Macromolecules: 2 Industrial polymers and syntheses
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
2007
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 635 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9783527311736 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Elias, Hans-Georg |d 1928- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)128433426 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Macromolecules |n 2 |p Industrial polymers and syntheses |c Hans-Georg Elias |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 635 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| DE-BY-863_location | 1300 |
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| DE-BY-FWS_call_number | 1300/VE 8001 E42 -2st |
| DE-BY-FWS_katkey | 380629 |
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| adam_text |
Table of Contents XIII
Table of Contents
Motto V
Preface VII
List of Symbols IX
Symbols for Languages IX
Symbols for Chemical Structures IX
Prefixes of Words IX
Quantity Symbols X
Table of Contents XIII
1 Introduction 1
Literature to Chapter 1 5
2 Structure and Properties of Polymers 7
2.1 Chemical Structure 7
2.1.1 Fundamental Terms 7
2.1.2 Names of Polymers 8
2.1.3 Constitution 9
Structure-related Terms 9
Process-related Terms 12
Molecular Weights 12
2.1.4 Configuration 15
2.2 Physical Structure 17
2.2.1 Microconformations 17
2.2.2 Macroconformations 18
2.2.3 Morphology of Solid Polymers 19
2.2.4 Structure in Solutions, Melts, and Glasses 20
2.3 Physical Properties 21
2.3.1 Thermal Properties 22
2.3.2 Mechanical Properties 23
2.3.3 Electrical Properties 24
2.3.4 Other Properties 24
Literature to Chapter 2 24
Reference to Chapter 2 24
3 Raw Materials and Energy 25
3.1 Feedstocks 25
3.1.1 Natural Raw Materials 25
3.1.2 Fossil Feedstocks 26
3.2 Energy 29
3.2.1 Physical Units for Energy 29
3.2.2 Energy Production 30
XIV Table of Contents
3.2.3 Energy Consumption 32
3.2.4 Range of Fossil Fuels 34
3.2.5 Ecology 36
3.2.6 Non-Fossil Energy Sources 38
3.3 Coals 40
3.3.1 Chemical Structure of Coals 40
3.3.2 Coal Production and Reserves 41
3.3.3 Coals as Raw Materials 43
3.4 Oil 45
3.4.1 Crude Oil 45
Occurrence 45
Production and Reserves 46
3.4.2 Petroleum Processing 49
Refineries 50
Distillation 51
Refining 53
Treating 53
3.4.3 Petrochemistry 54
3.5 Kerogens and Bituminous Substances 57
3.5.1 Oil Shale 57
3.5.2 Tar Sands 57
3.5.3 Bitumens and Asphalts 58
3.6 Natural Gas 60
3.6.1 Composition 60
3.6.2 Production, Consumption, and Reserves 60
3.7 Wood 64
3.7.1 General Aspects 64
Structure 64
Growth, Production, and Consumption 65
3.7.2 Natural Wood 67
3.7.3 Pressurized Wood 69
3.7.4 Plywood and Veneer 69
3.7.5 Polymer Wood 70
3.7.6 Plasticized Wood 71
3.7.7 Mechanical Pulp 71
3.7.8 Chemical Pulp 72
3.7.9 Wood Gasification 74
3.7.10 Wood Saccharification 75
3.7.11 Bioethanol and Sundiesel 75
3.8 Lignins 77
3.9 Natural Resins 78
3.10 Natural Oils and Biomass 80
Literature to Chapter 3 83
References to Chapter 3 85
4 Base Chemicals, Intermediates, and Monomers 87
Table of Contents XV
4.1 Base Chemicals 87
4.1.1 Survey 87
4.1.2 From Feedstocks and B ase Chemicals to Polymers 88
4.1.3 Synthesis Gas 89
Definitions 89
Syngas from Coke 90
Syngas from Natural Gas, Crude Oil, and Naphtha 91
Uses of Syngas 91
4.1.4 Carbon Monoxide 92
4.1.5 Hydrogen 92
4.2 Ci Compounds 93
4.2.1 Methane 93
4.2.2 Methanol 94
4.2.3 Formaldehyde 95
4.2.4 Formic acid 96
4.2.5 Hydrogen Cyanide 96
4.3 C2 Compounds 98
4.3.1 Ethane 98
4.3.2 Ethene 99
4.3.3 Ethyne 103
4.3.4 Ethanol 105
4.3.5 Acetaldehyde 106
4.3.6 Acetic Acid 106
4.4 C3 Compounds 106
4.4.1 Propene 106
4.4.2 Isopropanol and Acetone 110
4.5 C4 Compounds 110
4.5.1 1,3-Butadiene Ill
4.5.2 Butane 115
4.5.3 Butenes 115
4.5.4 Isobutene 115
4.6 C5 Compounds 117
4.6.1 Isoprene 117
4.6.2 Cyclopentadiene 117
4.7 Aromatics 118
4.7.1 Sources and Syntheses 118
Coal as Feedstock 119
Crude Oil as Feedstock 119
4.7.2 Benzene 120
4.7.3 Phenol 122
4.7.4 Toluene 124
4.7.5 Higher Aromatics 126
4.8 Cycloaliphatics 127
4.8.1 AdipicAcid 127
4.8.2 1,6-Hexamethylenediamine 128
4.8.3 e-Caprolactam 128
XVI Table of Contents
A 4 Appendix: Characterization of Reactions 130
Literature to Chapter 4 132
Reference to Chapter 4 132
5 Polymerization Processes 133
5.1 Types of Polymerization 133
5.1.1 Monomers for Polymers 133
5.1.2 Classification of Polymerizations 134
5.1.3 Thermodynamic Requirements 140
5.1.4 Elementary Reactions 140
5.1.5 Polycondensations and Polyadditions 143
Linear Equilibrium Reactions 143
Multifunctional Equilibrium Reactions 144
Kinetically Controlled Reactions 145
5.1.6 Ionic Chain Polymerizations 145
5.1.7 Insertion Polymerizations 147
5.1.8 Free-Radical Polymerizations 148
Initiation 149
Propagation and Termination 150
5.1.9 Copolymerizations 152
5.1.10 Polymer Transformations 154
5.2 Industrial Polymer Productions 155
5.2.1 Overview 155
5.2.2 Two-Phase Systems 156
5.2.3 Bulk Polymerizations 157
5.2.4 Suspension Polymerizations 158
5.2.5 Emulsion Polymerizations 160
Phenomena 160
Types of Emulsion Polymerizations 162
Processes in Direct Macroemulsion Polymerizations 165
Rates of Polymerization 167
Formation of Latex Particles 169
Properties of Emulsion Polymers 170
5.2.6 Solution Polymerizations 171
5.2.7 Precipitation Polymerizations 172
5.2.8 Gas-Phase Polymerizations 174
5.3 Polymerization Reactors 176
5.3.1 Viscosities 176
5.3.2 Types of Reactors 178
Ideal Reactors 178
Batch Reactors (BR) 180
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTR) 181
Continuous Plug Flow Reactors (CPFR) 182
Cascades 182
Operation of Reactors 183
5.3.3 Agitators 185
Table of Contents XVII
Types 185
Power of Agitators 186
5.3.4 Segregated Reactors 187
5.4 Work-up of Polymers 191
5.5 Economic Aspects 192
5.5.1 Energy Consumption 192
5.5.2 Capacities 193
5.5.3 Prices 193
5.5.4 Economy of Scale 195
Historical Notes on Emulsion Polymerization 196
Literature to Chapter 5 197
References to Chapter 5 199
6 Carbon Chains 201
6.1 Carbons 201
6.1.1 Diamonds 201
Natural Diamonds 202
Synthetic Diamonds 202
6.1.2 Diamondoids 204
6.1.3 Graphite 205
6.1.4 Fullerenes 206
6.1.5 Nanotubes 208
6.1.6 Carbon and Graphite Fibers 209
6.1.7 Glass Carbon 211
6.1.8 Nanofoams 211
6.1.9 Carbon Black 211
Manufacture 212
Structure and Properties 212
6.1.10 Charcoal 213
6.1.11 Activated Carbon 214
6.2 Poly(olefin)s 214
6.2.1 Definitions 214
6.2.2 Poly(methylene) 215
6.2.3 Poly(ethylene)s 215
Natural Poly(ethylene) 215
Types of Industrial Poly(ethylene)s 216
Low-Density Poly(ethylene)s (LDPE, PE-LD) 218
High-Density Poly(ethylene)s HDPE, PE-HD) 222
Linear Low-Density Poly(ethylene)s (LLDPE, PE-LLD) . 224
Very Low-Density Poly(ethylene)s (VLDPE, PE-VLD) . 225
Metallocene-Poly(ethylene)s (mLLDPE) 225
Properties of Poly(ethylene)s 226
6.2.4 Modified Poly(ethylene)s 228
6.2.5 Ethene Copolymers 229
Copolymers with 1-Olefins or Dienes 229
Copolymers with Vinyl Monomers 230
XVIII Table of Contents
Copolymers with Acrylic Monomers 231
6.2.6 Poly(propylene) 232
History 232
Isotactic Poly(propylene)s by Transition Metal Catalysts . 232
Metallocene Poly(propylene)s 236
Atactic Poly(propylene)s 236
Syndiotactic Poly(propylene)s 237
Copolymer with Carbon Monoxide 237
6.2.7 Poly(l-butene) 238
6.2.8 Poly(4-methyl-l-pentene) 239
6.2.9 Higher Poly(l-olefm)s 239
6.2.10 Poly(isobutylene)s 239
6.3 Poly(diene)s 241
6.3.1 Overview 241
6.3.2 Poly(butadiene)s 242
Anionic Polymerizations 242
Alfin Polymerizations 243
Free-Radical Polymerizations with Styrene 244
Free-Radical Polymerizations with Acrylonitrile 244
Ziegler-Natta Polymerizations 245
6.3.3 Poly(isoprene)s 246
Natural Poly(isoprene)s 246
Synthetic Poly(isoprene)s 247
Derivatives of Poly(isoprene)s 249
6.3.4 Poly(2,3-dimethylbutadiene) 250
6.3.5 Poly(chloroprene) 250
6.4 Poly(cycloolefin)s and Poly(cyclodiolefin)s 252
6.4.1 Overview 252
6.4.2 Poly(pentenamer) 253
6.4.3 Poly(octenamer) 253
6.4.4 Norbornene Polymers 253
6.4.5 Cycloolefin Copolymers 254
6.4.6 Poly(dicyclopentadiene) 255
6.5 Acetylene Polymers 256
6.5.1 Poly(acetylene)s 256
6.5.2 Poly(diacetylene)s 257
6.6 Aromatic Poly(hydrocarbon)s 257
6.6.1 Poly(phenylene)s 257
Branched Poly(phenylene)s 258
Linear Poly(phenylene)s 258
6.6.2 Poly(p-xylylene)s 260
6.6.3 Phenolic Resins 261
Acid Catalysis 262
Base Catalysis 263
Properties 263
6.6.4 Poly(armethylene)s 265
Table of Contents XIX
6.6.5 Poly(benzocyclobutene)s 265
6.7 Other Poly(hydrocarbon)s 266
6.7.1 Coumarone-Indene Resins 267
6.7.2 Resin Oils 267
6.7.3 Pinene Resins 267
6.7.4 Polymers from Unsaturated Natural Oils 268
6.8 Vinyl Polymers 268
6.8.1 Overview 268
6.8.2 Poly(styrene)s 269
Atactic Homopolymers 269
Stereoregular Poly(styrene)s 272
Styrene Copolymers 273
6.8.3 Substituted Poly(styrene)s 274
6.8.4 Poly(vinyl acetate) 275
6.8.5 Poly(vinyl alcohol) 276
6.8.6 Poly(vinyl acetal)s 277
6.8.7 Poly(vinyl ether)s 277
6.8.8 Poly(Af-vinyl compound)s 278
Poly(N-vinyl carbazole) 279
Poly(Af-vinyl pyrrolidone) 279
6.9 Chlorine-containing Polymers 280
6.91 Poly(vinyl chloride) 280
Homopolymerization 281
Structure 282
Properties 282
Derivatives 284
Copolymers 284
6.9.2 Poly(vinylidene chloride) 284
6.10 Fluorine-containing Polymers 285
6.10.1 Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) 285
Polymerization 285
Processing and Properties 286
6.10.2 Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene 287
6.10.3 Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) 288
6.10.4 Poly(vinyl fluoride) 288
6.10.5 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) 289
6.11 Acrylic Polymers 289
6.11.1 Poly(acrylic acid) 289
6.11.2 Poly(acrylate)s 290
6.11.3 Poly(acrolein) 292
6.11.4 Poly(acrylonitrile) 292
6.11.5 Poly(acrylamide) 293
6.11.6 Poly(a-cyanoacrylate)s 294
6.11.7 Poly(methyl methacrylate) 294
Polymerization in Bulk 295
Solution and Emulsion Polymerizations 296
XX Table of Contents
Suspension Polymerization 296
6.11.8 Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) 297
6.11.9 Poly(methacrylimide) 298
6.11.10 Poly(methacrylonitrile) 298
6.12 Allylic Polymers 298
6.13 Aliphatic Polyketones 300
Literature to Chapter 6 300
References to Chapter 6 300
7 Carbon-Oxygen Chains 309
7.1. Overview 309
7.2 Polyacetals and Polyketals 309
7.2.1 Monomers 309
7.2.2 Poly(oxymethylene)s 310
Monomers 310
Poly(formaldehyde) 311
Acetal Copolymers 312
Stabilization of Acetal Copolymers 314
Properties 314
7.2.3 Poly(acetaldehyde) 315
7.2.4 Poly(fluoral) 316
7.2.5 Poly(chloral) 316
7.2.6 Poly(phthaldialdehyde) 316
7.2.7 Poly(diphenolformal)s 316
7.2.8 Poly(l,3-dioxolane) 317
7.2.9 Poly(acetone) 318
7.3 Polyethers 318
7.3.1 Poly(oxyethylene)s 318
7.3.2 Polypropylene oxide) 319
7.3.3 Poly(epichlorohydrin) 320
7.3.4 Poly(l,2-di(chloromethyl)ethylene oxide) 320
7.3.5 Phenoxy Resins 321
7.3.6 Epoxy Resins 322
Syntheses 322
Curing 323
7.3.7 Poly(tetrahydrofuran) 326
7.3.8 Furan Resins 326
7.3.9 Poly(phenylene oxide)s 327
Synthesis 327
Properties 328
7.4 Polyketones 329
7.4.1 Poly(carbon suboxide) 329
7.4.2 Polyaryletherketones 330
7.5 Aliphatic AB Polyesters 332
7.5.1 Poly(a-hydroxyacetic acid) 333
7.5.2 Poly(lactide)s 333
Table of Contents XXI
7.5.3 Poly(hydroxypropionic acids) 334
7.5.4 Poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid)s 335
7.5.5 Poly(pivalolactone) 338
7.5.6 PolyO-malic acid ester)s 338
7.5.7 Poly(e-caprolactone) 339
7.5.8 Other Poly(a-hydroxyalkanoate)s 339
7.6 Aliphatic AA,/BB7-Polyesters 340
7.6.1 Poly(alkylene carbonate)s 340
7.6.2 Other Poly(alkylene alkanoate)s 341
7.6.3 Alkyd Resins 341
7.6.4 Unsaturated Polyesters 342
7.7 Aromatic Polyesters 343
7.7.1 Polycarbonates 343
Syntheses 344
Properties 345
7.7.2 Poly(p-hydroxybenzoate)s 347
7.7.3 Liquid Crystalline Polyesters 348
7.7.4 Poly(ethylene oxybenzoate) 350
7.7.5 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) 350
Chemical Processes 350
Reaction Engineering 352
Chemical Structure 353
Properties 354
7.7.6 Poly(l,4-bismethylenecyclohexane terephthalate) 354
7.7.7 Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) 355
7.7.8 Poly(butylene terephthalate) 355
Conventional Poly(butylene terephthalate) 355
Cyclic Butylene Terephthalate 357
7.7.9 Thermoplastic Polyetherester Elastomers 358
7.7.10 Poly(alkylene naphthalate)s 359
7.7.11 Polyarylates 360
7.8 Polyorthoesters 360
7.9 Polyanhydrides 361
Literature to Chapter 7 362
References to Chapter 7 364
8 Polysaccharides 365
8.1 Saccharides 365
8.1.1 Overview 365
8.1.2 Simple Sugars 365
8.1.3 Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides 370
8.1.4 Nomenclature 371
8.1.5 Biosynthesis 373
8.1.5 Economic Importance 374
8.2 Poly(a-glucose)s 375
8.2.1 Overview 375
XXII Table of Contents
8.2.2 Starch 376
Occurrence 376
Biosynthesis 378
Industrial Isolation 378
Technical Use 379
Modified Starches 379
Starch as Raw Material 380
Molecular Weights 381
8.2.3 Amylose 381
8.2.4 Amylopectin 383
8.2.5 Glycogen 384
8.2.6 Dextrins 385
8.2.7 Dextrans 386
8.2.8 Poly(dextrose) 387
8.2.9 Poly[a-(l- 3)-D-glucose] 387
8.2.10 Pullulan 387
8.3 Cellulose 388
8.3.1 Chemical Structure 388
8.3.2 Physical Structure 389
8.3.3 Physical Properties 392
8.3.4 Plant Fibers 392
Occurrence 392
Structure of Natural Fibers 395
8.3.5 Microbial Cellulose 397
8.3.6 Synthetic Cellulose 397
8.3.7 Regenerated Celluloses 397
Cuoxam Process 398
Viscose Process 398
Organosolv Process 400
8.3.8 Mercerization 400
8.3.9 Cellulose Derivatives 401
Reactions of Cellulose 401
Cellulose Nitrates 403
Cellulose Acetates 404
Cellulose Ethers 406
8.3.10 Chitin and Chitosan 406
8.3.11 Xanthan 407
8.4 Mucopolysaccharides 408
8.4.1 Hyaluronic Acid 409
8.4.2 Chondroitin Sulfates 409
8.4.3 Heparin 410
8.4.4 Keratane Sulfate 410
8.4.5 Murein 410
8.5 Poly[/Hl- 3)-D-glucose]s 411
8.6 Gellan Group 412
8.7 Poly(galactose)s 413
Table of Contents XXIII
8.7.1 Agar 414
8.7.2 Agarose and Agaropectin 414
8.7.3 Carrageen 415
8.7.4 Furcelleran and Funoran 416
8.7.5 Pectin 416
8.7.6 Tragacanth 417
8.7.7 GumGhatti 418
8.7.8 Gum Arabic 418
8.8 Poly(mannose)s 419
8.8.1 Guar 419
8.8.2 Carob 420
8.8.3 Algins 420
8.9 Hemicelluloses 420
8.9.1 Hemicelluloses of Hard Woods 421
8.9.2 Hemicelluloses of Soft Woods 422
8.9.3 Hemicelluloses of Grasses 423
8.10 Poly(fructose)s 423
Literature to Chapter 8 424
References to Chapter 8 427
9 Carbon-Sulfur Chains 429
9.1 Aliphatic Polysulfides with Monosulfur Groups 429
9.1.1 Polythioacetals 429
9.1.1 Polysulfides 429
9.2 Aliphatic Polysulfides with Polysulfur Groups 431
9.3 Poly(phenylene sulfide) 432
9.3.1 Syntheses 432
9.3.2 Properties 435
9.4 Aromatic Polysulfide Ethers 435
9.5 Polysulfones 436
9.5.1 Poly(alkylene sulfone)s 436
9.5.2 Poly(sulfo-l,4-phenylene) 436
9.5.3 Aromatic Polyether Sulfones 437
Polysulfonylations 438
Polyether Syntheses 439
Polyarylene Sulfide Sulfones 439
Properties 440
9.6 Polymers with Sulfur in Ring Systems 441
9.6.1 Poly(thiophene) 441
Syntheses 441
Properties 442
9.6.2 Other Cyclic Sulfur Polymers 442
Literature to Chapter 9 443
10 Carbon-Nitrogen Chains 445
10.1 Cyanide Polymers 445
XXIV Table of Contents
10.1.1 Polycyanides 445
10.1.2 Polyisocyanides 446
10.1.3 Polydinitriles and Polytetranitriles 447
10.1.4 Polycyanoacetylenes 447
10.2 Imine and Amine Polymers 447
10.2.1 Nomenclature 447
10.2.2 Poly(ethyleneimine)s 448
Linear Poly(ethyleneimine) 448
Af-Substituted Linear Poly(ethyleneimine)s 449
Unsubstituted Branched Poly(ethyleneimine)s 449
iV-Substituted Poly(ethyleneimine)s 450
10.2.3 Poly(formaldazine) 450
10.2.4 Poly(aniline) 450
10.2.5 Amine Dendrimers 453
Poly(l,3-trimethyleneirnine) Dendrimers (PPI) 454
Polyamidoamine Dendrimers (PAMAM) 454
10.2.6 Benzoquinone Polyimines 456
10.3 Polyamides 456
10.3.1 Overview 456
10.3.2 Linear Aliphatic AA/BB Polyamides 457
Types 457
Monomers 458
Industrial Syntheses 459
Properties 461
Applications 463
10.3.3 Aliphatic AB Polyamides 464
Survey 464
Monomers 465
Hydrolytic Polymerization 466
Anionic Lactam Polymerization 468
Cationic Lactam Polymerizations 469
Polycondensations 470
Properties and Applications 470
10.3.4 Branched AA/BB Polyamides 472
Versamid® 472
Hyperbranched Polyamides 472
10.3.5 Aramids 473
AB Types 473
AA/BB Types 475
10.3.6 Partly Aromatic Polyamides 477
Polyamide 6-3.T (PA TMDT) 478
Other Transparent Polyamides 478
Semicrystalline Aromatic Polyamides 480
10.3.7 Other Polyamides 481
Poly(m-xylylene adipamide) 481
Poly[bis(4-aminocyclohexane)methylene dodecanamide] . 481
Table of Contents XXV
10.4 Polyureas and Amino Resins 482
10.4.1 Polyureas 482
10.4.2 Amino Resins 483
Monomers 483
Synthesis 484
Industrial Resins 485
10.4.3 Polyhydrazides 486
10.5 Polycyanates 486
10.5.1 Introduction 486
10.5.2 Polyamide 1 and Cyamelide 487
10.5.3 Polyisocyanates 488
10.5.4 Cyanate Ester Resins 488
10.5.5 Polyisocyanurates 489
10.6 Polyurethanes 489
10.6.1 Overview 489
10.6.2 Syntheses 490
10.6.3 Monomers 492
Diisocyanates 492
Polyols 493
10.6.4 Applications 494
Elastomers 495
Foams 496
Coatings and Paints 497
Adhesives 497
Reprography 498
10.7 Polyimides 498
10.7.1 In-situ Formation 498
Polyimides (PI) 498
Polyesterimides 501
Polyamideimides 502
Polyetherimides 502
PMR Polyimides 503
10.7.2 Preformed Imide Groups 504
Polybismaleimides (BMI) 504
BT Resins 505
10.7.3 Other Polyimides 506
10.7.4 Polycarbodiimides 506
10.7.5 Polyuretdiones 507
10.8 Polyazoles 507
10.8.1 Overview 507
10.8.2 Poly(pyrrole)s 508
10.8.3 Poly(benzimidazole)s 510
10.8.4 Poly(benzoxazole)s and Poly(benzthiazole)s 511
10.8.5 Oxazoline Polymers 512
10.8.6 Oxazolidone Polymers 514
10.8.7 Oxadiazole Polymers 515
XXVI Table of Contents
10.8.8 Poly(terephthaloyloximidrazone)s 516
10.8.9 Polyhydantoines 517
10.8.10 Polyparabanic Acids 518
10.8.11 Triazole Polymers 519
10.9 Polyazines 520
10.9.1 Overview 520
10.9.2 Polyquinolines 520
10.9.3 Polyquinazolines 521
10.9.4 Polytriazines 521
10.9.5 Heptazines 523
10.10 Other Carbon-Nitrogen Polymers 523
10.10.1 Nitroso Rubber 523
10.10.2 Azo Polymers 524
Literature to Chapter 10 524
References to Chapter 10 528
11 Peptides and Proteins 529
11.1 Overview 529
11.1.1 Definitions 529
11.1.2 a-Amino Acids 531
11.13 Macroconformations 533
11.2 Poly(a-amino acid)s 533
11.2.1 Syntheses 533
11.2.2 Polymers 534
11.3 Poly(j3-amino acid)s 535
11.3.1 Poly(j3-alanine)s 535
11.3.2 Poly(/J-aspartate)s 536
11.4 Proteins 537
11.4.1 Survey 537
11.4.2 Enzymes 538
Classification 538
Structure of Enzymes 538
Immobilization of Enzymes 540
Industrial Use of Enzymes 541
11.4.3 Collagen 543
Scleroproteins 543
Structure of Collagen 543
Use of Collagen 544
11.4.4 Protein Gums 544
Elastin 544
Resilin and Abductin 545
11.4.5 Protein Fibers 546
Silk 546
Wool 547
Protein Fibers 548
Casein 548
Table of Contents XXVII
11.4.6 Synthetic Proteins 549
Literature to Chapter 11 549
References to Chapter 11 552
12 Inorganic and Semi-Organic Polymers 553
12.1 Introduction 553
12.2 Boron Polymers 554
12.2.1 Elementary Boron 554
12.2.2 Boron-Nirogen Polymers 555
12.2.3 Boron-Carbon Polymers 555
12.2.4 Carborane-Siloxane Polymers 555
12.2.5 Boron-Hydrogen and Boron-Oxygen Compounds 557
12.3 Silicon Polymers 557
12.3.1 Silanes and Polysilylenes 558
12.3.2 Polycarbosilanes 559
12.3.3 Polysilazanes 561
12.3.4 Poly(silicic acid)s 561
12.3.5 Silicates 562
Structures 562
Syntheses 564
12.3.6 Silicate Glasses 565
12.3.7 Fibrous Silicates 566
12.3.8 Layer Silicates 567
12.3.9 Cement and Concrete 569
12.3.10 Ceramic Materials 570
12.3.11 Silicones 571
Silicate Transformations 572
Polymerizations 572
Equilibration 574
Organofunctional Polysiloxanes 575
Properties and Applications 575
12.3.12 Silicon Dioxide 577
12.4 Germanium and Tin Polymers 578
12.5 Phosphorus Polymers 578
12.5.1 Elementary Phosphorus 578
12.5.2 Poly(phosphoric acid) and its Salts 578
12.5.3 Esters of Poly(phosphoric acid) 580
12.5.4 Polyphosphonates 580
12.5.5 Polyphosphazenes 581
12.6 Sulfur Polymers 583
12.6.1 Elementary Sulfur 583
12.6.2 Poly(thiazyl) 585
12.7 Selenium, Tellurium, and Gallium Polymers 586
12.7.1 Elements 586
12.7.2 Gallium Chalcogenides 586
12.8 Organometallic Polymers 587
XXVIII Table of Contents
Literature to Chapter 12 590
References to Chapter 12 593
13 Appendix 595
13.1 Physical Quantities, Physical Units, and Numbers 595
Table 13-1 Physical quantities and their SI base units 595
Table 13-2 Derived SI units and their IUPAC-IUPAP symbols 595
Table 13-3 SI prefixes for SI units 596
Table 13-4 Names of numbers in various countries 596
13.2 Common Physical Quantities and Units 597
Table 13.5 Conversion of non-SI units to SI units 597
Table 13-6 Conversion factors for crude oil production and trading . 600
Table 13-7 Approximate conversion factors for the production and
trading of natural gas (NG) and liquefied natural gas
(NLG) 600
13.3 Abbreviations and Acronyms 601
Table 13-8 Common abbreviations and acronyms for polymers 602
Table 13-9 Common abbreviations and acronyms for monomers,
oligomers, solvents, initiators, etc 613
14 Subject Index 617 |
| adam_txt |
Table of Contents XIII
Table of Contents
Motto V
Preface VII
List of Symbols IX
Symbols for Languages IX
Symbols for Chemical Structures IX
Prefixes of Words IX
Quantity Symbols X
Table of Contents XIII
1 Introduction 1
Literature to Chapter 1 5
2 Structure and Properties of Polymers 7
2.1 Chemical Structure 7
2.1.1 Fundamental Terms 7
2.1.2 Names of Polymers 8
2.1.3 Constitution 9
Structure-related Terms 9
Process-related Terms 12
Molecular Weights 12
2.1.4 Configuration 15
2.2 Physical Structure 17
2.2.1 Microconformations 17
2.2.2 Macroconformations 18
2.2.3 Morphology of Solid Polymers 19
2.2.4 Structure in Solutions, Melts, and Glasses 20
2.3 Physical Properties 21
2.3.1 Thermal Properties 22
2.3.2 Mechanical Properties 23
2.3.3 Electrical Properties 24
2.3.4 Other Properties 24
Literature to Chapter 2 24
Reference to Chapter 2 24
3 Raw Materials and Energy 25
3.1 Feedstocks 25
3.1.1 Natural Raw Materials 25
3.1.2 Fossil Feedstocks 26
3.2 Energy 29
3.2.1 Physical Units for Energy 29
3.2.2 Energy Production 30
XIV Table of Contents
3.2.3 Energy Consumption 32
3.2.4 Range of Fossil Fuels 34
3.2.5 Ecology 36
3.2.6 Non-Fossil Energy Sources 38
3.3 Coals 40
3.3.1 Chemical Structure of Coals 40
3.3.2 Coal Production and Reserves 41
3.3.3 Coals as Raw Materials 43
3.4 Oil 45
3.4.1 Crude Oil 45
Occurrence 45
Production and Reserves 46
3.4.2 Petroleum Processing 49
Refineries 50
Distillation 51
Refining 53
Treating 53
3.4.3 Petrochemistry 54
3.5 Kerogens and Bituminous Substances 57
3.5.1 Oil Shale 57
3.5.2 Tar Sands 57
3.5.3 Bitumens and Asphalts 58
3.6 Natural Gas 60
3.6.1 Composition 60
3.6.2 Production, Consumption, and Reserves 60
3.7 Wood 64
3.7.1 General Aspects 64
Structure 64
Growth, Production, and Consumption 65
3.7.2 Natural Wood 67
3.7.3 Pressurized Wood 69
3.7.4 Plywood and Veneer 69
3.7.5 Polymer Wood 70
3.7.6 Plasticized Wood 71
3.7.7 Mechanical Pulp 71
3.7.8 Chemical Pulp 72
3.7.9 Wood Gasification 74
3.7.10 Wood Saccharification 75
3.7.11 Bioethanol and Sundiesel 75
3.8 Lignins 77
3.9 Natural Resins 78
3.10 Natural Oils and Biomass 80
Literature to Chapter 3 83
References to Chapter 3 85
4 Base Chemicals, Intermediates, and Monomers 87
Table of Contents XV
4.1 Base Chemicals 87
4.1.1 Survey 87
4.1.2 From Feedstocks and B ase Chemicals to Polymers 88
4.1.3 Synthesis Gas 89
Definitions 89
Syngas from Coke 90
Syngas from Natural Gas, Crude Oil, and Naphtha 91
Uses of Syngas 91
4.1.4 Carbon Monoxide 92
4.1.5 Hydrogen 92
4.2 Ci Compounds 93
4.2.1 Methane 93
4.2.2 Methanol 94
4.2.3 Formaldehyde 95
4.2.4 Formic acid 96
4.2.5 Hydrogen Cyanide 96
4.3 C2 Compounds 98
4.3.1 Ethane 98
4.3.2 Ethene 99
4.3.3 Ethyne 103
4.3.4 Ethanol 105
4.3.5 Acetaldehyde 106
4.3.6 Acetic Acid 106
4.4 C3 Compounds 106
4.4.1 Propene 106
4.4.2 Isopropanol and Acetone 110
4.5 C4 Compounds 110
4.5.1 1,3-Butadiene Ill
4.5.2 Butane 115
4.5.3 Butenes 115
4.5.4 Isobutene 115
4.6 C5 Compounds 117
4.6.1 Isoprene 117
4.6.2 Cyclopentadiene 117
4.7 Aromatics 118
4.7.1 Sources and Syntheses 118
Coal as Feedstock 119
Crude Oil as Feedstock 119
4.7.2 Benzene 120
4.7.3 Phenol 122
4.7.4 Toluene 124
4.7.5 Higher Aromatics 126
4.8 Cycloaliphatics 127
4.8.1 AdipicAcid 127
4.8.2 1,6-Hexamethylenediamine 128
4.8.3 e-Caprolactam 128
XVI Table of Contents
A 4 Appendix: Characterization of Reactions 130
Literature to Chapter 4 132
Reference to Chapter 4 132
5 Polymerization Processes 133
5.1 Types of Polymerization 133
5.1.1 Monomers for Polymers 133
5.1.2 Classification of Polymerizations 134
5.1.3 Thermodynamic Requirements 140
5.1.4 Elementary Reactions 140
5.1.5 Polycondensations and Polyadditions 143
Linear Equilibrium Reactions 143
Multifunctional Equilibrium Reactions 144
Kinetically Controlled Reactions 145
5.1.6 Ionic Chain Polymerizations 145
5.1.7 Insertion Polymerizations 147
5.1.8 Free-Radical Polymerizations 148
Initiation 149
Propagation and Termination 150
5.1.9 Copolymerizations 152
5.1.10 Polymer Transformations 154
5.2 Industrial Polymer Productions 155
5.2.1 Overview 155
5.2.2 Two-Phase Systems 156
5.2.3 Bulk Polymerizations 157
5.2.4 Suspension Polymerizations 158
5.2.5 Emulsion Polymerizations 160
Phenomena 160
Types of Emulsion Polymerizations 162
Processes in Direct Macroemulsion Polymerizations 165
Rates of Polymerization 167
Formation of Latex Particles 169
Properties of Emulsion Polymers 170
5.2.6 Solution Polymerizations 171
5.2.7 Precipitation Polymerizations 172
5.2.8 Gas-Phase Polymerizations 174
5.3 Polymerization Reactors 176
5.3.1 Viscosities 176
5.3.2 Types of Reactors 178
Ideal Reactors 178
Batch Reactors (BR) 180
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTR) 181
Continuous Plug Flow Reactors (CPFR) 182
Cascades 182
Operation of Reactors 183
5.3.3 Agitators 185
Table of Contents XVII
Types 185
Power of Agitators 186
5.3.4 Segregated Reactors 187
5.4 Work-up of Polymers 191
5.5 Economic Aspects 192
5.5.1 Energy Consumption 192
5.5.2 Capacities 193
5.5.3 Prices 193
5.5.4 Economy of Scale 195
Historical Notes on Emulsion Polymerization 196
Literature to Chapter 5 197
References to Chapter 5 199
6 Carbon Chains 201
6.1 Carbons 201
6.1.1 Diamonds 201
Natural Diamonds 202
Synthetic Diamonds 202
6.1.2 Diamondoids 204
6.1.3 Graphite 205
6.1.4 Fullerenes 206
6.1.5 Nanotubes 208
6.1.6 Carbon and Graphite Fibers 209
6.1.7 Glass Carbon 211
6.1.8 Nanofoams 211
6.1.9 Carbon Black 211
Manufacture 212
Structure and Properties 212
6.1.10 Charcoal 213
6.1.11 Activated Carbon 214
6.2 Poly(olefin)s 214
6.2.1 Definitions 214
6.2.2 Poly(methylene) 215
6.2.3 Poly(ethylene)s 215
Natural Poly(ethylene) 215
Types of Industrial Poly(ethylene)s 216
Low-Density Poly(ethylene)s (LDPE, PE-LD) 218
High-Density Poly(ethylene)s HDPE, PE-HD) 222
Linear Low-Density Poly(ethylene)s (LLDPE, PE-LLD) . 224
Very Low-Density Poly(ethylene)s (VLDPE, PE-VLD) . 225
Metallocene-Poly(ethylene)s (mLLDPE) 225
Properties of Poly(ethylene)s 226
6.2.4 Modified Poly(ethylene)s 228
6.2.5 Ethene Copolymers 229
Copolymers with 1-Olefins or Dienes 229
Copolymers with Vinyl Monomers 230
XVIII Table of Contents
Copolymers with Acrylic Monomers 231
6.2.6 Poly(propylene) 232
History 232
Isotactic Poly(propylene)s by Transition Metal Catalysts . 232
Metallocene Poly(propylene)s 236
Atactic Poly(propylene)s 236
Syndiotactic Poly(propylene)s 237
Copolymer with Carbon Monoxide 237
6.2.7 Poly(l-butene) 238
6.2.8 Poly(4-methyl-l-pentene) 239
6.2.9 Higher Poly(l-olefm)s 239
6.2.10 Poly(isobutylene)s 239
6.3 Poly(diene)s 241
6.3.1 Overview 241
6.3.2 Poly(butadiene)s 242
Anionic Polymerizations 242
Alfin Polymerizations 243
Free-Radical Polymerizations with Styrene 244
Free-Radical Polymerizations with Acrylonitrile 244
Ziegler-Natta Polymerizations 245
6.3.3 Poly(isoprene)s 246
Natural Poly(isoprene)s 246
Synthetic Poly(isoprene)s 247
Derivatives of Poly(isoprene)s 249
6.3.4 Poly(2,3-dimethylbutadiene) 250
6.3.5 Poly(chloroprene) 250
6.4 Poly(cycloolefin)s and Poly(cyclodiolefin)s 252
6.4.1 Overview 252
6.4.2 Poly(pentenamer) 253
6.4.3 Poly(octenamer) 253
6.4.4 Norbornene Polymers 253
6.4.5 Cycloolefin Copolymers 254
6.4.6 Poly(dicyclopentadiene) 255
6.5 Acetylene Polymers 256
6.5.1 Poly(acetylene)s 256
6.5.2 Poly(diacetylene)s 257
6.6 Aromatic Poly(hydrocarbon)s 257
6.6.1 Poly(phenylene)s 257
Branched Poly(phenylene)s 258
Linear Poly(phenylene)s 258
6.6.2 Poly(p-xylylene)s 260
6.6.3 Phenolic Resins 261
Acid Catalysis 262
Base Catalysis 263
Properties 263
6.6.4 Poly(armethylene)s 265
Table of Contents XIX
6.6.5 Poly(benzocyclobutene)s 265
6.7 Other Poly(hydrocarbon)s 266
6.7.1 Coumarone-Indene Resins 267
6.7.2 Resin Oils 267
6.7.3 Pinene Resins 267
6.7.4 Polymers from Unsaturated Natural Oils 268
6.8 Vinyl Polymers 268
6.8.1 Overview 268
6.8.2 Poly(styrene)s 269
Atactic Homopolymers 269
Stereoregular Poly(styrene)s 272
Styrene Copolymers 273
6.8.3 Substituted Poly(styrene)s 274
6.8.4 Poly(vinyl acetate) 275
6.8.5 Poly(vinyl alcohol) 276
6.8.6 Poly(vinyl acetal)s 277
6.8.7 Poly(vinyl ether)s 277
6.8.8 Poly(Af-vinyl compound)s 278
Poly(N-vinyl carbazole) 279
Poly(Af-vinyl pyrrolidone) 279
6.9 Chlorine-containing Polymers 280
6.91 Poly(vinyl chloride) 280
Homopolymerization 281
Structure 282
Properties 282
Derivatives 284
Copolymers 284
6.9.2 Poly(vinylidene chloride) 284
6.10 Fluorine-containing Polymers 285
6.10.1 Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) 285
Polymerization 285
Processing and Properties 286
6.10.2 Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene 287
6.10.3 Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) 288
6.10.4 Poly(vinyl fluoride) 288
6.10.5 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) 289
6.11 Acrylic Polymers 289
6.11.1 Poly(acrylic acid) 289
6.11.2 Poly(acrylate)s 290
6.11.3 Poly(acrolein) 292
6.11.4 Poly(acrylonitrile) 292
6.11.5 Poly(acrylamide) 293
6.11.6 Poly(a-cyanoacrylate)s 294
6.11.7 Poly(methyl methacrylate) 294
Polymerization in Bulk 295
Solution and Emulsion Polymerizations 296
XX Table of Contents
Suspension Polymerization 296
6.11.8 Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) 297
6.11.9 Poly(methacrylimide) 298
6.11.10 Poly(methacrylonitrile) 298
6.12 Allylic Polymers 298
6.13 Aliphatic Polyketones 300
Literature to Chapter 6 300
References to Chapter 6 300
7 Carbon-Oxygen Chains 309
7.1. Overview 309
7.2 Polyacetals and Polyketals 309
7.2.1 Monomers 309
7.2.2 Poly(oxymethylene)s 310
Monomers 310
Poly(formaldehyde) 311
Acetal Copolymers 312
Stabilization of Acetal Copolymers 314
Properties 314
7.2.3 Poly(acetaldehyde) 315
7.2.4 Poly(fluoral) 316
7.2.5 Poly(chloral) 316
7.2.6 Poly(phthaldialdehyde) 316
7.2.7 Poly(diphenolformal)s 316
7.2.8 Poly(l,3-dioxolane) 317
7.2.9 Poly(acetone) 318
7.3 Polyethers 318
7.3.1 Poly(oxyethylene)s 318
7.3.2 Polypropylene oxide) 319
7.3.3 Poly(epichlorohydrin) 320
7.3.4 Poly(l,2-di(chloromethyl)ethylene oxide) 320
7.3.5 Phenoxy Resins 321
7.3.6 Epoxy Resins 322
Syntheses 322
Curing 323
7.3.7 Poly(tetrahydrofuran) 326
7.3.8 Furan Resins 326
7.3.9 Poly(phenylene oxide)s 327
Synthesis 327
Properties 328
7.4 Polyketones 329
7.4.1 Poly(carbon suboxide) 329
7.4.2 Polyaryletherketones 330
7.5 Aliphatic AB Polyesters 332
7.5.1 Poly(a-hydroxyacetic acid) 333
7.5.2 Poly(lactide)s 333
Table of Contents XXI
7.5.3 Poly(hydroxypropionic acids) 334
7.5.4 Poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid)s 335
7.5.5 Poly(pivalolactone) 338
7.5.6 PolyO-malic acid ester)s 338
7.5.7 Poly(e-caprolactone) 339
7.5.8 Other Poly(a-hydroxyalkanoate)s 339
7.6 Aliphatic AA,/BB7-Polyesters 340
7.6.1 Poly(alkylene carbonate)s 340
7.6.2 Other Poly(alkylene alkanoate)s 341
7.6.3 Alkyd Resins 341
7.6.4 Unsaturated Polyesters 342
7.7 Aromatic Polyesters 343
7.7.1 Polycarbonates 343
Syntheses 344
Properties 345
7.7.2 Poly(p-hydroxybenzoate)s 347
7.7.3 Liquid Crystalline Polyesters 348
7.7.4 Poly(ethylene oxybenzoate) 350
7.7.5 Poly(ethylene terephthalate) 350
Chemical Processes 350
Reaction Engineering 352
Chemical Structure 353
Properties 354
7.7.6 Poly(l,4-bismethylenecyclohexane terephthalate) 354
7.7.7 Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) 355
7.7.8 Poly(butylene terephthalate) 355
Conventional Poly(butylene terephthalate) 355
Cyclic Butylene Terephthalate 357
7.7.9 Thermoplastic Polyetherester Elastomers 358
7.7.10 Poly(alkylene naphthalate)s 359
7.7.11 Polyarylates 360
7.8 Polyorthoesters 360
7.9 Polyanhydrides 361
Literature to Chapter 7 362
References to Chapter 7 364
8 Polysaccharides 365
8.1 Saccharides 365
8.1.1 Overview 365
8.1.2 Simple Sugars 365
8.1.3 Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides 370
8.1.4 Nomenclature 371
8.1.5 Biosynthesis 373
8.1.5 Economic Importance 374
8.2 Poly(a-glucose)s 375
8.2.1 Overview 375
XXII Table of Contents
8.2.2 Starch 376
Occurrence 376
Biosynthesis 378
Industrial Isolation 378
Technical Use 379
Modified Starches 379
Starch as Raw Material 380
Molecular Weights 381
8.2.3 Amylose 381
8.2.4 Amylopectin 383
8.2.5 Glycogen 384
8.2.6 Dextrins 385
8.2.7 Dextrans 386
8.2.8 Poly(dextrose) 387
8.2.9 Poly[a-(l- 3)-D-glucose] 387
8.2.10 Pullulan 387
8.3 Cellulose 388
8.3.1 Chemical Structure 388
8.3.2 Physical Structure 389
8.3.3 Physical Properties 392
8.3.4 Plant Fibers 392
Occurrence 392
Structure of Natural Fibers 395
8.3.5 Microbial Cellulose 397
8.3.6 Synthetic Cellulose 397
8.3.7 Regenerated Celluloses 397
Cuoxam Process 398
Viscose Process 398
Organosolv Process 400
8.3.8 Mercerization 400
8.3.9 Cellulose Derivatives 401
Reactions of Cellulose 401
Cellulose Nitrates 403
Cellulose Acetates 404
Cellulose Ethers 406
8.3.10 Chitin and Chitosan 406
8.3.11 Xanthan 407
8.4 Mucopolysaccharides 408
8.4.1 Hyaluronic Acid 409
8.4.2 Chondroitin Sulfates 409
8.4.3 Heparin 410
8.4.4 Keratane Sulfate 410
8.4.5 Murein 410
8.5 Poly[/Hl- 3)-D-glucose]s 411
8.6 Gellan Group 412
8.7 Poly(galactose)s 413
Table of Contents XXIII
8.7.1 Agar 414
8.7.2 Agarose and Agaropectin 414
8.7.3 Carrageen 415
8.7.4 Furcelleran and Funoran 416
8.7.5 Pectin 416
8.7.6 Tragacanth 417
8.7.7 GumGhatti 418
8.7.8 Gum Arabic 418
8.8 Poly(mannose)s 419
8.8.1 Guar 419
8.8.2 Carob 420
8.8.3 Algins 420
8.9 Hemicelluloses 420
8.9.1 Hemicelluloses of Hard Woods 421
8.9.2 Hemicelluloses of Soft Woods 422
8.9.3 Hemicelluloses of Grasses 423
8.10 Poly(fructose)s 423
Literature to Chapter 8 424
References to Chapter 8 427
9 Carbon-Sulfur Chains 429
9.1 Aliphatic Polysulfides with Monosulfur Groups 429
9.1.1 Polythioacetals 429
9.1.1 Polysulfides 429
9.2 Aliphatic Polysulfides with Polysulfur Groups 431
9.3 Poly(phenylene sulfide) 432
9.3.1 Syntheses 432
9.3.2 Properties 435
9.4 Aromatic Polysulfide Ethers 435
9.5 Polysulfones 436
9.5.1 Poly(alkylene sulfone)s 436
9.5.2 Poly(sulfo-l,4-phenylene) 436
9.5.3 Aromatic Polyether Sulfones 437
Polysulfonylations 438
Polyether Syntheses 439
Polyarylene Sulfide Sulfones 439
Properties 440
9.6 Polymers with Sulfur in Ring Systems 441
9.6.1 Poly(thiophene) 441
Syntheses 441
Properties 442
9.6.2 Other Cyclic Sulfur Polymers 442
Literature to Chapter 9 443
10 Carbon-Nitrogen Chains 445
10.1 Cyanide Polymers 445
XXIV Table of Contents
10.1.1 Polycyanides 445
10.1.2 Polyisocyanides 446
10.1.3 Polydinitriles and Polytetranitriles 447
10.1.4 Polycyanoacetylenes 447
10.2 Imine and Amine Polymers 447
10.2.1 Nomenclature 447
10.2.2 Poly(ethyleneimine)s 448
Linear Poly(ethyleneimine) 448
Af-Substituted Linear Poly(ethyleneimine)s 449
Unsubstituted Branched Poly(ethyleneimine)s 449
iV-Substituted Poly(ethyleneimine)s 450
10.2.3 Poly(formaldazine) 450
10.2.4 Poly(aniline) 450
10.2.5 Amine Dendrimers 453
Poly(l,3-trimethyleneirnine) Dendrimers (PPI) 454
Polyamidoamine Dendrimers (PAMAM) 454
10.2.6 Benzoquinone Polyimines 456
10.3 Polyamides 456
10.3.1 Overview 456
10.3.2 Linear Aliphatic AA/BB Polyamides 457
Types 457
Monomers 458
Industrial Syntheses 459
Properties 461
Applications 463
10.3.3 Aliphatic AB Polyamides 464
Survey 464
Monomers 465
Hydrolytic Polymerization 466
Anionic Lactam Polymerization 468
Cationic Lactam Polymerizations 469
Polycondensations 470
Properties and Applications 470
10.3.4 Branched AA/BB Polyamides 472
Versamid® 472
Hyperbranched Polyamides 472
10.3.5 Aramids 473
AB Types 473
AA/BB Types 475
10.3.6 Partly Aromatic Polyamides 477
Polyamide 6-3.T (PA TMDT) 478
Other Transparent Polyamides 478
Semicrystalline Aromatic Polyamides 480
10.3.7 Other Polyamides 481
Poly(m-xylylene adipamide) 481
Poly[bis(4-aminocyclohexane)methylene dodecanamide] . 481
Table of Contents XXV
10.4 Polyureas and Amino Resins 482
10.4.1 Polyureas 482
10.4.2 Amino Resins 483
Monomers 483
Synthesis 484
Industrial Resins 485
10.4.3 Polyhydrazides 486
10.5 Polycyanates 486
10.5.1 Introduction 486
10.5.2 Polyamide 1 and Cyamelide 487
10.5.3 Polyisocyanates 488
10.5.4 Cyanate Ester Resins 488
10.5.5 Polyisocyanurates 489
10.6 Polyurethanes 489
10.6.1 Overview 489
10.6.2 Syntheses 490
10.6.3 Monomers 492
Diisocyanates 492
Polyols 493
10.6.4 Applications 494
Elastomers 495
Foams 496
Coatings and Paints 497
Adhesives 497
Reprography 498
10.7 Polyimides 498
10.7.1 In-situ Formation 498
Polyimides (PI) 498
Polyesterimides 501
Polyamideimides 502
Polyetherimides 502
PMR Polyimides 503
10.7.2 Preformed Imide Groups 504
Polybismaleimides (BMI) 504
BT Resins 505
10.7.3 Other Polyimides 506
10.7.4 Polycarbodiimides 506
10.7.5 Polyuretdiones 507
10.8 Polyazoles 507
10.8.1 Overview 507
10.8.2 Poly(pyrrole)s 508
10.8.3 Poly(benzimidazole)s 510
10.8.4 Poly(benzoxazole)s and Poly(benzthiazole)s 511
10.8.5 Oxazoline Polymers 512
10.8.6 Oxazolidone Polymers 514
10.8.7 Oxadiazole Polymers 515
XXVI Table of Contents
10.8.8 Poly(terephthaloyloximidrazone)s 516
10.8.9 Polyhydantoines 517
10.8.10 Polyparabanic Acids 518
10.8.11 Triazole Polymers 519
10.9 Polyazines 520
10.9.1 Overview 520
10.9.2 Polyquinolines 520
10.9.3 Polyquinazolines 521
10.9.4 Polytriazines 521
10.9.5 Heptazines 523
10.10 Other Carbon-Nitrogen Polymers 523
10.10.1 Nitroso Rubber 523
10.10.2 Azo Polymers 524
Literature to Chapter 10 524
References to Chapter 10 528
11 Peptides and Proteins 529
11.1 Overview 529
11.1.1 Definitions 529
11.1.2 a-Amino Acids 531
11.13 Macroconformations 533
11.2 Poly(a-amino acid)s 533
11.2.1 Syntheses 533
11.2.2 Polymers 534
11.3 Poly(j3-amino acid)s 535
11.3.1 Poly(j3-alanine)s 535
11.3.2 Poly(/J-aspartate)s 536
11.4 Proteins 537
11.4.1 Survey 537
11.4.2 Enzymes 538
Classification 538
Structure of Enzymes 538
Immobilization of Enzymes 540
Industrial Use of Enzymes 541
11.4.3 Collagen 543
Scleroproteins 543
Structure of Collagen 543
Use of Collagen 544
11.4.4 Protein Gums 544
Elastin 544
Resilin and Abductin 545
11.4.5 Protein Fibers 546
Silk 546
Wool 547
Protein Fibers 548
Casein 548
Table of Contents XXVII
11.4.6 Synthetic Proteins 549
Literature to Chapter 11 549
References to Chapter 11 552
12 Inorganic and Semi-Organic Polymers 553
12.1 Introduction 553
12.2 Boron Polymers 554
12.2.1 Elementary Boron 554
12.2.2 Boron-Nirogen Polymers 555
12.2.3 Boron-Carbon Polymers 555
12.2.4 Carborane-Siloxane Polymers 555
12.2.5 Boron-Hydrogen and Boron-Oxygen Compounds 557
12.3 Silicon Polymers 557
12.3.1 Silanes and Polysilylenes 558
12.3.2 Polycarbosilanes 559
12.3.3 Polysilazanes 561
12.3.4 Poly(silicic acid)s 561
12.3.5 Silicates 562
Structures 562
Syntheses 564
12.3.6 Silicate Glasses 565
12.3.7 Fibrous Silicates 566
12.3.8 Layer Silicates 567
12.3.9 Cement and Concrete 569
12.3.10 Ceramic Materials 570
12.3.11 Silicones 571
Silicate Transformations 572
Polymerizations 572
Equilibration 574
Organofunctional Polysiloxanes 575
Properties and Applications 575
12.3.12 Silicon Dioxide 577
12.4 Germanium and Tin Polymers 578
12.5 Phosphorus Polymers 578
12.5.1 Elementary Phosphorus 578
12.5.2 Poly(phosphoric acid) and its Salts 578
12.5.3 Esters of Poly(phosphoric acid) 580
12.5.4 Polyphosphonates 580
12.5.5 Polyphosphazenes 581
12.6 Sulfur Polymers 583
12.6.1 Elementary Sulfur 583
12.6.2 Poly(thiazyl) 585
12.7 Selenium, Tellurium, and Gallium Polymers 586
12.7.1 Elements 586
12.7.2 Gallium Chalcogenides 586
12.8 Organometallic Polymers 587
XXVIII Table of Contents
Literature to Chapter 12 590
References to Chapter 12 593
13 Appendix 595
13.1 Physical Quantities, Physical Units, and Numbers 595
Table 13-1 Physical quantities and their SI base units 595
Table 13-2 Derived SI units and their IUPAC-IUPAP symbols 595
Table 13-3 SI prefixes for SI units 596
Table 13-4 Names of numbers in various countries 596
13.2 Common Physical Quantities and Units 597
Table 13.5 Conversion of non-SI units to SI units 597
Table 13-6 Conversion factors for crude oil production and trading . 600
Table 13-7 Approximate conversion factors for the production and
trading of natural gas (NG) and liquefied natural gas
(NLG) 600
13.3 Abbreviations and Acronyms 601
Table 13-8 Common abbreviations and acronyms for polymers 602
Table 13-9 Common abbreviations and acronyms for monomers,
oligomers, solvents, initiators, etc 613
14 Subject Index 617 |
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| author | Elias, Hans-Georg 1928- |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:54:48Z |
| indexdate | 2024-12-28T04:11:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9783527311736 |
| language | English |
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| title | Macromolecules |
| title_auth | Macromolecules |
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| title_full | Macromolecules 2 Industrial polymers and syntheses Hans-Georg Elias |
| title_fullStr | Macromolecules 2 Industrial polymers and syntheses Hans-Georg Elias |
| title_full_unstemmed | Macromolecules 2 Industrial polymers and syntheses Hans-Georg Elias |
| title_short | Macromolecules |
| title_sort | macromolecules industrial polymers and syntheses |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015035035&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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Inhaltsverzeichnis
THWS Würzburg Teilbibliothek Röntgenring - KV, Raum C.2.05
| Signatur: |
1300 VE 8001 E42 |
|---|---|
| Exemplar 1 | nicht ausleihbar Verfügbar Bestellen |