Zespół klasztorny franciszkanów i klarysek w Gnieźnie:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Gniezno
Muzeum Początków Państwa Polskiego
2005
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Monastic complex of Franciscan and Clarist in Gniezno |
| Beschreibung: | 231 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 8392120132 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Zespół klasztorny franciszkanów i klarysek w Gnieźnie |c Stanisław Pasiciel |
| 264 | 1 | |a Gniezno |b Muzeum Początków Państwa Polskiego |c 2005 | |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Monastic complex of Franciscan and Clarist in Gniezno | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Franciscan architecture |z Poland |z Gniezno | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135712918863872 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
I
Π
III Niezrealizowany pierwotny kościół franciszkański
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
w
X
Przebudowa kościoła i oratorium w latach
Przypisy
Bibliografia
Wykaz ilustracji
Indeks osób
Summary
AAonastic complex of Franciscan
and
(
I. Introduction
The architecture of Franciscan Grey Friars and Poor Clare Nuns monastic buildings with
Our Lady s Assumption and St. Anthony s church as well as the adjacent Clarist oratory have
not been monographically described so far. This complex is the only example in Poland of an
architectonic program realized with the consideration of the coexistence in a church and mo¬
nastic building complex of the male and female line of Franciscan monks and nuns order. The
disassembly of Poor Clare cloister in the beginning of the 1870-ies aroused in effect the inter¬
est of architecture researchers in the still existing strongly baroquized monastic elements con¬
nected with the church of Franciscans and the oratory of Poor Clare nuns. The architecture of
these buildings has always been superficially treated and it has been studied only on the mar¬
gin of other more general problems.
II. Settlement of Franciscans in
Franciscan Grey Friars settled in
monastery were built later, in the 12th and 13th centuries, was used as a cemetery around
a church under an unknown invocation. That church most probably was frequented by the orig¬
inal inhabitants of a settlement of craftsmen and tradesmen on the Maiden Hill
Panieńskie),
the population of the foundation centre. Most probably, in that church, in
of
monks was started. Finally, in
this fact has been confirmed by the later foundation of the Franciscan monastery in that place.
Anyway, Franciscan monks must have been the owners
tery because in the same year, during the chapter of the province in
vent was officially included into the monastic structure of the Czech-Polish province.
Ш.
The construction of the original Franciscan church was started about the middle of the
ies. Duke Boleslaus the Pious, the initiator of church construction, most probably had a major
influence on its complex form which was to include a two-nave, asymmetric church body with
a transept, and from the eastern side an alongated choir closed by a straight wall, and a lower
level in the form of a crypt. Until the death of the duke in
walls and the foundations of the transverse aisle, uncovered during excavation studies in the
1980-ies, were realized.
If the
a church with a transept and an alongated two-level choir closed by a straight wall, it would
have belonged to exceptions not only in monastic building engineering of the Czech-Polish
province, but also of the sacral building art on the Polish area in general. An influence on such
complex form of the
tion of a monastic church with the memorial and sepulchral building art. The lower level of the
church was designed to become the sepulchre of duke Boleslaus the Pious and his wife Jolen-
ta, and the construction was to memorize the perishing Kalisz-Gniezno line of
The cross form applied in the building plan certainly had a Cracow provenience, while the two-
level construction of the eastern part of the church was modelled after the Franciscan church in
Greifswald,
226
IV. Oratory of Poor Clare nuns
After the death of Boleslaus the Pious, his successor
Wielkopolska,
form. He transported the body of Boleslaus the Pious from
the cathedral. He focused his attention on the construction of the Clarist cloister in
where duchess
monastic complex of Franciscan and Clarist orders in
constructions are visible in the nun s oratory adjoining from the north to the nave of the Minor
Brethren church, actually connected with it by large semi-circular arcades. However, original¬
ly, the oratory was a four-bay brick hall building with
from the east and covered with a cross vault. From the external side, the walls ware based on
scarps. Only the southern wall had no scarps because probably it was planned to include that
building to the church designed for Franciscan monks. The church was illuminated by narrow
and strongly splayed, one-plane windows in the side wall, four on each side, closed on the top
by Gothic arches and filled with tracery. In the western facade of the oratory, there were two
symmetrically located, strongly splayed narrow windows. However, we have no data regarding
the form of windows in the eastern wall of the oratory because the original wall closing the
church from the eastern side has not been preserved. We can only guess that there was a slight¬
ly bigger window than the remaining ones. In that time, the oratory building was covered by an
anticlinal roof.
It is very possible, that the transfer of the newly built church to the Clarists took place on
August
church can be found in the hall church of Poor Clare Nuns in Wroclaw erected in the years
1256-1260.
patron of the oratory.
V. The presbytery of the Franciscan church
The construction work of the Franciscan church was certainly not resumed before
when the Clarist oratory was completed. However, the building of the church was not contin¬
ued according to the original conception. The transept was rejected and therefore, also the cross
form of the church was not realized. Also the building of the crypt significantly elevated above
the ground with illuminating windows was discontinued. The exceptional from of the church
was hot needed any more.
The choir of the
ings of mendicant friars erected on the Polish land in the fourth quarter of the 13th century.
Those choir structures were characterized by a significant length and height. At the same time,
the proportions of the width to the height of the choir interior was
the choir was closed by a straight wall. The space of choir interior was organized by four rec¬
tangular bays transversely arranged in relation to the longitudinal axis of the building. The bays
were covered by a cross-ribbed vault, or two and sometimes three square bays were covered by
a sexpartite vault. The exterior of the building body was resting on bipartite or tripartite scarps
diagonally placed in the corners. The choir interior was illuminated by high, rather significant¬
ly splayed windows closed with Gothic arches in the side walls, and one bigger window in the
eastern wall. The windows were filled with bipartite traceries in the side walls and tripartite or
multipartite traceries in the eastern wall.
In this group of buildings, there is also the choir of
the application of perpendicular scarps in the eastern corners of the building followed from the
fact that such solution was chosen still in the first phase of church construction in the 1270-ies.
The choir of
ported on consoles without any supporting columns. When we assume that the vault was con¬
structed at the latest in the first half of the 1290-ies,
ples of such solution in Poland. Such vault form could have arrived to
south from Austria or Czech countries. However, it might have come by another way. Cross-
ribbed vault on consoles is found also in the Franciscan church in
the idea may have come from there. It is possible, because this building, being one of the old-
227
est structures
cussed church group of mendicant friars built on Polish land in the last quarter of the 13th cen¬
tury. Interesting are the considerations referring to the invocation, of the
is named Our Lady s Assumption church.
VI. Nave of Franciscan church. Rebuilding of Clarist oratory
Although the political and economic situation in
the church nave was started to be built already in the 1290-ies. The nave was supposed to con¬
nect the independently standing architectonic buildings, i.e. the presbytery of Franciscan
church and the Clarist oratory. The church nave was established on the plan of an elongated rec¬
tangle having similar dimensions as the width of the choir and the length of the oratory. That
rectangle was the base of the interior covered by a cross-ribbed vault. Its height was equal with
the height of the choir and it was divided into five unequal bays. The northern wall of the nave
consisted of an added circumferential wall of the oratory. The interior was illuminated by high
ogival
The spatial arrangement of
mendicants realized in the 13th
distinguishing element is the equal width and height of the presbytery and of the church nave.
Such solutions are met in the structures of mendicant friars in Brandenburg and in New
although they are rare even there. The closest example similar to
nave church in
Gniezno
presbytery. The erection of the nave of Franciscan church required also the rebuilding of Clar¬
ist oratory. In the oratory, a double-level tribune was introduced for the nurses, while the lower
level of this structure most probably opened through four low,
nave. The arcades broken in the common wall added in order to equalize the height of the nave
allowed a free access to the lower level of the building which housed the sepulchre of duxchess
Menta
oratory was also the period of the construction of a double-level brick passage connecting the
upper level of the oratory with the cloister building.
The architectonic solution applied in
tory with a double-level tribune directly connected with the enclosure was very similar to the Fran¬
ciscan foundations of male and female orders in Czech country and in Moravia realized in the 13th
с
ciscans and Poor Clare nuns in
second quarter of the 13th
the work on the rebuilding of the oratory was finished probably in the 1330-ies.
VII.
Until the rebuilding of the oratory, the mass was said in the oratory. The altar was placed in
the eastern bay of the building. In the 1330-ies, the introduction of the upper level in the ora¬
tory and the making of arcades leading to the church nave changed completely the original
arrangement. Now, the Poor Clare nuns, for whom the upper level of the oratory was the place
of their common prayers, participated in the masses taking place in the church of the Minor Fri¬
ars at one of the reading room altars. The visual and auditory contact took place through the
former window openings which now were opened to the church nave. However, this arrange¬
ment must have been very unpractical. This situation showed the need of building a chapel
which would constitute an elongation of the oratory from the eastern side.
The chapel was erected on the foundation of the not realized northern arm of the transept. It was
built of bricks on the plan of an elongated rectangle. The solution of its eastern part decided about
its exceptional character. A bipartite system of the chapel arrangement with three windows illu¬
minating its interior, two windows in the eastern wall and one window in the northern wall, and
the complex system of a transitional vaulting over the eastern bay imparted to the construction
a peculiar beauty. Such solutions of the eastern part in the second half of the 14th
228
were characteristic of all St. Mary s cathedral chapels. An early example of such construction is
represented, by St. Mary s chapel in
Probably in the second half of the 14th c, the building of a chapel on the southern side of the
church was started constituting a pendant to the Clarist chapel. As shown by archaeological
studies, the walls of the chapel were erected partially on the foundations of the not realized
southern arm of the transept. The chapel was probably destroyed during a fire in
was not rebuilt.
In that time, there must have followed some changes in the northern side of the Franciscan
church choir. At that time, the vestry adjoining from the northern side to the eastern bay of the
choir stopped to be used, and the construction of the eastern wing of the cloister was started.
The space of the original vestry was needed to build a gallery leading to the cloister building.
That was probably the reason why it was decided to build the vestry on the southern side of the
choir. The area adjoining to two eastern bays of the choir was designed for this purpose and
there, a two-floor building was built on the plan of a rectangle. Excavation studies have con¬
firmed the existence of a medieval vestry building. The period of the second half of the 14th
and the first half of the 15th c, was also a period of the construction of brick monastic build¬
ings of the Franciscans and the Clarists.
VIII.
In
devastations in the complex of Franciscan and Clarist buildings. Primarily, in the church nave,
the vault was torn down. Also the chapel on the southern side of the church was ruined and it
was not rebuilt. The Clarist oratory was damaged by the fire as well. Most probably, the upper
vault was ruined and by falling down it damaged the vault in the lower level. The vaults over
the Clarist chapel and partially over the western bay of the presbytery also collapsed. Immedi¬
ately after the fire, the removal of damages was started. However, the scale of devastation was
so great that the
of the church were supplemented not earlier than in the 18th
Clarist oratory were probably removed in the second or in the third decade of the 16th century.
Over the oratory, four new cross vaults were placed. The vault over the lower level was not
rebuilt. The interior was now divided by a wooden construction constituting the ceiling of the
lower level and at the same time it was the floor of the second level. However, the lower level
was still opened by four arcades to the nave of the Franciscan church.
The vault over the Clarist chapel was not rebuilt, only the remainders of the destroyed vaults
were removed. The crown of the walls was supplemented and covered by a provisional roof.
The repair of all the damages done by the fire in the monastic complex of Franciscans and Clar¬
ists had not yet been finished when
Similarly as in the previous case, the greatest devastation was done in the nave of Franciscan
church. This time, no damages were done in the Clarist oratory and chapel. After the fire, sig¬
nificantly greater investments were made both in the oratory and in the chapel. The chapel was
lowered to the level of the oratory and it was covered by a cross vault. In the eastern part of the
chapel, the windows were blocked up disturbing thereby the original character of the monu¬
mental cathedral architecture. Almost the whole eastern wall of the interior was occupied now
by an early baroque altar
Also the Clarist oratory was transformed. Directly after the fire, the wooden ceiling over the
lower level was removed. The ceiling was replaced by a barrel vault with rests. After the fire,
also the damages in Clarist cloister were started to be repaired. Almost all cloister buildings
received a laterenaissance gable decorations. The cloister gate building was also built or rebuilt.
The building of the male convent received a by-pass from all four sides in the 17th century.
IX. Baroque reconstruction of Franciscan church and monastery in the 18th century
Baroque reconstruction of Franciscan church and monastery from the eastern side of the
church was started about
the main altar was erected. Its concave body occupied the whole width of the choir and its high-
229
est
wall of the choir. The last investment made in the choir was the reconstruction of the rood arch.
In
through the rood arch closed by a semicircle. Some time later, before the rood arch, two altars:
of St. Francis and of St. Anthony were erected diagonally creating something like coulisses in
the theatre for the main altar standing up-stape.
Bigger transformations were introduced in the church nave. Its original Gothic division into
an eastern, big square bay and four smaller, rectangular bays transversely situated in relation to
the longitudinal church axis, was replaced by a new arrangements. It consisted of one eastern
bay bigger than the remaining ones, and three square bays situated to the west of the big one.
This division was introduced by pilasters, three on each side wall of the nave and they were
crowned by Ionic caps. Buttresses with similar width as the pilasters provided a continuation of
the wall division within the sail-like vaults. However, in order to introduce such division, the
arcades in the northern wall of the nave had to be blocked up. The window openings of the
reconstructed, building did not resemble any more the narrow, high Gothic ones. They were
wider and significantly shorter. In addition, they were placed very high so that their slant win¬
dow-sills were only slightly lower than the Ionic pilaster caps, while the
arch section were placed just under the semicircular arches of the vaults. The reconstruction of
the nave took place in
ern bay of the nave.
Significantly later, on the southern side of the church, a chapel was built, actually it is under
the invocation of St. Maximilian
its longer side adhered to the eastern bay of the church nave.
In the second half of the 18th c, also the external decoration of the church was transformed.
The whole church was plastered. The greatest changes were introduced in the eastern elevation
and in the western facade of the church, where architectonic division and sculptural decorations
were introduced.
The transformations of the church were accompanied by construction works in the
monastery. They consisted mainly in the building of an additional level of the
leries and the unification of their width with the two-level buildings in the northern and eastern
wing of the monastery. The whole quadrilateral of monastic buildings was covered with new
roofs. The external walls of the monastery were plastered. The external elevations were divid¬
ed by flat pilasters with Ionic caps. The eastern and western parts of the northern wings of the
elevation were accentuated by advanced projections.
X. Church, former Clarist oratory, chapel and monastic buildings at the end of the 18th
and 19th centuries. Reconstruction of church and oratory in the years
The period of partitioned Poland was not favourable for architectonic investments or for an
enrichment of Franciscan and Clarist monastic buildings and the church. The only happy event
of those times was the beatification of duchess Jolenta. By a decree of the Holy Congregation
for Rites of September
cese, the beatification decree was not implemented until
Jolenta were exposed on the altar of Clarist chapel. However, the time was not propitious for
the development of blessed Jolenta s cult. On November
liquidated and on April
Franciscan church was joined with the parish of the Holy Trinity.
After the liquidation of the female convent, the cloister premises were used as a residence for
the nuns of the liquidated convent. Since the buildings were rather in a bad technical condition,
the Prussian authorities decided to pull them. down. This happened in 1870-ies. Only after the
pulling down of the cloister, it was decided to permit the worshippers to use the former orato¬
ry which was joined with church nave. The oratory started to evoke a greater interest in.
when a committee was established for the embelishment of blessed Jolenta s sepulchre and for
building of a new altar for that purpose. In the eastern part of the oratory s upper level, a new
altar was situated. It was designed by S. Odrzywolski. The main element placed on the
of the new altar was a monumental reliquary made by an outstanding goldsmith from Cologne,
Gabriel Hermeling. The solemn transfer of blessed Jolenta s relics took place on May
230
After
army commissariat and guardhouse. In
commune and after rebuilding, a community school was organized there. After the regaining of
independence, Franciscan monks started to claim their lost properties. In
tions were not possible before
ciscans regained their church and monastery. However, the Franciscans were not very much
satisfied with the architecture of the church and of the former oratory. The two buildings, in
spite of being formally connected by narrow passages made in the 19th century, they still rep¬
resented separate architectonic bodies. Therefore, the Franciscans began considering the possi¬
bility to rebuild the church and to integrate more extensively its interior with the Clarist orato¬
ry. This was realized during church and oratory rebuilding in the years
the introduced changes, the second level of the oratory was removed and the oratory s interior
connected with Clarist chapel was transformed into an aisle of Franciscan church. During that
rebuilding, the church, regained its Gothic style. The liquidation of the second level of the for¬
mer oratory resulted in the transfer of blessed
church. That altar is linked in an astounding way with the over 700-year old history of the
monastic complex of St. Francis and St. Clare in
with the cult of blessed Jolenta.
In the presentation of the history of the monastic buildings of Franciscan monks and Poor
Clare nuns in
aware that some issues discussed in the book will be presented in a more detailed way while
others will be only cursorily mentioned. In spite of that, the building complex of Franciscans
and Clarists in
Wielkopolska.
focused the interest of
not remain without influence on the architectonic picture of sacral and monastic buildings.
231
|
| adam_txt |
Spis
I
Π
III Niezrealizowany pierwotny kościół franciszkański
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
w
X
Przebudowa kościoła i oratorium w latach
Przypisy
Bibliografia
Wykaz ilustracji
Indeks osób
Summary
AAonastic complex of Franciscan
and
(
I. Introduction
The architecture of Franciscan Grey Friars' and Poor Clare Nuns' monastic buildings with
Our Lady's Assumption and St. Anthony's church as well as the adjacent Clarist oratory have
not been monographically described so far. This complex is the only example in Poland of an
architectonic program realized with the consideration of the coexistence in a church and mo¬
nastic building complex of the male and female line of Franciscan monks' and nuns' order. The
disassembly of Poor Clare cloister in the beginning of the 1870-ies aroused in effect the inter¬
est of architecture researchers in the still existing strongly baroquized monastic elements con¬
nected with the church of Franciscans and the oratory of Poor Clare nuns. The architecture of
these buildings has always been superficially treated and it has been studied only on the mar¬
gin of other more general problems.
II. Settlement of Franciscans in
Franciscan Grey Friars settled in
monastery were built later, in the 12th and 13th centuries, was used as a cemetery around
a church under an unknown invocation. That church most probably was frequented by the orig¬
inal inhabitants of a settlement of craftsmen and tradesmen on the Maiden Hill
Panieńskie),
the population of the foundation centre. Most probably, in that church, in
of
monks was started. Finally, in
this fact has been confirmed by the later foundation of the Franciscan monastery in that place.
Anyway, Franciscan monks must have been the owners
tery because in the same year, during the chapter of the province in
vent was officially included into the monastic structure of the Czech-Polish province.
Ш.
The construction of the original Franciscan church was started about the middle of the
ies. Duke Boleslaus the Pious, the initiator of church construction, most probably had a major
influence on its complex form which was to include a two-nave, asymmetric church body with
a transept, and from the eastern side an alongated choir closed by a straight wall, and a lower
level in the form of a crypt. Until the death of the duke in
walls and the foundations of the transverse aisle, uncovered during excavation studies in the
1980-ies, were realized.
If the
a church with a transept and an alongated two-level choir closed by a straight wall, it would
have belonged to exceptions not only in monastic building engineering of the Czech-Polish
province, but also of the sacral building art on the Polish area in general. An influence on such
complex form of the
tion of a monastic church with the memorial and sepulchral building art. The lower level of the
church was designed to become the sepulchre of duke Boleslaus the Pious and his wife Jolen-
ta, and the construction was to memorize the perishing Kalisz-Gniezno line of
The cross form applied in the building plan certainly had a Cracow provenience, while the two-
level construction of the eastern part of the church was modelled after the Franciscan church in
Greifswald,
226
IV. Oratory of Poor Clare nuns
After the death of Boleslaus the Pious, his successor
Wielkopolska,
form. He transported the body of Boleslaus the Pious from
the cathedral. He focused his attention on the construction of the Clarist cloister in
where duchess
monastic complex of Franciscan and Clarist orders in
constructions are visible in the nun's oratory adjoining from the north to the nave of the Minor
Brethren church, actually connected with it by large semi-circular arcades. However, original¬
ly, the oratory was a four-bay brick hall building with
from the east and covered with a cross vault. From the external side, the walls ware based on
scarps. Only the southern wall had no scarps because probably it was planned to include that
building to the church designed for Franciscan monks. The church was illuminated by narrow
and strongly splayed, one-plane windows in the side wall, four on each side, closed on the top
by Gothic arches and filled with tracery. In the western facade of the oratory, there were two
symmetrically located, strongly splayed narrow windows. However, we have no data regarding
the form of windows in the eastern wall of the oratory because the original wall closing the
church from the eastern side has not been preserved. We can only guess that there was a slight¬
ly bigger window than the remaining ones. In that time, the oratory building was covered by an
anticlinal roof.
It is very possible, that the transfer of the newly built church to the Clarists took place on
August
church can be found in the hall church of Poor Clare Nuns in Wroclaw erected in the years
1256-1260.
patron of the oratory.
V. The presbytery of the Franciscan church
The construction work of the Franciscan church was certainly not resumed before
when the Clarist oratory was completed. However, the building of the church was not contin¬
ued according to the original conception. The transept was rejected and therefore, also the cross
form of the church was not realized. Also the building of the crypt significantly elevated above
the ground with illuminating windows was discontinued. The exceptional from of the church
was hot needed any more.
The choir of the
ings of mendicant friars erected on the Polish land in the fourth quarter of the 13th century.
Those choir structures were characterized by a significant length and height. At the same time,
the proportions of the width to the height of the choir interior was
the choir was closed by a straight wall. The space of choir interior was organized by four rec¬
tangular bays transversely arranged in relation to the longitudinal axis of the building. The bays
were covered by a cross-ribbed vault, or two and sometimes three square bays were covered by
a sexpartite vault. The exterior of the building body was resting on bipartite or tripartite scarps
diagonally placed in the corners. The choir interior was illuminated by high, rather significant¬
ly splayed windows closed with Gothic arches in the side walls, and one bigger window in the
eastern wall. The windows were filled with bipartite traceries in the side walls and tripartite or
multipartite traceries in the eastern wall.
In this group of buildings, there is also the choir of
the application of perpendicular scarps in the eastern corners of the building followed from the
fact that such solution was chosen still in the first phase of church construction in the 1270-ies.
The choir of
ported on consoles without any supporting columns. When we assume that the vault was con¬
structed at the latest in the first half of the 1290-ies,
ples of such solution in Poland. Such vault form could have arrived to
south from Austria or Czech countries. However, it might have come by another way. Cross-
ribbed vault on consoles is found also in the Franciscan church in
the idea may have come from there. It is possible, because this building, being one of the old-
227
est structures
cussed church group of mendicant friars built on Polish land in the last quarter of the 13th cen¬
tury. Interesting are the considerations referring to the invocation, of the
is named Our Lady's Assumption church.
VI. Nave of Franciscan church. Rebuilding of Clarist oratory
Although the political and economic situation in
the church nave was started to be built already in the 1290-ies. The nave was supposed to con¬
nect the independently standing architectonic buildings, i.e. the presbytery of Franciscan
church and the Clarist oratory. The church nave was established on the plan of an elongated rec¬
tangle having similar dimensions as the width of the choir and the length of the oratory. That
rectangle was the base of the interior covered by a cross-ribbed vault. Its height was equal with
the height of the choir and it was divided into five unequal bays. The northern wall of the nave
consisted of an added circumferential wall of the oratory. The interior was illuminated by high
ogival
The spatial arrangement of
mendicants realized in the 13th
distinguishing element is the equal width and height of the presbytery and of the church nave.
Such solutions are met in the structures of mendicant friars in Brandenburg and in New
although they are rare even there. The closest example similar to
nave church in
Gniezno
presbytery. The erection of the nave of Franciscan church required also the rebuilding of Clar¬
ist oratory. In the oratory, a double-level tribune was introduced for the nurses, while the lower
level of this structure most probably opened through four low,
nave. The arcades broken in the common wall added in order to equalize the height of the nave
allowed a free access to the lower level of the building which housed the sepulchre of duxchess
Menta
oratory was also the period of the construction of a double-level brick passage connecting the
upper level of the oratory with the cloister building.
The architectonic solution applied in
tory with a double-level tribune directly connected with the enclosure was very similar to the Fran¬
ciscan foundations of male and female orders in Czech country and in Moravia realized in the 13th
с
ciscans and Poor Clare nuns in
second quarter of the 13th
the work on the rebuilding of the oratory was finished probably in the 1330-ies.
VII.
Until the rebuilding of the oratory, the mass was said in the oratory. The altar was placed in
the eastern bay of the building. In the 1330-ies, the introduction of the upper level in the ora¬
tory and the making of arcades leading to the church nave changed completely the original
arrangement. Now, the Poor Clare nuns, for whom the upper level of the oratory was the place
of their common prayers, participated in the masses taking place in the church of the Minor Fri¬
ars at one of the reading room altars. The visual and auditory contact took place through the
former window openings which now were opened to the church nave. However, this arrange¬
ment must have been very unpractical. This situation showed the need of building a chapel
which would constitute an elongation of the oratory from the eastern side.
The chapel was erected on the foundation of the not realized northern arm of the transept. It was
built of bricks on the plan of an elongated rectangle. The solution of its eastern part decided about
its exceptional character. A bipartite system of the chapel arrangement with three windows illu¬
minating its interior, two windows in the eastern wall and one window in the northern wall, and
the complex system of a transitional vaulting over the eastern bay imparted to the construction
a peculiar beauty. Such solutions of the eastern part in the second half of the 14th
228
were characteristic of all St. Mary's cathedral chapels. An early example of such construction is
represented, by St. Mary's chapel in
Probably in the second half of the 14th c, the building of a chapel on the southern side of the
church was started constituting a pendant to the Clarist chapel. As shown by archaeological
studies, the walls of the chapel were erected partially on the foundations of the not realized
southern arm of the transept. The chapel was probably destroyed during a fire in
was not rebuilt.
In that time, there must have followed some changes in the northern side of the Franciscan
church choir. At that time, the vestry adjoining from the northern side to the eastern bay of the
choir stopped to be used, and the construction of the eastern wing of the cloister was started.
The space of the original vestry was needed to build a gallery leading to the cloister building.
That was probably the reason why it was decided to build the vestry on the southern side of the
choir. The area adjoining to two eastern bays of the choir was designed for this purpose and
there, a two-floor building was built on the plan of a rectangle. Excavation studies have con¬
firmed the existence of a medieval vestry building. The period of the second half of the 14th
and the first half of the 15th c, was also a period of the construction of brick monastic build¬
ings of the Franciscans and the Clarists.
VIII.
In
devastations in the complex of Franciscan and Clarist buildings. Primarily, in the church nave,
the vault was torn down. Also the chapel on the southern side of the church was ruined and it
was not rebuilt. The Clarist oratory was damaged by the fire as well. Most probably, the upper
vault was ruined and by falling down it damaged the vault in the lower level. The vaults over
the Clarist chapel and partially over the western bay of the presbytery also collapsed. Immedi¬
ately after the fire, the removal of damages was started. However, the scale of devastation was
so great that the
of the church were supplemented not earlier than in the 18th
Clarist oratory were probably removed in the second or in the third decade of the 16th century.
Over the oratory, four new cross vaults were placed. The vault over the lower level was not
rebuilt. The interior was now divided by a wooden construction constituting the ceiling of the
lower level and at the same time it was the floor of the second level. However, the lower level
was still opened by four arcades to the nave of the Franciscan church.
The vault over the Clarist chapel was not rebuilt, only the remainders of the destroyed vaults
were removed. The crown of the walls was supplemented and covered by a provisional roof.
The repair of all the damages done by the fire in the monastic complex of Franciscans and Clar¬
ists had not yet been finished when
Similarly as in the previous case, the greatest devastation was done in the nave of Franciscan
church. This time, no damages were done in the Clarist oratory and chapel. After the fire, sig¬
nificantly greater investments were made both in the oratory and in the chapel. The chapel was
lowered to the level of the oratory and it was covered by a cross vault. In the eastern part of the
chapel, the windows were blocked up disturbing thereby the original character of the monu¬
mental cathedral architecture. Almost the whole eastern wall of the interior was occupied now
by an early baroque altar
Also the Clarist oratory was transformed. Directly after the fire, the wooden ceiling over the
lower level was removed. The ceiling was replaced by a barrel vault with rests. After the fire,
also the damages in Clarist cloister were started to be repaired. Almost all cloister buildings
received a laterenaissance gable decorations. The cloister gate building was also built or rebuilt.
The building of the male convent received a by-pass from all four sides in the 17th century.
IX. Baroque reconstruction of Franciscan church and monastery in the 18th century
Baroque reconstruction of Franciscan church and monastery from the eastern side of the
church was started about
the main altar was erected. Its concave body occupied the whole width of the choir and its high-
229
est
wall of the choir. The last investment made in the choir was the reconstruction of the rood arch.
In
through the rood arch closed by a semicircle. Some time later, before the rood arch, two altars:
of St. Francis and of St. Anthony were erected diagonally creating something like coulisses in
the theatre for the main altar standing up-stape.
Bigger transformations were introduced in the church nave. Its original Gothic division into
an eastern, big square bay and four smaller, rectangular bays transversely situated in relation to
the longitudinal church axis, was replaced by a new arrangements. It consisted of one eastern
bay bigger than the remaining ones, and three square bays situated to the west of the big one.
This division was introduced by pilasters, three on each side wall of the nave and they were
crowned by Ionic caps. Buttresses with similar width as the pilasters provided a continuation of
the wall division within the sail-like vaults. However, in order to introduce such division, the
arcades in the northern wall of the nave had to be blocked up. The window openings of the
reconstructed, building did not resemble any more the narrow, high Gothic ones. They were
wider and significantly shorter. In addition, they were placed very high so that their slant win¬
dow-sills were only slightly lower than the Ionic pilaster caps, while the
arch section were placed just under the semicircular arches of the vaults. The reconstruction of
the nave took place in
ern bay of the nave.
Significantly later, on the southern side of the church, a chapel was built, actually it is under
the invocation of St. Maximilian
its longer side adhered to the eastern bay of the church nave.
In the second half of the 18th c, also the external decoration of the church was transformed.
The whole church was plastered. The greatest changes were introduced in the eastern elevation
and in the western facade of the church, where architectonic division and sculptural decorations
were introduced.
The transformations of the church were accompanied by construction works in the
monastery. They consisted mainly in the building of an additional level of the
leries and the unification of their width with the two-level buildings in the northern and eastern
wing of the monastery. The whole quadrilateral of monastic buildings was covered with new
roofs. The external walls of the monastery were plastered. The external elevations were divid¬
ed by flat pilasters with Ionic caps. The eastern and western parts of the northern wings of the
elevation were accentuated by advanced projections.
X. Church, former Clarist oratory, chapel and monastic buildings at the end of the 18th
and 19th centuries. Reconstruction of church and oratory in the years
The period of partitioned Poland was not favourable for architectonic investments or for an
enrichment of Franciscan and Clarist monastic buildings and the church. The only happy event
of those times was the beatification of duchess Jolenta. By a decree of the Holy Congregation
for Rites of September
cese, the beatification decree was not implemented until
Jolenta were exposed on the altar of Clarist chapel. However, the time was not propitious for
the development of blessed Jolenta's cult. On November
liquidated and on April
Franciscan church was joined with the parish of the Holy Trinity.
After the liquidation of the female convent, the cloister premises were used as a residence for
the nuns of the liquidated convent. Since the buildings were rather in a bad technical condition,
the Prussian authorities decided to pull them. down. This happened in 1870-ies. Only after the
pulling down of the cloister, it was decided to permit the worshippers to use the former orato¬
ry which was joined with church nave. The oratory started to evoke a greater interest in.
when a committee was established for the embelishment of blessed Jolenta's sepulchre and for
building of a new altar for that purpose. In the eastern part of the oratory's upper level, a new
altar was situated. It was designed by S. Odrzywolski. The main element placed on the
of the new altar was a monumental reliquary made by an outstanding goldsmith from Cologne,
Gabriel Hermeling. The solemn transfer of blessed Jolenta's relics took place on May
230
After
army commissariat and guardhouse. In
commune and after rebuilding, a community school was organized there. After the regaining of
independence, Franciscan monks started to claim their lost properties. In
tions were not possible before
ciscans regained their church and monastery. However, the Franciscans were not very much
satisfied with the architecture of the church and of the former oratory. The two buildings, in
spite of being formally connected by narrow passages made in the 19th century, they still rep¬
resented separate architectonic bodies. Therefore, the Franciscans began considering the possi¬
bility to rebuild the church and to integrate more extensively its interior with the Clarist orato¬
ry. This was realized during church and oratory rebuilding in the years
the introduced changes, the second level of the oratory was removed and the oratory's interior
connected with Clarist chapel was transformed into an aisle of Franciscan church. During that
rebuilding, the church, regained its Gothic style. The liquidation of the second level of the for¬
mer oratory resulted in the transfer of blessed
church. That altar is linked in an astounding way with the over 700-year old history of the
monastic complex of St. Francis and St. Clare in
with the cult of blessed Jolenta.
In the presentation of the history of the monastic buildings of Franciscan monks and Poor
Clare nuns in
aware that some issues discussed in the book will be presented in a more detailed way while
others will be only cursorily mentioned. In spite of that, the building complex of Franciscans
and Clarists in
Wielkopolska.
focused the interest of
not remain without influence on the architectonic picture of sacral and monastic buildings.
231 |
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| callnumber-subject | NA - Architecture |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)63692835 (DE-599)BVBBV021798545 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
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| geographic | Polen Gniezno (Poland) Buildings, structures, etc Gniezno (DE-588)116936-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen Gniezno (Poland) Buildings, structures, etc Gniezno |
| id | DE-604.BV021798545 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:47:03Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:44:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8392120132 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015011093 |
| oclc_num | 63692835 |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 231 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Muzeum Początków Państwa Polskiego |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Pasiciel, Stanisław Verfasser aut Zespół klasztorny franciszkanów i klarysek w Gnieźnie Stanisław Pasiciel Gniezno Muzeum Początków Państwa Polskiego 2005 231 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Monastic complex of Franciscan and Clarist in Gniezno Klarissen (DE-588)16142356-5 gnd rswk-swf Franziskaner (DE-588)1008636-5 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Architektur Catholic church buildings Poland Gniezno Franciscan architecture Poland Gniezno Kloster (DE-588)4031225-2 gnd rswk-swf Polen Gniezno (Poland) Buildings, structures, etc Gniezno (DE-588)116936-1 gnd rswk-swf Gniezno (DE-588)116936-1 g Franziskaner (DE-588)1008636-5 b Klarissen (DE-588)16142356-5 b Kloster (DE-588)4031225-2 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015011093&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015011093&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Pasiciel, Stanisław Zespół klasztorny franciszkanów i klarysek w Gnieźnie Klarissen (DE-588)16142356-5 gnd Franziskaner (DE-588)1008636-5 gnd Architektur Catholic church buildings Poland Gniezno Franciscan architecture Poland Gniezno Kloster (DE-588)4031225-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)16142356-5 (DE-588)1008636-5 (DE-588)4031225-2 (DE-588)116936-1 |
| title | Zespół klasztorny franciszkanów i klarysek w Gnieźnie |
| title_auth | Zespół klasztorny franciszkanów i klarysek w Gnieźnie |
| title_exact_search | Zespół klasztorny franciszkanów i klarysek w Gnieźnie |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Zespół klasztorny franciszkanów i klarysek w Gnieźnie |
| title_full | Zespół klasztorny franciszkanów i klarysek w Gnieźnie Stanisław Pasiciel |
| title_fullStr | Zespół klasztorny franciszkanów i klarysek w Gnieźnie Stanisław Pasiciel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Zespół klasztorny franciszkanów i klarysek w Gnieźnie Stanisław Pasiciel |
| title_short | Zespół klasztorny franciszkanów i klarysek w Gnieźnie |
| title_sort | zespol klasztorny franciszkanow i klarysek w gnieznie |
| topic | Klarissen (DE-588)16142356-5 gnd Franziskaner (DE-588)1008636-5 gnd Architektur Catholic church buildings Poland Gniezno Franciscan architecture Poland Gniezno Kloster (DE-588)4031225-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Klarissen Franziskaner Architektur Catholic church buildings Poland Gniezno Franciscan architecture Poland Gniezno Kloster Polen Gniezno (Poland) Buildings, structures, etc Gniezno |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015011093&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015011093&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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