Multifunctionality: towards an analytical framework
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Paris
OECD
2001
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Agriculture and food
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben. - Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Multifonctionnalité |
| Beschreibung: | 159 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9264186255 |
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| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
Parti SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 9
Background 9
Structure of the report 11
A working definition of multifunctionality 13
Policy context 14
Summary of production aspects 15
Key concepts and questions 15
The nature of jointness in agriculture 16
The spatial, scale and time dimensions of non commodity outputs 17
Non agricultural provision 18
Summary of externality and public good aspects 19
Public goods 20
From an analytical framework to policy implications 22
Notes 24
Bibliography 25
Part II. THE PRODUCTION RELATIONSHIPS UNDERLYING MULTIFUNCTIONALITY 27
Introduction 27
What are the key questions? 27
loint production and its application to multifunctionality 30
The nature of jointness in agriculture 38
Agricultural landscape and cultural heritage values 41
Environmental outputs 43
Rural viability and the contribution of agricultural employment 45
Food security 47
Animal welfare 48
Spatial and scale issues 49
Spatial differences in production relationships 49
The spatial extension of non commodity outputs 51
Agricultural versus non agricultural provision of non commodity outputs 52
Notes 55
Bibliography 56
Part III. EXTERNALITY AND PUBLIC GOOD ASPECTS OF MULTIFUNCTIONALITY 59
Introduction 59
Background 59
Approach 59
Organisation of this part 60
Externality aspects 61
Definitions and classifications 61
Market failures associated with externalities: analytical basis 66
Revising some assumptions 70
Taking negative externalities into account 71
Review of major non commodity outputs 72 ^ I
Multifunctionality: Towards an Analytical Framework
Public good aspects 76
Definitions and classifications 76
Characteristics and optimal provision of each pure and impure public good 77
Categorising agricultural externalities under multifunctionality from a public good point of view 79
The importance of analysing consumption relationships 84
Other issues associated with multifunctionality: stability and equity 87
Availability of information and multiple non commodity outputs 95
Notes 97
Bibliography 101
Annex 1. A NOTE ON THE CONCEPT OF IOINTNESS IN PRODUCTION 105
Introduction 105
Historical background 105
Definitions and nature of joint production 106
A formal definition 106
The causes of joint production 106
The nature of joint costs 107
Jointness, dual indirect profit functions, price response, and output supply for many outputs 107
A conventional illustration of joint production 109
The multifunctionality case 111
Simple models of joint production with two outputs one being a non market externality 111
The significance of having no markets for some outputs 111
General models of joint production for multiple {more than two) outputs 113
A final word on allocable fixed inputs and joint production 118
Concluding remarks 119
Notes 120
Bibliography 122
Annex 2. |OINT PRODUCTION IN FOUR OUTPUTS: TWO AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
AND POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES 125
Introduction 125
The farm production situation 125
The farm model 125
Several cases 126
Case I. No external effects or allocated fixed factors 126
Case 2. An allocable fixed input: land 127
Technical interdependence with non commodity outputs 128
Case 3. Am environmental residual 129
Case 4. A landscape amenity 130
Case 5. Both a landscape and an environmental residual 130
A final case of particular interest 131
Notes 131
Bibliography 132
Annex 3 MULTIFUNCTIONALITY IN OTHER PARTS OF THE ECONOMY 133
Forestry 133
Fisheries 135
Other examples involving natural resource management 136
Household production 136
Banking 137
Other applications 138
Notes 138
I 6 Bibliography 139
Table of Contents
Annex 4 ECONOMIC INEFFICIENCY CAUSED BY A DECREASE IN IMPORT PRICE 143
Annex 5 SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE ON CHARACTERISTICS AND OPTIMAL PROVISION OF PURE
AND IMPURE PUBLIC GOODS 145
Market and policy failures in providing pure public goods 145
Non inferiority in providing public goods 146
Open access resources, common property resources and pure public goods 146
Optimality of club goods 146
lntergenerational club goods 147
Bibliography 148
Annex 6 SOME FACTORS SUPPORTING VOLUNTARY PROVISION OF PUBLIC GOODS 149
Annex 7 TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION ISSUES IN THE PRESENCE
OF EXTERNALITIES 151
Benchmark case: no externalities 151
Externalities that are not internalised 152
Exportable good with a negative externality 152
Exportable good with positive externality 153
mport competing good with a negative externality 154
mport competing good, positive externality 154
Externalities that are internalised 154
Negative externality, exportable good 154
Positive externality, exportable good 155
Negative externality, import competing good 156
Positive externality, import competing good 156
Large country case: terms of trade effects 156
The effect of internalisation in only one of two countries 158
List of Boxes
1.1. A note on terminology 10
1.2. Multifunctionality and sustainability •. 11
1.3. Multifunctionality: a specificity of agriculture? 12
1.4. Multifunctionality: a characteristic or an objective? 14
1.5. The sources of joint production 16
1.6. Illustrative categorisation of public goods 21
II. 1. What is the appropriate unit of analysis? 32
11.2. |oint production the example of forestry 33
III. 1. Basic terms and analytical tools for discussing externalities 62
111.2. Are externalities with opportunity costs externalities? 64
111.3. Notes on some basic terms for discussing public goods 78
111.4. What is community supported agriculture (CSA)? 86
111.5. Conservation, amenity and recreation trusts (CARTs) in UK 87
List of Tables
II.1. Examples of production relationships forselected non commodity outputs 40
111.1. Sketch of how likely markets are to fail 70
111.2. Illustrative consumption relationships between positive externalities and a negative externality 73
111.3. Sketch for major non commodity outputs from externality points of view 73
111.4. Classification of pure public goods, impure public goods and private goods 77
111.5. Classification of pure public goods, impure public goods and private goods (Sketch) 80
111.6. Illustrative income elasticities of demand for various non commodity outputs 89
111.7. Effects of trade on international income distribution when there are externalities 91
111.8. Effects of policies to internalise externalities on the international income distribution 92 7 I
Multlfunctionality: Towards an Analytical Framework List of Figures
II. 1. A simplified model of supply and demand for joint products 34
11.2. Optimal supply of a jointly produced non commodity output 35
11.3. joint production, relative prices and output composition 36
11.4. Some hypothetical production relationships 37
11.5. A schematic representation of economic activities on the farm 39
11.6. Commodity production and agricultural employment 45
11.7. Implications of site specific productivity and value differences for non commodity supply 50
III. 1. Classification of positive externalities (marginal benefit commodity output curve) 63
111.2. Classification of positive externalities (social cost curves in commodity output price graph) 63
111.3. Positive externalities where government intervention is unnecessary 65
111.4. Economic inefficiency caused by positive externalities (without imports) 67
111.5. No efficiency loss when demand is perfectly inelastic to price 68
HI.6. Economic inefficiency caused by positive externalities (with imports) 69
Annexes
Al.l. A simplified graphic model of markets for joint products 110
A1.2. A simplified graphic model of markets for joint products, where one of the goods is an externality 112
A1.3. Three joint products effects of a change in the price of market good C 115
A1.4. Three joint products effects of a change in the tax on the environmental residual 116
A1.5. Three joint products effects of a change in the payment for landscape amenities 117
A4.1. Economic inefficiency caused by price decreases 143
A5.1. Market and policy failures 145
A7.1. Exportable good with no externalities 151
A7.2. Import competing good with no externalities 152
A7.3. Exportable good with negative externality 153
A7.4. Exportable good with positive externality 153
A7.5. Import competing good with positive externality 154
A7.6. Internalised negative externality: exportable good 155
A7.7. Internalised positive externality: exportable good 155
A7.8. internalised negative externality: import competing good 156
A7.9. Internalised positive externality: import competing good 157
A7.10. Terms of trade effect Importing country, increase in world price 157
| 8
|
| adam_txt |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Parti SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 9
Background 9
Structure of the report 11
A "working definition" of multifunctionality 13
Policy context 14
Summary of production aspects 15
Key concepts and questions 15
The nature of jointness in agriculture 16
The spatial, scale and time dimensions of non commodity outputs 17
Non agricultural provision 18
Summary of externality and public good aspects 19
Public goods 20
From an analytical framework to policy implications 22
Notes 24
Bibliography 25
Part II. THE PRODUCTION RELATIONSHIPS UNDERLYING MULTIFUNCTIONALITY 27
Introduction 27
What are the key questions? 27
loint production and its application to multifunctionality 30
The nature of jointness in agriculture 38
Agricultural landscape and cultural heritage values 41
Environmental outputs 43
Rural viability and the contribution of agricultural employment 45
Food security 47
Animal welfare 48
Spatial and scale issues 49
Spatial differences in production relationships 49
The spatial extension of non commodity outputs 51
Agricultural versus non agricultural provision of non commodity outputs 52
Notes 55
Bibliography 56
Part III. EXTERNALITY AND PUBLIC GOOD ASPECTS OF MULTIFUNCTIONALITY 59
Introduction 59
Background 59
Approach 59
Organisation of this part 60
Externality aspects 61
Definitions and classifications 61
Market failures associated with externalities: analytical basis 66
Revising some assumptions 70
Taking negative externalities into account 71
Review of major non commodity outputs 72 ^ I
Multifunctionality: Towards an Analytical Framework
Public good aspects 76
Definitions and classifications 76
Characteristics and optimal provision of each pure and impure public good 77
Categorising agricultural externalities under multifunctionality from a public good point of view 79
The importance of analysing consumption relationships 84
Other issues associated with multifunctionality: stability and equity 87
Availability of information and multiple non commodity outputs 95
Notes 97
Bibliography 101
Annex 1. A NOTE ON THE CONCEPT OF IOINTNESS IN PRODUCTION 105
Introduction 105
Historical background 105
Definitions and nature of joint production 106
A formal definition 106
The causes of joint production 106
The nature of joint costs 107
Jointness, dual indirect profit functions, price response, and output supply for many outputs 107
A conventional illustration of joint production 109
The multifunctionality case 111
Simple models of joint production with two outputs one being a non market externality 111
The significance of having no markets for some outputs 111
General models of joint production for multiple {more than two) outputs 113
A final word on allocable fixed inputs and joint production 118
Concluding remarks 119
Notes 120
Bibliography 122
Annex 2. |OINT PRODUCTION IN FOUR OUTPUTS: TWO AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
AND POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES 125
Introduction 125
The farm production situation 125
The farm model 125
Several cases 126
Case I. No external effects or allocated fixed factors 126
Case 2. An allocable fixed input: land 127
Technical interdependence with non commodity outputs 128
Case 3. Am environmental residual 129
Case 4. A landscape amenity 130
Case 5. Both a landscape and an environmental residual 130
A final case of particular interest 131
Notes 131
Bibliography 132
Annex 3 MULTIFUNCTIONALITY IN OTHER PARTS OF THE ECONOMY 133
Forestry 133
Fisheries 135
Other examples involving natural resource management 136
Household production 136
Banking 137
Other applications 138
Notes 138
I 6 Bibliography 139
Table of Contents
Annex 4 ECONOMIC INEFFICIENCY CAUSED BY A DECREASE IN IMPORT PRICE 143
Annex 5 SUPPLEMENTAL NOTE ON CHARACTERISTICS AND OPTIMAL PROVISION OF PURE
AND IMPURE PUBLIC GOODS 145
Market and policy failures in providing pure public goods 145
Non inferiority in providing public goods 146
Open access resources, common property resources and pure public goods 146
Optimality of club goods 146
lntergenerational club goods 147
Bibliography 148
Annex 6 SOME FACTORS SUPPORTING VOLUNTARY PROVISION OF PUBLIC GOODS 149
Annex 7 TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION ISSUES IN THE PRESENCE
OF EXTERNALITIES 151
Benchmark case: no externalities 151
Externalities that are not internalised 152
Exportable good with a negative externality 152
Exportable good with positive externality 153
\mport competing good with a negative externality 154
\mport competing good, positive externality 154
Externalities that are internalised 154
Negative externality, exportable good 154
Positive externality, exportable good 155
Negative externality, import competing good 156
Positive externality, import competing good 156
Large country case: terms of trade effects 156
The effect of internalisation in only one of two countries 158
List of Boxes
1.1. A note on terminology 10
1.2. Multifunctionality and sustainability •. 11
1.3. Multifunctionality: a specificity of agriculture? 12
1.4. Multifunctionality: a characteristic or an objective? 14
1.5. The sources of joint production 16
1.6. Illustrative categorisation of public goods 21
II. 1. What is the appropriate unit of analysis? 32
11.2. |oint production the example of forestry 33
III. 1. Basic terms and analytical tools for discussing externalities 62
111.2. Are externalities with opportunity costs externalities? 64
111.3. Notes on some basic terms for discussing public goods 78
111.4. What is community supported agriculture (CSA)? 86
111.5. Conservation, amenity and recreation trusts (CARTs) in UK 87
List of Tables
II.1. Examples of production relationships forselected non commodity outputs 40
111.1. Sketch of how likely markets are to fail 70
111.2. Illustrative consumption relationships between positive externalities and a negative externality 73
111.3. Sketch for major non commodity outputs from externality points of view 73
111.4. Classification of pure public goods, impure public goods and private goods 77
111.5. Classification of pure public goods, impure public goods and private goods (Sketch) 80
111.6. Illustrative income elasticities of demand for various non commodity outputs 89
111.7. Effects of trade on international income distribution when there are externalities 91
111.8. Effects of policies to internalise externalities on the international income distribution 92 7 I
Multlfunctionality: Towards an Analytical Framework List of Figures
II. 1. A simplified model of supply and demand for joint products 34
11.2. Optimal supply of a jointly produced non commodity output 35
11.3. joint production, relative prices and output composition 36
11.4. Some hypothetical production relationships 37
11.5. A schematic representation of economic activities on the farm 39
11.6. Commodity production and agricultural employment 45
11.7. Implications of site specific productivity and value differences for non commodity supply 50
III. 1. Classification of positive externalities (marginal benefit commodity output curve) 63
111.2. Classification of positive externalities (social cost curves in commodity output price graph) 63
111.3. Positive externalities where government intervention is unnecessary 65
111.4. Economic inefficiency caused by positive externalities (without imports) 67
111.5. No efficiency loss when demand is perfectly inelastic to price 68
HI.6. Economic inefficiency caused by positive externalities (with imports) 69
Annexes
Al.l. A simplified graphic model of markets for joint products 110
A1.2. A simplified graphic model of markets for joint products, where one of the goods is an externality 112
A1.3. Three joint products effects of a change in the price of market good C 115
A1.4. Three joint products effects of a change in the tax on the environmental residual 116
A1.5. Three joint products effects of a change in the payment for landscape amenities 117
A4.1. Economic inefficiency caused by price decreases 143
A5.1. Market and policy failures 145
A7.1. Exportable good with no externalities 151
A7.2. Import competing good with no externalities 152
A7.3. Exportable good with negative externality 153
A7.4. Exportable good with positive externality 153
A7.5. Import competing good with positive externality 154
A7.6. Internalised negative externality: exportable good 155
A7.7. Internalised positive externality: exportable good 155
A7.8. internalised negative externality: import competing good 156
A7.9. Internalised positive externality: import competing good 157
A7.10. Terms of trade effect Importing country, increase in world price 157
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| spelling | Multifunctionality towards an analytical framework Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Paris OECD 2001 159 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Agriculture and food Literaturangaben. - Franz. Ausg. u.d.T.: Multifonctionnalité Öffentliches Gut (DE-588)4043179-4 gnd rswk-swf Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd rswk-swf Externer Effekt (DE-588)4153414-1 gnd rswk-swf Multifunktionalität (DE-588)4434311-5 gnd rswk-swf Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 s DE-604 Öffentliches Gut (DE-588)4043179-4 s Externer Effekt (DE-588)4153414-1 s Multifunktionalität (DE-588)4434311-5 s OECD Sonstige (DE-588)5157-3 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015177991&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Multifunctionality towards an analytical framework Öffentliches Gut (DE-588)4043179-4 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd Externer Effekt (DE-588)4153414-1 gnd Multifunktionalität (DE-588)4434311-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043179-4 (DE-588)4034402-2 (DE-588)4153414-1 (DE-588)4434311-5 |
| title | Multifunctionality towards an analytical framework |
| title_auth | Multifunctionality towards an analytical framework |
| title_exact_search | Multifunctionality towards an analytical framework |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Multifunctionality towards an analytical framework |
| title_full | Multifunctionality towards an analytical framework Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| title_fullStr | Multifunctionality towards an analytical framework Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multifunctionality towards an analytical framework Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
| title_short | Multifunctionality |
| title_sort | multifunctionality towards an analytical framework |
| title_sub | towards an analytical framework |
| topic | Öffentliches Gut (DE-588)4043179-4 gnd Landwirtschaft (DE-588)4034402-2 gnd Externer Effekt (DE-588)4153414-1 gnd Multifunktionalität (DE-588)4434311-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Öffentliches Gut Landwirtschaft Externer Effekt Multifunktionalität |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015177991&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT oecd multifunctionalitytowardsananalyticalframework |