossil fuels 312
Feasibility of 2030 efficiency and fuel switching scenarios 314
Constraints 314
7.4 International aspects 315
7.5 Conclusions 317
Appendix: Energy balances and CO2 emissions in scenarios 319
Chapter 8 Soviet CO2 Emissions: Not a Burning Issue? 325
8.1 The Soviet energy system 329
8.2 Development of Soviet energy consumption 330
8.3 The Soviet energy resource base and production 333
8.4 Projections and options to the year 2000 338
8.5 Projections and options to 2030 341
8.6 Policy options and constraints 346
Demand side sectoral considerations and potential for
energy savings 347
What if...? 352
8.7 International aspects 353
8.8 Conclusions 355
X Chapter 9 China: the Continuing Dominance of Coal 357
9.1 The economic context 361
9.2 Developments and trends in the energy balance 364
9.3 Indigenous energy resource base 371
9.4 Projections and options to the year 2000 378
9.5 Projections and options to the year 2030 382
9.6 Policy options and constraints 386
9.7 International aspects 390
9.8 Conclusions 392
Chapter 10 The Greenhouse Effect in India:
Vast Opportunities and Constraints 395
10.1 Development and trends in the energy balance 399
Commercial energy supply and consumption 400
Traditional energy 405
10.2 Indigenous energy resource base 406
Fossil fuel resources 406
Renewable energy resources 408
10.3 Socio economic determinants of energy consumption 411
10.4 Projections and options to the years 2000 and 2030 415
10.5 Policy options and constraints 421
Energy demand management 421
Energy supply planning 424
Capital constraints and abatement investment requirements 428
10.6 Conclusions 430
Appendices
Appendix 1. Units, conventions, and conversion factors 433
Appendix 2. Total greenhouse gas emissions from energy systems:
coefficients and implications 435
A2.1 Carbon content of fossil fuels 435
A2.2 Carbon release coefficients for primary fuels 438
A2.3 Carbon release coefficients for delivered fuels 441
A2.4 Other greenhouse gases 443
A2.5 Conclusions 450
Tables
1.1 Global fossil fuels: resources, reserves and current production 4
1.2 Potential biomass energy supplies in the US 15
2.1 Insulation performance of different types of window 38
2.2 US average pumping system losses from coal power
generation 40
2.3 Estimated potential for improved efficiency in electrical
appliances (Denmark) 54
2.4 Costs and benefits of move to world best practice in UK
domestic appliances 56
2.5 Energy cost shares for typical production units, processes or
industries 70
2.6 Iron and steel smelting process 72
3.1 Performance of modern natural gas power generation cycles 96
3.2 Performance of modern coal based power generation 102
3.3 Principal renewable energy categories 121
4.1 Illustration of end use spreadsheet analysis: the structure
of UK energy demand 154
4.2 Principal results of UK scenarios 163
4.3 Contribution of different measures to reducing long term
CO2 emissions in UK scenarios 169
4.4 Electricity system intensities in UK scenarios 171
5.1 European Community 12 key statistics 192
5.2 Estimated UK renewable energy resources 198
5.3 Major European fossil energy reserves and production 202
7.1 Indigeneous renewable energy resources 290
7.2 Summary of assumptions for each scenario 296
8.1 USSR fuel consumption sectorial breakdown 333
9.1 China: energy balances 366
9.2 China: carbon emissions 368
9.3 China estimated renewable energy resources 376
10.1 Commercial energy supply and conversion in India 402
10.2 Biomass energy consumption (India) 405
10.3 Monthly consumption of major fuels per capita in different
income groups (India) 412
10.4 Traffic and energy demand in the transport sector (India) 415
A2.1 Results of coal composition studies 436
A2.2 Fuel carbon content coefficients 437
A2.3 Carbon release coefficient, primary fuel basis 440
A2.4 Carbon release coefficient, delivered fuel basis 443
A2.5 Summary of results for estimating carbon emissions from
fossil fuels 444
Figures
1.1 Global distribution of proven coal reserves 5
1.2 Global distribution of proven oil reserves 6
1.3 Global distribution of proven gas reserves 8
1.4 Global renewable energy flows 12
2.1 Final OECD energy use 33
2.2 Efficiency and output of different lighting technologies 49
2.3 Efficient lighting design 52
2.4 Energy consumption/CO2 emission characteristics for
different car types 58
2.5 Total cost of motoring for different efficiencies and
fuel prices 62
2.6 Estimated energy consumption of different transport modes
in London 63
2.7 Aircraft fuel consumption: average trends and specific
aircraft 68
2.8 Energy efficiency: engineering potential and realizable gains
a classification 79
2.9 Estimated exergy efficiencies in OECD countries 85
3.1 Combined cycle plant with coal gasification 92
3.2 Intercooled steam injected gas turbine (ISTIG) system 95
3.3 Projected energy costs from various coal and biomass
electricity systems 101
3.4 CO2 emissions from commercially available power plant 104
3.5 Cost of carbon abatement from alternative biomass
applications in the US 109
3.6 Commercial development of photovoltaics in Japan 124
3.7 PV costs as a function of annual production volume 125
3.8 Renewable electricity production costs: trends and
projections 128
4.1 Energy saturation: direct energy expenditure in households
as a function of income (UK) 142
4.2 Results of BRE policy scenarios (UK) 175
5.1 UK energy consumption and CO2 emissions 187
5.2 UK final energy consumption trends 190
5.3 Measures of indigenous fossil fuel resources (UK/EC) 194
5.4 UK and European wind energy resources 197
5.5 Scenarios for UK energy consumption and CO2 emissions 206
5.6 Costs of eight major UK carbon reduction measures 213
6.1 US total energy flow 238
6.2 US energy consumption and CO2 emissions 239
6.3 US fuel reserves/consumption ratios 240
6.4 Scenarios for US energy consumption and CO2 emissions 242
6.5 Distribution of US CO2 emissions by sector 246
7.1 Japan energy consumption and CO2 emissions 283
7.2 Japan final energy consumption trends 285
7.3 Scenarios for Japan energy consumption and CO2 emissions 295
8.1 Soviet energy consumption and CO2 emissions 331
8.2 Soviet fuel reserves/consumption ratios 334
8.3 Scenarios for Soviet energy consumption and CO2
emissions 339
8.4 USSR energy balance: a strategic vision 348
9.1 China energy consumption and CO2 emissions 365
9.2 China rural energy consumption 370
9.3 China fuel reserves/consumption ratios 372
9.4 Scenarios for China energy consumption and CO2 emissions 379
9.5 Scenarios for China power generation 380
10.1 India energy consumption and CO2 emissions 400
10.2 India final commercial energy consumption 404
10.3 Scenarios for India energy consumption and CO2 emissions 416
10.4 Cost curve for CO2 limitation strategies in India 429
Text Boxes
Energy, Exergy, and Efficiency 83
Definition of country study scenarios 146
Scenarios: key assumptions (UK) 157
Policy measures modelled in BRE policy scenario 174
UK scenarios: main themes 205
Stated position of the UK government on global wanning 211
MTTI s energy conservation policy and energy supply policy
options 302
Recommendation for the 21st Century Energy Conservation Policy306
Energy efficiency in the USSR: potential and practice 342
Heating/Calorific Values 434
Indirect CO2 emissions from non fossil sources 445
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Foreword xiii
About the Lead Author xiv
Acknowledgments xv
Acronyms, Units and Conversion Factors xvi
Summary and Conclusions xvii
PART 1: TECHNICAL OPTIONS
Chapter 1 Energy Resources and Systems 1
1.1 Fossil fuel reserves and resources 3
1.2 Nuclear fuels 10
1.3 Renewable energy resources 11
1.4 Energy systems: transport issues 19
1.5 Electricity system dynamics and the role of variable power
sources 23
1.6 Conclusions 27
Chapter 2 Technologies for Efficient Energy Use 29
2.1 Generic technologies for heat supply and demand 34
2.2 Electricity technologies and motive power 39
2.3 Materials and industrial processes 43
2.4 Energy in buildings: heating, appliances, and lighting 44
2.5 Transport 57
2.6 Industry 67
2.7 Energy efficiency in transition economies and developing
countries 73
2.8 Potential, constraints and economic context 76
2.9 How far can efficiency go? 81
Chapter 3 Energy Supply and Conversion Technologies 87
3.1 Generating electricity from fossil fuels: technical options 89
3.2 Biomass production and conversion 103
3.3 Nuclear energy 113
3.4 Renewable sources for primary heat and electricity 120
3.5 Conclusions 133
Chapter 4 Energy Modelling and Analysis 137
4.1 Energy forecasting: lessons from the track record 139
4.2 The use and abuse of scenarios 144
4.3 Bottom up or top down analysis? 145
4.4 Illustrative end use analysis for the UK 152
4.5 Interpreting the end use scenarios 166
4.6 Modelling policies for closing the efficiency gap:
a case study 172
4.7 Generalizing the results: carbon trends and policy impacts 177
PART II: COUNTRY STUDIES
Chapter 5 Greenhouse Responses in the United Kingdom and
European Community: Will Britannia Waive the Rules? 185
5.1 Trends in UK energy consumption 187
Comparison with EC member countries 191
5.2 Energy resources and production 193
Fossil and nuclear resources 193
Renewable and geothermal energy resources 196
Comparison with the EC 201
5.3 Scenario resume and policy background 203
Resource impacts and fuel switching opportunities 204
5.4 Policy options and constraints 210
Free markets and market measures 210
Demand side measures for promoting energy efficiency 212
Supply side policy options 220
5.5 Political themes 224
5.6 An EC perspective 228
5.7 International aspects 230
5.8 Conclusions 231
Chapter 6 The Greenhouse Effect in the US:
the Legacy of Energy Abundance 233
6.1 The state of the US energy system 237
US energy flows and resources 237
Prospects and scenarios 240
6.2 Policy opportunities and constraints 245
Electricity generation 247
The transport sector 251
Manufacturing industry 255
Residential and commercial energy demand 258
The potential costs of CO2 reductions 262
6.3 The political context and prospects for greenhouse gas
reduction policies 264
The social basis of policy choices 264
Conflicts in US environmental policy 267
The greenhouse debate: status and prospects 268
The international perspective 270
A flexible response strategy for the US energy system 273
Conclusions 276
/Chapter 7 The Greenhouse Effect in Japan:
Burden or Opportunity? 279
7.1 Development and trends in the energy balance 283
Indigenous energy resource base 288
Indigenous renewable energy resources 289
7.2 Projections and options to the year 2000 and 2030 294
7.3 Policy options and constraints 301
Feasibility of emissions abatement scenario 310
Feasibility of fuel switching 311
Feasibility of reduced demand for fossil fuels 312
Feasibility of 2030 efficiency and fuel switching scenarios 314
Constraints 314
7.4 International aspects 315
7.5 Conclusions 317
Appendix: Energy balances and CO2 emissions in scenarios 319
Chapter 8 Soviet CO2 Emissions: Not a Burning Issue? 325
8.1 The Soviet energy system 329
8.2 Development of Soviet energy consumption 330
8.3 The Soviet energy resource base and production 333
8.4 Projections and options to the year 2000 338
8.5 Projections and options to 2030 341
8.6 Policy options and constraints 346
Demand side sectoral considerations and potential for
energy savings 347
What if.? 352
8.7 International aspects 353
8.8 Conclusions 355
X Chapter 9 China: the Continuing Dominance of Coal 357
9.1 The economic context 361
9.2 Developments and trends in the energy balance 364
9.3 Indigenous energy resource base 371
9.4 Projections and options to the year 2000 378
9.5 Projections and options to the year 2030 382
9.6 Policy options and constraints 386
9.7 International aspects 390
9.8 Conclusions 392
Chapter 10 The Greenhouse Effect in India:
Vast Opportunities and Constraints 395
10.1 Development and trends in the energy balance 399
Commercial energy supply and consumption 400
Traditional energy 405
10.2 Indigenous energy resource base 406
Fossil fuel resources 406
Renewable energy resources 408
10.3 Socio economic determinants of energy consumption 411
10.4 Projections and options to the years 2000 and 2030 415
10.5 Policy options and constraints 421
Energy demand management 421
Energy supply planning 424
Capital constraints and abatement investment requirements 428
10.6 Conclusions 430
Appendices
Appendix 1. Units, conventions, and conversion factors 433
Appendix 2. Total greenhouse gas emissions from energy systems:
coefficients and implications 435
A2.1 Carbon content of fossil fuels 435
A2.2 Carbon release coefficients for primary fuels 438
A2.3 Carbon release coefficients for delivered fuels 441
A2.4 Other greenhouse gases 443
A2.5 Conclusions 450
Tables
1.1 Global fossil fuels: resources, reserves and current production 4
1.2 Potential biomass energy supplies in the US 15
2.1 Insulation performance of different types of window 38
2.2 US average pumping system losses from coal power
generation 40
2.3 Estimated potential for improved efficiency in electrical
appliances (Denmark) 54
2.4 Costs and benefits of move to world best practice in UK
domestic appliances 56
2.5 Energy cost shares for typical production units, processes or
industries 70
2.6 Iron and steel smelting process 72
3.1 Performance of modern natural gas power generation cycles 96
3.2 Performance of modern coal based power generation 102
3.3 Principal renewable energy categories 121
4.1 Illustration of end use spreadsheet analysis: the structure
of UK energy demand 154
4.2 Principal results of UK scenarios 163
4.3 Contribution of different measures to reducing long term
CO2 emissions in UK scenarios 169
4.4 Electricity system intensities in UK scenarios 171
5.1 European Community 12 key statistics 192
5.2 Estimated UK renewable energy resources 198
5.3 Major European fossil energy reserves and production 202
7.1 Indigeneous renewable energy resources 290
7.2 Summary of assumptions for each scenario 296
8.1 USSR fuel consumption sectorial breakdown 333
9.1 China: energy balances 366
9.2 China: carbon emissions 368
9.3 China estimated renewable energy resources 376
10.1 Commercial energy supply and conversion in India 402
10.2 Biomass energy consumption (India) 405
10.3 Monthly consumption of major fuels per capita in different
income groups (India) 412
10.4 Traffic and energy demand in the transport sector (India) 415
A2.1 Results of coal composition studies 436
A2.2 Fuel carbon content coefficients 437
A2.3 Carbon release coefficient, primary fuel basis 440
A2.4 Carbon release coefficient, delivered fuel basis 443
A2.5 Summary of results for estimating carbon emissions from
fossil fuels 444
Figures
1.1 Global distribution of proven coal reserves 5
1.2 Global distribution of proven oil reserves 6
1.3 Global distribution of proven gas reserves 8
1.4 Global renewable energy flows 12
2.1 Final OECD energy use 33
2.2 Efficiency and output of different lighting technologies 49
2.3 Efficient lighting design 52
2.4 Energy consumption/CO2 emission characteristics for
different car types 58
2.5 Total cost of motoring for different efficiencies and
fuel prices 62
2.6 Estimated energy consumption of different transport modes
in London 63
2.7 Aircraft fuel consumption: average trends and specific
aircraft 68
2.8 Energy efficiency: engineering potential and realizable gains
a classification 79
2.9 Estimated exergy efficiencies in OECD countries 85
3.1 Combined cycle plant with coal gasification 92
3.2 Intercooled steam injected gas turbine (ISTIG) system 95
3.3 Projected energy costs from various coal and biomass
electricity systems 101
3.4 CO2 emissions from commercially available power plant 104
3.5 Cost of carbon abatement from alternative biomass
applications in the US 109
3.6 Commercial development of photovoltaics in Japan 124
3.7 PV costs as a function of annual production volume 125
3.8 Renewable electricity production costs: trends and
projections 128
4.1 Energy saturation: direct energy expenditure in households
as a function of income (UK) 142
4.2 Results of BRE policy scenarios (UK) 175
5.1 UK energy consumption and CO2 emissions 187
5.2 UK final energy consumption trends 190
5.3 Measures of indigenous fossil fuel resources (UK/EC) 194
5.4 UK and European wind energy resources 197
5.5 Scenarios for UK energy consumption and CO2 emissions 206
5.6 Costs of eight major UK carbon reduction measures 213
6.1 US total energy flow 238
6.2 US energy consumption and CO2 emissions 239
6.3 US fuel reserves/consumption ratios 240
6.4 Scenarios for US energy consumption and CO2 emissions 242
6.5 Distribution of US CO2 emissions by sector 246
7.1 Japan energy consumption and CO2 emissions 283
7.2 Japan final energy consumption trends 285
7.3 Scenarios for Japan energy consumption and CO2 emissions 295
8.1 Soviet energy consumption and CO2 emissions 331
8.2 Soviet fuel reserves/consumption ratios 334
8.3 Scenarios for Soviet energy consumption and CO2
emissions 339
8.4 USSR energy balance: a strategic vision 348
9.1 China energy consumption and CO2 emissions 365
9.2 China rural energy consumption 370
9.3 China fuel reserves/consumption ratios 372
9.4 Scenarios for China energy consumption and CO2 emissions 379
9.5 Scenarios for China power generation 380
10.1 India energy consumption and CO2 emissions 400
10.2 India final commercial energy consumption 404
10.3 Scenarios for India energy consumption and CO2 emissions 416
10.4 Cost curve for CO2 limitation strategies in India 429
Text Boxes
Energy, Exergy, and Efficiency 83
Definition of country study scenarios 146
Scenarios: key assumptions (UK) 157
Policy measures modelled in BRE policy scenario 174
UK scenarios: main themes 205
Stated position of the UK government on global wanning 211
MTTI's energy conservation policy and energy supply policy
options 302
Recommendation for the 21st Century Energy Conservation Policy306
Energy efficiency in the USSR: potential and practice 342
Heating/Calorific Values 434
Indirect CO2 emissions from non fossil sources 445 |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T16:13:35Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:50:00Z |
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| institution_GND | (DE-588)35736-4 |
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| spelling | Energy policies and the Greenhouse effect 2 Country studies and technical options The Royal Institute of International Affairs Aldershot [u.a.] Dartmouth 1991 XX, 450 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Grubb, Michael Sonstige (DE-588)122189256 oth Royal Institute of International Affairs Sonstige (DE-588)35736-4 oth (DE-604)BV021853088 2 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015275289&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Energy policies and the Greenhouse effect |
| title | Energy policies and the Greenhouse effect |
| title_auth | Energy policies and the Greenhouse effect |
| title_exact_search | Energy policies and the Greenhouse effect |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Energy policies and the Greenhouse effect |
| title_full | Energy policies and the Greenhouse effect 2 Country studies and technical options The Royal Institute of International Affairs |
| title_fullStr | Energy policies and the Greenhouse effect 2 Country studies and technical options The Royal Institute of International Affairs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Energy policies and the Greenhouse effect 2 Country studies and technical options The Royal Institute of International Affairs |
| title_short | Energy policies and the Greenhouse effect |
| title_sort | energy policies and the greenhouse effect country studies and technical options |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015275289&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV021853088 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT grubbmichael energypoliciesandthegreenhouseeffect2 AT royalinstituteofinternationalaffairs energypoliciesandthegreenhouseeffect2 |