Ecology of harmful algae: with 15 tables
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2006
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| Schriftenreihe: | Ecological studies
189 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XXVI, 413 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9783540322092 3540322094 9783540740094 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
Part A Harmful Algae and Their Global Distribution
1 An Introduction to Harmful Algae ....................... 3
E. Graneli and J.T. Turner
References ............................................ 7
2 Molecular Taxonomy of Harmful Algae........................ 9
S. Janson and P.K. Hayes
2.1 Introduction............................................... 9
2.2 Dinophyta (Dinoflagellates) .............................. 10
2.2.1 General Morphology ....................................... 10
2.2.2 Dinophysis................................................ 11
2.2.3 Alexandrium............................................... 11
2.2.4 Protoperidinium,Prorocentrum ............................. 12
2.2.5 Karenia, Karlodinium, Takayama ........................... 13
2.2.6 Amphidinium, Cochlodinium, Gyrodinium .................... 14
2.3 Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae).......................... 14
2.3.1 Anabaena,Aphanizomenon,Nodularia.......................... 14
2.3.2 Microcystis............................................... 15
2.3.3 Trichodesmium ............................................ 16
2.4 Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) ................................ 17
2.4.1 Amphora, Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia...................... 17
2.5 Concluding Remarks ....................................... 17
References..................................................... 18
X Contents
3 The Biogeography of Harmful Algae ....................... 23
N. Lundholm and 0. Moestrup
3.1 Biogeography and Species Concepts........................ 23
3.1.1 Genetic Variation ....................................... 24
3.2 Biogeographical Distribution ............................ 25
3.3 Distribution of Harmful Species.......................... 26
3.3.1 Dinoflagellates.......................................... 26
3.3.2 Diatoms ................................................. 27
3.3.3 Haptophytes.............................................. 29
3.3.4 Raphidophyceans ......................................... 29
3.3.5 Cyanobacteria............................................ 31
References..................................................... 32
4 Importance of Life Cycles in the Ecology
of Harmful Microalgae.................................... 37
K.A. Steidinger and E. Garces
4.1 Introduction.............................................. 37
4.2 Phases of Phytoplankton Bloom Development
and Life Cycles.......................................... 39
4.2.1 Initiation................................................ 39
4.2.2 Growth and Maintenance.................................... 41
4.2.3 Dispersal/Dissipation/Termination ........................ 44
4.3 Environmental Factors versus Biological Factors
Affecting Transition..................................... 44
4.4 Status of Knowledge and Direction Needed ................. 45
References..................................................... 47
Part B The Ecology of Major Harmful Algae Groups
5 The Ecology of Harmful Dinoflagellates .................... 53
J.M. Burkholder, R.V. Azanza, and Y. Sako
5.1 Introduction............................................... 53
5.2 General Ecology............................................ 54
5.2.1 Motility................................................... 54
5.2.2 Temperature, Light, Salinity and Turbulence ............... 55
5.2.3 Nutrition: the Continuum from Auxotrophy to Parasitism . 56
Contents
XI
5.3 Blooms, Including Toxic Outbreaks ........................ 59
5.4 Human Influences.......................................... 60
5.5 Conceptual Frameworks to Advance Understanding............ 61
References......................................................... 64
6 The Ecology of Harmful Flagellates
Within Prymnesiophyceae and Raphidophyceae ............... 67
B. Edvardsen and I. Imai
6.1 Introduction.............................................. 67
6.2 Class Prymnesiophyceae (Division Haptophyta).............. 67
6.2.1 Taxonomy, Morphology and Life History..................... 67
6.2.2 Distribution and Abundance................................ 68
6.2.3 Autecology and Ecophysiology.............................. 69
6.2.4 Toxicity and Toxins ...................................... 70
6.2.5 Ecological Strategies .................................... 71
6.3 Class Raphidophyceae (Division Heterokontophyta) .... 72
6.3.1 Taxonomy, Morphology and Life History..................... 72
6.3.2 Distribution and Abundance................................ 73
6.3.3 Autecology and Ecophysiology.............................. 74
6.3.4 Toxicity.................................................. 75
6.3.5 Ecological Strategies .................................... 75
References......................................................... 77
7 The Ecology of Harmful Diatoms............................ 81
S.S. Bates and V.L. Trainer
7.1 Introduction.............................................. 81
7.2 Toxin-Producing Diatoms, Genus Pseudo-nitzschia .......... 82
7.3 Domoic Acid in the Marine Food Web........................ 83
7.4 Physiological Ecology of Pseudo-nitzschia spp............. 84
7.5 Molecular Tools for Studying Pseudo-nitzschia............. 86
7.6 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research............ 87
References......................................................... 88
8 Ecology of Harmful Cyanobacteria.......................... 95
H.W. Paerl and R.S. Fulton hi
8.1 Introduction.............................................. 95
8.2 Environmental Factors Controlling CyanoHABs............... 97
XII
Contents
8.2.1 Nutrients............................................... 97
8.2.2 Physical-Chemical Factors: Salinity and Turbulence.... 102
8.2.3 Salinity and Turbulence ............................... 102
8.3 CyanoHAB Interactions with Micro/Macroorganisms .... 104
8.4 CyanoHAB Management.................................... 106
References...................................................... 107
9 Brown Tides............................................ Ill
C. J. Gobler and W. G. Sunda
9.1 Background ............................................ Ill
9.2 Nutrients and Physical Factors......................... 113
9.3 Sources of Cell Mortality.............................. 117
References...................................................... 120
Part C The Ecology and Physiology of Harmful Algae
10 Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics in Relation
to Physical Processes.................................. 127
F.G. Figueiras, G.C. Pitcher, and M. Estrada
10.1 Introduction........................................... 127
10.2 Physical Constraints: From Diffusion to Advection ..... 128
10.3 Life-Forms............................................. 129
10.4 Algal Communities ..................................... 130
10.5 Retention and Transport ............................... 131
10.5.1 Retention-Reduced Exchange ............................ 131
10.5.2 Transport ............................................. 133
References...................................................... 136
11 Ecological Aspects of Harmful Algal In Situ Population
Growth Rates .......................................... 139
W. Stolte and E. Garces
11.1 Introduction........................................... 139
11.2 Ecological Interpretation of In Situ Growth Rate
Measurements........................................... 140
Contents
XIII
11.3 In Situ Growth Rates; Variation Among Taxonomic Groups . 143
11.4 Are Harmful Algal Species r-or ^-Strategists?.............. 147
11.5 Conclusions ............................................... 149
References.......................................................... 149
12 Harmful Algae and Cell Death............................. 153
M.J.W. Veldhuis and C.P.D. Brussaard
12.1 Introduction............................................. 153
12.2 Mortality of HABs........................................ 156
12.3 Death Due to HABs........................................ 157
12.4 Mechanisms to Avoid Cell Mortality....................... 158
12.5 Ecological Implications.................................. 159
References...................................................... 160
13 The Diverse Nutrient Strategies of Harmful Algae:
Focus on Osmotrophy .................................. 163
R M. Glibert and C. Legrand
13.1 Introduction and Terminology............................ 163
13.2 Osmotrophy Pathways and Methods to Explore Them .... 164
13.3 Cellular Costs and Benefits of Osmotrophy............... 167
13.4 Ecological Significance of Osmotrophy................... 168
13.5 A Comment on Evolutionary Aspects of Osmotrophy .... 170
13.6 Conclusions ............................................ 171
References..................................................... 171
14 Phagotrophy in Harmful Algae ............................. 177
D. Stoecker, U. Tillmann, and E. Graneli
14.1 Introduction.............................................. 177
14.2 Phagotrophy and its Advantages............................ 180
14.3 Relationship of Phagotrophy to Toxicity .................. 182
14.4 Significance of Phagotrophy............................... 184
References....................................................... 185
Contents
XIII
11.3 In Situ Growth Rates; Variation Among Taxonomic Groups . 143
11.4 Are Harmful Algal Species r- or JC-Strategists?.............. 147
11.5 Conclusions ................................................. 149
References............................................................ 149
12 Harmful Algae and Cell Death............................ 153
M.J.W. Veldhuis and C.P.D. Brussaard
12.1 Introduction............................................ 153
12.2 Mortality of HABs....................................... 156
12.3 Death Due to HABs....................................... 157
12.4 Mechanisms to Avoid Cell Mortality...................... 158
12.5 Ecological Implications................................. 159
References..................................................... 160
13 The Diverse Nutrient Strategies of Harmful Algae:
Focus on Osmotrophy .................................... 163
P. M. Glibert and C. Legrand
13.1 Introduction and Terminology............................ 163
13.2 Osmotrophy Pathways and Methods to Explore Them .... 164
13.3 Cellular Costs and Benefits of Osmotrophy............... 167
13.4 Ecological Significance of Osmotrophy................... 168
13.5 A Comment on Evolutionary Aspects of Osmotrophy .... 170
13.6 Conclusions ............................................ 171
References....................................................... 171
14 Phagotrophy in Harmful Algae ........................... 177
D. Stoecker, U. Tillmann, and E. Granéli
14.1 Introduction............................................ 177
14.2 Phagotrophy and its Advantages.......................... 180
14.3 Relationship of Phagotrophy to Toxicity ................ 182
14.4 Significance of Phagotrophy............................. 184
References....................................................... 185
XIV Contents
15 Allelopathy in Harmful Algae:
A Mechanism to Compete for Resources?...................... 189
E. Graneli and P.J. Hansen
15.1 Harmful Algal Species Known of Allelopathy.............. 189
15.2 Approaches to Demonstrate/Study Allelopathy -
Pitfalls and Strength/Weaknesses
of Experimental Approaches................................. 189
15.3 Which Toxins are Involved in the Allelopathic Effects? . . . 192
15.4 Influence of Abiotic and Biotic Factors on Allelopathy . . . 194
15.4.1 Abiotic Factors ............................................ 194
15.4.2 Biotic Factors ............................................. 196
15.5 Ecological Significance of Allelopathy in Marine Ecosystems 198
References........................................................... 199
16 Trace Metals and Harmful Algal Blooms ..................... 203
W.G. SUNDA
16.1 Introduction............................................... 203
16.2 Chemistry and Availability of Metals ...................... 204
16.3 Trace Metals as Limiting Nutrients ........................ 205
16.4 Trace Metal Toxicity....................................... 207
16.5 Trace Metal Effects on HABs: Domoic Acid Production
in Pseudo-nitzschia ..................................... 208
16.6 Trace Metal Effects on Other HAB Species .................. 210
References......................................................... 211
17 Molecular Physiology of Toxin Production
and Growth Regulation in Harmful Algae ................ 215
A. Cembella and U. John
17.1 Introduction............................................ 215
17.2 Phycotoxin Biosynthesis ................................ 216
17.3 Growth and Regulation of Toxin Production............... 217
17.4 Toxin Production Through the Cell Cycle................. 219
17.5 Molecular Approaches to Growth and Toxin Expression . . 220
17.6 Current and Future Perspectives......................... 223
References...................................................... 226
Contents XV
18 Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing Toxin Content 229
E. Granéli and K. Flynn
18.1 Introduction................................................ 229
18.2 Growth Stage and Toxin Production........................... 229
18.3 Physical Factors Influencing Toxin Content.................. 230
18.4 Inorganic Nutrients and Toxin Content....................... 231
18.5 Organic Matter and Toxin Content ........................... 237
18.6 Conclusions ................................................ 238
References......................................................... 239
19 Relationships Between Bacteria and Harmful Algae .... 243
M. Kodama, G.J. Doucette, and D.H. Green
19.1 Introduction........................................... 243
19.2 Diversity of Algal-Associated Bacteria .................... 244
19.2.1 Bacteria Associated with Harmful Algal Species......... 244
19.2.2 Spatio-Temporal Relationships Between Bacteria and Algae 246
19.3 Bacterial Influences on Algal Growth, Metabolism,
and Toxins................................................ 247
19.3.1 Bacterial Effects on Algal Growth ......................... 247
19.3.2 The Role of Bacteria in Toxin Production............... 248
19.3.3 Bacterially-Mediated Release and Metabolism
of Algal Toxins........................................... 249
19.4 Potential Implications of Interactions Among Bacteria . . . 250
19.5 Future Directions/Research Needs/Critical Questions .... 251
References.......................................................... 252
Part D Harmful Algae and the Food Web
20 Harmful Algae Interactions with Marine
Planktonic Grazers ....................................... 259
J.T. Turner
20.1 Introduction............................................... 259
20.2 Planktonic Grazers ........................................ 260
20.2.1 Heterotrophic Dinoflagellates and other Flagellates...... 260
20.2.2 Tintinnids and Aloricate Ciliates.......................... 261
20.2.3 Rotifers................................................... 261
XVI Contents
20.2.4 Copepods and other Mesozooplankton...................... 262
20.3 HAB Toxin Accumulation in Zooplankton .................. 263
20.4 Selective Grazing and Feeding Deterrence by Harmful Algae 263
20.5 Impact of Zooplankton Grazing on Formation
and Termination of HA Blooms ............................ 264
20.6 Conclusions .............................................. 265
References......................................................... 266
21 Pathogens of Harmful Microalgae........................... 271
P.S. Salomon and I. Imai
21.1 Introduction.............................................. 271
21.2 Viruses................................................... 271
21.2.1 Host Specificity ......................................... 273
21.3 Algicidal Bacteria........................................ 273
21.3.1 Modes of Algicidal Activity and Specificity............... 273
21.3.2 Ecology of Algicidal Bacteria and Harmful Microalgae . . . 274
21.3.3 Seaweed Beds as Prevention of HABs........................ 275
21.4 Parasitic Fungi........................................... 275
21.4.1 Host Specificity ......................................... 276
21.5 Parasitic Protists ....................................... 276
21.5.1 Host Specificity ......................................... 278
21.5.2 Host Avoidance of Parasitic Infection..................... 278
21.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives ...................... 279
References....................................................... 280
22 Phycotoxin Pathways in Aquatic Food Webs:
Transfer, Accumulation, and Degradation ................. 283
G. J. Doucette, I. Maneiro, I. Riveiro, and C. Svensen
22.1 Introduction.............................................. 283
22.2 Bacteria ................................................. 283
22.3 Zooplankton............................................... 285
22.4 Bivalves.................................................. 286
22.5 Benthic Invertebrates (Non-Bivalves) ..................... 287
22.6 Fishes.................................................... 288
22.7 Seabirds and Marine Mammals .............................. 289
22.8 Summary and Conclusions................................... 290
References......................................................... 293
Contents
XVII
Part E Studying and Mitigating Harmful Algae: New Approaches
23 Molecular Approaches to the Study of Phytoplankton
Life Cycles: Implications for Harmful Algal Bloom Ecology 299
R. W. Litaker and P. A. Tester
23.1 Introduction............................................. 299
23.2 Identifying Life Cycle Stages Using Fluorescence In Situ
Hybridization (FISH)..................................... 299
23.3 Nuclear Staining to Determine Ploidy and Growth Rates . . 301
23.4 Genomic Approaches to Identifying Mitotic
and Meiotic Life Cycle Stages............................ 302
23.5 Measuring Genetic Recombination
During Sexual Reproduction............................... 305
23.6 Future Application of Reverse Transcriptase Assays
and DNA Microarrays in Life Cycle Studies................ 305
23.7 Conclusions ............................................. 307
References........................................................ 307
24 Laboratory and Field Applications of Ribosomal RNA Probes
to Aid the Detection and Monitoring of Harmful Algae ... 311
K. Metfies, K. Töbe, C. Scholin, and L.K. Medlin
24.1 Introduction.............................................. 311
24.2 Ribosomal RNA Sequences as Markers
for Phylogenetic Studies and Species Identification ...... 312
24.3 Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH)
for Identifying Intact Cells.............................. 312
24.3.1 TSA-FISH for Flow Cytometry............................... 314
24.3.2 TSA-FISH for Solid Phase Cytometry........................ 315
24.4 Detecting Many Species Simultaneously
Using DNA Probe Arrays.................................... 316
24.4.1 Microarrays on Glass Slides and Fluorescence Detection . . 316
24.4.2 Handheld Array Device That Uses Electro-Chemical
Detection................................................. 318
24.4.3 DNA Probe Arrays for Autonomous Detection
of Species Using the Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) 319
24.5 Conclusions .............................................. 320
References...................................................... 321
XVIII Contents
25 Mitigation and Controls of HABs............................ 327
H.G. Kim
25.1 Introduction............................................... 327
25.2 Mitigation Strategies and Control of HABs.................. 328
25.2.1 Precautionary Impact Preventions........................... 328
25.2.2 Direct and Indirect Bloom Controls......................... 329
25.2.3 Contingency Plans for Fish Culture ........................ 334
25.3 Conclusions ............................................... 335
References........................................................ 335
Part F Human Impact on Harmful Algae
and Harmful Algae Impact on Human Activity
26 The Complex Relationships Between Increases
in Fertilization of the Earth, Coastal Eutrophication
and Proliferation of Harmful Algal Blooms .............. 341
P.M. Gilbert and J.M. Burkholder
26.1 Introduction............................................... 341
26.2 Global Trends in Population, Agricultural Fertilizer
Usage and Implications for Export to Coastal Waters .... 341
26.3 Nutrient Limitation versus Eutrophication:
Basic Conceptual Framework ............................... 343
26.4 Nutrient Loading, Nutrient Composition, and HABs .... 344
26.5 Factors Complicating the Relationship
Between Eutrophication and HABs .......................... 347
26.6 Conclusions ............................................... 350
References........................................................ 351
27 “Top-Down” Predation Control on Marine Harmful Algae . 355
J.T. Turner and E. Granéli
27.1 Introduction............................................ 355
27.2 “Top-down” Predators ................................... 357
27.2.1 Medusae ................................................ 357
27.2.2 Ctenophores............................................. 358
27.2.3 Fishes.................................................. 358
27.3 Case Studies............................................ 359
Contents
XIX
27.3.1 Black Sea............................................... 359
27.3.2 Mesocosm Studies........................................ 360
27.4 Conclusions ............................................ 362
References....................................................... 363
28 Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms................. 367
B. Dale, M. Edwards, and R C. Reid
28.1 Introduction............................................ 367
28.2 Evidence from the Past.................................. 369
28.3 Results from Plankton Records .......................... 370
28.4 Results from the Sedimentary Record of Dinoflagellate Cysts 372
28.5 Conclusions ............................................ 375
References....................................................... 376
29 Anthropogenic Introductions of Microalgae............... 379
G. Hallegraeff and S. Gollasch
29.1 Potential Transport Vectors for Microalgae.............. 379
29.2 Vector Surveys for Microalgae........................... 380
29.3 Evidence for Successful Establishment
of Non-Indigenous Microalgae............................ 381
29.3.1 Absence in Historic Samples............................. 381
29.3.2 Sediment Cyst Cores .................................... 381
29.3.3 Increasing Molecular Evidence .......................... 382
29.4 Management Options to Reduce Risk of Introductions . . . 383
29.4.1 Warning System for HABs in Ballast-Water-Uptake Zones . 383
29.4.2 Ballast Water Exchange Studies on Phytoplankton......... 384
29.4.3 Treatment Options ...................................... 386
29.5 Conclusions ............................................ 388
References....................................................... 388
30 The Economic Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms............ 391
P. Hoagland and S. Scatasta
30.1 Introduction............................................ 391
30.2 Scientific Concerns .................................... 392
30.3 Economic Concerns....................................... 392
30.4 Why Measure Economic Losses?............................ 393
30.5 Economic Losses ........................................ 394
XX
Contents
30.6 Economic Impacts ....................................... 397
30.7 Estimates of National Economic Effects.................. 398
30.8 Conclusions ............................................ 401
References...................................................... 402
Subject Index
403
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Part A Harmful Algae and Their Global Distribution
1 An Introduction to Harmful Algae . 3
E. Graneli and J.T. Turner
References . 7
2 Molecular Taxonomy of Harmful Algae. 9
S. Janson and P.K. Hayes
2.1 Introduction. 9
2.2 Dinophyta (Dinoflagellates) . 10
2.2.1 General Morphology . 10
2.2.2 Dinophysis. 11
2.2.3 Alexandrium. 11
2.2.4 Protoperidinium,Prorocentrum . 12
2.2.5 Karenia, Karlodinium, Takayama . 13
2.2.6 Amphidinium, Cochlodinium, Gyrodinium . 14
2.3 Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae). 14
2.3.1 Anabaena,Aphanizomenon,Nodularia. 14
2.3.2 Microcystis. 15
2.3.3 Trichodesmium . 16
2.4 Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) . 17
2.4.1 Amphora, Pseudo-nitzschia, Nitzschia. 17
2.5 Concluding Remarks . 17
References. 18
X Contents
3 The Biogeography of Harmful Algae . 23
N. Lundholm and 0. Moestrup
3.1 Biogeography and Species Concepts. 23
3.1.1 Genetic Variation . 24
3.2 Biogeographical Distribution . 25
3.3 Distribution of Harmful Species. 26
3.3.1 Dinoflagellates. 26
3.3.2 Diatoms . 27
3.3.3 Haptophytes. 29
3.3.4 Raphidophyceans . 29
3.3.5 Cyanobacteria. 31
References. 32
4 Importance of Life Cycles in the Ecology
of Harmful Microalgae. 37
K.A. Steidinger and E. Garces
4.1 Introduction. 37
4.2 Phases of Phytoplankton Bloom Development
and Life Cycles. 39
4.2.1 Initiation. 39
4.2.2 Growth and Maintenance. 41
4.2.3 Dispersal/Dissipation/Termination . 44
4.3 Environmental Factors versus Biological Factors
Affecting Transition. 44
4.4 Status of Knowledge and Direction Needed . 45
References. 47
Part B The Ecology of Major Harmful Algae Groups
5 The Ecology of Harmful Dinoflagellates . 53
J.M. Burkholder, R.V. Azanza, and Y. Sako
5.1 Introduction. 53
5.2 General Ecology. 54
5.2.1 Motility. 54
5.2.2 Temperature, Light, Salinity and Turbulence . 55
5.2.3 Nutrition: the Continuum from Auxotrophy to Parasitism . 56
Contents
XI
5.3 Blooms, Including Toxic Outbreaks . 59
5.4 Human Influences. 60
5.5 Conceptual Frameworks to Advance Understanding. 61
References. 64
6 The Ecology of Harmful Flagellates
Within Prymnesiophyceae and Raphidophyceae . 67
B. Edvardsen and I. Imai
6.1 Introduction. 67
6.2 Class Prymnesiophyceae (Division Haptophyta). 67
6.2.1 Taxonomy, Morphology and Life History. 67
6.2.2 Distribution and Abundance. 68
6.2.3 Autecology and Ecophysiology. 69
6.2.4 Toxicity and Toxins . 70
6.2.5 Ecological Strategies . 71
6.3 Class Raphidophyceae (Division Heterokontophyta) . 72
6.3.1 Taxonomy, Morphology and Life History. 72
6.3.2 Distribution and Abundance. 73
6.3.3 Autecology and Ecophysiology. 74
6.3.4 Toxicity. 75
6.3.5 Ecological Strategies . 75
References. 77
7 The Ecology of Harmful Diatoms. 81
S.S. Bates and V.L. Trainer
7.1 Introduction. 81
7.2 Toxin-Producing Diatoms, Genus Pseudo-nitzschia . 82
7.3 Domoic Acid in the Marine Food Web. 83
7.4 Physiological Ecology of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. 84
7.5 Molecular Tools for Studying Pseudo-nitzschia. 86
7.6 Conclusions and Directions for Future Research. 87
References. 88
8 Ecology of Harmful Cyanobacteria. 95
H.W. Paerl and R.S. Fulton hi
8.1 Introduction. 95
8.2 Environmental Factors Controlling CyanoHABs. 97
XII
Contents
8.2.1 Nutrients. 97
8.2.2 Physical-Chemical Factors: Salinity and Turbulence. 102
8.2.3 Salinity and Turbulence . 102
8.3 CyanoHAB Interactions with Micro/Macroorganisms . 104
8.4 CyanoHAB Management. 106
References. 107
9 Brown Tides. Ill
C. J. Gobler and W. G. Sunda
9.1 Background . Ill
9.2 Nutrients and Physical Factors. 113
9.3 Sources of Cell Mortality. 117
References. 120
Part C The Ecology and Physiology of Harmful Algae
10 Harmful Algal Bloom Dynamics in Relation
to Physical Processes. 127
F.G. Figueiras, G.C. Pitcher, and M. Estrada
10.1 Introduction. 127
10.2 Physical Constraints: From Diffusion to Advection . 128
10.3 Life-Forms. 129
10.4 Algal Communities . 130
10.5 Retention and Transport . 131
10.5.1 Retention-Reduced Exchange . 131
10.5.2 Transport . 133
References. 136
11 Ecological Aspects of Harmful Algal In Situ Population
Growth Rates . 139
W. Stolte and E. Garces
11.1 Introduction. 139
11.2 Ecological Interpretation of In Situ Growth Rate
Measurements. 140
Contents
XIII
11.3 In Situ Growth Rates; Variation Among Taxonomic Groups . 143
11.4 Are Harmful Algal Species r-or ^-Strategists?. 147
11.5 Conclusions . 149
References. 149
12 Harmful Algae and Cell Death. 153
M.J.W. Veldhuis and C.P.D. Brussaard
12.1 Introduction. 153
12.2 Mortality of HABs. 156
12.3 Death Due to HABs. 157
12.4 Mechanisms to Avoid Cell Mortality. 158
12.5 Ecological Implications. 159
References. 160
13 The Diverse Nutrient Strategies of Harmful Algae:
Focus on Osmotrophy . 163
R M. Glibert and C. Legrand
13.1 Introduction and Terminology. 163
13.2 Osmotrophy Pathways and Methods to Explore Them . 164
13.3 Cellular Costs and Benefits of Osmotrophy. 167
13.4 Ecological Significance of Osmotrophy. 168
13.5 A Comment on Evolutionary Aspects of Osmotrophy . 170
13.6 Conclusions . 171
References. 171
14 Phagotrophy in Harmful Algae . 177
D. Stoecker, U. Tillmann, and E. Graneli
14.1 Introduction. 177
14.2 Phagotrophy and its Advantages. 180
14.3 Relationship of Phagotrophy to Toxicity . 182
14.4 Significance of Phagotrophy. 184
References. 185
Contents
XIII
11.3 In Situ Growth Rates; Variation Among Taxonomic Groups . 143
11.4 Are Harmful Algal Species r- or JC-Strategists?. 147
11.5 Conclusions . 149
References. 149
12 Harmful Algae and Cell Death. 153
M.J.W. Veldhuis and C.P.D. Brussaard
12.1 Introduction. 153
12.2 Mortality of HABs. 156
12.3 Death Due to HABs. 157
12.4 Mechanisms to Avoid Cell Mortality. 158
12.5 Ecological Implications. 159
References. 160
13 The Diverse Nutrient Strategies of Harmful Algae:
Focus on Osmotrophy . 163
P. M. Glibert and C. Legrand
13.1 Introduction and Terminology. 163
13.2 Osmotrophy Pathways and Methods to Explore Them . 164
13.3 Cellular Costs and Benefits of Osmotrophy. 167
13.4 Ecological Significance of Osmotrophy. 168
13.5 A Comment on Evolutionary Aspects of Osmotrophy . 170
13.6 Conclusions . 171
References. 171
14 Phagotrophy in Harmful Algae . 177
D. Stoecker, U. Tillmann, and E. Granéli
14.1 Introduction. 177
14.2 Phagotrophy and its Advantages. 180
14.3 Relationship of Phagotrophy to Toxicity . 182
14.4 Significance of Phagotrophy. 184
References. 185
XIV Contents
15 Allelopathy in Harmful Algae:
A Mechanism to Compete for Resources?. 189
E. Graneli and P.J. Hansen
15.1 Harmful Algal Species Known of Allelopathy. 189
15.2 Approaches to Demonstrate/Study Allelopathy -
Pitfalls and Strength/Weaknesses
of Experimental Approaches. 189
15.3 Which Toxins are Involved in the Allelopathic Effects? . . . 192
15.4 Influence of Abiotic and Biotic Factors on Allelopathy . . . 194
15.4.1 Abiotic Factors . 194
15.4.2 Biotic Factors . 196
15.5 Ecological Significance of Allelopathy in Marine Ecosystems 198
References. 199
16 Trace Metals and Harmful Algal Blooms . 203
W.G. SUNDA
16.1 Introduction. 203
16.2 Chemistry and Availability of Metals . 204
16.3 Trace Metals as Limiting Nutrients . 205
16.4 Trace Metal Toxicity. 207
16.5 Trace Metal Effects on HABs: Domoic Acid Production
in Pseudo-nitzschia . 208
16.6 Trace Metal Effects on Other HAB Species . 210
References. 211
17 Molecular Physiology of Toxin Production
and Growth Regulation in Harmful Algae . 215
A. Cembella and U. John
17.1 Introduction. 215
17.2 Phycotoxin Biosynthesis . 216
17.3 Growth and Regulation of Toxin Production. 217
17.4 Toxin Production Through the Cell Cycle. 219
17.5 Molecular Approaches to Growth and Toxin Expression . . 220
17.6 Current and Future Perspectives. 223
References. 226
Contents XV
18 Chemical and Physical Factors Influencing Toxin Content 229
E. Granéli and K. Flynn
18.1 Introduction. 229
18.2 Growth Stage and Toxin Production. 229
18.3 Physical Factors Influencing Toxin Content. 230
18.4 Inorganic Nutrients and Toxin Content. 231
18.5 Organic Matter and Toxin Content . 237
18.6 Conclusions . 238
References. 239
19 Relationships Between Bacteria and Harmful Algae . 243
M. Kodama, G.J. Doucette, and D.H. Green
19.1 Introduction. 243
19.2 Diversity of Algal-Associated Bacteria . 244
19.2.1 Bacteria Associated with Harmful Algal Species. 244
19.2.2 Spatio-Temporal Relationships Between Bacteria and Algae 246
19.3 Bacterial Influences on Algal Growth, Metabolism,
and Toxins. 247
19.3.1 Bacterial Effects on Algal Growth . 247
19.3.2 The Role of Bacteria in Toxin Production. 248
19.3.3 Bacterially-Mediated Release and Metabolism
of Algal Toxins. 249
19.4 Potential Implications of Interactions Among Bacteria . . . 250
19.5 Future Directions/Research Needs/Critical Questions . 251
References. 252
Part D Harmful Algae and the Food Web
20 Harmful Algae Interactions with Marine
Planktonic Grazers . 259
J.T. Turner
20.1 Introduction. 259
20.2 Planktonic Grazers . 260
20.2.1 Heterotrophic Dinoflagellates and other Flagellates. 260
20.2.2 Tintinnids and Aloricate Ciliates. 261
20.2.3 Rotifers. 261
XVI Contents
20.2.4 Copepods and other Mesozooplankton. 262
20.3 HAB Toxin Accumulation in Zooplankton . 263
20.4 Selective Grazing and Feeding Deterrence by Harmful Algae 263
20.5 Impact of Zooplankton Grazing on Formation
and Termination of HA Blooms . 264
20.6 Conclusions . 265
References. 266
21 Pathogens of Harmful Microalgae. 271
P.S. Salomon and I. Imai
21.1 Introduction. 271
21.2 Viruses. 271
21.2.1 Host Specificity . 273
21.3 Algicidal Bacteria. 273
21.3.1 Modes of Algicidal Activity and Specificity. 273
21.3.2 Ecology of Algicidal Bacteria and Harmful Microalgae . . . 274
21.3.3 Seaweed Beds as Prevention of HABs. 275
21.4 Parasitic Fungi. 275
21.4.1 Host Specificity . 276
21.5 Parasitic Protists . 276
21.5.1 Host Specificity . 278
21.5.2 Host Avoidance of Parasitic Infection. 278
21.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives . 279
References. 280
22 Phycotoxin Pathways in Aquatic Food Webs:
Transfer, Accumulation, and Degradation . 283
G. J. Doucette, I. Maneiro, I. Riveiro, and C. Svensen
22.1 Introduction. 283
22.2 Bacteria . 283
22.3 Zooplankton. 285
22.4 Bivalves. 286
22.5 Benthic Invertebrates (Non-Bivalves) . 287
22.6 Fishes. 288
22.7 Seabirds and Marine Mammals . 289
22.8 Summary and Conclusions. 290
References. 293
Contents
XVII
Part E Studying and Mitigating Harmful Algae: New Approaches
23 Molecular Approaches to the Study of Phytoplankton
Life Cycles: Implications for Harmful Algal Bloom Ecology 299
R. W. Litaker and P. A. Tester
23.1 Introduction. 299
23.2 Identifying Life Cycle Stages Using Fluorescence In Situ
Hybridization (FISH). 299
23.3 Nuclear Staining to Determine Ploidy and Growth Rates . . 301
23.4 Genomic Approaches to Identifying Mitotic
and Meiotic Life Cycle Stages. 302
23.5 Measuring Genetic Recombination
During Sexual Reproduction. 305
23.6 Future Application of Reverse Transcriptase Assays
and DNA Microarrays in Life Cycle Studies. 305
23.7 Conclusions . 307
References. 307
24 Laboratory and Field Applications of Ribosomal RNA Probes
to Aid the Detection and Monitoring of Harmful Algae . 311
K. Metfies, K. Töbe, C. Scholin, and L.K. Medlin
24.1 Introduction. 311
24.2 Ribosomal RNA Sequences as Markers
for Phylogenetic Studies and Species Identification . 312
24.3 Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH)
for Identifying Intact Cells. 312
24.3.1 TSA-FISH for Flow Cytometry. 314
24.3.2 TSA-FISH for Solid Phase Cytometry. 315
24.4 Detecting Many Species Simultaneously
Using DNA Probe Arrays. 316
24.4.1 Microarrays on Glass Slides and Fluorescence Detection . . 316
24.4.2 Handheld Array Device That Uses Electro-Chemical
Detection. 318
24.4.3 DNA Probe Arrays for Autonomous Detection
of Species Using the Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) 319
24.5 Conclusions . 320
References. 321
XVIII Contents
25 Mitigation and Controls of HABs. 327
H.G. Kim
25.1 Introduction. 327
25.2 Mitigation Strategies and Control of HABs. 328
25.2.1 Precautionary Impact Preventions. 328
25.2.2 Direct and Indirect Bloom Controls. 329
25.2.3 Contingency Plans for Fish Culture . 334
25.3 Conclusions . 335
References. 335
Part F Human Impact on Harmful Algae
and Harmful Algae Impact on Human Activity
26 The Complex Relationships Between Increases
in Fertilization of the Earth, Coastal Eutrophication
and Proliferation of Harmful Algal Blooms . 341
P.M. Gilbert and J.M. Burkholder
26.1 Introduction. 341
26.2 Global Trends in Population, Agricultural Fertilizer
Usage and Implications for Export to Coastal Waters . 341
26.3 Nutrient Limitation versus Eutrophication:
Basic Conceptual Framework . 343
26.4 Nutrient Loading, Nutrient Composition, and HABs . 344
26.5 Factors Complicating the Relationship
Between Eutrophication and HABs . 347
26.6 Conclusions . 350
References. 351
27 “Top-Down” Predation Control on Marine Harmful Algae . 355
J.T. Turner and E. Granéli
27.1 Introduction. 355
27.2 “Top-down” Predators . 357
27.2.1 Medusae . 357
27.2.2 Ctenophores. 358
27.2.3 Fishes. 358
27.3 Case Studies. 359
Contents
XIX
27.3.1 Black Sea. 359
27.3.2 Mesocosm Studies. 360
27.4 Conclusions . 362
References. 363
28 Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms. 367
B. Dale, M. Edwards, and R C. Reid
28.1 Introduction. 367
28.2 Evidence from the Past. 369
28.3 Results from Plankton Records . 370
28.4 Results from the Sedimentary Record of Dinoflagellate Cysts 372
28.5 Conclusions . 375
References. 376
29 Anthropogenic Introductions of Microalgae. 379
G. Hallegraeff and S. Gollasch
29.1 Potential Transport Vectors for Microalgae. 379
29.2 Vector Surveys for Microalgae. 380
29.3 Evidence for Successful Establishment
of Non-Indigenous Microalgae. 381
29.3.1 Absence in Historic Samples. 381
29.3.2 Sediment Cyst Cores . 381
29.3.3 Increasing Molecular Evidence . 382
29.4 Management Options to Reduce Risk of Introductions . . . 383
29.4.1 Warning System for HABs in Ballast-Water-Uptake Zones . 383
29.4.2 Ballast Water Exchange Studies on Phytoplankton. 384
29.4.3 Treatment Options . 386
29.5 Conclusions . 388
References. 388
30 The Economic Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms. 391
P. Hoagland and S. Scatasta
30.1 Introduction. 391
30.2 Scientific Concerns . 392
30.3 Economic Concerns. 392
30.4 Why Measure Economic Losses?. 393
30.5 Economic Losses . 394
XX
Contents
30.6 Economic Impacts . 397
30.7 Estimates of National Economic Effects. 398
30.8 Conclusions . 401
References. 402
Subject Index
403 |
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| spelling | Ecology of harmful algae with 15 tables E. Granéli ... (ed.) Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2006 XXVI, 413 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ecological studies 189 Literaturangaben Schadorganismus (DE-588)4179309-2 gnd rswk-swf Aquatisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4293663-9 gnd rswk-swf Algen (DE-588)4001173-2 gnd rswk-swf Meeresalgen (DE-588)4114549-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Aquatisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4293663-9 s Algen (DE-588)4001173-2 s Schadorganismus (DE-588)4179309-2 s DE-604 Meeresalgen (DE-588)4114549-5 s Granéli, Edna edt Ecological studies 189 (DE-604)BV000004586 189 KOBV Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015011296&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Ecology of harmful algae with 15 tables Ecological studies Schadorganismus (DE-588)4179309-2 gnd Aquatisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4293663-9 gnd Algen (DE-588)4001173-2 gnd Meeresalgen (DE-588)4114549-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4179309-2 (DE-588)4293663-9 (DE-588)4001173-2 (DE-588)4114549-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Ecology of harmful algae with 15 tables |
| title_auth | Ecology of harmful algae with 15 tables |
| title_exact_search | Ecology of harmful algae with 15 tables |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Ecology of harmful algae with 15 tables |
| title_full | Ecology of harmful algae with 15 tables E. Granéli ... (ed.) |
| title_fullStr | Ecology of harmful algae with 15 tables E. Granéli ... (ed.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ecology of harmful algae with 15 tables E. Granéli ... (ed.) |
| title_short | Ecology of harmful algae |
| title_sort | ecology of harmful algae with 15 tables |
| title_sub | with 15 tables |
| topic | Schadorganismus (DE-588)4179309-2 gnd Aquatisches Ökosystem (DE-588)4293663-9 gnd Algen (DE-588)4001173-2 gnd Meeresalgen (DE-588)4114549-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Schadorganismus Aquatisches Ökosystem Algen Meeresalgen Aufsatzsammlung |
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