Plants and vegetation: origins, processes, consequences
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2007
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 2.ed.: Plant ecology |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 683 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0521864801 9780521864800 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Keddy, Paul A. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plants and vegetation |b origins, processes, consequences |c Paul A. Keddy |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XXI, 683 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a 2.ed.: Plant ecology | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Plant ecology | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135629692338176 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Preface page xvü
Acknowledgements xxü
Chapter I i Plants and the origin of the biosphere
1.1 Introduction l
1.2 Energy flow and photosynthesis 4
1.3 Membranes 10
1.4 Eukaryotic cells n
1.5 The origin of photosynthesis 15
1.6 The oxygen revolution 18
1.6.1 Changes in ocean chemistry 18
1.6.2 Changes in the composition of the atmosphere 20
1.6.3 Formation of the ozone layer 20
1.7 The Cambrian explosion of multicellular life 21
1.8 Colonizing the land 21
1.9 Plants and climate 26
1.10 Sediment and ice cores: reconstructing past climates 28
1.11 Conclusion 33
Further reading 34
Chapter 2 Description of Vegetation: the search for
global patterns
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Phylogenetic perspectives 36
2.2.1 Early plant classification: Iinnaeus, Bentham,
Hooker 36
2.2.2 The discovery of evolution: Wallace, Darwin,
Bessey 38
2.2.3 Molecular systematics and phylogeny 41
2.2.4 The two largest families of plants: Asteraceae
and Orchidaceae 43
2.2.5 World floristic regions: phylogeny and geography 46
2.2.6 Summary and limitations 48
2.3 Functional perspectives 50
2.3.1 von Humboldt, Raunkiaer, Küchler 51
2.3.2 The classification of climate 56
2.3.3 Limitations 58
2.4 Conclusion 59
Further reading 61
Chapter 3 : Resources
3.1 Introduction 63
3.1.1 The CHNOPS perspective 63
3.1.2 Thecostsofacquisition 67
3.2 Carbon dioxide: foraging in an atmospheric reservoir 68
3.3 Light and photosynthesis: harvesting photons 70
3.3.1 Three measures of photon harvest 70
3.3.2 Architecture and photon harvesting 70
3.3.3 Different photosynthetic types 73
3.3.4 An exception to the rule: root uptake of CO2 75
3.3.5 Another view of photosynthetic types 76
3.3.6 The overriding importance of height 77
3.3.7 Ecosystem effects: net primary production changes
with plant size 78
3.4 Below ground resources 79
3.4.1 Water 79
3.4.2 Mineral nutrients: a Single cell perspective 81
3.4.3 Phosphorus 83
3.4.4 Nitrogen 85
3.4.5 Experimental tests for nitrogen and phosphorus
limitation 86
3.4.6 Other sources of evidence for nutrient limitation 91
3.5 Changing availability of resources in space and time 93
3.5.1 Small scale heterogeneity 93
3.5.2 Resource gradients 94
3.5.3 Resources in transitory patches 100
3.6 Resources as a habitat template for plant populations 101
3.7 Resource fluctuations complicate shoit term
ecological studies 105
3.8 Chronic scarcityof resources and conservation 108
3.8.1 Limitation by scarce resources 108
3.8.2 Conservation of scarce resources 114
3.9 Solls 116
3.10 Two historical digressions 120
3.11 Humans and soil resources 121
3.12 Conclusion 123
Further reading 125
Chapter 4 Stress
4.1 Introduction 126
4.1.1 Definitions 126
4.1.2 More on terminology 127
4.2 Some general consequences of stress 128
4.2.1 Short term effects: stress has metabolic costs 128
4.2.2 The costs of adaptation to stress 131
4.2.3 Growthrate 134
4.2.4 Seedsize 135
4.2.5 Clonal Integration 140
4.3 Habitats with drought as the predominant stress 144
4.3.1 Deserts 144
4.3.2 Mediterranean shrublands 150
4.3.3 Rockbarrens 152
4.3.4 Coniferous forests 156
4.4 Unavailability of resources 159
4.5 Presence of a regulator 162
4.5.1 Salinity 162
4.5.2 Cold environments: arctic and alpine examples 167
4.5.3 Early spring photosynthesis in temperate climates 171
4.6 Extreme cases of stress tolerance 173
4.6.1 Cold and drought tolerance oflichens 173
4.6.2 Endolithic communities 174
4.6.3 Flood tolerance 176
4.7 The smoking hüls: a natural occurrence of stress
from air pollution 179
4.8 Effects of ionizing radiation upon mixed forest 180
4.9 Moisture and temperature at different scales 182
4.10 Conclusion 184
Further reading 185
Chapter 5 ! Competition
5.1 Introduction 186
5.1.1 The importance of competition 186
5.1.2 Definition of competition 187
5.1.3 Stress, strain, and the costs of competition 187
5.2 Kinds of competition 188
5.2.1 Intraspecific competition 188
5.2.2 Distinguishing between intraspecific and
interspecific competition 190
5.2.3 Competition intensity 191
5.2.4 Competitive effect and competitive response 193
5.2.5 Competitive dominance 194
5.3 More examples of competition 197
5.3.1 Self thinning 197
5.3.2 Dominance patterns in monocultures 198
5.3.3 Density dependence in annual plants 200
5.3.4 The relationship between intensity and asymmetry
of competition 202
5.4 Competitive hierarchies 204
5.4.1 Establishing hierarchies 204
5.4.2 The consistency of hierarchies 206
5.4.3 Light and shoot size 209
5.4.4 Foraging for patches of light or soil nutrients 213
5.5 Mycorrhizae and competition 214
5.6 Competition gradients 216
5.6.1 Measuring competition intensity 216
5.6.2 Competition intensity gradients in an old field 217
5.6.3 Competition and cacti 218
5.6.4 Competition intensity along a soil depth gradient 218
5.6.5 Competition intensity gradients in wetlands 220
5.6.6 Competition along an altitudinal gradient 220
5.7 Conclusion 223
Further reading 223
Chapter 6 Disturbance
6.1 Introduction 225
6.2 Four properties of disturbance 226
6.2.1 Duration 226
6.2.2 Intensity 226
6.2.3 Frequency 227
6.2.4 Area 228
6.3 Examples of disturbance 228
6.3.1 Fire 228
6.3.2 Erosion 236
6.3.3 Animals 238
6.3.4 Burial 243
6.3.5 Ice 249
6.3.6 Waves 249
6.3.7 Storms 252
6.4 Catastrophes: low frequency and high intensity 254
6.4.1 Landslides 254
6.4.2 Volcanic eruptions 255
6.4.3 Meteor impacts 259
6.5 Measuring the effects of disturbance 264
6.5.1 The Hubbard Brook study of forested watersheds 264
6.5.2 Ottawa River marshes 268
6.6 Disturbance and gap dynamics 269
6.6.1 Regeneration from buried seeds after disturbance 270
6.6.2 Gap regeneration in deciduous forests 272
6.6.3 Alluvial deposition 274
6.6.4 Freshwater marshes 274
6.7 Synthesis: fire, flooding, and sea level in the Everglades 275
6.8 Competition, disturbance, and stress: the CSR synthesis 276
6.9 Conclusion 282
Further reading 282
Chapter 7 i Herbivory
7.1 Introduction 284
7.2 Field observations on wildlife diets 286
7.2.1 Herbivores in African grasslands 286
7.2.2 Herbivorous insects in tropical forest canopies 289
7.2.3 Giant tortoises on islands 290
7.2.4 Herbivory in anthropogenic landscapes 292
7.3 Plant defenses 293
7.3.1 Evolutionary context 293
7.3.2 Structures that protect seeds: strobili and squirrels 293
7.3.3 Secondary metabolites that protect foliage 297
7.3.4 Two cautions when interpreting anti herbivore
traits 299
7.3.5 Food quality and nitrogen content 300
7.3.6 Coevolution: abriefpreview 302
7.4 Field experiments 303
7.4.1 Herbivorous insects in deciduous forest canopies 304
7.4.2 Land crabs in tropical forest 305
7.4.3 Herbivores in grassland: the Cape Province, the
Pampas, and the Serengeti 306
7.4.4 Effects of rhinoceroses in tropical floodplain forest 313
7.4.5 Large mammals in deciduous forest 313
7.4.6 Effects of an introduced species: nutria 316
7.5 Empirical relationships 318
7.6 Some theoretical context 322
7.6.1 Top down or bottom up? 322
7.6.2 Effects of selective herbivory on plant diversity 324
7.6.3 A simple model of herbivory 325
7.6.4 Extensions of herbivory modeis 327
7.7 Conclusion 332
Further reading 334
— — _—| ¦
Chapter 8 i Positive interactions: mutualism,
commensalism, and symbiosis
8.1 Introduction 336
8.1.1 Definitions 336
8.1.2 History 337
8.2 Positive interactions between plants and plants 338
8.2.1 Nurse plants 338
8.2.2 Stress gradients and competition 341
8.2.3 More cases of co operation 342
8.2.4 Summary 345
8.3 Positive interactions between fungi and plants 346
8.3.1 Ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae 346
8.3.2 Ectomycorrhizae and forests 349
8.3.3 Mycorrhizae in wetlands 350
8.3.4 Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal associations 354
8.3.5 Lichens 355
8.4 Positive interactions between plants and animals 358
8.4.1 Animals and flowers 358
8.4.2 Animals and seed dispersal 365
8.4.3 The costs of sexual reproduction 379
8.4.4 Experimental tests of the value of sexuality 381
8.4.5 Animals defending plants 387
8.4.6 Microbes in animal guts 390
8.5 Mathematical modeis ofmutualism 395
8.5.1 Population dynamics modeis 395
8.5.2 Cost benefit modeis 396
8.6 Mutualism and apparent competition 398
8.7 Conclusion 399
Further reading 402
Chapter 9 i Time
9.1 Introduction 403
9.2 106 years: the origin of the angiosperms and
continental drift 405
9.2.1 Temperate evergreen forests 410
9.2.2 Deserts 411
9.2.3 Tropical floras 412
9.3 104 years: the Pleistocene glaciations 418
9.3.1 Erosion and deposition by glacial ice 419
9.3.2 Loess 419
9.3.3 Pluviallakes 422
9.3.4 Drought and tropical forests 423
9.3.5 Sea level decrease 425
9.3.6 Migration 426
9.3.7 Hominids 428
9.3.8 Flooding 430
9.4 102 years: plant succession 431
9.4.1 Succession 431
9.4.2 Examples of succession 432
9.4.3 Predictive modeis for plant succession 446
9.4.4 Synthesis 448
9.5 Conclusion 454
Further reading 455
Chapter 10 i Gradients and plant communities: description
at local scales
10.1 Introduction 457
10.2 Describing pattern along obvious natural gradients 458
10.3 Multivariate methods for pattern detection 464
10.3.1 The data matrix 465
10.3.2 Measuring similarity 466
10.3.3 Ordination techniques 468
10.3.4 Ordinations based upon species data 468
10.3.5 Ordinations combining species and
environmental data 470
10.3.6 Functional simplification in ordination 471
10.4 Vegetation classification 474
10.4.1 Phytosociology 475
10.4.2 Classification and land management 476
10.5 Gradients and communities 485
10.5.1 Clements and Gleason 485
10.5.2 The temporary victory of the Gleasonian view 486
10.5.3 Null modeis and patterns along gradients 487
10.6 Empirical studies of pattern along gradients 491
10.7 Conclusion 500
Further Reading 501
Chapter I I Diversity
11.1 Introduction 502
11.2 Large areas have more plant species 502
11.3 Areas with more kinds of habitat have more species 505
11.4 Equatorial areas have more species 508
11.5 Some evolutionary context 514
11.5.1 Four key events 514
11.5.2 Some characteristics of angiosperms 515
11.5.3 Physiological constraints on diversity are
likely additive 516
11.6 Examples of plant species diversity 518
11.6.1 Mediterranean climate regions 518
11.6.2 Carnivorous plants 520
11.6.3 Deciduous forests 522
11.6.4 Diversity, biogeography, and the concept
ofendemism 522
11.7 Models to describe species diversity at smaller scales 523
11.7.1 Intermediate biomass 524
11.7.2 Competitive hierarchies 526
11.7.3 Intermediate disturbance 527
11.7.4 Centrifugal organization 529
11.8 Relative abundance dominance, diversity, and
evenness 532
11.9 Laboratory experiments on richness and diversity 539
11.10 Field experiments on richness and diversity 541
11.11 Implications for conservation 543
11.12 Conclusion 546
Further reading 547
!
Chapter I 2 I Conservation and management
12.1 Introduction 549
12.2 Some historical context 550
12.2.1 Ancient Assyria 550
12.2.2 Deforestation in Ancient Rome and
the Mediterranean 551
12.3 Vegetation types at risk 553
12.3.1 The destruction of Louisiana s alluvial forests 553
12.3.2 Islands: Easter Island and the Galapagos 564
12.3.3 Boreal forests 569
12.4 Protection ofrepresentative Vegetation types 570
12.4.1 Designing reserve Systems 570
12.4.2 Hot spots of biological diversity 573
12.4.3 Primary forests 574
12.4.4 Large wetlands 576
12.4.5 New discoveries of species in the Guyana highlands 578
12.4.6 Economic growth, human welfare, and wilderness 580
12.5 Fragmentation of natural landscapes 581
12.5.1 Fens in agricultural landscapes 582
12.5.2 Deciduous forests in agricultural landscapes 584
12.5.3 How much is enough? 586
12.6 Function, management, and thresholds 588
12.6.1 Two perspectives 588
12.6.2 Plant communities are dynamic 592
12.6.3 Ecological footprints for human cities 593
12.6.4 Thresholds 595
12.7 Restoration 599
12.8 Indicators 602
12.9 Conclusion 604
Further reading 608
Questions for Review 6io
References 612
Index 667
Enrichment Boxes
Box 1.1 Thebiosphere 3
Box 2.1 A man ofhis times: Alexander von Humboldt 52
Box 3.1 The composition and origin of the atmosphere 66
Box 3.2 Fritz Haber changes the global nitrogen cycle 87
Box 3.3 A Darwinian approach to plant traits 104
Box 4.1 The discovery of carnivorous plants 136
Box 5.1 Testing for higher order pattern in competitive
relationships 207
Box 7.1 Experimental design 312
Box 7.2 A demographic study of the effects of deer
browsing 315
Box 8.1 The discovery of mycorrhizae by Bernard Frank 348
Box 9.1 Mr. Hofmeister and the vanishing gametophyte 415
Box 10.1 Getting the history right: null models in ecology 488
Box 10.2 A possible synthesis: Gleason, Clements, and a
Community structure continuum 497
Box 11.1 Diversity indices 534
Box 11.2 Rothamsted, the Park Grass Experiment 536
Box 12.1 Conservation of tropical forest in the Carribean:
ca. 1650 1950 583
Box 12.2 The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior 606
|
| adam_txt |
Preface page xvü
Acknowledgements xxü
Chapter I i Plants and the origin of the biosphere
1.1 Introduction l
1.2 Energy flow and photosynthesis 4
1.3 Membranes 10
1.4 Eukaryotic cells n
1.5 The origin of photosynthesis 15
1.6 The oxygen revolution 18
1.6.1 Changes in ocean chemistry 18
1.6.2 Changes in the composition of the atmosphere 20
1.6.3 Formation of the ozone layer 20
1.7 The Cambrian explosion of multicellular life 21
1.8 Colonizing the land 21
1.9 Plants and climate 26
1.10 Sediment and ice cores: reconstructing past climates 28
1.11 Conclusion 33
Further reading 34
Chapter 2 Description of Vegetation: the search for
global patterns
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Phylogenetic perspectives 36
2.2.1 Early plant classification: Iinnaeus, Bentham,
Hooker 36
2.2.2 The discovery of evolution: Wallace, Darwin,
Bessey 38
2.2.3 Molecular systematics and phylogeny 41
2.2.4 The two largest families of plants: Asteraceae
and Orchidaceae 43
2.2.5 World floristic regions: phylogeny and geography 46
2.2.6 Summary and limitations 48
2.3 Functional perspectives 50
2.3.1 von Humboldt, Raunkiaer, Küchler 51
2.3.2 The classification of climate 56
2.3.3 Limitations 58
2.4 Conclusion 59
Further reading 61
Chapter 3 : Resources
3.1 Introduction 63
3.1.1 The CHNOPS perspective 63
3.1.2 Thecostsofacquisition 67
3.2 Carbon dioxide: foraging in an atmospheric reservoir 68
3.3 Light and photosynthesis: harvesting photons 70
3.3.1 Three measures of photon harvest 70
3.3.2 Architecture and photon harvesting 70
3.3.3 Different photosynthetic types 73
3.3.4 An exception to the rule: root uptake of CO2 75
3.3.5 Another view of photosynthetic types 76
3.3.6 The overriding importance of height 77
3.3.7 Ecosystem effects: net primary production changes
with plant size 78
3.4 Below ground resources 79
3.4.1 Water 79
3.4.2 Mineral nutrients: a Single cell perspective 81
3.4.3 Phosphorus 83
3.4.4 Nitrogen 85
3.4.5 Experimental tests for nitrogen and phosphorus
limitation 86
3.4.6 Other sources of evidence for nutrient limitation 91
3.5 Changing availability of resources in space and time 93
3.5.1 Small scale heterogeneity 93
3.5.2 Resource gradients 94
3.5.3 Resources in transitory patches 100
3.6 Resources as a habitat template for plant populations 101
3.7 Resource fluctuations complicate shoit term
ecological studies 105
3.8 Chronic scarcityof resources and conservation 108
3.8.1 Limitation by scarce resources 108
3.8.2 Conservation of scarce resources 114
3.9 Solls 116
3.10 Two historical digressions 120
3.11 Humans and soil resources 121
3.12 Conclusion 123
Further reading 125
Chapter 4 Stress
4.1 Introduction 126
4.1.1 Definitions 126
4.1.2 More on terminology 127
4.2 Some general consequences of stress 128
4.2.1 Short term effects: stress has metabolic costs 128
4.2.2 The costs of adaptation to stress 131
4.2.3 Growthrate 134
4.2.4 Seedsize 135
4.2.5 Clonal Integration 140
4.3 Habitats with drought as the predominant stress 144
4.3.1 Deserts 144
4.3.2 Mediterranean shrublands 150
4.3.3 Rockbarrens 152
4.3.4 Coniferous forests 156
4.4 Unavailability of resources 159
4.5 Presence of a regulator 162
4.5.1 Salinity 162
4.5.2 Cold environments: arctic and alpine examples 167
4.5.3 Early spring photosynthesis in temperate climates 171
4.6 Extreme cases of stress tolerance 173
4.6.1 Cold and drought tolerance oflichens 173
4.6.2 Endolithic communities 174
4.6.3 Flood tolerance 176
4.7 The smoking hüls: a natural occurrence of stress
from air pollution 179
4.8 Effects of ionizing radiation upon mixed forest 180
4.9 Moisture and temperature at different scales 182
4.10 Conclusion 184
Further reading 185
Chapter 5 ! Competition
5.1 Introduction 186
5.1.1 The importance of competition 186
5.1.2 Definition of competition 187
5.1.3 Stress, strain, and the costs of competition 187
5.2 Kinds of competition 188
5.2.1 Intraspecific competition 188
5.2.2 Distinguishing between intraspecific and
interspecific competition 190
5.2.3 Competition intensity 191
5.2.4 Competitive effect and competitive response 193
5.2.5 Competitive dominance 194
5.3 More examples of competition 197
5.3.1 Self thinning 197
5.3.2 Dominance patterns in monocultures 198
5.3.3 Density dependence in annual plants 200
5.3.4 The relationship between intensity and asymmetry
of competition 202
5.4 Competitive hierarchies 204
5.4.1 Establishing hierarchies 204
5.4.2 The consistency of hierarchies 206
5.4.3 Light and shoot size 209
5.4.4 Foraging for patches of light or soil nutrients 213
5.5 Mycorrhizae and competition 214
5.6 Competition gradients 216
5.6.1 Measuring competition intensity 216
5.6.2 Competition intensity gradients in an old field 217
5.6.3 Competition and cacti 218
5.6.4 Competition intensity along a soil depth gradient 218
5.6.5 Competition intensity gradients in wetlands 220
5.6.6 Competition along an altitudinal gradient 220
5.7 Conclusion 223
Further reading 223
Chapter 6 Disturbance
6.1 Introduction 225
6.2 Four properties of disturbance 226
6.2.1 Duration 226
6.2.2 Intensity 226
6.2.3 Frequency 227
6.2.4 Area 228
6.3 Examples of disturbance 228
6.3.1 Fire 228
6.3.2 Erosion 236
6.3.3 Animals 238
6.3.4 Burial 243
6.3.5 Ice 249
6.3.6 Waves 249
6.3.7 Storms 252
6.4 Catastrophes: low frequency and high intensity 254
6.4.1 Landslides 254
6.4.2 Volcanic eruptions 255
6.4.3 Meteor impacts 259
6.5 Measuring the effects of disturbance 264
6.5.1 The Hubbard Brook study of forested watersheds 264
6.5.2 Ottawa River marshes 268
6.6 Disturbance and gap dynamics 269
6.6.1 Regeneration from buried seeds after disturbance 270
6.6.2 Gap regeneration in deciduous forests 272
6.6.3 Alluvial deposition 274
6.6.4 Freshwater marshes 274
6.7 Synthesis: fire, flooding, and sea level in the Everglades 275
6.8 Competition, disturbance, and stress: the CSR synthesis 276
6.9 Conclusion 282
Further reading 282
Chapter 7 i Herbivory
7.1 Introduction 284
7.2 Field observations on wildlife diets 286
7.2.1 Herbivores in African grasslands 286
7.2.2 Herbivorous insects in tropical forest canopies 289
7.2.3 Giant tortoises on islands 290
7.2.4 Herbivory in anthropogenic landscapes 292
7.3 Plant defenses 293
7.3.1 Evolutionary context 293
7.3.2 Structures that protect seeds: strobili and squirrels 293
7.3.3 Secondary metabolites that protect foliage 297
7.3.4 Two cautions when interpreting anti herbivore
traits 299
7.3.5 Food quality and nitrogen content 300
7.3.6 Coevolution: abriefpreview 302
7.4 Field experiments 303
7.4.1 Herbivorous insects in deciduous forest canopies 304
7.4.2 Land crabs in tropical forest 305
7.4.3 Herbivores in grassland: the Cape Province, the
Pampas, and the Serengeti 306
7.4.4 Effects of rhinoceroses in tropical floodplain forest 313
7.4.5 Large mammals in deciduous forest 313
7.4.6 Effects of an introduced species: nutria 316
7.5 Empirical relationships 318
7.6 Some theoretical context 322
7.6.1 Top down or bottom up? 322
7.6.2 Effects of selective herbivory on plant diversity 324
7.6.3 A simple model of herbivory 325
7.6.4 Extensions of herbivory modeis 327
7.7 Conclusion 332
Further reading 334
— — _—| ¦
Chapter 8 i Positive interactions: mutualism,
commensalism, and symbiosis
8.1 Introduction 336
8.1.1 Definitions 336
8.1.2 History 337
8.2 Positive interactions between plants and plants 338
8.2.1 Nurse plants 338
8.2.2 Stress gradients and competition 341
8.2.3 More cases of co operation 342
8.2.4 Summary 345
8.3 Positive interactions between fungi and plants 346
8.3.1 Ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae 346
8.3.2 Ectomycorrhizae and forests 349
8.3.3 Mycorrhizae in wetlands 350
8.3.4 Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal associations 354
8.3.5 Lichens 355
8.4 Positive interactions between plants and animals 358
8.4.1 Animals and flowers 358
8.4.2 Animals and seed dispersal 365
8.4.3 The costs of sexual reproduction 379
8.4.4 Experimental tests of the value of sexuality 381
8.4.5 Animals defending plants 387
8.4.6 Microbes in animal guts 390
8.5 Mathematical modeis ofmutualism 395
8.5.1 Population dynamics modeis 395
8.5.2 Cost benefit modeis 396
8.6 Mutualism and apparent competition 398
8.7 Conclusion 399
Further reading 402
Chapter 9 i Time
9.1 Introduction 403
9.2 106 years: the origin of the angiosperms and
continental drift 405
9.2.1 Temperate evergreen forests 410
9.2.2 Deserts 411
9.2.3 Tropical floras 412
9.3 104 years: the Pleistocene glaciations 418
9.3.1 Erosion and deposition by glacial ice 419
9.3.2 Loess 419
9.3.3 Pluviallakes 422
9.3.4 Drought and tropical forests 423
9.3.5 Sea level decrease 425
9.3.6 Migration 426
9.3.7 Hominids 428
9.3.8 Flooding 430
9.4 102 years: plant succession 431
9.4.1 Succession 431
9.4.2 Examples of succession 432
9.4.3 Predictive modeis for plant succession 446
9.4.4 Synthesis 448
9.5 Conclusion 454
Further reading 455
Chapter 10 i Gradients and plant communities: description
at local scales
10.1 Introduction 457
10.2 Describing pattern along obvious natural gradients 458
10.3 Multivariate methods for pattern detection 464
10.3.1 The data matrix 465
10.3.2 Measuring similarity 466
10.3.3 Ordination techniques 468
10.3.4 Ordinations based upon species data 468
10.3.5 Ordinations combining species and
environmental data 470
10.3.6 Functional simplification in ordination 471
10.4 Vegetation classification 474
10.4.1 Phytosociology 475
10.4.2 Classification and land management 476
10.5 Gradients and communities 485
10.5.1 Clements and Gleason 485
10.5.2 The temporary victory of the Gleasonian view 486
10.5.3 Null modeis and patterns along gradients 487
10.6 Empirical studies of pattern along gradients 491
10.7 Conclusion 500
Further Reading 501
Chapter I I Diversity
11.1 Introduction 502
11.2 Large areas have more plant species 502
11.3 Areas with more kinds of habitat have more species 505
11.4 Equatorial areas have more species 508
11.5 Some evolutionary context 514
11.5.1 Four key events 514
11.5.2 Some characteristics of angiosperms 515
11.5.3 Physiological constraints on diversity are
likely additive 516
11.6 Examples of plant species diversity 518
11.6.1 Mediterranean climate regions 518
11.6.2 Carnivorous plants 520
11.6.3 Deciduous forests 522
11.6.4 Diversity, biogeography, and the concept
ofendemism 522
11.7 Models to describe species diversity at smaller scales 523
11.7.1 Intermediate biomass 524
11.7.2 Competitive hierarchies 526
11.7.3 Intermediate disturbance 527
11.7.4 Centrifugal organization 529
11.8 Relative abundance dominance, diversity, and
evenness 532
11.9 Laboratory experiments on richness and diversity 539
11.10 Field experiments on richness and diversity 541
11.11 Implications for conservation 543
11.12 Conclusion 546
Further reading 547
!
Chapter I 2 I Conservation and management
12.1 Introduction 549
12.2 Some historical context 550
12.2.1 Ancient Assyria 550
12.2.2 Deforestation in Ancient Rome and
the Mediterranean 551
12.3 Vegetation types at risk 553
12.3.1 The destruction of Louisiana's alluvial forests 553
12.3.2 Islands: Easter Island and the Galapagos 564
12.3.3 Boreal forests 569
12.4 Protection ofrepresentative Vegetation types 570
12.4.1 Designing reserve Systems 570
12.4.2 Hot spots of biological diversity 573
12.4.3 Primary forests 574
12.4.4 Large wetlands 576
12.4.5 New discoveries of species in the Guyana highlands 578
12.4.6 Economic growth, human welfare, and wilderness 580
12.5 Fragmentation of natural landscapes 581
12.5.1 Fens in agricultural landscapes 582
12.5.2 Deciduous forests in agricultural landscapes 584
12.5.3 How much is enough? 586
12.6 Function, management, and thresholds 588
12.6.1 Two perspectives 588
12.6.2 Plant communities are dynamic 592
12.6.3 Ecological footprints for human cities 593
12.6.4 Thresholds 595
12.7 Restoration 599
12.8 Indicators 602
12.9 Conclusion 604
Further reading 608
Questions for Review 6io
References 612
Index 667
Enrichment Boxes
Box 1.1 Thebiosphere 3
Box 2.1 A man ofhis times: Alexander von Humboldt 52
Box 3.1 The composition and origin of the atmosphere 66
Box 3.2 Fritz Haber changes the global nitrogen cycle 87
Box 3.3 A Darwinian approach to plant traits 104
Box 4.1 The discovery of carnivorous plants 136
Box 5.1 Testing for higher order pattern in competitive
relationships 207
Box 7.1 Experimental design 312
Box 7.2 A demographic study of the effects of deer
browsing 315
Box 8.1 The discovery of mycorrhizae by Bernard Frank 348
Box 9.1 Mr. Hofmeister and the vanishing gametophyte 415
Box 10.1 Getting the history right: null models in ecology 488
Box 10.2 A possible synthesis: Gleason, Clements, and a
Community structure continuum 497
Box 11.1 Diversity indices 534
Box 11.2 Rothamsted, the Park Grass Experiment 536
Box 12.1 Conservation of tropical forest in the Carribean:
ca. 1650 1950 583
Box 12.2 The sinking of the Rainbow Warrior 606 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:36:29Z |
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| spelling | Keddy, Paul A. Verfasser aut Plants and vegetation origins, processes, consequences Paul A. Keddy 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2007 XXI, 683 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier 2.ed.: Plant ecology Plant ecology Pflanzenökologie (DE-588)4045575-0 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Pflanzenökologie (DE-588)4045575-0 s b DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014978172&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Keddy, Paul A. Plants and vegetation origins, processes, consequences Plant ecology Pflanzenökologie (DE-588)4045575-0 gnd |
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| title | Plants and vegetation origins, processes, consequences |
| title_auth | Plants and vegetation origins, processes, consequences |
| title_exact_search | Plants and vegetation origins, processes, consequences |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Plants and vegetation origins, processes, consequences |
| title_full | Plants and vegetation origins, processes, consequences Paul A. Keddy |
| title_fullStr | Plants and vegetation origins, processes, consequences Paul A. Keddy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plants and vegetation origins, processes, consequences Paul A. Keddy |
| title_short | Plants and vegetation |
| title_sort | plants and vegetation origins processes consequences |
| title_sub | origins, processes, consequences |
| topic | Plant ecology Pflanzenökologie (DE-588)4045575-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Plant ecology Pflanzenökologie Lehrbuch |
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