Legal aspects of trade finance:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Routledge
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | International law series
|
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 210 S. |
| ISBN: | 1857433890 9781857433890 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Legal aspects of trade finance |c Charles Chatterjee |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135769838714880 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Page
List of Cases xii
Introduction 1
Chapter 1
Methods of Payment in Export Trade
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Methods of Payment 4
1.2.1 Advance Payment 4
1.2.2 Risks for the Exporter 4
1.2.3 Risks for the Importer 4
1.2.4 Open Account 5
1.2.5 Goods on Consignment 5
1.2.6 Payment by Letters of Credit 6
1.2.6.1 Advantages of using Letters of Credit 7
1.2.6.2 Advantages to an Exporter 7
1.2.6.3 Disadvantages to an Importer 7
1.2.6.4 Disadvantages to an Exporter 7
1.2.6.5 Disadvantages to the Importer 8
1.2.6.6 The Information that a Documentary Credit must 8
contain
1.2.7 Deferred Payment 9
1.2.8 Countertrade 9
1.2.8.1 The most popular types of countertrade 10
1.2.8.1.1 Counterpurchase 10
1.2.9 Some of the important issues which should be 10
considered by a trader prior to his embarking upon
countertrade
1.2.10 Barter 11
1.2.11 Buy back 11
1.2.12 Switch Trading 12
1.2.13 Offset 12
1.2.14 Evidence Accounts 13
1.3 Conclusions 13
LEGAL ASPECTS OF TRADE FINANCE
Page
Chapter 2
Types of Bills
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Foreign Bills 15
2.3 The Cleared Bill 16
2.4 Avalised Bills 17
2.5 The UN Convention on International Bills of 17
Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988
2.5.1 Introduction 17
2.5.2. An Anatomy of the Convention 18
2.6 An Analysis of the Convention 18
2.6.1 Sphere of Application and Form of the Instrument 18
2.7 Interpretation 19
2.8 Transfer 21
2.9 Rights and Liabilities 23
2.9.2 The Drawer 25
2.9.3 The Maker 25
2.9.4 The Drawee and the Acceptor 25
2.9.5 The Endorser 26
2.9.6 The Transferor by Endorsement or by mere Delivery 26
2.9.7 The Guarantor 27
2.10 Presentment, Dishonour by Non acceptance or 28
Non payment and Recourse
2.11 Recourse 31
2.11.1 Protest 31
2.12 Notice of Dishonour 33
2.13 Discharge 35
2.14 Lost Instruments 36
2.15 Limitation (Prescription) 38
2.16 Final Provisions 38
2.17 Comments 39
2.18 Conclusions 39
Chapter 3
Types of Credit
3.1 Introduction 40
vi
Contents
Page
3.2 Types of Credit used in Export Trade 40
3.2.2 Stand by Credits 41
3.2.3 Deferred Credits 42
3.2.4 Transferable credit 42
3.2.5 Back to Back Credit 44
3.2.6 Red Clause Credits 46
3.2.7 Revolving Credits 46
3.2.8 Transit Credits 46
3.3 Conclusions 46
Chapter 4
Letters of Credit
4.1 Introduction 48
4.2 A General Discussion of Letters of Credit Transactions 48
4.3 The Principle of Autonomy of Letters of Credit 50
4.4 The Doctrine of Strict Compliance 54
4.5 Irrevocability of a Letter of Credit 57
4.6 The Stages of a Letter of Credit Transaction 59
4.7 Conclusions 60
Chapter 5
Liabilities of Parties Involved in the Documentary Credit
Mechanism
5.1 Introduction 61
5.2 Advising Bank s Liability 62
5.3 Liability of Issuing and Confirming Banks 62
5.3.1 Liability of an Issuing Bank 62
5.3.2 Liability of a Confirming Bank 63
5.4 Parties including Third Parties Duties as regards 65
Documentary Credits
5.5 Liabilities and Responsibilities of Banks in regard to 66
Examination of Documents
5.6 Banks Liabilities and Responsibilities in regard to 72
Discrepant Documents and Notice
5.7 What does Discrepancy of Documents stand for? 74
5.8 Conclusions 83
vii
LEGAL ASPECTS OF TRADE FINANCE
Page
Chapter 6
Legal Aspects of Short term Finance for Exports
6.1 Introduction 79
6.2 Types of Short term Finance 79
6.2.1 Loan or overdraft against an assignment of a credit 79
insurance policy
6.2.2 A Smaller Export Scheme 80
6.2.3 Loan or overdraft to be settled from the Proceeds of 80
Exports Sale
6.3 Other Forms of Finance 81
6.3.1 Documentary Credit 81
6.4 Advances against Collections (Documents against 81
Payment and Documents against Acceptance)
6.5 Negotiation of Bills 82
6.6 Hire Purchase 83
6.7 Leasing 84
6.8 Forfaiting 85
6.8.1 Advantages of Forfaiting: 85
6.8.2 Disadvantages of Forfaiting 86
6.9 Non recourse Finance 86
6.10 Factoring 87
6.10.1 Introduction 8 7
6.10.2 Historical Growth and Development of Factoring 87
6.10.3 The Different Forms of Factoring 89
6.10.3.1 Full factoring 89
6.10.3.2 Agency Factoring 89
6.10.3.3 Recourse Factoring 90
6.10.3.4 Confidential Factoring 90
6.10.3.5 Maturity Factoring 91
6.11 Why Factoring may be a useful Source of Trade 91
Finance?
6.12 Certain Limitations of Factoring 92
6.13 Relationship between a Factor and its Clients and 93
Debtors
6.14 Relationship with the Client 95
viii
Contents
Page
6.15 The Factor s Relations with the Debtors 98
6.16 Factoring and Negative Pledge 100
6.16.1 Statutory 101
6.16.2 Equitable Set off 101
6.16.3 Set off in Insolvency 101
6.17 Guarantees and Indemnities 103
6.18 Assessment of the Client s Position 104
6.19 International Factoring 105
6.20 Other Forms of International Factoring 110
6.20.1 Direct Export Factoring 110
6.20.2 Direct Import Factoring 111
6.20.3 Back to Back Factoring 111
6.21 Assignment 112
6.22 The UNIDROIT Conventions on International 115
Factoring and International Financial Leasings 1988
6.23 Conclusions 121
Chapter 7
Bills of Exchange
7.1 Introduction 123
7.2 The Bills of Exchange Act, 1882 123
7.2.1 General 123
7.3 Basic Aspects of Bills of Exchange 126
7.4 Acceptance and Delivery of a Bill 128
7.5 Capacity and Authority of Parties 129
7.6 Holder in Due Course 130
7.7 Negotiation of Bills 131
7.8 General Duties of the Holder 132
7.9 Rules as to Presentment for Acceptance and 133
Non acceptance
7.10 Liabilities of Parties 139
7.11 Discharge of Bill 140
7.12 Acceptance and Payment for Honour 141
7.13 Conflict of Laws Issues 143
7.14 Cheques on a Banker 144
ix
LEGAL ASPECTS OF TRADE FINANCE
Page
7.15 Promissory Notes 145
7.16 Supplementary (Part V) 146
7.17 Conclusions 147
Chapter 8
ICC Uniform Rules for Collection, 1995 Revision
8.1 Introduction 148
8.2 Definitions and Parties to a Collection 149
8.3 Form and Structure of Collections 150
8.3.1 Collection Instructions 150
8.3.2 Form of Presentation 151
8.4 Release of Commercial Documents 151
8.5 Liabilities and Responsibilities 152
8.6 Judicial Guidelines Developed by the English Courts 157
in relation to Collection of Documents
8.7 Conclusions 159
Chapter 9
Bonds and Guarantees
9.1 Introduction 160
9.2 Produce Loans 160
9.2.1 Risk Minimisation in respect of Produce Loans 162
9.2.2 Bonds and Guarantees 163
9.2.3 The Principal Types of Bond 164
9.2.3.1 Bid or Tender Bond 164
9.2.3.2 Advance Payment Bond 164
9.2.3.3 Performance Bond 165
9.2.3.4 Retention Bond 165
9.2.3.5 Certain Comments on these Bonds 165
9.3 Legal Aspects of Bonds 166
9.4 The Method of Determining the Governing Law 173
of Performance Bonds and the Guarantees
9.5 Comments 177
9.6 The UN Convention on Independent Guarantees 177
and Stand by Letters of Credit, 1995
9.6.1 Introduction 177
x
Contents
Page
9.6.2 An Anatomy of the Convention 178
9.6.3 An Analysis of the Convention 178
9.6.3.1 Scope of Application 178
9.6.3.2 Interpretation 179
9.6.3.3 Form and Contract of Undertaking 180
9.6.3.4 Rights, Obligations and Defences 181
9.6.3.5 Provisional Court Measures 183
9.6.3.6 Conflict of Laws 183
9.6.3.7 Final Clauses (Articles 23 29) 184
9.7 Comments 185
9.8 Uniform Rules for Contract Guarantees, 1978 185
(International Chamber of Commerce ICC)
9.8.1 Introduction 185
9.8.1.1 Definitions 186
9.8.1.2 Tender Guarantees 186
9.8.1.3 Performance Guarantees 187
9.8.1.4 Repayment Guarantee 187
9.8.1.5 Liability of the Guarantor to the Beneficiary 188
9.8.1.6 Submission of Claim 188
9.8.1.7 Expiry of Guarantees 189
9.8.1.8 Amendments to Contracts and Guarantees 190
9.8.1.9 Applicable Law an Settlement of Disputes 191
9.9 Conclusions 191
Conclusions 193
Table of Statutes 194
Table of International Conventions 19 5
Other Primary Sources 196
Other Sources 197
Index 198
xi
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
Page
List of Cases xii
Introduction 1
Chapter 1
Methods of Payment in Export Trade
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Methods of Payment 4
1.2.1 Advance Payment 4
1.2.2 Risks for the Exporter 4
1.2.3 Risks for the Importer 4
1.2.4 Open Account 5
1.2.5 Goods on Consignment 5
1.2.6 Payment by Letters of Credit 6
1.2.6.1 Advantages of using Letters of Credit 7
1.2.6.2 Advantages to an Exporter 7
1.2.6.3 Disadvantages to an Importer 7
1.2.6.4 Disadvantages to an Exporter 7
1.2.6.5 Disadvantages to the Importer 8
1.2.6.6 The Information that a Documentary Credit must 8
contain
1.2.7 Deferred Payment 9
1.2.8 Countertrade 9
1.2.8.1 The most popular types of countertrade 10
1.2.8.1.1 Counterpurchase 10
1.2.9 Some of the important issues which should be 10
considered by a trader prior to his embarking upon
countertrade
1.2.10 Barter 11
1.2.11 Buy back 11
1.2.12 Switch Trading 12
1.2.13 Offset 12
1.2.14 Evidence Accounts 13
1.3 Conclusions 13
LEGAL ASPECTS OF TRADE FINANCE
Page
Chapter 2
Types of Bills
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Foreign Bills 15
2.3 The Cleared Bill 16
2.4 Avalised Bills 17
2.5 The UN Convention on International Bills of 17
Exchange and International Promissory Notes, 1988
2.5.1 Introduction 17
2.5.2. An Anatomy of the Convention 18
2.6 An Analysis of the Convention 18
2.6.1 Sphere of Application and Form of the Instrument 18
2.7 Interpretation 19
2.8 Transfer 21
2.9 Rights and Liabilities 23
2.9.2 The Drawer 25
2.9.3 The Maker 25
2.9.4 The Drawee and the Acceptor 25
2.9.5 The Endorser 26
2.9.6 The Transferor by Endorsement or by mere Delivery 26
2.9.7 The Guarantor 27
2.10 Presentment, Dishonour by Non acceptance or 28
Non payment and Recourse
2.11 Recourse 31
2.11.1 Protest 31
2.12 Notice of Dishonour 33
2.13 Discharge 35
2.14 Lost Instruments 36
2.15 Limitation (Prescription) 38
2.16 Final Provisions 38
2.17 Comments 39
2.18 Conclusions 39
Chapter 3
Types of Credit
3.1 Introduction 40
vi
Contents
Page
3.2 Types of Credit used in Export Trade 40
3.2.2 Stand by Credits 41
3.2.3 Deferred Credits 42
3.2.4 Transferable credit 42
3.2.5 Back to Back Credit 44
3.2.6 Red Clause Credits 46
3.2.7 Revolving Credits 46
3.2.8 Transit Credits 46
3.3 Conclusions 46
Chapter 4
Letters of Credit
4.1 Introduction 48
4.2 A General Discussion of Letters of Credit Transactions 48
4.3 The Principle of Autonomy of Letters of Credit 50
4.4 The Doctrine of Strict Compliance 54
4.5 Irrevocability of a Letter of Credit 57
4.6 The Stages of a Letter of Credit Transaction 59
4.7 Conclusions 60
Chapter 5
Liabilities of Parties Involved in the Documentary Credit
Mechanism
5.1 Introduction 61
5.2 Advising Bank's Liability 62
5.3 Liability of Issuing and Confirming Banks 62
5.3.1 Liability of an Issuing Bank 62
5.3.2 Liability of a Confirming Bank 63
5.4 Parties' including Third Parties' Duties as regards 65
Documentary Credits
5.5 Liabilities and Responsibilities of Banks in regard to 66
Examination of Documents
5.6 Banks' Liabilities and Responsibilities in regard to 72
Discrepant Documents and Notice
5.7 What does Discrepancy of Documents stand for? 74
5.8 Conclusions 83
vii
LEGAL ASPECTS OF TRADE FINANCE
Page
Chapter 6
Legal Aspects of Short term Finance for Exports
6.1 Introduction 79
6.2 Types of Short term Finance 79
6.2.1 Loan or overdraft against an assignment of a credit 79
insurance policy
6.2.2 A Smaller Export Scheme 80
6.2.3 Loan or overdraft to be settled from the Proceeds of 80
Exports Sale
6.3 Other Forms of Finance 81
6.3.1 Documentary Credit 81
6.4 Advances against Collections (Documents against 81
Payment and Documents against Acceptance)
6.5 Negotiation of Bills 82
6.6 Hire Purchase 83
6.7 Leasing 84
6.8 Forfaiting 85
6.8.1 Advantages of Forfaiting: 85
6.8.2 Disadvantages of Forfaiting 86
6.9 Non recourse Finance 86
6.10 Factoring 87
6.10.1 Introduction 8 7
6.10.2 Historical Growth and Development of Factoring 87
6.10.3 The Different Forms of Factoring 89
6.10.3.1 Full factoring 89
6.10.3.2 Agency Factoring 89
6.10.3.3 Recourse Factoring 90
6.10.3.4 Confidential Factoring 90
6.10.3.5 Maturity Factoring 91
6.11 Why Factoring may be a useful Source of Trade 91
Finance?
6.12 Certain Limitations of Factoring 92
6.13 Relationship between a Factor and its Clients and 93
Debtors
6.14 Relationship with the Client 95
viii
Contents
Page
6.15 The Factor's Relations with the Debtors 98
6.16 Factoring and Negative Pledge 100
6.16.1 Statutory 101
6.16.2 Equitable Set off 101
6.16.3 Set off in Insolvency 101
6.17 Guarantees and Indemnities 103
6.18 Assessment of the Client's Position 104
6.19 International Factoring 105
6.20 Other Forms of International Factoring 110
6.20.1 Direct Export Factoring 110
6.20.2 Direct Import Factoring 111
6.20.3 Back to Back Factoring 111
6.21 Assignment 112
6.22 The UNIDROIT Conventions on International 115
Factoring and International Financial Leasings 1988
6.23 Conclusions 121
Chapter 7
Bills of Exchange
7.1 Introduction 123
7.2 The Bills of Exchange Act, 1882 123
7.2.1 General 123
7.3 Basic Aspects of Bills of Exchange 126
7.4 Acceptance and Delivery of a Bill 128
7.5 Capacity and Authority of Parties 129
7.6 Holder in Due Course 130
7.7 Negotiation of Bills 131
7.8 General Duties of the Holder 132
7.9 Rules as to Presentment for Acceptance and 133
Non acceptance
7.10 Liabilities of Parties 139
7.11 Discharge of Bill 140
7.12 Acceptance and Payment for Honour 141
7.13 Conflict of Laws Issues 143
7.14 Cheques on a Banker 144
ix
LEGAL ASPECTS OF TRADE FINANCE
Page
7.15 Promissory Notes 145
7.16 Supplementary (Part V) 146
7.17 Conclusions 147
Chapter 8
ICC Uniform Rules for Collection, 1995 Revision
8.1 Introduction 148
8.2 Definitions and Parties to a Collection 149
8.3 Form and Structure of Collections 150
8.3.1 Collection Instructions 150
8.3.2 Form of Presentation 151
8.4 Release of Commercial Documents 151
8.5 Liabilities and Responsibilities 152
8.6 Judicial Guidelines Developed by the English Courts 157
in relation to Collection of Documents
8.7 Conclusions 159
Chapter 9
Bonds and Guarantees
9.1 Introduction 160
9.2 Produce Loans 160
9.2.1 Risk Minimisation in respect of Produce Loans 162
9.2.2 Bonds and Guarantees 163
9.2.3 The Principal Types of Bond 164
9.2.3.1 Bid or Tender Bond 164
9.2.3.2 Advance Payment Bond 164
9.2.3.3 Performance Bond 165
9.2.3.4 Retention Bond 165
9.2.3.5 Certain Comments on these Bonds 165
9.3 Legal Aspects of Bonds 166
9.4 The Method of Determining the Governing Law 173
of Performance Bonds and the Guarantees
9.5 Comments 177
9.6 The UN Convention on Independent Guarantees 177
and Stand by Letters of Credit, 1995
9.6.1 Introduction 177
x
Contents
Page
9.6.2 An Anatomy of the Convention 178
9.6.3 An Analysis of the Convention 178
9.6.3.1 Scope of Application 178
9.6.3.2 Interpretation 179
9.6.3.3 Form and Contract of Undertaking 180
9.6.3.4 Rights, Obligations and Defences 181
9.6.3.5 Provisional Court Measures 183
9.6.3.6 Conflict of Laws 183
9.6.3.7 Final Clauses (Articles 23 29) 184
9.7 Comments 185
9.8 Uniform Rules for Contract Guarantees, 1978 185
(International Chamber of Commerce ICC)
9.8.1 Introduction 185
9.8.1.1 Definitions 186
9.8.1.2 Tender Guarantees 186
9.8.1.3 Performance Guarantees 187
9.8.1.4 Repayment Guarantee 187
9.8.1.5 Liability of the Guarantor to the Beneficiary 188
9.8.1.6 Submission of Claim 188
9.8.1.7 Expiry of Guarantees 189
9.8.1.8 Amendments to Contracts and Guarantees 190
9.8.1.9 Applicable Law an Settlement of Disputes 191
9.9 Conclusions 191
Conclusions 193
Table of Statutes 194
Table of International Conventions 19 5
Other Primary Sources 196
Other Sources 197
Index 198
xi |
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