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Wood: structure and properties

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Kettunen, Pentti O. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Zürich [u.a.] Trans Tech Publ. 2006
Schriftenreihe:	Materials science foundations 29/30
Schlagworte:	Werkstoffkunde Stoffeigenschaft Holz Struktur
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XVIII, 401 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	0878494871 9780878494873

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	CONTENTS Preface Contents Symbols and abbreviations Introduction ........................................................................................................................1 1. Structure of wood ..........................................................................................................3 1.1. Macroscopic structure .............................................................................................3 1.2. Microstructure .......................................................................................................11 1.2.1. Conifer trees (softwood) ..............................................................................12 A. Tracheid cells ..........................................................................................12 B. Parenchyma cells ....................................................................................14 C.Rays ........................................................................................................15 D. Resin channels ........................................................................................18 E. Pits ..........................................................................................................19 F. Exceptional cell types .............................................................................22 G. Summary .................................................................................................23 1.2.2. Deciduous trees (hardwood) ........................................................................24 A. Fibers ......................................................................................................24 B. Tracheae ..................................................................................................26 С Tracheide................................................................................................. 28 D. Parenchyma cells ....................................................................................29 E. Rays ........................................................................................................31 F. Rubber ducts ...........................................................................................33 G. Exceptional structures ............................................................................33 H. Summary .................................................................................................33 1.3. Structure of the cell wall ........................................................................................35 1.3.1. Layers of the cell wall ..................................................................................36 1.3.2. Middle lamella ..............................................................................................40 1.3.3. Cell wall at a pit ............................................................................................41 1.3.4. Formation of cell wall ..................................................................................42 1.3.5. Mechanical properties of the cell wall .........................................................42 1.4. Constituents of the structure of cell walls ..............................................................43 1.4.1. Cellulose .......................................................................................................44 1.4.2. Hemicelluloses .............................................................................................47 1.4.3. Lignin ...........................................................................................................50 1.4.4. Pectins ..........................................................................................................53 1.4.5. Extractives ....................................................................................................54 A. Organic extractives ..................................................................................54 - Aliphatic and alicyclic compounds ............................................................54 - Phenolic compounds ..................................................................................57 - Other compounds .......................................................................................59 B. Inorganic compounds ...............................................................................59 1.4.6. Water ............................................................................................................61 1.4.7. Summary ......................................................................................................61 1.5. Arrangement of the structural components in the cell wall ....................................61 1.6. The branches ...........................................................................................................65 1.7. Cell structure of the outer surface ..........................................................................67 1.7.1. Cambium .......................................................................................................68 1.7.2. Phloem ..........................................................................................................72 A. Sieve cells ................................................................................................72 viii Pentti O. Kettunen B. Companion cells ......................................................................................76 C. Parenchyma cells .....................................................................................76 D. Fibers .......................................................................................................78 1.7.3. Periderms ......................................................................................................78 A. Cork cambium .........................................................................................79 B.Phelloderm ...............................................................................................80 С Cork cells .................................................................................................80 D. Suberin .....................................................................................................81 E. Lenticels ...................................................................................................83 F. Bark as a whole ........................................................................................84 1.7.4. Constituents of the cells of the outer layer ...................................................86 A. Cellulose ................................................................................................87 B. Hemicelluloses .........................................................................................87 C. Lignin .......................................................................................................88 D. Extractives ...............................................................................................89 1.7.5. Acidity of the surface layers .........................................................................97 1.7.6. Summary of the cell structure of the surface layers .....................................97 1.7.7. Productive use of bark ..................................................................................99 1.8. Structural defects ....................................................................................................99 1.8.1. Knots ............................................................................................................99 1.8.2. Grain deviations .........................................................................................100 A. Spirality .................................................................................................100 B. Genetic grain deviation ..........................................................................102 С Burl ........................................................................................................105 1.8.3. Reaction wood ............................................................................................107 A. Tension wood ........................................................................................107 B. Compression wood ................................................................................108 С Contrasting wood ...................................................................................111 1.8.4. Juvenile wood ............................................................................................. Ill 1.8.5. Other abnormal structures ..........................................................................113 1.8.6. Exercises .....................................................................................................114 2. Liquids in the structure of wood ................................................................................115 2.1. Motion of liquids in the structure of a living tree ................................................115 2.1.1. Flow through the cell lumens ....................................................................116 A. Flow in conifer trees .............................................................................116 B. Flow in deciduous trees ........................................................................116 C. Flow in lateral directions ......................................................................117 2.1.2. Flow through the cell walls .......................................................................117 2.1.3. Diffusion ....................................................................................................117 2.2. Moisture of wood ................................................................................................117 2.2.1. Presentation of moisture content ...............................................................118 2.2.2. Density as a function of moisture content .................................................118 2.2.3. The maximum moisture content of wood ..................................................119 2.2.4. Moisture content of a living tree ...............................................................120 2.3. Moisture content of timber ..................................................................................121 2.3.1. Fiber saturation point .................................................................................121 2.3.2. Equilibrium moisture content ....................................................................123 2.4. Measurement of moisture ....................................................................................126 2.5. The influence of moisture on the dimensions of wood .......................................126 2.6. Exercises ..............................................................................................................131 WOOD: Structure and Properties ¡x 3. Density .......................................................................................................................133 3.1. Essence of density ...............................................................................................133 3.1. Factors having an influence on the density ........................................................133 3.2. Porosity ...............................................................................................................137 3.3. Exercises .............................................................................................................138 4. Thermal properties .....................................................................................................139 4.1. Linear thermal expansion ...................................................................................139 4.2. Hygrothermal deformation .................................................................................141 4.3. Thermal conductivity .........................................................................................142 4.4. Thermal insulation ..............................................................................................145 4.5. Specific heat .......................................................................................................146 4.6. Heat value ...........................................................................................................146 4.7. Thermal diffusivity .............................................................................................150 4.8. Comparison of the thermal properties of wood and other materials ...................150 4.9. Summary of the thermal properties ....................................................................151 4.10. Exercises ..........................................................................................................152 5. Mechanical properties ................................................................................................153 5.1. Elastic and anelastic properties ..........................................................................153 5.1.1. Polymers in general ..................................................................................153 A. Pure polymers ......................................................................................153 B. The influence of fiber reinforcing ........................................................159 5.1.2. Influence of cell structure .........................................................................159 A. Regular cell structure ...........................................................................161 B. Irregular or inhomogeneous cell structure ...........................................163 5.1.3. Elasticity and anelasticity of wood ...........................................................163 5.1.4. Factors influencing the elastic/anelastic properties of wood ....................164 A. Type of loading ....................................................................................166 B. Direction of loading .............................................................................166 С Loading rate .........................................................................................167 D. Density .................................................................................................167 E. Moisture content ..................................................................................168 F. Density and moisture content ..............................................................169 G. Temperature .........................................................................................170 H. Temperature and moisture content ......................................................170 I. Density, moisture content and temperature .........................................170 J. Cell structure ........................................................................................172 - Axial loading ..........................................................................................172 - Transverse loading .................................................................................173 - Degree of anisotropy ..............................................................................174 - Preceding loading ...................................................................................176 - Anelastic buckling ..................................................................................176 K. Structure of the cell wall ......................................................................178 L. Orientation of the cell structure ...........................................................180 5.1.5. Comparison of the elastic properties of wood and other materials ...................................................................................................180 5.2. Strength under monotonie short-term loading ....................................................183 5.2.1. Influence of the fiber reinforced polymeric structure ...............................183 A. Axial tension ........................................................................................183 B. Transverse tension ...............................................................................184 С Axial compression ...............................................................................185 Pentti O. Kettunen D. Effect of the deviation of loading from the axial direction .................185 E. Transverse compression .......................................................................186 5.2.2. Influence of the cell structure ...................................................................186 A. Regular cell structure ...........................................................................186 - Axial loading .....................................................................................187 - Transverse loading ............................................................................188 - Loading rate ......................................................................................189 B. Irregular cell structure ..........................................................................189 5.2.3. Strength of wood under monotonie loading .............................................189 A. Axial loading .......................................................................................190 B. Transverse loading ...............................................................................193 - Transverse tension .............................................................................193 - Transverse compression ....................................................................193 -Bending .............................................................................................198 5.2.4. Factors influencing the strength of wood .................................................200 A. Method of loading ...............................................................................200 B. Orientation of external loading ............................................................200 С Loading rate .........................................................................................202 D. Factors depending on cell structure .....................................................204 -Density ..............................................................................................204 - Grain deviation ..................................................................................204 - Local orientation faults .....................................................................205 - Orientation of the reinforcing fibers in the middle layer of the secondary cell wall ........................................................207 - Structure of other layers in the secondary cell wall ..........................208 E. Environmental factors ..........................................................................208 -Moisture ............................................................................................208 -Temperature ......................................................................................212 - Growth place and growth density .....................................................213 5.2.5. Examples of the monotonie strength values of different species of wood as determined by short-term tests .................................214 5.2.6. Shear strength ..........................................................................................214 5.2.7. General presentation of the strength properties .......................................220 5.2.8. Toughness ................................................................................................221 5.2.9. Hardness ..................................................................................................222 5.3. Creep, strain and strength under long-term unidirectional constant loading .................................................................................................223 5.3.1. Creep phenomenon ..................................................................................224 5.3.2. Creep of wood .........................................................................................227 A. Axial tension .......................................................................................227 B. Transverse tension ..............................................................................229 С Axial loading ......................................................................................230 D. Transverse compression .....................................................................231 E. Inclined loading ..................................................................................232 F. Bending ...............................................................................................232 5.3.3. Factors influencing the creep occurrence ................................................233 A. Structural factors ................................................................................233 B. External factors ...................................................................................234 -Stresslevel .......................................................................................234 -Direction of loading .........................................................................235 WOOD: Structure and Properties xi - Variation in loading .........................................................................236 - Environmental factors .......................................................................237 a) Moisture .......................................................................................238 b) Temperature .................................................................................238 c) Combined influence of moisture and temperature .......................239 d) Varying moisture content ............................................................239 e) Changing temperature and moisture content ...............................241 f) Cyclically varying temperature ....................................................241 5.3.4. Average creep behavior ..........................................................................242 5.3.5. Relaxation ...............................................................................................243 5.4. Fatigue ..............................................................................................................244 5.4.1. Fatigue of polymers ................................................................................245 5.4.2. Fatigue of wood ......................................................................................246 5.5. Strength under repeated unidirectional loading ................................................250 5.6. Fracture and fracture strength ...........................................................................251 5.6.1. Fracture under tension ............................................................................252 A. Axial tension ......................................................................................252 B. Transverse tension .............................................................................255 C. Inclined tension ..................................................................................259 5.6.2. Fracture under compressive stress ..........................................................260 A. Axial compression .............................................................................260 B. Transverse compression .....................................................................263 С Inclined compression .........................................................................263 5.6.3. Fracture under bending ...........................................................................264 5.6.4. Fracture sensitivity .................................................................................265 A. Fracture strain ....................................................................................265 B. Fracture energy ..................................................................................265 С Fracture toughness .............................................................................267 D. Impact toughness ...............................................................................269 5.6.5. Creep fracture .........................................................................................270 5.6.6. Fracture under cyclic and repeated loading ............................................272 5.6.7. Explanation of fracture on the basis of elastic fracture mechanics ...............................................................................................276 5.7. Summary of the mechanical properties ............................................................277 5.8. Exercises ...........................................................................................................279 6. Electrical properties ................................................................................................281 6.1. Conductivity and resistivity .............................................................................281 6.2. Permittivity ......................................................................................................284 6.3. Power factor ....................................................................................................285 6.4. Dielectric strength ...........................................................................................286 6.5. Piezoelectricity ................................................................................................286 6.6. Exercises ..........................................................................................................287 7. Acoustic properties .................................................................................................289 7.1. Speed of sound ................................................................................................289 7.2. Absorption of sound waves and other vibrations ............................................291 7.3. Intensity of sound ............................................................................................293 7.4. Impedance, reflection factor and other acoustic properties .............................293 7.5. Exercises ..........................................................................................................295 8. Deterioration of wood ............................................................................................297 8.1. Degradation and damage caused by living nature ..........................................297 xii Pentti O. Kettunen 8.1.1. Rot ........................................................................................................297 A. Pileated fungi and ascomycetes .......................................................297 -Brown rot ......................................................................................298 -White rot .......................................................................................301 - White pocked rot ...........................................................................306 -Soft rot ...........................................................................................307 - Influence of rotting on the structure and strength of wood .............................................................................................308 - Resistance of the different species of wood against rotting ...........................................................................................311 B. Bacteria ............................................................................................313 С Mold fungi .......................................................................................314 8.1.2. Blue-stain fungi ....................................................................................315 8.1.3. Insects ...................................................................................................317 8.1.4. Birds, animals and human beings ..........................................................318 8.2. Degradation caused by lifeless nature ............................................................319 8.2.1. Influence of climate ..............................................................................319 8.2.2. Photochemical degradation ..................................................................322 8.2.3. Thermal degradation .............................................................................326 8.3. Deterioration caused by handling ...................................................................333 8.3.1. Mechanical handling ............................................................................334 8.3.2. Thermal treatment ................................................................................338 8.3.3. Protection against rot ............................................................................340 8.4. Exercises .........................................................................................................345 9. Chemical degradation ............................................................................................347 9.1. Degradation of the structural constituents ......................................................347 9.1.1. Degradation under acidic conditions .........................................................347 A. Degradation of lignin .......................................................................348 - Sulfite pulping ...............................................................................351 - Acidic bleaching ...........................................................................353 - Milder degradation methods .........................................................356 B. Degradation of cellulose and hemicelluloses ..................................356 - Acidic hydrolysis ..........................................................................357 -Dehydration ...................................................................................359 -Oxidation .......................................................................................359 C. Behavior of extractives ....................................................................361 9.1.2. Degradation in alkaline conditions .......................................................362 A. Degradation of lignin .....................................................................362 - Alkaline pulping ............................................................................363 - Alkaline bleaching ........................................................................365 - Milder oxidative degradation methods .........................................366 - Hydrogenolysis .............................................................................368 B. Degradation of the polysaccharides ..............................................368 -Peeling ..........................................................................................368 -Hydrolysis ....................................................................................372 - Oxidative degradation ..................................................................372 С Extractives .......................................................................................373 D. Mass flow balance in alkaline pulping and bleaching .....................373 WOOD: Structure and Properties xiii E. Alkaline sulfite pulping ...................................................................375 D. Comments ........................................................................................375 9.2. Degradation by corrosion .................................................................................375 9.3. Exercises ...........................................................................................................379 10. Summary ..................................................................................................................381 11. Closing words ...........................................................................................................383 References ......................................................................................................................385 Appendix 1 .....................................................................................................................393 Appendix 2 .....................................................................................................................395 Appendix 3 .....................................................................................................................397
adam_txt	CONTENTS Preface Contents Symbols and abbreviations Introduction .1 1. Structure of wood .3 1.1. Macroscopic structure .3 1.2. Microstructure .11 1.2.1. Conifer trees (softwood) .12 A. Tracheid cells .12 B. Parenchyma cells .14 C.Rays .15 D. Resin channels .18 E. Pits .19 F. Exceptional cell types .22 G. Summary .23 1.2.2. Deciduous trees (hardwood) .24 A. Fibers .24 B. Tracheae .26 С Tracheide. 28 D. Parenchyma cells .29 E. Rays .31 F. Rubber ducts .33 G. Exceptional structures .33 H. Summary .33 1.3. Structure of the cell wall .35 1.3.1. Layers of the cell wall .36 1.3.2. Middle lamella .40 1.3.3. Cell wall at a pit .41 1.3.4. Formation of cell wall .42 1.3.5. Mechanical properties of the cell wall .42 1.4. Constituents of the structure of cell walls .43 1.4.1. Cellulose .44 1.4.2. Hemicelluloses .47 1.4.3. Lignin .50 1.4.4. Pectins .53 1.4.5. Extractives .54 A. Organic extractives .54 - Aliphatic and alicyclic compounds .54 - Phenolic compounds .57 - Other compounds .59 B. Inorganic compounds .59 1.4.6. Water .61 1.4.7. Summary .61 1.5. Arrangement of the structural components in the cell wall .61 1.6. The branches .65 1.7. Cell structure of the outer surface .67 1.7.1. Cambium .68 1.7.2. Phloem .72 A. Sieve cells .72 viii Pentti O. Kettunen B. Companion cells .76 C. Parenchyma cells .76 D. Fibers .78 1.7.3. Periderms .78 A. Cork cambium .79 B.Phelloderm .80 С Cork cells .80 D. Suberin .81 E. Lenticels .83 F. Bark as a whole .84 1.7.4. Constituents of the cells of the outer layer .86 A. Cellulose .87 B. Hemicelluloses .87 C. Lignin .88 D. Extractives .89 1.7.5. Acidity of the surface layers .97 1.7.6. Summary of the cell structure of the surface layers .97 1.7.7. Productive use of bark .99 1.8. Structural defects .99 1.8.1. Knots .99 1.8.2. Grain deviations .100 A. Spirality .100 B. Genetic grain deviation .102 С Burl .105 1.8.3. Reaction wood .107 A. Tension wood .107 B. Compression wood .108 С Contrasting wood .111 1.8.4. Juvenile wood . Ill 1.8.5. Other abnormal structures .113 1.8.6. Exercises .114 2. Liquids in the structure of wood .115 2.1. Motion of liquids in the structure of a living tree .115 2.1.1. Flow through the cell lumens .116 A. Flow in conifer trees .116 B. Flow in deciduous trees .116 C. Flow in lateral directions .117 2.1.2. Flow through the cell walls .117 2.1.3. Diffusion .117 2.2. Moisture of wood .117 2.2.1. Presentation of moisture content .118 2.2.2. Density as a function of moisture content .118 2.2.3. The maximum moisture content of wood .119 2.2.4. Moisture content of a living tree .120 2.3. Moisture content of timber .121 2.3.1. Fiber saturation point .121 2.3.2. Equilibrium moisture content .123 2.4. Measurement of moisture .126 2.5. The influence of moisture on the dimensions of wood .126 2.6. Exercises .131 WOOD: Structure and Properties ¡x 3. Density .133 3.1. Essence of density .133 3.1. Factors having an influence on the density .133 3.2. Porosity .137 3.3. Exercises .138 4. Thermal properties .139 4.1. Linear thermal expansion .139 4.2. Hygrothermal deformation .141 4.3. Thermal conductivity .142 4.4. Thermal insulation .145 4.5. Specific heat .146 4.6. Heat value .146 4.7. Thermal diffusivity .150 4.8. Comparison of the thermal properties of wood and other materials .150 4.9. Summary of the thermal properties .151 4.10. Exercises .152 5. Mechanical properties .153 5.1. Elastic and anelastic properties .153 5.1.1. Polymers in general .153 A. Pure polymers .153 B. The influence of fiber reinforcing .159 5.1.2. Influence of cell structure .159 A. Regular cell structure .161 B. Irregular or inhomogeneous cell structure .163 5.1.3. Elasticity and anelasticity of wood .163 5.1.4. Factors influencing the elastic/anelastic properties of wood .164 A. Type of loading .166 B. Direction of loading .166 С Loading rate .167 D. Density .167 E. Moisture content .168 F. Density and moisture content .169 G. Temperature .170 H. Temperature and moisture content .170 I. Density, moisture content and temperature .170 J. Cell structure .172 - Axial loading .172 - Transverse loading .173 - Degree of anisotropy .174 - Preceding loading .176 - Anelastic buckling .176 K. Structure of the cell wall .178 L. Orientation of the cell structure .180 5.1.5. Comparison of the elastic properties of wood and other materials .180 5.2. Strength under monotonie short-term loading .183 5.2.1. Influence of the fiber reinforced polymeric structure .183 A. Axial tension .183 B. Transverse tension .184 С Axial compression .185 Pentti O. Kettunen D. Effect of the deviation of loading from the axial direction .185 E. Transverse compression .186 5.2.2. Influence of the cell structure .186 A. Regular cell structure .186 - Axial loading .187 - Transverse loading .188 - Loading rate .189 B. Irregular cell structure .189 5.2.3. Strength of wood under monotonie loading .189 A. Axial loading .190 B. Transverse loading .193 - Transverse tension .193 - Transverse compression .193 -Bending .198 5.2.4. Factors influencing the strength of wood .200 A. Method of loading .200 B. Orientation of external loading .200 С Loading rate .202 D. Factors depending on cell structure .204 -Density .204 - Grain deviation .204 - Local orientation faults .205 - Orientation of the reinforcing fibers in the middle layer of the secondary cell wall .207 - Structure of other layers in the secondary cell wall .208 E. Environmental factors .208 -Moisture .208 -Temperature .212 - Growth place and growth density .213 5.2.5. Examples of the monotonie strength values of different species of wood as determined by short-term tests .214 5.2.6. Shear strength .214 5.2.7. General presentation of the strength properties .220 5.2.8. Toughness .221 5.2.9. Hardness .222 5.3. Creep, strain and strength under long-term unidirectional constant loading .223 5.3.1. Creep phenomenon .224 5.3.2. Creep of wood .227 A. Axial tension .227 B. Transverse tension .229 С Axial loading .230 D. Transverse compression .231 E. Inclined loading .232 F. Bending .232 5.3.3. Factors influencing the creep occurrence .233 A. Structural factors .233 B. External factors .234 -Stresslevel .234 -Direction of loading .235 WOOD: Structure and Properties xi - Variation in loading .236 - Environmental factors .237 a) Moisture .238 b) Temperature .238 c) Combined influence of moisture and temperature .239 d) Varying moisture content .239 e) Changing temperature and moisture content .241 f) Cyclically varying temperature .241 5.3.4. Average creep behavior .242 5.3.5. Relaxation .243 5.4. Fatigue .244 5.4.1. Fatigue of polymers .245 5.4.2. Fatigue of wood .246 5.5. Strength under repeated unidirectional loading .250 5.6. Fracture and fracture strength .251 5.6.1. Fracture under tension .252 A. Axial tension .252 B. Transverse tension .255 C. Inclined tension .259 5.6.2. Fracture under compressive stress .260 A. Axial compression .260 B. Transverse compression .263 С Inclined compression .263 5.6.3. Fracture under bending .264 5.6.4. Fracture sensitivity .265 A. Fracture strain .265 B. Fracture energy .265 С Fracture toughness .267 D. Impact toughness .269 5.6.5. Creep fracture .270 5.6.6. Fracture under cyclic and repeated loading .272 5.6.7. Explanation of fracture on the basis of elastic fracture mechanics .276 5.7. Summary of the mechanical properties .277 5.8. Exercises .279 6. Electrical properties .281 6.1. Conductivity and resistivity .281 6.2. Permittivity .284 6.3. Power factor .285 6.4. Dielectric strength .286 6.5. Piezoelectricity .286 6.6. Exercises .287 7. Acoustic properties .289 7.1. Speed of sound .289 7.2. Absorption of sound waves and other vibrations .291 7.3. Intensity of sound .293 7.4. Impedance, reflection factor and other acoustic properties .293 7.5. Exercises .295 8. Deterioration of wood .297 8.1. Degradation and damage caused by living nature .297 xii Pentti O. Kettunen 8.1.1. Rot .297 A. Pileated fungi and ascomycetes .297 -Brown rot .298 -White rot .301 - White pocked rot .306 -Soft rot .307 - Influence of rotting on the structure and strength of wood .308 - Resistance of the different species of wood against rotting .311 B. Bacteria .313 С Mold fungi .314 8.1.2. Blue-stain fungi .315 8.1.3. Insects .317 8.1.4. Birds, animals and human beings .318 8.2. Degradation caused by lifeless nature .319 8.2.1. Influence of climate .319 8.2.2. Photochemical degradation .322 8.2.3. Thermal degradation .326 8.3. Deterioration caused by handling .333 8.3.1. Mechanical handling .334 8.3.2. Thermal treatment .338 8.3.3. Protection against rot .340 8.4. Exercises .345 9. Chemical degradation .347 9.1. Degradation of the structural constituents .347 9.1.1. Degradation under acidic conditions .347 A. Degradation of lignin .348 - Sulfite pulping .351 - Acidic bleaching .353 - Milder degradation methods .356 B. Degradation of cellulose and hemicelluloses .356 - Acidic hydrolysis .357 -Dehydration .359 -Oxidation .359 C. Behavior of extractives .361 9.1.2. Degradation in alkaline conditions .362 A. Degradation of lignin .362 - Alkaline pulping .363 - Alkaline bleaching .365 - Milder oxidative degradation methods .366 - Hydrogenolysis .368 B. Degradation of the polysaccharides .368 -Peeling .368 -Hydrolysis .372 - Oxidative degradation .372 С Extractives .373 D. Mass flow balance in alkaline pulping and bleaching .373 WOOD: Structure and Properties xiii E. Alkaline sulfite pulping .375 D. Comments .375 9.2. Degradation by corrosion .375 9.3. Exercises .379 10. Summary .381 11. Closing words .383 References .385 Appendix 1 .393 Appendix 2 .395 Appendix 3 .397
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spelling	Kettunen, Pentti O. Verfasser aut Wood structure and properties Pentti O. Kettunen Zürich [u.a.] Trans Tech Publ. 2006 XVIII, 401 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Materials science foundations 29/30 Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd rswk-swf Stoffeigenschaft (DE-588)4192147-1 gnd rswk-swf Holz (DE-588)4025668-6 gnd rswk-swf Struktur (DE-588)4058125-1 gnd rswk-swf Holz (DE-588)4025668-6 s Struktur (DE-588)4058125-1 s DE-604 Stoffeigenschaft (DE-588)4192147-1 s Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 s 1\p DE-604 Materials science foundations 29/30 (DE-604)BV012703911 29/30 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015041295&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Kettunen, Pentti O. Wood structure and properties Materials science foundations Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd Stoffeigenschaft (DE-588)4192147-1 gnd Holz (DE-588)4025668-6 gnd Struktur (DE-588)4058125-1 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4079184-1 (DE-588)4192147-1 (DE-588)4025668-6 (DE-588)4058125-1
title	Wood structure and properties
title_auth	Wood structure and properties
title_exact_search	Wood structure and properties
title_exact_search_txtP	Wood structure and properties
title_full	Wood structure and properties Pentti O. Kettunen
title_fullStr	Wood structure and properties Pentti O. Kettunen
title_full_unstemmed	Wood structure and properties Pentti O. Kettunen
title_short	Wood
title_sort	wood structure and properties
title_sub	structure and properties
topic	Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd Stoffeigenschaft (DE-588)4192147-1 gnd Holz (DE-588)4025668-6 gnd Struktur (DE-588)4058125-1 gnd
topic_facet	Werkstoffkunde Stoffeigenschaft Holz Struktur
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