The economics of European integration: theory, practice, policy
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Undetermined |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Aldershot [u.a.]
Dartmouth
1991
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| Ausgabe: | Repr. |
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| Beschreibung: | XX, 547 S. |
| ISBN: | 1855211491 185521153X |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1820135525542002688 |
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CONTENTS
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xvii
Foreword xix
PART I GENERAL ISSUES
1 Introduction 3
Opening remarks 3
Definition of the subject 4
Organisation of the volume 5
2 Fundamental Concepts 9
General 9
Goods markets 15
Service markets 17
Production factors: labour markets 20
Production factors: capital markets 23
Policy; positive integration 27
Summary and conclusions 30
3 Short History 33
Introduction 33
Until 1815, a traditional world with little integration 34
1815 1870: progressive integration following the
Industrial Revolution 36
1870 1914: stagnating integration 41
1914 1945: disintegration 45
1945 the present: a new upsurge of integration 48
Summary and conclusions 52
4 Institutional Economics of the European Community 55
Objectives and means 55
The institutions 59
v
vi Contents
The Commission 62
The Council of Ministers 64
The European Parliament 66
Court of Justice 67
Laws and rules, decision making 69
Budget 73
Summary and conclusions 78
PART II THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
5 Customs Union 83
Introduction 83
Free trade versus protection 86
Short term static effects 93
Long term restructuring effects 103
Summary and conclusions 112
6 Common Market 115
Introduction 115
Integration of factor markets; disregard of goods
movements 117
Interrelations between goods and factor markets and
the effects of barriers to movement 128
Towards a theory of international production 136
Summary and conclusions 143
7 Economic and Monetary Union 145
Introduction 145
Allocation policies 146
Stabilisation; macro and monetary policies 150
Redistribution policies 162
External policies 166
Some common aspects 168
Summary and conclusions 170
PART III PRODUCTS AND PRODUCTION FACTORS
8 Goods 175
Introduction 175
Community regime 176
Trade patterns 178
Contents vii
Explanation of spatial trade patterns 190
Price differences 193
Welfare effects 195
Summary and conclusions 199
9 Labour 201
Introduction 201
Community regime 202
International exchange of labour (migration) 207
Wage structures, convergence or divergence? 215
Welfare effects 220
Summary and conclusions 221
10 Capital 225
Introduction 225
Community regime 226
Direct investments 231
Portfolio investment; stock market integration 237
Other capital 240
Welfare effects 243
Summary and conclusions 244
PART IV SECTORS OF ACTIVITY
11 Agriculture 249
Introduction 249
Community regime 250
Sketch of the sector 255
Market regulation and its effects 259
Conflicts and solutions 268
Summary and conclusions 271
12 Manufacturing 273
Introduction 273
Community regime 274
Sketch of the sector 279
Case study 1: Steel 285
Case study 2: Cars 289
Case study 3: White goods 293
Summary and conclusions 295
viii Contents
13 Energy 297
Introduction 297
Community regime 298
Sketch of the sector 302
Case study 1: oil refining 311
Case study 2: electricity 314
Summary and conclusions 318
14 Services 321
Introduction 321
Community regime 322
Sketch of the sector 325
Case study: insurance 330
Summary and conclusions 335
15 Transport 337
Introduction 337
Community regime 338
Sketch of the sector 346
Case study 1: inland goods transport 349
Case study 2: passenger transport by air 353
Summary and conclusions 356
PART V CONDITIONS FOR BALANCED GROWTH
16 Allocation, Internal Market Policies (1992) 361
Introduction 361
Community regime 362
Competition 365
Direct intervention in prices and quantities 370
Indirect influence on prices, fiscal barriers 374
Access to markets, technical barriers 381
Welfare effects 384
Summary and conclusions 386
17 Stabilisation: Macro Economic and Monetary Policy 389
Introduction 389
Community regime 390
Monetary policy: stability of exchange rates 395
Macro policy: the need for convergence of inflation rates 404
Contents ix
Growth policy, convergence of wealth levels 411
Summary and conclusions 414
18 Redistribution: Regional and Social Policies 417
Introduction 417
Regional disparities and policy 418
Social policy 429
Summary and conclusions 436
19 External Relations 439
Introduction 439
External policy: general issues 439
Trade policy: a fan of instruments 443
Trade policy: differentiation by area 449
From trade to foreign policy 459
Summary and conclusions 465
PART VI CONCLUSIONS
20 Evaluation and Outlook 471
Introduction 471
Progress of integration; economic indicators 472
Progress of integration; policy indicators 475
Welfare effects 481
Towards new objectives 482
Summary and conclusions 488
ANNEXES
List of Abbreviations 493
Bibliography 497
Index 535
List of Tables
3.1 Some indicators of European economic development,
1810 1870 38
3.2 Some indicators of European economic development
between 1870 and 1910 42
3.3 Some indicators of European (EC12) economic
development, 1913 1938 46
5.1 Effects of various forms of projection on trade and
production of country A 89
5.2 Trade effects of a Customs Union, countries A and B 96
5.3 Trade and production effects of a CU under
conditions of economies of scale (countries A and B) 108
6.1 Welfare effects of integrated production factor
markets 118
6.2 Effects of the integration of production factor markets 122
6.3 Welfare effects of various trade instruments with and
without capital mobility 132
6.7 The product life cycle and international production
patterns 138 139
7.1 Effects of co ordinated and non co ordinated policies
on utility and its distribution among countries 156
8.1 Percentage share of goods imports and exports in total
GDP (current prices), 1960 1935 179
8.2 Percentage shares of EC in total commodity imports
and exports of (future) member states 180
8.3 Intra EC trade by country, 1985 182
8.4 Geographical distribution by groups of countries, of
the EC12's extra Community trade in goods, 1958,
1972,1985 185
8.5 Distribution of the EC12's foreign trade by
commodity group, 1962 and 1985, in percentages 187
8.6 Percentage share of member states in EC extra
Community trade 188
8.7 Specialisation index of export trade in high value
technological products, 1963 1983 (OECD = 100) 189
8.8 Average levels of intra industry trade, in selected EC
countries 1959 1980 191
8.9 Price dispersion (coefficient of variation) in the EC9,
by product group, 1975 1985 194
xi
xii List of Tables
8.10 Effects of the integration of manufactured goods
markets on the percentage trend growth rate of
EC member states 198
9.1 First work licences granted to foreign workers by the
six original EC member states, 1959 1973 208
9.2 Estimate of the number of foreign labour in the EC
member states, 1960 1980, and their relative
importance (%) on the labour market of the host
country 210
9.3 Total number of foreign workers in the 12 member
states of tr e European Community by country of
origin (millions), and percentage shares in total
labour force 1973 1985 211
9.4 Female male earnings differential (ratio) 1972, EC6 219
10.1 Direct foreign investment flows of EC12 by major
partner 1969 1986 (billion current Ecu) 232
10.2 Direct investment flows (in billion Ecu) between the
member countries of the European Community,
1975 1983 235
10.3 Percentage growth and profitability, 1979 1988 236
10.4 Indicators of EC stock markets, 1985 238
10.5 Weighted percentage change in correlation
coefficients of five European stock markets with
those of the rest of Europe, the United States and
Japan 239
10.6 Correlation coefficients between European stock
markets, 1973 1979 and 1980 1986 239
10.7 Growth of Euromarkets, 1960 1985 241
10.8 Convergence of interest rates in the EC 1963 1985 243
11.1 Percentage share of agriculture in total GDP and total
employment of the EC12,1950 1985 255
11.2 Percentage share of some selected product groups in
the total production value of agriculture 256
11.3 Development of the number and size of agricultural
establishments 257
11.4 Average yields of agricultural products, EC10 258
11.5 EC agricultural prices as a percentage of world
market prices (five year averages) 264
11.6 Self sufficiency ratio of the European Community for
some selected agricultural products, 1958 1985
(index) 266
11.7 Outlay (in million Ecu) on the European Guidance
and Guarantee Fund for Agriculture, 1968 1987 267
12.1 Percentage share of manufacturing in total GDP and
total employment, 1950 1985 (EC12) 280
List of Tables xiii
12.2 Employment (million) in manufacturing by branch
(EC12) 1950 1985 280
12.3 The ten largest manufacturing firms based in the EC
(private ownership), 1972 1984, by world wide
employment 281
12.4 International comparison of the performances of
firms by relative firm size (100 largest), 1980 285
12.5 Estimated number of steel plants by size category
(Mt/y) in the EC9 286
12.6 Largest European steel producing firms with a crude
steel output of over 1 Mt/y and concentration
ratios, 1985 287
12.7 Some characteristic data on the Community (EC12)
steel industry, 1950 1985 288
12.8 Production (x 1000) of the largest European car
manufacturers in the EC12 (over 100000 a year in
1986) 290
12.9 Production and consumption of, and external trade
in, cars in the EC 1960 1985 (millions) 291
12.10 Shares of the three largest national producers in
home market sales 292
12.11 Production of and trade in refrigerators, 1958 1972
(1000 units) 294
13.1 Percentage shares of primary energy sources in total
energy consumption in the European Community
(Mtoe), 1929 1985 305
13.2 Percentage shares of energy sources in the
consumption of power stations in the EC12 1955
1985 306
13.3 Final domestic consumption of energy in the EC12, by
consumer category and secondary energy source
(Mtoe), 1950 1985 310
13.4 Number of refineries in Western Europe by size class
1950 1985 313
13.5 Generation and exchanges of electricity in Western
Europe, 1970 i984 315
14.1 Percentage share of the service sectors in EC12 total
employment 32.6
14.2 Percentage shares of service sectors in total value
added EC12, 1960 1985 327
14.3 Imports and exports of services (percentage of GDP,
current prices) 327
14.4 Trade in services of the EC10 with third countries,
1984, thousand million Ecu 328
14.5 Largest European insurance companies 331
xiv List of Tables
14.6 Indicators of life insurance market interpenetration
(around 1980) 333
15.1 Percentage share of transport sector in total GDP and
employment, EC 12, 1950 1985 346
15.2 Characteristics of the transport system (EC12), 1950
1985 347
15.3 Inland goods transport in Europe (EC12) by mode of
transport (in percentages and in 109 ton/km, 1970
1985) 351
15.4 Percentage market shares of each transport mode in
international goods transport among all member
states of the EC10: and the remaining part of the
Community by NST commodity group, 1984 352
15.5 Total passenger kilometers (1000 million) on scheduled
services (international and domestic) of major
European airlines, 1960 1985 354
16.1 Sectoral concentration in the EC, 1962 1973 369
16.2 VAT (rates and receipts) as a percentage of total GDP
and total tax receipts in member countries of the EC
(around 1986) 377
16.3 Examples of excise taxes (Ecu, 1987) and importance
of excise tax revenue in total GDP (percentage,
1983), in EC member states 378
16.4 Corporation taxes in the EC (rates as of 1985) 381
17.1 The Ecu in relation to the component currencies
(September 1989) 397
17.2 EMS bilateral central rates and margins of fluctuation
(as of September 1989) 398
17.3 EMS parity changes and the Ecu 400
17.4 Index of variability of exchange rates against other
currencies 402
17.5 Average percentage yearly growth rates of trade
(exports plus imports) in constant prices, 1973 1985,
by group 403
17.6 Average annual percentage inflation rate (GDP price
change) by country and period 405
17.7 Average yearly growth rates of GDP (volume), and
development of GDP/P (EC12 = 100), for the 12 EC
member countries, 1950 1985 411
18.1 Indices of regional disparities of wealth in the EC,
1950 1985 422
18.2 Schematic view of impacts by policy area and type of
region 424
18.3 Concentration of ERDF aid (EC10), 1975 1984, and
shares of EC countries in ERDF (as of 1986) 427
List of Tables xv
18.4 Social Fund Aid, in percentages, by category and
member state, 1976 1980 435
19.1 Transactions of the EC with third countries by
category; average assets and liabilities 1976 1984 440
19.2 New Tariff Barrier equivalents (in percentages) for
various countries and products 445
19.3 Yearly welfare effects of the Tokyo Round by country,
in percentage of GNP 448
19.4 The hierarchy of EC trade relations 450
19.5 Market penetration by imports from LDC into the EC,
USA and Japan, 1973 and 1983 (in percentage of
apparent domestic production) 455
20.1 Growth of integration in the EC (goods, services,
labour and capital), 1960 1985 (percentages) 472
20.2 Price convergence for goods, services and production
factors, 1965 1985 475
20.3 Growth of European administrative and related
organisations, 1960 1988 476
20.4 Synoptic view of the development through time
(1958 1988) of the degree of policy integration by
activity area 479
List of Figures
3.1 European industry around 1870 39
3.2 Evolution of British, French and German average tariff
rates of protection, 1850 1938 41
4.1 The EC Institutional system 61
4.2 The Community's legislation making process 71
5.1 Advantages of international trade:
(a) Production possibility and indifference curves 84
(b) Supply and demand curves for commodity x 85
5.2 Trade effects of a tariff 88
5.3 Welfare effects of a tariff, country A . 90
5.4 Welfare effects of quantitative restrictions, country A 92
5.5 Trade and production effects of a customs union,
countries A and B 94
5.6 Welfare effects of a (trade diverting) customs union,
country A 97
5.7 Terms of trade effect of a tariff for the CU 100
5.8 Effects of tariffs, account being taken of the customs
union supply curve, country A 104
5.9 Advantages of improved technical efficiency,
country A 105
5.10 Economies of scale in production for individual
countries A and B and for customs unions of A and
B and of A, B and C 107
5.11 Welfare effects of learning 110
5.12 Effects of eliminating trade barriers in a customs
union 111
6.1 Effects of movement of production factors:
(a) No factor market integration 116
(b) Integration of factor markets, price convergence 116
6.2 Integration of factor markets; price equalisation 121
6.3 Welfare effects of production factor market integration 124
6.4 (a) Demand and supply of capital in separated
small and large markets 127
(b) Demand and supply of capital transferred from
small (local) markets to a large (central) one 127
6.5 Welfare effects of trade impediments with and
without capital market integration 130
6.6 Effects on factor earning under partial integration of
goods and capital markets 135
xvii
xviii List of Figures
6.7 The product life cycle and international production
patterns 138
6.8 Allocation of the capital stock to countries under
conditions of technological dominance 141
6.9 Labour import in sunset industries 142
7.1 Monetary integration in a Phillips world 152
7.2 Monetary Union in a Friedman/Phelps world 154
7.3 Monetary Union and international balanced growth 164
8.1 Clustering of European countries by trade pattern 183
9.1 Bilateral recruitment agreements; end of 1973 209
11.1 Disequilibria on agricultural markets: hog cycle 259
11.2 EC market regulation system for major agricultural
products (guarantee prices)
(a) Imports
(b) Exports 261
11.3 Alternative market regulation systems (deficiency
payments)
(a) Imports
(b) Exports 263
11.4 The effect of quotas 270
12.1 Production and trade patterns of multinational, multi
product companies under different trade regimes 282
13.1 European Community import prices of energy 300
13.2 Development of total energy consumption in Western
Europe, 1950 1980 (1000 Mtoe) and of GNP (index
1975 = 100) 303
13.3 Flows of crude oil towards Western Europe (around
1985) 309
13.4 Exchange of electricity
(a) 1966 316
(b)1986 317
14.1 Annual premiums (best buy) of a term insurance in
the EC countries 335
15.1 Frontier crossing inland goods transport among EC9
member states, on the basis of tonnage, 1970 1985 350
16.1 Mergers in the EC, 1973 1986 369
17.1 Inflation and currency depreciation or appreciation 404
17.2 Inflation and budget deficits 409
18.1 Areas eligible for ERDF assistance at the beginning of
1987 426
19.1 Ecu/$ exchange rate through time 461 |
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xvii
Foreword xix
PART I GENERAL ISSUES
1 Introduction 3
Opening remarks 3
Definition of the subject 4
Organisation of the volume 5
2 Fundamental Concepts 9
General 9
Goods markets 15
Service markets 17
Production factors: labour markets 20
Production factors: capital markets 23
Policy; positive integration 27
Summary and conclusions 30
3 Short History 33
Introduction 33
Until 1815, a traditional world with little integration 34
1815 1870: progressive integration following the
Industrial Revolution 36
1870 1914: stagnating integration 41
1914 1945: disintegration 45
1945 the present: a new upsurge of integration 48
Summary and conclusions 52
4 Institutional Economics of the European Community 55
Objectives and means 55
The institutions 59
v
vi Contents
The Commission 62
The Council of Ministers 64
The European Parliament 66
Court of Justice 67
Laws and rules, decision making 69
Budget 73
Summary and conclusions 78
PART II THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
5 Customs Union 83
Introduction 83
Free trade versus protection 86
Short term static effects 93
Long term restructuring effects 103
Summary and conclusions 112
6 Common Market 115
Introduction 115
Integration of factor markets; disregard of goods
movements 117
Interrelations between goods and factor markets and
the effects of barriers to movement 128
Towards a theory of international production 136
Summary and conclusions 143
7 Economic and Monetary Union 145
Introduction 145
Allocation policies 146
Stabilisation; macro and monetary policies 150
Redistribution policies 162
External policies 166
Some common aspects 168
Summary and conclusions 170
PART III PRODUCTS AND PRODUCTION FACTORS
8 Goods 175
Introduction 175
Community regime 176
Trade patterns 178
Contents vii
Explanation of spatial trade patterns 190
Price differences 193
Welfare effects 195
Summary and conclusions 199
9 Labour 201
Introduction 201
Community regime 202
International exchange of labour (migration) 207
Wage structures, convergence or divergence? 215
Welfare effects 220
Summary and conclusions 221
10 Capital 225
Introduction 225
Community regime 226
Direct investments 231
Portfolio investment; stock market integration 237
Other capital 240
Welfare effects 243
Summary and conclusions 244
PART IV SECTORS OF ACTIVITY
11 Agriculture 249
Introduction 249
Community regime 250
Sketch of the sector 255
Market regulation and its effects 259
Conflicts and solutions 268
Summary and conclusions 271
12 Manufacturing 273
Introduction 273
Community regime 274
Sketch of the sector 279
Case study 1: Steel 285
Case study 2: Cars 289
Case study 3: White goods 293
Summary and conclusions 295
viii Contents
13 Energy 297
Introduction 297
Community regime 298
Sketch of the sector 302
Case study 1: oil refining 311
Case study 2: electricity 314
Summary and conclusions 318
14 Services 321
Introduction 321
Community regime 322
Sketch of the sector 325
Case study: insurance 330
Summary and conclusions 335
15 Transport 337
Introduction 337
Community regime 338
Sketch of the sector 346
Case study 1: inland goods transport 349
Case study 2: passenger transport by air 353
Summary and conclusions 356
PART V CONDITIONS FOR BALANCED GROWTH
16 Allocation, Internal Market Policies (1992) 361
Introduction 361
Community regime 362
Competition 365
Direct intervention in prices and quantities 370
Indirect influence on prices, fiscal barriers 374
Access to markets, technical barriers 381
Welfare effects 384
Summary and conclusions 386
17 Stabilisation: Macro Economic and Monetary Policy 389
Introduction 389
Community regime 390
Monetary policy: stability of exchange rates 395
Macro policy: the need for convergence of inflation rates 404
Contents ix
Growth policy, convergence of wealth levels 411
Summary and conclusions 414
18 Redistribution: Regional and Social Policies 417
Introduction 417
Regional disparities and policy 418
Social policy 429
Summary and conclusions 436
19 External Relations 439
Introduction 439
External policy: general issues 439
Trade policy: a fan of instruments 443
Trade policy: differentiation by area 449
From trade to foreign policy 459
Summary and conclusions 465
PART VI CONCLUSIONS
20 Evaluation and Outlook 471
Introduction 471
Progress of integration; economic indicators 472
Progress of integration; policy indicators 475
Welfare effects 481
Towards new objectives 482
Summary and conclusions 488
ANNEXES
List of Abbreviations 493
Bibliography 497
Index 535
List of Tables
3.1 Some indicators of European economic development,
1810 1870 38
3.2 Some indicators of European economic development
between 1870 and 1910 42
3.3 Some indicators of European (EC12) economic
development, 1913 1938 46
5.1 Effects of various forms of projection on trade and
production of country A 89
5.2 Trade effects of a Customs Union, countries A and B 96
5.3 Trade and production effects of a CU under
conditions of economies of scale (countries A and B) 108
6.1 Welfare effects of integrated production factor
markets 118
6.2 Effects of the integration of production factor markets 122
6.3 Welfare effects of various trade instruments with and
without capital mobility 132
6.7 The product life cycle and international production
patterns 138 139
7.1 Effects of co ordinated and non co ordinated policies
on utility and its distribution among countries 156
8.1 Percentage share of goods imports and exports in total
GDP (current prices), 1960 1935 179
8.2 Percentage shares of EC in total commodity imports
and exports of (future) member states 180
8.3 Intra EC trade by country, 1985 182
8.4 Geographical distribution by groups of countries, of
the EC12's extra Community trade in goods, 1958,
1972,1985 185
8.5 Distribution of the EC12's foreign trade by
commodity group, 1962 and 1985, in percentages 187
8.6 Percentage share of member states in EC extra
Community trade 188
8.7 Specialisation index of export trade in high value
technological products, 1963 1983 (OECD = 100) 189
8.8 Average levels of intra industry trade, in selected EC
countries 1959 1980 191
8.9 Price dispersion (coefficient of variation) in the EC9,
by product group, 1975 1985 194
xi
xii List of Tables
8.10 Effects of the integration of manufactured goods
markets on the percentage trend growth rate of
EC member states 198
9.1 First work licences granted to foreign workers by the
six original EC member states, 1959 1973 208
9.2 Estimate of the number of foreign labour in the EC
member states, 1960 1980, and their relative
importance (%) on the labour market of the host
country 210
9.3 Total number of foreign workers in the 12 member
states of tr e European Community by country of
origin (millions), and percentage shares in total
labour force 1973 1985 211
9.4 Female male earnings differential (ratio) 1972, EC6 219
10.1 Direct foreign investment flows of EC12 by major
partner 1969 1986 (billion current Ecu) 232
10.2 Direct investment flows (in billion Ecu) between the
member countries of the European Community,
1975 1983 235
10.3 Percentage growth and profitability, 1979 1988 236
10.4 Indicators of EC stock markets, 1985 238
10.5 Weighted percentage change in correlation
coefficients of five European stock markets with
those of the rest of Europe, the United States and
Japan 239
10.6 Correlation coefficients between European stock
markets, 1973 1979 and 1980 1986 239
10.7 Growth of Euromarkets, 1960 1985 241
10.8 Convergence of interest rates in the EC 1963 1985 243
11.1 Percentage share of agriculture in total GDP and total
employment of the EC12,1950 1985 255
11.2 Percentage share of some selected product groups in
the total production value of agriculture 256
11.3 Development of the number and size of agricultural
establishments 257
11.4 Average yields of agricultural products, EC10 258
11.5 EC agricultural prices as a percentage of world
market prices (five year averages) 264
11.6 Self sufficiency ratio of the European Community for
some selected agricultural products, 1958 1985
(index) 266
11.7 Outlay (in million Ecu) on the European Guidance
and Guarantee Fund for Agriculture, 1968 1987 267
12.1 Percentage share of manufacturing in total GDP and
total employment, 1950 1985 (EC12) 280
List of Tables xiii
12.2 Employment (million) in manufacturing by branch
(EC12) 1950 1985 280
12.3 The ten largest manufacturing firms based in the EC
(private ownership), 1972 1984, by world wide
employment 281
12.4 International comparison of the performances of
firms by relative firm size (100 largest), 1980 285
12.5 Estimated number of steel plants by size category
(Mt/y) in the EC9 286
12.6 Largest European steel producing firms with a crude
steel output of over 1 Mt/y and concentration
ratios, 1985 287
12.7 Some characteristic data on the Community (EC12)
steel industry, 1950 1985 288
12.8 Production (x 1000) of the largest European car
manufacturers in the EC12 (over 100000 a year in
1986) 290
12.9 Production and consumption of, and external trade
in, cars in the EC 1960 1985 (millions) 291
12.10 Shares of the three largest national producers in
home market sales 292
12.11 Production of and trade in refrigerators, 1958 1972
(1000 units) 294
13.1 Percentage shares of primary energy sources in total
energy consumption in the European Community
(Mtoe), 1929 1985 305
13.2 Percentage shares of energy sources in the
consumption of power stations in the EC12 1955
1985 306
13.3 Final domestic consumption of energy in the EC12, by
consumer category and secondary energy source
(Mtoe), 1950 1985 310
13.4 Number of refineries in Western Europe by size class
1950 1985 313
13.5 Generation and exchanges of electricity in Western
Europe, 1970 i984 315
14.1 Percentage share of the service sectors in EC12 total
employment 32.6
14.2 Percentage shares of service sectors in total value
added EC12, 1960 1985 327
14.3 Imports and exports of services (percentage of GDP,
current prices) 327
14.4 Trade in services of the EC10 with third countries,
1984, thousand million Ecu 328
14.5 Largest European insurance companies 331
xiv List of Tables
14.6 Indicators of life insurance market interpenetration
(around 1980) 333
15.1 Percentage share of transport sector in total GDP and
employment, EC 12, 1950 1985 346
15.2 Characteristics of the transport system (EC12), 1950
1985 347
15.3 Inland goods transport in Europe (EC12) by mode of
transport (in percentages and in 109 ton/km, 1970
1985) 351
15.4 Percentage market shares of each transport mode in
international goods transport among all member
states of the EC10: and the remaining part of the
Community by NST commodity group, 1984 352
15.5 Total passenger kilometers (1000 million) on scheduled
services (international and domestic) of major
European airlines, 1960 1985 354
16.1 Sectoral concentration in the EC, 1962 1973 369
16.2 VAT (rates and receipts) as a percentage of total GDP
and total tax receipts in member countries of the EC
(around 1986) 377
16.3 Examples of excise taxes (Ecu, 1987) and importance
of excise tax revenue in total GDP (percentage,
1983), in EC member states 378
16.4 Corporation taxes in the EC (rates as of 1985) 381
17.1 The Ecu in relation to the component currencies
(September 1989) 397
17.2 EMS bilateral central rates and margins of fluctuation
(as of September 1989) 398
17.3 EMS parity changes and the Ecu 400
17.4 Index of variability of exchange rates against other
currencies 402
17.5 Average percentage yearly growth rates of trade
(exports plus imports) in constant prices, 1973 1985,
by group 403
17.6 Average annual percentage inflation rate (GDP price
change) by country and period 405
17.7 Average yearly growth rates of GDP (volume), and
development of GDP/P (EC12 = 100), for the 12 EC
member countries, 1950 1985 411
18.1 Indices of regional disparities of wealth in the EC,
1950 1985 422
18.2 Schematic view of impacts by policy area and type of
region 424
18.3 Concentration of ERDF aid (EC10), 1975 1984, and
shares of EC countries in ERDF (as of 1986) 427
List of Tables xv
18.4 Social Fund Aid, in percentages, by category and
member state, 1976 1980 435
19.1 Transactions of the EC with third countries by
category; average assets and liabilities 1976 1984 440
19.2 New Tariff Barrier equivalents (in percentages) for
various countries and products 445
19.3 Yearly welfare effects of the Tokyo Round by country,
in percentage of GNP 448
19.4 The hierarchy of EC trade relations 450
19.5 Market penetration by imports from LDC into the EC,
USA and Japan, 1973 and 1983 (in percentage of
apparent domestic production) 455
20.1 Growth of integration in the EC (goods, services,
labour and capital), 1960 1985 (percentages) 472
20.2 Price convergence for goods, services and production
factors, 1965 1985 475
20.3 Growth of European administrative and related
organisations, 1960 1988 476
20.4 Synoptic view of the development through time
(1958 1988) of the degree of policy integration by
activity area 479
List of Figures
3.1 European industry around 1870 39
3.2 Evolution of British, French and German average tariff
rates of protection, 1850 1938 41
4.1 The EC Institutional system 61
4.2 The Community's legislation making process 71
5.1 Advantages of international trade:
(a) Production possibility and indifference curves 84
(b) Supply and demand curves for commodity x 85
5.2 Trade effects of a tariff 88
5.3 Welfare effects of a tariff, country A . 90
5.4 Welfare effects of quantitative restrictions, country A 92
5.5 Trade and production effects of a customs union,
countries A and B 94
5.6 Welfare effects of a (trade diverting) customs union,
country A 97
5.7 Terms of trade effect of a tariff for the CU 100
5.8 Effects of tariffs, account being taken of the customs
union supply curve, country A 104
5.9 Advantages of improved technical efficiency,
country A 105
5.10 Economies of scale in production for individual
countries A and B and for customs unions of A and
B and of A, B and C 107
5.11 Welfare effects of learning 110
5.12 Effects of eliminating trade barriers in a customs
union 111
6.1 Effects of movement of production factors:
(a) No factor market integration 116
(b) Integration of factor markets, price convergence 116
6.2 Integration of factor markets; price equalisation 121
6.3 Welfare effects of production factor market integration 124
6.4 (a) Demand and supply of capital in separated
small and large markets 127
(b) Demand and supply of capital transferred from
small (local) markets to a large (central) one 127
6.5 Welfare effects of trade impediments with and
without capital market integration 130
6.6 Effects on factor earning under partial integration of
goods and capital markets 135
xvii
xviii List of Figures
6.7 The product life cycle and international production
patterns 138
6.8 Allocation of the capital stock to countries under
conditions of technological dominance 141
6.9 Labour import in sunset industries 142
7.1 Monetary integration in a Phillips world 152
7.2 Monetary Union in a Friedman/Phelps world 154
7.3 Monetary Union and international balanced growth 164
8.1 Clustering of European countries by trade pattern 183
9.1 Bilateral recruitment agreements; end of 1973 209
11.1 Disequilibria on agricultural markets: hog cycle 259
11.2 EC market regulation system for major agricultural
products (guarantee prices)
(a) Imports
(b) Exports 261
11.3 Alternative market regulation systems (deficiency
payments)
(a) Imports
(b) Exports 263
11.4 The effect of quotas 270
12.1 Production and trade patterns of multinational, multi
product companies under different trade regimes 282
13.1 European Community import prices of energy 300
13.2 Development of total energy consumption in Western
Europe, 1950 1980 (1000 Mtoe) and of GNP (index
1975 = 100) 303
13.3 Flows of crude oil towards Western Europe (around
1985) 309
13.4 Exchange of electricity
(a) 1966 316
(b)1986 317
14.1 Annual premiums (best buy) of a term insurance in
the EC countries 335
15.1 Frontier crossing inland goods transport among EC9
member states, on the basis of tonnage, 1970 1985 350
16.1 Mergers in the EC, 1973 1986 369
17.1 Inflation and currency depreciation or appreciation 404
17.2 Inflation and budget deficits 409
18.1 Areas eligible for ERDF assistance at the beginning of
1987 426
19.1 Ecu/$ exchange rate through time 461 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Molle, Willem |
| author_facet | Molle, Willem |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Molle, Willem |
| author_variant | w m wm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021902050 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HC241 |
| callnumber-raw | HC241.2 |
| callnumber-search | HC241.2 |
| callnumber-sort | HC 3241.2 |
| callnumber-subject | HC - Economic History and Conditions |
| classification_rvk | QM 420 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)256319402 (DE-599)BVBBV021902050 |
| dewey-full | 337.142 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 337 - International economics |
| dewey-raw | 337.142 |
| dewey-search | 337.142 |
| dewey-sort | 3337.142 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | Repr. |
| era | Geschichte 1815-1990 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1815-1990 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021902050 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T16:04:43Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:15:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1855211491 185521153X |
| language | Undetermined |
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| oclc_num | 256319402 |
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| physical | XX, 547 S. |
| publishDate | 1991 |
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| publisher | Dartmouth |
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| spelling | Molle, Willem Verfasser aut The economics of European integration theory, practice, policy Repr. Aldershot [u.a.] Dartmouth 1991 XX, 547 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Gemeinschaften (DE-588)35439-9 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1815-1990 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Integration (DE-588)4071013-0 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftliche Integration (DE-588)4066410-7 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftliche Lage (DE-588)4248362-1 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Wirtschaftliche Integration (DE-588)4066410-7 s 1\p DE-604 Europäische Integration (DE-588)4071013-0 s Wirtschaftliche Lage (DE-588)4248362-1 s 2\p DE-604 Europäische Gemeinschaften (DE-588)35439-9 b 3\p DE-604 Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 s 4\p DE-604 5\p DE-604 Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 s 6\p DE-604 Geschichte 1815-1990 z 7\p DE-604 8\p DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015117230&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 5\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 6\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 7\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 8\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Molle, Willem The economics of European integration theory, practice, policy Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Europäische Gemeinschaften (DE-588)35439-9 gnd Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd Europäische Integration (DE-588)4071013-0 gnd Wirtschaftliche Integration (DE-588)4066410-7 gnd Wirtschaftliche Lage (DE-588)4248362-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)35439-9 (DE-588)4066493-4 (DE-588)4066399-1 (DE-588)4071013-0 (DE-588)4066410-7 (DE-588)4248362-1 |
| title | The economics of European integration theory, practice, policy |
| title_auth | The economics of European integration theory, practice, policy |
| title_exact_search | The economics of European integration theory, practice, policy |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The economics of European integration theory, practice, policy |
| title_full | The economics of European integration theory, practice, policy |
| title_fullStr | The economics of European integration theory, practice, policy |
| title_full_unstemmed | The economics of European integration theory, practice, policy |
| title_short | The economics of European integration |
| title_sort | the economics of european integration theory practice policy |
| title_sub | theory, practice, policy |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Europäische Gemeinschaften (DE-588)35439-9 gnd Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd Europäische Integration (DE-588)4071013-0 gnd Wirtschaftliche Integration (DE-588)4066410-7 gnd Wirtschaftliche Lage (DE-588)4248362-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Europäische Gemeinschaften Wirtschaftspolitik Wirtschaft Europäische Integration Wirtschaftliche Integration Wirtschaftliche Lage |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015117230&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mollewillem theeconomicsofeuropeanintegrationtheorypracticepolicy |