The periglacial environment:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Chichester [u.a.]
Wiley
2007
|
| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references |
| Physical Description: | XVIII, 458 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9780470865880 9780470865897 |
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MARC
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| 020 | |a 9780470865880 |9 978-0-470-86588-0 | ||
| 020 | |a 9780470865897 |9 978-0-470-86589-7 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a French, Hugh M. |d 1943- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1017872023 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The periglacial environment |c Hugh M. French |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester [u.a.] |b Wiley |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 458 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Frozen ground | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Glacial landforms | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cold regions | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Periglazial |0 (DE-588)4173765-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Cold regions | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Periglazial |0 (DE-588)4173765-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0617/2006022730.html |3 Table of contents only | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015023435&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015023435 | ||
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804135731969392640 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
to First
Edition
xiii
Preface to Second Edition
xv
Preface to Third Edition
xvii
Acknowledgments
xix
Part I The Periglacial Domain
1
1
Introduction
3
1.1
The Periglacial Concept
3
1.2
Disciplinary Considerations
7
1.2.1
The Growth of Geocryology
7
1.2.2
The Changing Nature of Quaternary Science
8
1.2.3
Modern Periglacial Geomorphology
8
1.3
The Growth of Periglacial Knowledge
9
1.4
The Periglacial Domain
11
1.5
The Scope of Periglacial Geomorphology
13
1.5.1
Permafrost-Related Processes and
Landforms
13
1.5.2 Azonal
Processes and
Landforms
14
1.5.3
Paleo-Environmental Reconstruction
14
1.5.4
Applied Periglacial Geomorphology
14
Advanced Reading
15
Discussion Topics
15
2
Periglacial Landscapes?
16
2.1
Introduction
16
2.2
Proglacial, Paraglacial
or Periglacial?
16
2.3
Unglaciated Periglacial Terrain
18
2.3.1
Beaufort Plain, Northwest Banks Island, Arctic Canada
18
2.3.2
Barn Mountains, Northern Interior Yukon Territory, Canada
22
2.4
Relict Periglacial Landscapes
25
2.4.1
Chalk Uplands, Southern England and Northern France
25
2.4.2
Pine Barrens, Southern New Jersey, Eastern USA
26
2.5
Conclusions
28
Advanced Reading
28
Discussion Topics
30
3
Periglacial Climates
31
3.1
Boundary Conditions
31
3.2
Periglaciai Climates
32
ті
CONTENTS
3.2.1
High
Arctic
Climates
34
3.2.2
Continental Climates
38
3.2.3
Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau
38
3.2.4
Alpine Climates
39
3.2.5
Climates of Low Annual Temperature Range
39
3.2.6
Antarctica: A Special Case
40
3.3
Ground Climates
40
3.3.1
Then-Factor
41
3.3.2
The Thermal Offset
42
3.4
Periglacial Climates and the Cryosphere
44
Advanced Reading
45
Discussion Topics
46
Part II Present-Day Periglacial Environments
47
4
Cold-Climate Weathering
49
4.1
Introduction
49
4.2
Ground Freezing
49
4.2.1
The Freezing Process
50
4.2.2
Ice Segregation
52
4.2.3
The Frozen Fringe
53
4.2.4
Frost Heave
54
4.3
Freezing and Thawing
55
4.4
The Ground-Temperature Regime
57
4.4.1
The Seasonal Regime
57
4.4.2
Short-Term Fluctuations
60
4.5
Rock (Frost?) Shattering
60
4.5.1
Frost Action and Ice Segregation
61
4.5.2
Frost Weathering Models
63
4.5.3
Insolation Weathering and Thermal Shock
64
4.5.4
Discussion and Perspective
67
4.6
Chemical Weathering
68
4.6.1
General
68
4.6.2
Solution and Karstification
69
4.6.3
Salt Weathering
72
4.7
Cryogenic Weathering
75
4.8
Cryobiological Weathering
79
4.9
Cryopedology
79
4.9.1
Cryosols
80
4.9.2
Soil Micromorphology
81
Advanced Reading
82
Discussion Topics
82
5
Permafrost
83
5.1
Introduction
83
5.1.1
Definition
83
5.1.2
Moisture and Ice within Permafrost
85
5.2
Thermal and Physical Properties
85
5.2.1
The Geothermal Regime
86
5.2.2
Physical Properties
89
CONTENTS
vii
5.2.3
Thermal
Properties
90
5.3
How Does Permafrost Aggrade?
90
5.3.1
General Principles
91
5.3.2
The IUisarvik Drained-Lake Experiment
92
5.4
Distribution of Permafrost
94
5.4.1
Latitudinal Permafrost
95
5.4.2
Alpine (Mountain) Permafrost
98
5.4.3
Montane Permafrost of Central Asia and China
101
5.5
Relict Permafrost
103
5.5.1
Sub-Sea Permafrost
103
5.5.2
Relict (Terrestrial) Permafrost
103
5.6
Permafrost Hydrology
104
5.6.1
Aquifers
105
5.6.2
Hydrochemistry
106
5.6.3
Groundwater Icings
106
5.7
Permafrost and Terrain Conditions
107
5.7.1
Relief and Aspect
107
5.7.2
Rock Type
108
5.7.3
Vegetation
108
5.7.4
Snow Cover
109
5.7.5
Fire
110
5.7.6
Lakes and Surface Water Bodies 111
5.8
The Active Layer 111
5.8.1
The Transient Layer
112
5.8.2
The Stefan Equation
114
5.8.3
Active-Layer Thermal Regime
114
Advanced Reading
115
Discussion Topics
115
6
Surface Features of Permafrost
116
6.1
Introduction
116
6.2
Thermal-Contraction-Crack Polygons
116
6.2.1
Coefficients of Thermal Expansion and Contraction
116
6.2.2
Ice, Sand, and Soil Wedges
117
6.2.3
Development of the Polygon Net
119
6.2.4
Polygon Morphology
121
6.2.5
Controls Over Cracking
123
6.2.6
Climatic Significance
124
6.3
Organic Terrain
127
6.3.1
Palsas
128
6.3.2
Peat Plateaus
129
6.4
Rock Glaciers
129
6.4.1
Creeping Permafrost
130
6.4.2
Types and Distribution
131
6.4.3
Origin
131
6.5
Frost Mounds
134
6.5.1
Perennial-Frost Mounds
134
6.5.2
Hydraulic (Open) System
Pingos
136
6.5.3
Hydrostatic (Closed) System
Pingos
137
6.5.4
Other Perennial-Frost Mounds
140
і
CONTENTS
6.5.5
Seasonal-Frost Mounds
140
6.5.6
Hydrolaccoliths and Other Frost-Induced Mounds
142
6.6
Active-Layer Phenomena
142
6.6.1
Bedrock Heave
143
6.6.2
Needle Ice
144
6.6.3
Cryoturbation and Frost Heave
144
6.6.4
Frost Sorting
146
6.6.5
Patterned Ground
148
Advanced Reading
152
Discussion Topics
152
7
Ground Ice
153
7.1
Introduction
153
7.2
Classification
154
7.2.1
Pore Ice
156
7.2.2
Segregated Ice
157
7.2.3
Intrusive Ice
158
7.2.4
Vein Ice
159
7.2.5
Other Types of Ice
159
7.3
Ice Distribution
159
7.3.1
Amounts
159
7.3.2
Distribution with Depth
161
7.3.3
Ice in Bedrock
162
7.3.4
Ice in Unconsolidated Sediments
162
7.4
Cryostratigraphy and Cryolithology
164
7.4.1
Cryostructures, Cryotextures, and Cryofacies
165
7.4.2
Epigenetic and Syngenetic Cryostructures
167
7.4.3
Thaw Unconformities
171
7.4.4
Ice Crystallography
173
7.4.5
Ice Geochemistry
173
7.4.6
Cryostratigraphy and Past Environments
175
7.5
Ice Wedges
176
7.5.1
Epigenetic Wedges
177
7.5.2
Syngenetic Wedges
179
7.5.3
Anti-Syngenetic Wedges
180
7.6
Massive Ice and Massive-Icy Bodies
181
7.6.1
Nature and Extent
181
7.6.2
Intra-Sedimental Ice
183
7.6.3
Buried Glacier Ice
184
7.6.4
Other Mechanisms
184
Advanced Reading
184
Discussion Topics
185
8
Thermokarst
186
8.1
Introduction
186
8.2
Causes of Thermokarst
187
8.2.1
General
187
8.2.2
Specific
189
CONTENTS ix
8.3
Thaw-Related
Processes
191
8.3.1
Thermokarst Subsidence
191
8.3.2
Thermal Erosion
191
8.3.3
Other Processes
193
8.4
Thermokarst Sediments and Structures
193
8.4.1
Involuted Sediments
193
8.4.2
Retrogressive-Thaw-Slumps and Debris-Flow
Deposits
194
8.4.3
Ice-Wedge Pseudomorphs and Composite-Wedge
Casts
195
8.4.4
Ice, Silt, Sand, and Gravel Pseudomorphs
198
8.5
Ice-Wedge Thermokarst Relief
198
8.5.1
Low-Centered Polygons
198
8.5.2
High-Centered Polygons
200
8.5.3
Badland Thermokarst Relief
201
8.6
Thaw Lakes and Depressions
201
8.6.1
Morphology
203
8.6.2
Growth and Drainage
203
8.6.3
Oriented Thaw Lakes
205
8.7
Thermokarst-Affected Terrain
206
8.7.1
The Lowlands of Central and Northern Siberia
207
8.7.2
The Western North American Arctic
209
8.8
Human-Induced Thermokarst
210
8.8.1
Causes
210
8.8.2
CaseStudies
213
Advanced Reading
215
Discussion Topics
215
9
Hillslope Processes and Slope Evolution
216
9.1
Introduction
216
9.2
Slope Morphology
216
9.2.1
The Free-Face Model
217
9.2.2
Rectilinear Debris-Mantled Slopes
218
9.2.3
Convexo-
Concavo
Debris-Mantled Slopes
219
9.2.4
Pediment-Like Slopes
221
9.2.5
Stepped Profiles
223
9.3
Mass Wasting
224
9.4
Slow Mass-Wasting Processes
225
9.4.1
Soiifluction
225
9.4.2
Frost Creep
227
9.4.3
Gelifiuction
228
9.4.4
Soiifluction Deposits and Phenomena
229
9.5
Rapid Mass Wasting
232
9.5.1
Active-Layer-Detachment Slides
232
9.5.2
Debris Flows, Slushflows, and Avalanches
233
9.5.3
Rockfall
235
9.6
Slopewash
237
9.6.1
Snow-Bank Hydrology
238
9.6.2
Surface and Subsurface Wash
239
x
CONTENTS
9.7
Frozen and Thawing Slopes
241
9.7.1
Permafrost Creep
241
9.7.2
Thermokarst and Thaw Consolidation
242
9.7.3
Stability of Thawing Slopes
243
9.8
Cold-Climate Slope Evolution
244
9.8.1
Cryoplanation
244
9.8.2
Slope Replacement and
Richter
Denudation Slopes
246
9.8.3
Rapidity of Profile Change
246
9.8.4
Summary
247
Advanced Reading
247
Discussion Topics
247
10
Azonal Processes and Landforms
248
10.1
Introduction
248
10.2
Fluvial Processes and Landforms
248
10.2.1
Major Rivers
249
10.2.2
Freeze-Up and Break-Up
251
10.2.3
Basin Hydrology
254
10.2.4
Sediment Flow, Surface Transport, and Denudation
257
10.2.5
Fluvio-Thermal
Erosion
260
10.2.6
Channel Morphology
260
10.2.7
Valley Asymmetry
263
10.3
Eolian Processes and Sediments
264
10.3.1
Wind Abrasion
265
10.3.2
Wind Deflation
268
10.3.3
Niveo-Eolian Sediments
268
10.3.4
Loess-Like Silt
269
10.3.5
Sand Dunes and Sand Sheets
270
10.4
Coastal Processes and Landforms
272
10.4.1
The Coastal-Sea-Ice Interface
272
10.4.2
Sea Ice, Wave Generation, and Sediment Transport
273
10.4.3
Ice on the Beach
275
10.4.4
The Influence of Permafrost and Ground Ice
276
10.4.5
Cold-Climate Deltas
277
Advanced Reading
279
Discussion Topics
279
Part III Quaternary and Late-Pleistocene Periglacial Environments
281
11
Quaternary Periglacial Conditions
283
11.1
Introduction
283
11.2
The Time Scale and Climatic Fluctuations
283
11.3
Global (Eustatic) Considerations
287
11.3.1
Sea-Level Changes
287
11.3.2
Uplift of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau
290
11.4
Pleistocene Periglacial Environments of High Latitudes
291
11.4.1
Extent of Past
Glaciations
291
11.4.2
Relict Permafrost
293
11.4.3
Syngenetic Permafrost Growth
294
CONTENTS xi
11.4.4
Loess
Deposition
295
11.4.5
Mass-Wasting and Muck Deposits
296
11.5
Pleistocene Periglacial Environments of Mid-Latitudes
298
11.5.1
General Considerations
298
11.5.2
Mammals and Ecosystems
300
11.5.3
Perennial or Seasonal Frost?
300
11.5.4
Problems of
Paleo
-Environmental Reconstruction
302
11.5.5
Extent in the Northern Hemisphere
302
11.5.6
Extent in the Southern Hemisphere
306
11.6
Conclusions
306
Advanced Reading
307
Discussion Topics
307
12
Evidence for Past Permafrost
308
12.1
Introduction
308
12.2
Past Permafrost Aggradation
308
12.2.1
The
Paleo-Permafrost
Table
308
12.2.2
Frost-Fissure Pseudomorphs and Casts
310
12.2.3
Frost-Mound Remnants
315
12.3
Past Permafrost Degradation
317
12.3.1
Thermokarst Depressions
317
12.3.2
Paleo-Thaw Layers
318
12.3.3
Thermokarst Involutions and Sediment-Filled Pots
318
12.3.4
Large-Scale Soft-Sediment Deformations
320
12.3.5
Non-Diastrophic Structures in Bedrock
322
12.3.6
Discussion
323
12.4
Summary
323
Advanced Reading
325
Discussion Topics
325
13
Periglacial Landscape Modification
326
13.1
Introduction
326
13.2
Intense Frost Action
327
13.2.1
Soil Wedges
327
13.2.2
Frost-Disturbed Bedrock
327
13.2.3
Stratified Slope Deposits
330
13.2.4
Head and Solifluction Deposits
331
13.2.5
Frost-Disturbed Soils and Structures (Involutions)
332
13.3
Intense Wind Action
334
13.3.1
Wind-Abraded Rocks
334
13.3.2
Eolian Silt (Loess)
335
13.3.3
Cold-Climate Eolian Sand
336
13.4
Fluvial Activity
337
13.4.1
Major Rivers
339
13.4.2
Asymmetrical Valleys
340
13.4.3
Dells and Periglacial Valleys
342
13.5
Slope Modification
343
13.5.1
Mass Wasting on Slopes
343
13.5.2
Valley-Bottom Aggradation
343
13.5.3
Smoothing of Slopes
346
xii CONTENTS
Advanced
Reading
348
Discussion Topics
348
Part IV Applied Periglacial Geomorphology
349
14
Geotechnical and Engineering Aspects
351
14.1
Introduction
351
14.2
Cold-Regions Engineering
352
14.2.1
General Principles
352
14.2.2
General Solutions
353
14.3
Provision of Municipal Services and Urban Infrastructure
358
14.4
Construction of Buildings and Houses
359
14.5
Water-Supply Problems
361
14.6
Roads, Bridges, Railways, and Airstrips
364
14.7
Oil and Gas Development
367
14.7.1
Exploration Problems
367
14.7.2
Waste-Drilling-Fluid Disposal Problems
368
14.7.3
Pipelines and Permafrost
369
14.8
Mining Activities
371
Advanced Reading
372
Discussion Topics
372
15
Climate Change and Periglacial Environments
373
15.1
Global Change and Cold Regions
373
15.2
Climate Change and Permafrost
375
15.2.1
Ground-Thermal Regimes
376
15.2.2
Thickness of the Active Layer
376
15.2.3
Extent of Permafrost
377
15.2.4
Changes in Cryogenic Processes
378
15.3
Other Responses
381
15.3.1
Seasonal-Snow Cover
381
15.3.2
Sea Ice and Sea Level
382
15.3.3
Gas Hydrates and Methane
382
15.3.4
Seasonally-Frozen Ground
383
15.3.5
Boreal Forest, Tundra, and Polar Desert Ecosystems
383
15.4
The Urban Infrastructure
384
15.5
Conclusions
386
Advanced Reading
386
Discussion Topics
387
References
388
Index
449
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface
to First
Edition
xiii
Preface to Second Edition
xv
Preface to Third Edition
xvii
Acknowledgments
xix
Part I The Periglacial Domain
1
1
Introduction
3
1.1
The Periglacial Concept
3
1.2
Disciplinary Considerations
7
1.2.1
The Growth of Geocryology
7
1.2.2
The Changing Nature of Quaternary Science
8
1.2.3
Modern Periglacial Geomorphology
8
1.3
The Growth of Periglacial Knowledge
9
1.4
The Periglacial Domain
11
1.5
The Scope of Periglacial Geomorphology
13
1.5.1
Permafrost-Related Processes and
Landforms
13
1.5.2 Azonal
Processes and
Landforms
14
1.5.3
Paleo-Environmental Reconstruction
14
1.5.4
Applied Periglacial Geomorphology
14
Advanced Reading
15
Discussion Topics
15
2
Periglacial Landscapes?
16
2.1
Introduction
16
2.2
Proglacial, Paraglacial
or Periglacial?
16
2.3
Unglaciated Periglacial Terrain
18
2.3.1
Beaufort Plain, Northwest Banks Island, Arctic Canada
18
2.3.2
Barn Mountains, Northern Interior Yukon Territory, Canada
22
2.4
Relict Periglacial Landscapes
25
2.4.1
Chalk Uplands, Southern England and Northern France
25
2.4.2
Pine Barrens, Southern New Jersey, Eastern USA
26
2.5
Conclusions
28
Advanced Reading
28
Discussion Topics
30
3
Periglacial Climates
31
3.1
Boundary Conditions
31
3.2
Periglaciai Climates
32
ті
CONTENTS
3.2.1
High
Arctic
Climates
34
3.2.2
Continental Climates
38
3.2.3
Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau
38
3.2.4
Alpine Climates
39
3.2.5
Climates of Low Annual Temperature Range
39
3.2.6
Antarctica: A Special Case
40
3.3
Ground Climates
40
3.3.1
Then-Factor
41
3.3.2
The Thermal Offset
42
3.4
Periglacial Climates and the Cryosphere
44
Advanced Reading
45
Discussion Topics
46
Part II Present-Day Periglacial Environments
47
4
Cold-Climate Weathering
49
4.1
Introduction
49
4.2
Ground Freezing
49
4.2.1
The Freezing Process
50
4.2.2
Ice Segregation
52
4.2.3
The Frozen Fringe
53
4.2.4
Frost Heave
54
4.3
Freezing and Thawing
55
4.4
The Ground-Temperature Regime
57
4.4.1
The Seasonal Regime
57
4.4.2
Short-Term Fluctuations
60
4.5
Rock (Frost?) Shattering
60
4.5.1
Frost Action and Ice Segregation
61
4.5.2
Frost Weathering Models
63
4.5.3
Insolation Weathering and Thermal Shock
64
4.5.4
Discussion and Perspective
67
4.6
Chemical Weathering
68
4.6.1
General
68
4.6.2
Solution and Karstification
69
4.6.3
Salt Weathering
72
4.7
Cryogenic Weathering
75
4.8
Cryobiological Weathering
79
4.9
Cryopedology
79
4.9.1
Cryosols
80
4.9.2
Soil Micromorphology
81
Advanced Reading
82
Discussion Topics
82
5
Permafrost
83
5.1
Introduction
83
5.1.1
Definition
83
5.1.2
Moisture and Ice within Permafrost
85
5.2
Thermal and Physical Properties
85
5.2.1
The Geothermal Regime
86
5.2.2
Physical Properties
89
CONTENTS
vii
5.2.3
Thermal
Properties
90
5.3
How Does Permafrost Aggrade?
90
5.3.1
General Principles
91
5.3.2
The IUisarvik Drained-Lake Experiment
92
5.4
Distribution of Permafrost
94
5.4.1
Latitudinal Permafrost
95
5.4.2
Alpine (Mountain) Permafrost
98
5.4.3
Montane Permafrost of Central Asia and China
101
5.5
Relict Permafrost
103
5.5.1
Sub-Sea Permafrost
103
5.5.2
Relict (Terrestrial) Permafrost
103
5.6
Permafrost Hydrology
104
5.6.1
Aquifers
105
5.6.2
Hydrochemistry
106
5.6.3
Groundwater Icings
106
5.7
Permafrost and Terrain Conditions
107
5.7.1
Relief and Aspect
107
5.7.2
Rock Type
108
5.7.3
Vegetation
108
5.7.4
Snow Cover
109
5.7.5
Fire
110
5.7.6
Lakes and Surface Water Bodies 111
5.8
The Active Layer 111
5.8.1
The Transient Layer
112
5.8.2
The Stefan Equation
114
5.8.3
Active-Layer Thermal Regime
114
Advanced Reading
115
Discussion Topics
115
6
Surface Features of Permafrost
116
6.1
Introduction
116
6.2
Thermal-Contraction-Crack Polygons
116
6.2.1
Coefficients of Thermal Expansion and Contraction
116
6.2.2
Ice, Sand, and Soil Wedges
117
6.2.3
Development of the Polygon Net
119
6.2.4
Polygon Morphology
121
6.2.5
Controls Over Cracking
123
6.2.6
Climatic Significance
124
6.3
Organic Terrain
127
6.3.1
Palsas
128
6.3.2
Peat Plateaus
129
6.4
Rock Glaciers
129
6.4.1
Creeping Permafrost
130
6.4.2
Types and Distribution
131
6.4.3
Origin
131
6.5
Frost Mounds
134
6.5.1
Perennial-Frost Mounds
134
6.5.2
Hydraulic (Open) System
Pingos
136
6.5.3
Hydrostatic (Closed) System
Pingos
137
6.5.4
Other Perennial-Frost Mounds
140
і
CONTENTS
6.5.5
Seasonal-Frost Mounds
140
6.5.6
Hydrolaccoliths and Other Frost-Induced Mounds
142
6.6
Active-Layer Phenomena
142
6.6.1
Bedrock Heave
143
6.6.2
Needle Ice
144
6.6.3
Cryoturbation and Frost Heave
144
6.6.4
Frost Sorting
146
6.6.5
Patterned Ground
148
Advanced Reading
152
Discussion Topics
152
7
Ground Ice
153
7.1
Introduction
153
7.2
Classification
154
7.2.1
Pore Ice
156
7.2.2
Segregated Ice
157
7.2.3
Intrusive Ice
158
7.2.4
Vein Ice
159
7.2.5
Other Types of Ice
159
7.3
Ice Distribution
159
7.3.1
Amounts
159
7.3.2
Distribution with Depth
161
7.3.3
Ice in Bedrock
162
7.3.4
Ice in Unconsolidated Sediments
162
7.4
Cryostratigraphy and Cryolithology
164
7.4.1
Cryostructures, Cryotextures, and Cryofacies
165
7.4.2
Epigenetic and Syngenetic Cryostructures
167
7.4.3
Thaw Unconformities
171
7.4.4
Ice Crystallography
173
7.4.5
Ice Geochemistry
173
7.4.6
Cryostratigraphy and Past Environments
175
7.5
Ice Wedges
176
7.5.1
Epigenetic Wedges
177
7.5.2
Syngenetic Wedges
179
7.5.3
Anti-Syngenetic Wedges
180
7.6
Massive Ice and Massive-Icy Bodies
181
7.6.1
Nature and Extent
181
7.6.2
Intra-Sedimental Ice
183
7.6.3
Buried Glacier Ice
184
7.6.4
Other Mechanisms
184
Advanced Reading
184
Discussion Topics
185
8
Thermokarst
186
8.1
Introduction
186
8.2
Causes of Thermokarst
187
8.2.1
General
187
8.2.2
Specific
" 189
CONTENTS ix
8.3
Thaw-Related
Processes
191
8.3.1
Thermokarst Subsidence
191
8.3.2
Thermal Erosion
191
8.3.3
Other Processes
193
8.4
Thermokarst Sediments and Structures
193
8.4.1
Involuted Sediments
193
8.4.2
Retrogressive-Thaw-Slumps and Debris-Flow
Deposits
194
8.4.3
Ice-Wedge Pseudomorphs and Composite-Wedge
Casts
195
8.4.4
Ice, Silt, Sand, and Gravel Pseudomorphs
198
8.5
Ice-Wedge Thermokarst Relief
198
8.5.1
Low-Centered Polygons
198
8.5.2
High-Centered Polygons
200
8.5.3
Badland Thermokarst Relief
201
8.6
Thaw Lakes and Depressions
201
8.6.1
Morphology
203
8.6.2
Growth and Drainage
203
8.6.3
Oriented Thaw Lakes
205
8.7
Thermokarst-Affected Terrain
206
8.7.1
The Lowlands of Central and Northern Siberia
207
8.7.2
The Western North American Arctic
209
8.8
Human-Induced Thermokarst
210
8.8.1
Causes
210
8.8.2
CaseStudies
213
Advanced Reading
215
Discussion Topics
215
9
Hillslope Processes and Slope Evolution
216
9.1
Introduction
216
9.2
Slope Morphology
216
9.2.1
The Free-Face Model
217
9.2.2
Rectilinear Debris-Mantled Slopes
218
9.2.3
Convexo-
Concavo
Debris-Mantled Slopes
219
9.2.4
Pediment-Like Slopes
221
9.2.5
Stepped Profiles
223
9.3
Mass Wasting
224
9.4
Slow Mass-Wasting Processes
225
9.4.1
Soiifluction
225
9.4.2
Frost Creep
227
9.4.3
Gelifiuction
228
9.4.4
Soiifluction Deposits and Phenomena
229
9.5
Rapid Mass Wasting
232
9.5.1
Active-Layer-Detachment Slides
232
9.5.2
Debris Flows, Slushflows, and Avalanches
233
9.5.3
Rockfall
235
9.6
Slopewash
237
9.6.1
Snow-Bank Hydrology
238
9.6.2
Surface and Subsurface Wash
239
x
CONTENTS
9.7
Frozen and Thawing Slopes
241
9.7.1
Permafrost Creep
241
9.7.2
Thermokarst and Thaw Consolidation
242
9.7.3
Stability of Thawing Slopes
243
9.8
Cold-Climate Slope Evolution
244
9.8.1
Cryoplanation
244
9.8.2
Slope Replacement and
Richter
Denudation Slopes
246
9.8.3
Rapidity of Profile Change
246
9.8.4
Summary
247
Advanced Reading
247
Discussion Topics
247
10
Azonal Processes and Landforms
248
10.1
Introduction
248
10.2
Fluvial Processes and Landforms
248
10.2.1
Major Rivers
249
10.2.2
Freeze-Up and Break-Up
251
10.2.3
Basin Hydrology
254
10.2.4
Sediment Flow, Surface Transport, and Denudation
257
10.2.5
Fluvio-Thermal
Erosion
260
10.2.6
Channel Morphology
260
10.2.7
Valley Asymmetry
263
10.3
Eolian Processes and Sediments
264
10.3.1
Wind Abrasion
265
10.3.2
Wind Deflation
268
10.3.3
Niveo-Eolian Sediments
268
10.3.4
Loess-Like Silt
269
10.3.5
Sand Dunes and Sand Sheets
270
10.4
Coastal Processes and Landforms
272
10.4.1
The Coastal-Sea-Ice Interface
272
10.4.2
Sea Ice, Wave Generation, and Sediment Transport
273
10.4.3
Ice on the Beach
275
10.4.4
The Influence of Permafrost and Ground Ice
276
10.4.5
Cold-Climate Deltas
277
Advanced Reading
279
Discussion Topics
279
Part III Quaternary and Late-Pleistocene Periglacial Environments
281
11
Quaternary Periglacial Conditions
283
11.1
Introduction
283
11.2
The Time Scale and Climatic Fluctuations
283
11.3
Global (Eustatic) Considerations
287
11.3.1
Sea-Level Changes
287
11.3.2
Uplift of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau
290
11.4
Pleistocene Periglacial Environments of High Latitudes
291
11.4.1
Extent of Past
Glaciations
291
11.4.2
Relict Permafrost
293
11.4.3
Syngenetic Permafrost Growth
294
CONTENTS xi
11.4.4
Loess
Deposition
295
11.4.5
Mass-Wasting and "Muck" Deposits
296
11.5
Pleistocene Periglacial Environments of Mid-Latitudes
298
11.5.1
General Considerations
298
11.5.2
Mammals and Ecosystems
300
11.5.3
Perennial or Seasonal Frost?
300
11.5.4
Problems of
Paleo
-Environmental Reconstruction
302
11.5.5
Extent in the Northern Hemisphere
302
11.5.6
Extent in the Southern Hemisphere
306
11.6
Conclusions
306
Advanced Reading
307
Discussion Topics
307
12
Evidence for Past Permafrost
308
12.1
Introduction
308
12.2
Past Permafrost Aggradation
308
12.2.1
The
Paleo-Permafrost
Table
308
12.2.2
Frost-Fissure Pseudomorphs and Casts
310
12.2.3
Frost-Mound Remnants
315
12.3
Past Permafrost Degradation
317
12.3.1
Thermokarst Depressions
317
12.3.2
Paleo-Thaw Layers
318
12.3.3
Thermokarst Involutions and Sediment-Filled Pots
318
12.3.4
Large-Scale Soft-Sediment Deformations
320
12.3.5
Non-Diastrophic Structures in Bedrock
322
12.3.6
Discussion
323
12.4
Summary
323
Advanced Reading
325
Discussion Topics
325
13
Periglacial Landscape Modification
326
13.1
Introduction
326
13.2
Intense Frost Action
327
13.2.1
Soil Wedges
327
13.2.2
Frost-Disturbed Bedrock
327
13.2.3
Stratified Slope Deposits
330
13.2.4
Head and Solifluction Deposits
331
13.2.5
Frost-Disturbed Soils and Structures (Involutions)
332
13.3
Intense Wind Action
334
13.3.1
Wind-Abraded Rocks
334
13.3.2
Eolian Silt (Loess)
335
13.3.3
Cold-Climate Eolian Sand
336
13.4
Fluvial Activity
337
13.4.1
Major Rivers
339
13.4.2
Asymmetrical Valleys
340
13.4.3
Dells and Periglacial Valleys
342
13.5
Slope Modification
343
13.5.1
Mass Wasting on Slopes
343
13.5.2
Valley-Bottom Aggradation
343
13.5.3
Smoothing of Slopes
346
xii CONTENTS
Advanced
Reading
348
Discussion Topics
348
Part IV Applied Periglacial Geomorphology
349
14
Geotechnical and Engineering Aspects
351
14.1
Introduction
351
14.2
Cold-Regions Engineering
352
14.2.1
General Principles
352
14.2.2
General Solutions
353
14.3
Provision of Municipal Services and Urban Infrastructure
358
14.4
Construction of Buildings and Houses
359
14.5
Water-Supply Problems
361
14.6
Roads, Bridges, Railways, and Airstrips
364
14.7
Oil and Gas Development
367
14.7.1
Exploration Problems
367
14.7.2
Waste-Drilling-Fluid Disposal Problems
368
14.7.3
Pipelines and Permafrost
369
14.8
Mining Activities
371
Advanced Reading
372
Discussion Topics
372
15
Climate Change and Periglacial Environments
373
15.1
Global Change and Cold Regions
373
15.2
Climate Change and Permafrost
375
15.2.1
Ground-Thermal Regimes
376
15.2.2
Thickness of the Active Layer
376
15.2.3
Extent of Permafrost
377
15.2.4
Changes in Cryogenic Processes
378
15.3
Other Responses
381
15.3.1
Seasonal-Snow Cover
381
15.3.2
Sea Ice and Sea Level
382
15.3.3
Gas Hydrates and Methane
382
15.3.4
Seasonally-Frozen Ground
383
15.3.5
Boreal Forest, Tundra, and Polar Desert Ecosystems
383
15.4
The Urban Infrastructure
384
15.5
Conclusions
386
Advanced Reading
386
Discussion Topics
387
References
388
Index
449 |
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| geographic | Cold regions |
| geographic_facet | Cold regions |
| id | DE-604.BV021811139 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:51:02Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:45:10Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470865880 9780470865897 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2006022730 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015023435 |
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| physical | XVIII, 458 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
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| publisher | Wiley |
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| spelling | French, Hugh M. 1943- Verfasser (DE-588)1017872023 aut The periglacial environment Hugh M. French 3. ed. Chichester [u.a.] Wiley 2007 XVIII, 458 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references Frozen ground Glacial landforms Cold regions Periglazial (DE-588)4173765-9 gnd rswk-swf Periglazial (DE-588)4173765-9 s DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0617/2006022730.html Table of contents only Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015023435&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | French, Hugh M. 1943- The periglacial environment Frozen ground Glacial landforms Cold regions Periglazial (DE-588)4173765-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4173765-9 |
| title | The periglacial environment |
| title_auth | The periglacial environment |
| title_exact_search | The periglacial environment |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The periglacial environment |
| title_full | The periglacial environment Hugh M. French |
| title_fullStr | The periglacial environment Hugh M. French |
| title_full_unstemmed | The periglacial environment Hugh M. French |
| title_short | The periglacial environment |
| title_sort | the periglacial environment |
| topic | Frozen ground Glacial landforms Cold regions Periglazial (DE-588)4173765-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Frozen ground Glacial landforms Cold regions Periglazial |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0617/2006022730.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015023435&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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