Quantitative chemical analysis:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York
Freeman
2007
|
| Ausgabe: | 7. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Getr. Zhlg. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780716770411 0716776944 0716770415 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 020 | |a 9780716770411 |9 978-0-7167-7041-1 | ||
| 020 | |a 0716776944 |9 0-7167-7694-4 | ||
| 020 | |a 0716770415 |9 0-7167-7041-5 | ||
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| 084 | |a VG 6101 |0 (DE-625)147185:254 |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a CHE 200f |2 stub | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Harris, Daniel C. |d 1948- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)172126363 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Quantitative chemical analysis |c Daniel C. Harris |
| 250 | |a 7. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b Freeman |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a Getr. Zhlg. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Chemische analyses |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Chemistry, Analytic |x Quantitative | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Analytische Chemie |0 (DE-588)4129906-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Chemie |0 (DE-588)4009816-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Quantitative Analyse |0 (DE-588)4125311-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4123623-3 |a Lehrbuch |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Quantitative Analyse |0 (DE-588)4125311-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Chemie |0 (DE-588)4009816-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Analytische Chemie |0 (DE-588)4129906-1 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015017710&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135722930667520 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Preface xiii
0 The Analytical Process 1^
A Biosensor for Arsenic in the Environment
0 1 The Analytical Chemist s Job 2
0 2 General Steps in a Chemical Analysis 7
Box 0 1 Constructing a Representative Sample 7
1 Measurements 9
Ultrasensitive Measurement of Atoms
in a Vapor
1 1 SlUnits 9
1 2 Chemical Concentrations 12
1 3 Preparing Solutions 14
1 4 Stoichiometry Calculations 16
2 Tools of the Trade 20
The Smallest Balances
2 1 Safe, Ethical Handling of Chemicals and Waste 20
Box 2 1 Disposal of Chemical Waste 21
2 2 The Lab Notebook 22
2 3 Analytical Balance 22
2 4 Burets 25
2 5 Volumetrie Flasks 26
2 6 Pipets and Syringes 27
2 7 Filtration 29
2 8 Drying 30
2 9 Calibration of Volumetrie Glassware 31
2 10 Introduction to Microsoft Excel 33
2 11 Graphing with Microsoft Excel 35
3 Experimentell Error 39
Experimental Error
3 1 Significant Figures 39
3 2 Significant Figures in Arithmetic 40
3 3 Types of Error 42
Box 3 1 Standard Reference Materials 43
3 4 Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error 44
Box 3 2 Propagation of Uncertainty
in the Product x ¦ x 48
3 5 Propagation of Uncertainty: Systematic Error 49
4 Statistics 53
Is My Red Blood Cell Count High Today?
4 1 Gaussian Distribution 53
4 2 Confidence Intervals 57
4 3 Comparison of Means with Student s / 59
Box 4 1 Analytical Chemistry and the Law 63
4 4 Comparison of Standard Deviations
with the F Test 63
4 5 / Tests with a Spreadsheet 64
4 6 Q Test for Bad Data 65
4 7 The Method of Least Squares 65
4 8 Calibration Curves 69
Box 4 2 Using a Nonlinear Calibration Curve 71
4 9 A Spreadsheet for Least Squares 71
5 Quality Assurance and
Calibration Methods 78
The Need for Quality Assurance
5 1 Basics of Quality Assurance 79
Box 5 1 Control Charts 81
5 2 Method Validation 82
Box 5 2 The Horwitz Trumpet: Variation
in Interlaboratory Precision 85
5 3 Standard Addition 87
5 4 Internal Standards 90
6 Chemical Equilibrium 96
Chemical Equilibrium in the Environment
6 1 The Equilibrium Constant 97
6 2 Equilibrium and Thermodynamics 98
6 3 Solubility Product 100
Box 6 1 Solubility Is Governed by More
Than the Solubility Product 101
Demonstration 6 1 Common Ion Effect 102
6 4 Complex Formation 102
Box 6 2 Notation for Formation Constants 104
6 5 Protic Acids and Bases 105
6 6 pH 107
6 7 Strengths of Acids and Bases 108
Demonstration 6 2 The HC1 Fountain 109
Box 6 3 The Strange Behavior
of Hydrofluoric Acid 110
Box 6 4 Carbonic Acid 113
6 8 Solving Equilibrium Problems with a
Concentration Table and a Spreadsheet 114
7 Let the Titrations Begin }2±
Evolution of the Buret
7 1 Titrations 121
Box 7 1 Reagent Chemicals and
Primary Standards 123
7 2 Titration Calculations 123
7 3 Spectrophotometric Titrations 126
7 4 The Precipitation Titration Curve 127
7 5 Titration of a Mixture 131
7 6 Calculating Titration Curves with
a Spreadsheet 132
7 7 End Point Detection 133
Demonstration 7 1 Fajans Titration 134
7 8 Efficiency in Experimental Design 134
8 Activity and the Systematic
Treatment of Equilibrium 140
Hydrated Ions
8 1 The Effect of Ionic Strength on
Solubility of Salts 141
Demonstration 8 1 Effect of Ionic
Strength on Ion Dissociation 141
Box 8 1 Salts with Ions of Charge |2|
Do Not Fully Dissociate 143
8 2 Activity Coefficients 143
8 3 pH Revisited 147
8 4 Systematic Treatment of Equilibrium 147
Box 8 2 Calcium Carbonate Mass
Balance in Rivers 150
8 5 Applying the Systematic Treatment
of Equilibrium 150
9 Monoprotic Acid Base Equilibria 158
Measuring pH Inside Cellular
Compartments
9 1 Streng Acids and Bases 159
Box 9 1 Concentrated HNO3 Is Only
Slightly Dissociated 159
9 2 Weak Acids and Bases 161
9 3 Weak Acid Equilibria 162
Box 9 2 Dyeing Fabrics and the Fraction
of Dissociation 164
Demonstration 9 1 Conductivity
of Weak Electrolytes 165
9 4 Weak Base Equilibria 166
9 5 Buffers 167
Box 9 3 Strong Plus Weak Reacts Completely 170
Demonstration 9 2 How Buffers Work 171
10 Polyprotic Acid Base Equilibria 180
Proteins Are Polyprotic Acids and Bases
10 1 Diprotic Acids and Bases 181
Box 10 1 Successive Approximations 186
10 2 Diprotic Buffers 187
10 3 Polyprotic Acids and Bases 188
10 4 Which Is the Principal Species? 190
10 5 Fractional Composition Equations 191
10 6 Isoelectric and Isoionic pH 193
Box 10 2 Isoelectric Focusing 194
11 Acid Base Titrations 199
Acid Base Titration of a Protein
11 1 Titration of Strong Base with Strang Acid 200
11 2 Titration of Weak Acid with Strong Base 202
11 3 Titration of Weak Base with Strong Acid 205
11 4 Titrations in Diprotic Systems 206
11 5 Finding the End Point with a pH Electrode 208
Box 11 1 Alkalinity andAcidity 209
11 6 Finding the End Point with Indicators 212
Demonstration 11 1 Indicators and
the Acidity of CO2 214
Box 11 2 What Does a Negative pH Mean? 2!4
Box 11 3 World Record Small Titration 216
11 7 Practical Notes 216
11 8 The Leveling Effect 216
11 9 Calculating Titration Curves with Spreadsheets 218
12 EDTA Titrations 228
Ion Channels in Cell Membranes
12 1 Metal Chelate Complexes 229
12 2 EDTA 231
Box 12 1 Chelation Therapy and Thalassemia 232
12 3 EDTA Titration Curves 235
12 4 Do It with a Spreadsheet 237
12 5 Auxiliary Complexing Agents 238
Box 12 2 Metal Ion Hydrolysis Decreases
the Effective Formation Constant
for EDTA Complexes 240
12 6 Metal Ion Indicators 241
Demonstration 12 1 Metal Ion Indicator
Color Changes 241
12 7 EDTA Titration Techniques 244
Box 12 3 Water Hardness 245
13 Advanced Topics in Equilibrium 250
Acid Rain
13 1 General Approach to Acid Base Systems 251
13 2 Activity Coefficients 254
13 3 Dependence of Solubility on pH 257
13 4 Analyzing Acid Base Titrations with
Difference Plots 263
14 Fundamentals
of Electrochemistry 270
Electricity from the Ocean Floor
14 1 Basic Concepts 270
Box 14 1 Moleciilar Wirc 273
14 2 Galvanic Cells 274
Demonstration 14 1 The Human Salt Bridge 277
14 3 Standard Potentials 277
14 4 Nernst Equation 279
Box 14 2 E and the Cell Voltage Do Not
Depend on How You Write the Cell Reaetion 280
Box 14 3 Latimer Diagrams: How to
Find £° for a New Half Reaction 2S2
14 5 E° and the Equilibrium Constant 283
Box 14 4 Concentrations in the
Operating Cell 284
14 6 Cells as Chemical Probes 285
14 7 Biochemists Use E° 288
15 Electrodes and Potentiometry 298
A Heparin Sensor
15 1 Reference Electrodes 299
15 2 Indicator Electrodes 301
Demonstration 15 1 Potentiometry
with an Oscillating Reaetion 302
15 3 What Is a Junction Potential? 303
15 4 How Ion Selective Electrodes Work 303
15 5 pH Measurement with a Glass Electrode 306
Box 15 1 Systematic Error in Rainwater
pH Measurement: The Effect of
Junction Potential 310
15 6 Ion Selective Electrodes 311
15 7 Using Ion Selective Electrodes 317
15 8 Solid State Chemical Sensors 318
16 Redox Titrations 327
Chemical Analysis of High Temperature
Superconductors
16 1 The Shape of a Redox Titration Curve 328
Demonstration 16 1 Potentiometric
Titration of Fe H with MnO4~ 332
16 2 Finding the End Point 332
16 3 Adjustment of Analyte Oxidati on State 335
16 4 Oxidation with Potassium Permanganate 336
16 5 Oxidation with Ce4+ 337
Box 16 1 Environmental Carbon
Analysis and Oxygen Demand 338
16 6 Oxidation with Potassium Dichromate 339
16 7 Methods Involving Iodine 340
Box 16 2 Iodometric Analysis of High
Temperature Superconductors 342
17 Electroanalytical Techniques 348
How Sweet It Is!
17 1 Fundamentals of Electrolysis 349
Demonstration 17 1 Electrochemical
Writing 350
Contents
17 2 Electrogravimetric Analysis 353
17 3 Coulometry 355
17 4 Amperometry 357
Box 17 1 Oxygen Sensors 358
Box 17 2 What 1s an Electronic Nose ? 360
17 5 Voltammetry 362
Box 17 3 The Electric Double Layer 365
17 6 Karl Fischer Titration of H2O 370
Demonstration 17 2 The Karl Fischer
Jacks of a pH Meter 371
18 Fundamentals of
Spectrophotometry 378
The Ozone Hole
18 1 Properties of Light 379
18 2 Absorption of Light 380
Box 18 1 Why Is There a Logarithmic
Relation Between Transmittance and
Concentration? 382
18 3 Measuring Absorbance 383
Demonstration 18 1 Absorption Spectra 383
18 4 Beer s Law in Chemical Analysis 385
18 5 What Happens When a Molecule
Absorbs Light? 387
Box 18 2 Fluorescence All Around Us 391
18 6 Luminescence 392
Box 18 3 Instability of the Earth s Climate 395
19 Applications
of Spectrophotometry 402
Fluorescence Resonance Energy
Transfer Biosensor
19 1 Analysis of a Mixture 402
19 2 Measuring an Equilibrium Constant:
The Scatchard Plot 407
19 3 The Method of Continuous Variation 408
19 4 Flow Injection Analysis 410
19 5 Immunoassays and Aptamers 411
19 6 Sensors Based on Luminescence Quenching 414
Box 19 1 Converting Light into Electricity 414
20 Spectrophotometers 424
Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy:
Do You Have an Ulcer?
20 1 Lamps and Lasers: Sources of Light 426
Box 20 1 Blackbody Radiation and the
Greenhouse Effect 426
20 2 Monochromators 429
20 3 Detectors 433
Box 20 2 The Most Important Photoreceptor 435
20 4 Optical Sensors 437
20 5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 442
20 6 Dealing with Noise 448
ix
21 Atomic Spectroscopy 453
An Anthropology Puzzle
21 1 An Overview 454
Box 21 1 Mercury Analysis by Cold Vapor
Atomic Fluorescence 456
21 2 Atomization: Flames, Furnaces, and Plasmas 456
21 3 How Temperature Affects Atomic
Spectroscopy 461
21 4 Instrumentation 462
21 5 Interference 466
21 6 Inductively Coupled Plasma
Mass Spectrometry 468
22 Mass Spectrometry 474
Droplet Electrospray
22 1 What Is Mass Spectrometry? 474
Box 22 1 Molecular Mass and Nominal Mass 476
Box 22 2 How Ions of Different Masses
Are Separated by a Magnetic Field 476
22 2 Oh, Mass Spectrum, Speak to Me! 478
Box 22 3 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry 482
22 3 Types of Mass Spectrometers 484
22 4 Chromatography Mass Spectrometry 488
Box 22 4 Matrix Assisted Laser
Desorption/Ionization 494
23 Introduction to Analytical
Separations 501
Measuring Silicones Leaking from
Breast Implants
23 1 Solvent Extraction 502
Demonstration 23 1 Extraction with
Dithizone 504
Box 23 1 Crown Ethers 506
23 2 What Is Chromatography? 506
23 3 A Plumber s View of Chromatography 508
23 4 Efficiency of Separation 511
23 5 Why Bands Spread 516
Box 23 2 Microscopic Description
of Chromatography 522
24 Gas Chromatography 528
What Did They Eat in the Year 1000?
24 1 The Separation Process in Gas
Chromatography 528
Box 24 1 Chiral Phases for Separating
Optical Isomers 533
24 2 Sample Injection 538
24 3 Detectors 541
24 4 Sample Preparation 547
24 5 Method Development in Gas Chromatography 549
x
25 High Performance Liquid
Chromatography 556
In Vivo Microdialysis for Measuring
Drug Metabolism
25 1 The Chromatographie Process 557
Box 25 1 Monolithic Silica Columns 562
Box 25 2 Green Technology:
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 568
25 2 Injection and Detection in HPLC 570
25 3 Method Development for Reversed Phase
Separations 575
25 4 Gradient Separations 580
Box 25 3 Choosing Gradient Conditions
and Scaling Gradients 582
26 Chromatographie Methods and
Capillary Electrophoresis 588
Capillary Electrochromatography
26 1 Ion Exchange Chromatography 589
26 2 Ion Chromatography 594
Box 26 1 Surfactants and Micelles 598
26 3 Molecular Exclusion Chromatography 599
26 4 Affinity Chromatography 602
Box 26 2 Molecular Imprinting 603
26 5 Principles of Capillary Electrophoresis 603
26 6 Conducting Capillary Electrophoresis 610
26 7 Lab on a Chip 620
27 Gravimetric and Combustion
Analysis 628
The Geologie Time Scale and
Gravimetric Analysis
27 1 An Example of Gravimetric Analysis 629
27 2 Precipitation 630
Demonstration 27 1 Colloids and Dialysis 632
27 3 Examples of Gravimetric Calculations 634
27 4 Combustion Analysis 637
28 Sample Preparation 644
Extraction Membranes
28 1 Statistics of Sampling 646
28 2 Dissolving Samples for Analysis 650
28 3 Sample Preparation Techniques 655
Experiments
Experiments are found at the Web site
www.whfreeman.com/qca7e
1. Calibration of Volumetrie Glassware
2. Gravimetric Determination of Calcium as
CaC2O4 • H2O
Contents
3. Gravimetric Determination of Iron as FeoO^
4. Penny Statistics
5. Statistical Evaluation of Acid Base Indicators
6. Preparing Standard Acid and Base
7. Using a pH Electrode for an Acid Base Titration
8. Analysis of a Mixture of Carbonate and Bicarbonate
9. Analysis of an Acid Base Titration Curve:
The Gran Plot
10. Kjeldahl Nitrogen Analysis
11. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in Natural Waters
12. Synthesis and Analysis of Ammonium Decavanadate
13. Iodimetric Titration of Vitamin C
14. Preparation and Iodometric Analysis
of High Temperature Superconductor
15. Potentiometric Halide Titration with Ag+
16. Electrogravimetric Analysis of Copper
17. Polarographic Measurement of an Equilibrium
Constant
18. Coulometric Titration of Cyclohexene with Bromine
19. Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron in
Vitamin Tablets
20. Microscale Spectrophotometric Measurement of Iron
in Foods by Standard Addition
21. Spectrophotometric Measurement of an Equilibrium
Constant
22. Spectrophotometric Analysis of a Mixture: Caffeine
and Benzoic Acid in a Soft Drink
23. Mn2+ Standardization by EDTA Titration
24. Measuring Manganese in Steel by Spectrophotometry
with Standard Addition
25. Measuring Manganese in Steel by Atomic Absorption
Using a Calibration Curve
26. Properties of an Ion Exchange Resin
27. Analysis of Sulfur in Coal by Ion Chromatography
28. Measuring Carbon Monoxide in Automobile Exhaust
by Gas Chromatography
29. Amino Acid Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis
30. DNA Composition by High Performance Liquid
Chromatography
31. Analysis of Analgesic Tablets by High Performance
Liquid Chromatography
32. Anion Content of Drinking Water by Capillary
Electrophoresis
Spreadsheet Topics
2 10 Introduction to Microsoft Excel 33
2 11 Graphing with Microsoft Excel 35
Problem 3 8 Controlling the appearance of a graph 51
4 1 Average, Standard deviation, normal distribution 55
4 5 f Test 64
Contents
4 7 Equation of a straight line 67
4 9 Spreadsheet for least Squares 71
Problem 4 25 Adding error bars to a graph 76
5 2 Square of the correlation coefficient (R2) 83
Problem 5 14 Using trendline 93
6 8 Solving equations with Excel GOAL seek 115
7 6 Precipitation titration curves 132
7 8 Multiple linear regression and
experimental design 134
8 5 Using goal seek in equilibrium problems 153
Problem 8 27 Circular reference 156
9 5 Excel GOAL seek and naming cells 176
11 9 Acid base titration curves 218
12 4 EDTA titrations 237
Problem 12 18 Auxiliary complexing agents in
EDTA titrations 247
Problem 12 20 Complex formation 248
13 1 Using Excel solver 253
13 2 Activity coefficients with the Davies equation 256
13 4 Fitting nonlinear curves by least Squares 264
13 4 Using Excel solver for more than one unknown 265
19 1 Solving simultaneous equations with
Excel solver 405
19 1 Solving simultaneous equations by matrix
inversion 406
Problem 24 29 Binomial distribution function
for isotope patterns 555
Notes and References NR1
Glossary GL1
Appendixes API
A. Logarithms and Exponents API
B. Graphs of Straight Lines AP2
C. Propagation of Uncertainty AP3
D. Oxidation Numbers and Balancing Redox
Equations AP5
E. Normality AP8
F. Solubility Products AP9
G. Acid Dissociation Constants API 1
H. Standard Reduction Potentials AP20
I. Formation Constants AP28
J. Logarithm of the Formation Constant
for the Reaction M(aq) + L(aq) ^ ML(ö^) AP 31
K. Analytical Standards AP 32
Solutions to Exercises Sl
Answers to Problems AN1
Index II
xi
|
| adam_txt |
Preface xiii
0 The Analytical Process 1^
A Biosensor for Arsenic in the Environment
0 1 The Analytical Chemist's Job 2
0 2 General Steps in a Chemical Analysis 7
Box 0 1 Constructing a Representative Sample 7
1 Measurements 9
Ultrasensitive Measurement of Atoms
in a Vapor
1 1 SlUnits 9
1 2 Chemical Concentrations 12
1 3 Preparing Solutions 14
1 4 Stoichiometry Calculations 16
2 Tools of the Trade 20
The Smallest Balances
2 1 Safe, Ethical Handling of Chemicals and Waste 20
Box 2 1 Disposal of Chemical Waste 21
2 2 The Lab Notebook 22
2 3 Analytical Balance 22
2 4 Burets 25
2 5 Volumetrie Flasks 26
2 6 Pipets and Syringes 27
2 7 Filtration 29
2 8 Drying 30
2 9 Calibration of Volumetrie Glassware 31
2 10 Introduction to Microsoft Excel 33
2 11 Graphing with Microsoft Excel 35
3 Experimentell Error 39
Experimental Error
3 1 Significant Figures 39
3 2 Significant Figures in Arithmetic 40
3 3 Types of Error 42
Box 3 1 Standard Reference Materials 43
3 4 Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error 44
Box 3 2 Propagation of Uncertainty
in the Product x ¦ x 48
3 5 Propagation of Uncertainty: Systematic Error 49
4 Statistics 53
Is My Red Blood Cell Count High Today?
4 1 Gaussian Distribution 53
4 2 Confidence Intervals 57
4 3 Comparison of Means with Student's / 59
Box 4 1 Analytical Chemistry and the Law 63
4 4 Comparison of Standard Deviations
with the F Test 63
4 5 / Tests with a Spreadsheet 64
4 6 Q Test for Bad Data 65
4 7 The Method of Least Squares 65
4 8 Calibration Curves 69
Box 4 2 Using a Nonlinear Calibration Curve 71
4 9 A Spreadsheet for Least Squares 71
5 Quality Assurance and
Calibration Methods 78
The Need for Quality Assurance
5 1 Basics of Quality Assurance 79
Box 5 1 Control Charts 81
5 2 Method Validation 82
Box 5 2 The Horwitz Trumpet: Variation
in Interlaboratory Precision 85
5 3 Standard Addition 87
5 4 Internal Standards 90
6 Chemical Equilibrium 96
Chemical Equilibrium in the Environment
6 1 The Equilibrium Constant 97
6 2 Equilibrium and Thermodynamics 98
6 3 Solubility Product 100
Box 6 1 Solubility Is Governed by More
Than the Solubility Product 101
Demonstration 6 1 Common Ion Effect 102
6 4 Complex Formation 102
Box 6 2 Notation for Formation Constants 104
6 5 Protic Acids and Bases 105
6 6 pH 107
6 7 Strengths of Acids and Bases 108
Demonstration 6 2 The HC1 Fountain 109
Box 6 3 The Strange Behavior
of Hydrofluoric Acid 110
Box 6 4 Carbonic Acid 113
6 8 Solving Equilibrium Problems with a
Concentration Table and a Spreadsheet 114
7 Let the Titrations Begin }2±
Evolution of the Buret
7 1 Titrations 121
Box 7 1 Reagent Chemicals and
Primary Standards 123
7 2 Titration Calculations 123
7 3 Spectrophotometric Titrations 126
7 4 The Precipitation Titration Curve 127
7 5 Titration of a Mixture 131
7 6 Calculating Titration Curves with
a Spreadsheet 132
7 7 End Point Detection 133
Demonstration 7 1 Fajans Titration 134
7 8 Efficiency in Experimental Design 134
8 Activity and the Systematic
Treatment of Equilibrium 140
Hydrated Ions
8 1 The Effect of Ionic Strength on
Solubility of Salts 141
Demonstration 8 1 Effect of Ionic
Strength on Ion Dissociation 141
Box 8 1 Salts with Ions of Charge |2|
Do Not Fully Dissociate 143
8 2 Activity Coefficients 143
8 3 pH Revisited 147
8 4 Systematic Treatment of Equilibrium 147
Box 8 2 Calcium Carbonate Mass
Balance in Rivers 150
8 5 Applying the Systematic Treatment
of Equilibrium 150
9 Monoprotic Acid Base Equilibria 158
Measuring pH Inside Cellular
Compartments
9 1 Streng Acids and Bases 159
Box 9 1 Concentrated HNO3 Is Only
Slightly Dissociated 159
9 2 Weak Acids and Bases 161
9 3 Weak Acid Equilibria 162
Box 9 2 Dyeing Fabrics and the Fraction
of Dissociation 164
Demonstration 9 1 Conductivity
of Weak Electrolytes 165
9 4 Weak Base Equilibria 166
9 5 Buffers 167
Box 9 3 Strong Plus Weak Reacts Completely 170
Demonstration 9 2 How Buffers Work 171
10 Polyprotic Acid Base Equilibria 180
Proteins Are Polyprotic Acids and Bases
10 1 Diprotic Acids and Bases 181
Box 10 1 Successive Approximations 186
10 2 Diprotic Buffers 187
10 3 Polyprotic Acids and Bases 188
10 4 Which Is the Principal Species? 190
10 5 Fractional Composition Equations 191
10 6 Isoelectric and Isoionic pH 193
Box 10 2 Isoelectric Focusing 194
11 Acid Base Titrations 199
Acid Base Titration of a Protein
11 1 Titration of Strong Base with Strang Acid 200
11 2 Titration of Weak Acid with Strong Base 202
11 3 Titration of Weak Base with Strong Acid 205
11 4 Titrations in Diprotic Systems 206
11 5 Finding the End Point with a pH Electrode 208
Box 11 1 Alkalinity andAcidity 209
11 6 Finding the End Point with Indicators 212
Demonstration 11 1 Indicators and
the Acidity of CO2 214
Box 11 2 What Does a Negative pH Mean? 2!4
Box 11 3 World Record Small Titration 216
11 7 Practical Notes 216
11 8 The Leveling Effect 216
11 9 Calculating Titration Curves with Spreadsheets 218
12 EDTA Titrations 228
Ion Channels in Cell Membranes
12 1 Metal Chelate Complexes 229
12 2 EDTA 231
Box 12 1 Chelation Therapy and Thalassemia 232
12 3 EDTA Titration Curves 235
12 4 Do It with a Spreadsheet 237
12 5 Auxiliary Complexing Agents 238
Box 12 2 Metal Ion Hydrolysis Decreases
the Effective Formation Constant
for EDTA Complexes 240
12 6 Metal Ion Indicators 241
Demonstration 12 1 Metal Ion Indicator
Color Changes 241
12 7 EDTA Titration Techniques 244
Box 12 3 Water Hardness 245
13 Advanced Topics in Equilibrium 250
Acid Rain
13 1 General Approach to Acid Base Systems 251
13 2 Activity Coefficients 254
13 3 Dependence of Solubility on pH 257
13 4 Analyzing Acid Base Titrations with
Difference Plots 263
14 Fundamentals
of Electrochemistry 270
Electricity from the Ocean Floor
14 1 Basic Concepts 270
Box 14 1 Moleciilar Wirc 273
14 2 Galvanic Cells 274
Demonstration 14 1 The Human Salt Bridge 277
14 3 Standard Potentials 277
14 4 Nernst Equation 279
Box 14 2 E" and the Cell Voltage Do Not
Depend on How You Write the Cell Reaetion 280
Box 14 3 Latimer Diagrams: How to
Find £° for a New Half Reaction 2S2
14 5 E° and the Equilibrium Constant 283
Box 14 4 Concentrations in the
Operating Cell 284
14 6 Cells as Chemical Probes 285
14 7 Biochemists Use E°' 288
15 Electrodes and Potentiometry 298
A Heparin Sensor
15 1 Reference Electrodes 299
15 2 Indicator Electrodes 301
Demonstration 15 1 Potentiometry
with an Oscillating Reaetion 302
15 3 What Is a Junction Potential? 303
15 4 How Ion Selective Electrodes Work 303
15 5 pH Measurement with a Glass Electrode 306
Box 15 1 Systematic Error in Rainwater
pH Measurement: The Effect of
Junction Potential 310
15 6 Ion Selective Electrodes 311
15 7 Using Ion Selective Electrodes 317
15 8 Solid State Chemical Sensors 318
16 Redox Titrations 327
Chemical Analysis of High Temperature
Superconductors
16 1 The Shape of a Redox Titration Curve 328
Demonstration 16 1 Potentiometric
Titration of Fe H with MnO4~ 332
16 2 Finding the End Point 332
16 3 Adjustment of Analyte Oxidati on State 335
16 4 Oxidation with Potassium Permanganate 336
16 5 Oxidation with Ce4+ 337
Box 16 1 Environmental Carbon
Analysis and Oxygen Demand 338
16 6 Oxidation with Potassium Dichromate 339
16 7 Methods Involving Iodine 340
Box 16 2 Iodometric Analysis of High
Temperature Superconductors 342
17 Electroanalytical Techniques 348
How Sweet It Is!
17 1 Fundamentals of Electrolysis 349
Demonstration 17 1 Electrochemical
Writing 350
Contents
17 2 Electrogravimetric Analysis 353
17 3 Coulometry 355
17 4 Amperometry 357
Box 17 1 Oxygen Sensors 358
Box 17 2 What 1s an "Electronic Nose"? 360
17 5 Voltammetry 362
Box 17 3 The Electric Double Layer 365
17 6 Karl Fischer Titration of H2O 370
Demonstration 17 2 The Karl Fischer
Jacks of a pH Meter 371
18 Fundamentals of
Spectrophotometry 378
The Ozone Hole
18 1 Properties of Light 379
18 2 Absorption of Light 380
Box 18 1 Why Is There a Logarithmic
Relation Between Transmittance and
Concentration? 382
18 3 Measuring Absorbance 383
Demonstration 18 1 Absorption Spectra 383
18 4 Beer's Law in Chemical Analysis 385
18 5 What Happens When a Molecule
Absorbs Light? 387
Box 18 2 Fluorescence All Around Us 391
18 6 Luminescence 392
Box 18 3 Instability of the Earth's Climate 395
19 Applications
of Spectrophotometry 402
Fluorescence Resonance Energy
Transfer Biosensor
19 1 Analysis of a Mixture 402
19 2 Measuring an Equilibrium Constant:
The Scatchard Plot 407
19 3 The Method of Continuous Variation 408
19 4 Flow Injection Analysis 410
19 5 Immunoassays and Aptamers 411
19 6 Sensors Based on Luminescence Quenching 414
Box 19 1 Converting Light into Electricity 414
20 Spectrophotometers 424
Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy:
Do You Have an Ulcer?
20 1 Lamps and Lasers: Sources of Light 426
Box 20 1 Blackbody Radiation and the
Greenhouse Effect 426
20 2 Monochromators 429
20 3 Detectors 433
Box 20 2 The Most Important Photoreceptor 435
20 4 Optical Sensors 437
20 5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 442
20 6 Dealing with Noise 448
ix
21 Atomic Spectroscopy 453
An Anthropology Puzzle
21 1 An Overview 454
Box 21 1 Mercury Analysis by Cold Vapor
Atomic Fluorescence 456
21 2 Atomization: Flames, Furnaces, and Plasmas 456
21 3 How Temperature Affects Atomic
Spectroscopy 461
21 4 Instrumentation 462
21 5 Interference 466
21 6 Inductively Coupled Plasma
Mass Spectrometry 468
22 Mass Spectrometry 474
Droplet Electrospray
22 1 What Is Mass Spectrometry? 474
Box 22 1 Molecular Mass and Nominal Mass 476
Box 22 2 How Ions of Different Masses
Are Separated by a Magnetic Field 476
22 2 Oh, Mass Spectrum, Speak to Me! 478
Box 22 3 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry 482
22 3 Types of Mass Spectrometers 484
22 4 Chromatography Mass Spectrometry 488
Box 22 4 Matrix Assisted Laser
Desorption/Ionization 494
23 Introduction to Analytical
Separations 501
Measuring Silicones Leaking from
Breast Implants
23 1 Solvent Extraction 502
Demonstration 23 1 Extraction with
Dithizone 504
Box 23 1 Crown Ethers 506
23 2 What Is Chromatography? 506
23 3 A Plumber's View of Chromatography 508
23 4 Efficiency of Separation 511
23 5 Why Bands Spread 516
Box 23 2 Microscopic Description
of Chromatography 522
24 Gas Chromatography 528
What Did They Eat in the Year 1000?
24 1 The Separation Process in Gas
Chromatography 528
Box 24 1 Chiral Phases for Separating
Optical Isomers 533
24 2 Sample Injection 538
24 3 Detectors 541
24 4 Sample Preparation 547
24 5 Method Development in Gas Chromatography 549
x
25 High Performance Liquid
Chromatography 556
In Vivo Microdialysis for Measuring
Drug Metabolism
25 1 The Chromatographie Process 557
Box 25 1 Monolithic Silica Columns 562
Box 25 2 "Green" Technology:
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 568
25 2 Injection and Detection in HPLC 570
25 3 Method Development for Reversed Phase
Separations 575
25 4 Gradient Separations 580
Box 25 3 Choosing Gradient Conditions
and Scaling Gradients 582
26 Chromatographie Methods and
Capillary Electrophoresis 588
Capillary Electrochromatography
26 1 Ion Exchange Chromatography 589
26 2 Ion Chromatography 594
Box 26 1 Surfactants and Micelles 598
26 3 Molecular Exclusion Chromatography 599
26 4 Affinity Chromatography 602
Box 26 2 Molecular Imprinting 603
26 5 Principles of Capillary Electrophoresis 603
26 6 Conducting Capillary Electrophoresis 610
26 7 Lab on a Chip 620
27 Gravimetric and Combustion
Analysis 628
The Geologie Time Scale and
Gravimetric Analysis
27 1 An Example of Gravimetric Analysis 629
27 2 Precipitation 630
Demonstration 27 1 Colloids and Dialysis 632
27 3 Examples of Gravimetric Calculations 634
27 4 Combustion Analysis 637
28 Sample Preparation 644
Extraction Membranes
28 1 Statistics of Sampling 646
28 2 Dissolving Samples for Analysis 650
28 3 Sample Preparation Techniques 655
Experiments
Experiments are found at the Web site
www.whfreeman.com/qca7e
1. Calibration of Volumetrie Glassware
2. Gravimetric Determination of Calcium as
CaC2O4 • H2O
Contents
3. Gravimetric Determination of Iron as FeoO^
4. Penny Statistics
5. Statistical Evaluation of Acid Base Indicators
6. Preparing Standard Acid and Base
7. Using a pH Electrode for an Acid Base Titration
8. Analysis of a Mixture of Carbonate and Bicarbonate
9. Analysis of an Acid Base Titration Curve:
The Gran Plot
10. Kjeldahl Nitrogen Analysis
11. EDTA Titration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in Natural Waters
12. Synthesis and Analysis of Ammonium Decavanadate
13. Iodimetric Titration of Vitamin C
14. Preparation and Iodometric Analysis
of High Temperature Superconductor
15. Potentiometric Halide Titration with Ag+
16. Electrogravimetric Analysis of Copper
17. Polarographic Measurement of an Equilibrium
Constant
18. Coulometric Titration of Cyclohexene with Bromine
19. Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron in
Vitamin Tablets
20. Microscale Spectrophotometric Measurement of Iron
in Foods by Standard Addition
21. Spectrophotometric Measurement of an Equilibrium
Constant
22. Spectrophotometric Analysis of a Mixture: Caffeine
and Benzoic Acid in a Soft Drink
23. Mn2+ Standardization by EDTA Titration
24. Measuring Manganese in Steel by Spectrophotometry
with Standard Addition
25. Measuring Manganese in Steel by Atomic Absorption
Using a Calibration Curve
26. Properties of an Ion Exchange Resin
27. Analysis of Sulfur in Coal by Ion Chromatography
28. Measuring Carbon Monoxide in Automobile Exhaust
by Gas Chromatography
29. Amino Acid Analysis by Capillary Electrophoresis
30. DNA Composition by High Performance Liquid
Chromatography
31. Analysis of Analgesic Tablets by High Performance
Liquid Chromatography
32. Anion Content of Drinking Water by Capillary
Electrophoresis
Spreadsheet Topics
2 10 Introduction to Microsoft Excel 33
2 11 Graphing with Microsoft Excel 35
Problem 3 8 Controlling the appearance of a graph 51
4 1 Average, Standard deviation, normal distribution 55
4 5 f Test 64
Contents
4 7 Equation of a straight line 67
4 9 Spreadsheet for least Squares 71
Problem 4 25 Adding error bars to a graph 76
5 2 Square of the correlation coefficient (R2) 83
Problem 5 14 Using trendline 93
6 8 Solving equations with Excel GOAL seek 115
7 6 Precipitation titration curves 132
7 8 Multiple linear regression and
experimental design 134
8 5 Using goal seek in equilibrium problems 153
Problem 8 27 Circular reference 156
9 5 Excel GOAL seek and naming cells 176
11 9 Acid base titration curves 218
12 4 EDTA titrations 237
Problem 12 18 Auxiliary complexing agents in
EDTA titrations 247
Problem 12 20 Complex formation 248
13 1 Using Excel solver 253
13 2 Activity coefficients with the Davies equation 256
13 4 Fitting nonlinear curves by least Squares 264
13 4 Using Excel solver for more than one unknown 265
19 1 Solving simultaneous equations with
Excel solver 405
19 1 Solving simultaneous equations by matrix
inversion 406
Problem 24 29 Binomial distribution function
for isotope patterns 555
Notes and References NR1
Glossary GL1
Appendixes API
A. Logarithms and Exponents API
B. Graphs of Straight Lines AP2
C. Propagation of Uncertainty AP3
D. Oxidation Numbers and Balancing Redox
Equations AP5
E. Normality AP8
F. Solubility Products AP9
G. Acid Dissociation Constants API 1
H. Standard Reduction Potentials AP20
I. Formation Constants AP28
J. Logarithm of the Formation Constant
for the Reaction M(aq) + L(aq) ^ ML(ö^) AP 31
K. Analytical Standards AP 32
Solutions to Exercises Sl
Answers to Problems AN1
Index II
xi |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Harris, Daniel C. 1948- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)172126363 |
| author_facet | Harris, Daniel C. 1948- |
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| author_sort | Harris, Daniel C. 1948- |
| author_variant | d c h dc dch |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021805339 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QD101 |
| callnumber-raw | QD101.2 |
| callnumber-search | QD101.2 |
| callnumber-sort | QD 3101.2 |
| callnumber-subject | QD - Chemistry |
| classification_rvk | VG 6100 VG 6101 |
| classification_tum | CHE 200f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)76902946 (DE-599)BVBBV021805339 |
| dewey-full | 543 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 543 - Analytical chemistry |
| dewey-raw | 543 |
| dewey-search | 543 |
| dewey-sort | 3543 |
| dewey-tens | 540 - Chemistry and allied sciences |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Chemie |
| discipline_str_mv | Chemie / Pharmazie Chemie |
| edition | 7. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:49:09Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:45:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780716770411 0716776944 0716770415 |
| language | English |
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| physical | Getr. Zhlg. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
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| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Freeman |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Harris, Daniel C. 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)172126363 aut Quantitative chemical analysis Daniel C. Harris 7. ed. New York Freeman 2007 Getr. Zhlg. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Chemische analyses gtt Chemistry, Analytic Quantitative Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 gnd rswk-swf Chemie (DE-588)4009816-3 gnd rswk-swf Quantitative Analyse (DE-588)4125311-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Quantitative Analyse (DE-588)4125311-5 s Chemie (DE-588)4009816-3 s DE-604 Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015017710&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Harris, Daniel C. 1948- Quantitative chemical analysis Chemische analyses gtt Chemistry, Analytic Quantitative Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 gnd Chemie (DE-588)4009816-3 gnd Quantitative Analyse (DE-588)4125311-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129906-1 (DE-588)4009816-3 (DE-588)4125311-5 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Quantitative chemical analysis |
| title_auth | Quantitative chemical analysis |
| title_exact_search | Quantitative chemical analysis |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Quantitative chemical analysis |
| title_full | Quantitative chemical analysis Daniel C. Harris |
| title_fullStr | Quantitative chemical analysis Daniel C. Harris |
| title_full_unstemmed | Quantitative chemical analysis Daniel C. Harris |
| title_short | Quantitative chemical analysis |
| title_sort | quantitative chemical analysis |
| topic | Chemische analyses gtt Chemistry, Analytic Quantitative Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 gnd Chemie (DE-588)4009816-3 gnd Quantitative Analyse (DE-588)4125311-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Chemische analyses Chemistry, Analytic Quantitative Analytische Chemie Chemie Quantitative Analyse Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015017710&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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