Prevention and compensation of marine pollution damage: recent developments in Europe, China and the US
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Alphen aan den Rijn
Kluwer Law Internat.
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Comparative environmental law & policy series
9 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references |
| Beschreibung: | XXVII, 358 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9041123385 |
Internformat
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| 650 | 4 | |a Marine pollution |x Law and legislation |z Europe | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Marine pollution |x Law and legislation |z China | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Marine pollution |x Law and legislation |z United States | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Liability for oil pollution damages |z Europe | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Liability for oil pollution damages |z China | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Liability for oil pollution damages |z United States | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Oil spills |x Law and legislation |z Europe | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Oil spills |x Law and legislation |z China | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | PREVENTION AND COMPENSATION OF MARINE POLLUTION DAMAGE RECENT
DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE, CHINA AND THE US MICHAEL G. FA URE AND JAMES HU
(EDS.) KLUWER LAW INTERNATIONAL TABLE OF CONTENTS MICHAEL FAURE AND
JAMES HU FOREWORD I 1 DEFINING THE PROBLEM I 2 PROJECT HISTORY III 3
METHODOLOGY IV 3.1 LEGAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY IV 3.2 COMPARATIVE APPROACH V
3.3 LAW AND ECONOMICS V 3.4 CASE STUDIES V 4 FRAMEWORK OF THE PROJECT VI
5 TOPICS VI 6 STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION VII 7 CONTRIBUTORS VII 8
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII TABLE OF CONTENTS IX LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XXIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XXV PART I: PREVENTION AND SANCTIONING OF MARINE
POLLUTION DAMAGE WANG HUI RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EU MARINE OIL
POLLUTION REGIME 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 BASIC FRAMEWORK OF EU MARINE OIL
POLLUTION LEGISLATION 2 2.1 1978-1992: FIRST SET OF ACTIONS 3 2.1.1 THE
1978 RESOLUTION: START OF COMMUNITY ACTION 3 2.1.2 THE 1990 RESOLUTION 4
2.2 1993-2000: SECOND SET OF ACTIONS 4 2.2.1 THE 1993 COMMUNICATION 5
2.2.2 1993 DIRECTIVE 93/75/EEC 5 2.2.3 1994 COUNCIL REGULATION 2978/94 5
2.2.4 THE 2000 DECISION: LEGAL BASIS FOR COMMUNITY ACTION 5 2.3 POST
ERIKA & PRESTIGE 5 2.3.1 ERIKA I AND II PACKAGES 6 2.3.2 POST-PRESTIGE 6
2.4 NEW CHALLENGES FOR THE ENLARGED EU 7 3 SPECIFIC ISSUES 7 TABLE OF
CONTENTS 3.1 PORT STATE CONTROL 7 3.1.1 BACKGROUND - PARIS MOU ON PORT
STATE CONTROL 8 3.1.2 1995 DIRECTIVE 95/21/EC 8 3.1.3 2000 ERIKA
I-DIRECTIVE 2001/106/EC 9 3.1.4 PRESTIGE 10 3.2 NOTIFICATION/REPORT
SYSTEM 11 3.2.1 DIRECTIVE 93/75/EEC 11 3.2.2 ERIKALL 11 3.3
CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY 12 3.3.1 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 94/57/EC 12 3.3.2
COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 97/58/EC 13 3.3.3 ERIKA 1 13 3.3.4 PRESTIGE 14 3.4
SINGLE HULL TANKER 14 3.4.1 INTERNATIONAL V. US REGIMES ON SINGLE
HULL/DOUBLE HULL TANKERS 14 3.4.2 COUNCIL REGULATION 2978/94 15 3.4.3
ERIKA I - REGULATION 417/2002 15 3.4.4 PRESTIGE 16 3.5 LIABILITY AND
COMPENSATION 17 3.5.1 POST-ERIKA 17 3.5.1.1 ERIKA I PROPOSALS 17 3.5.1.2
ERIKAIIPROPOSALS 18 3.5.2 POST-PRESTIGE: THE 2002 COMMUNICATION & 2003
PROPOSAL 18 3.5.3 LIMITATION OF LIABILITY 18 3.5.3.1 ERIKA 19 3.5.3.2
THE 2002 COMMUNICATION 20 3.5.3.3 THE 2003 PROPOSAL 20 3.5.4 DEFINITION
OF POLLUTION DAMAGE 21 3.5.5 BALANCE OF RESPONSIBILITIES ....21 4
CONCLUDING REMARKS 22 LIST OF REFERENCES 24 MARK A. COHEN OIL POLLUTION
PREVENTION AND ENFORCEMENT MEASURES AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS: A SURVEY OF
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH FROM THE US 25 1 INTRODUCTION 25 2 OIL SPILL
PREVENTION AND ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS IN THE US 25 3 ECONOMIC THEORY OF
OIL SPILL PREVENTION AND ENFORCEMENT 27 4 EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON OIL
SPILL PREVENTION AND ENFORCEMENT 31 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 36 LIST OF
REFERENCES 38 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI GIINTER HEINE MARINE (OIL) POLLUTION:
PREVENTION AND PROTECTION BY CRIMINAL LAW - INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES,
CORPORATE AND/OR INDIVIDUAL CRIMINAL LIABILITY 41 1 INTRODUCTION 41 2
PROBLEMS AND SHORTCOMINGS IN INTERNATIONAL LAWS OF MARINE POLLUTION 42
2.1 GENERAL QUESTIONS 42 2.1.1 JURISDICTION 42 2.1.2 TECHNICAL SAFETY,
CONTROL MANAGEMENT, COMPENSATION 43 2.1.3 COMPENSATION SHORTCOMINGS 44
2.2 THE NEED FOR REFORM 45 3 COMBATING AND PREVENTING MARINE POLLUTION
THROUGH CRIMINAL LAW 46 3.1 INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKS: OPPORTUNITIES AND
LIMITATIONS 46 3.2 CRIMINAL LIABILITY: SHORTCOMINGS OF INDIVIDUAL
RESPONSIBILITY 49 3.3 CORPORATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY 51 3.3.1 APPROACHES
BY AN INTERNATIONAL VIEW 52 3.3.2 SANCTIONS 53 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING
REMARKS 54 LIST OF REFERENCES 57 THOMAS RICHTER INTERDEPENDENCIES
BETWEEN CRIMINAL LAW AND OIL POLLUTION REGULATION IN CHINA 61 1 INITITAL
POSITION IN CHINA 61 1.1 MARINE OIL POLLUTION IN THE CHINESE REALITY 61
1.2 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ENERGY IN CHINA 61 1.3 MARINE OIL POLLUTION
AND FOCUS OF THE REPORT 65 2 THE LEGAL MILIEU 66 2.1 INTERNATIONAL LAW
66 2.2 NATIONAL LAW: OIL POLLUTION REGULATIONS 66 2.2.1 THE RELEVANT
LEGISLATION 66 2.2.2. ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTIONS AND OTHER FORMS OF
SANCTIONS 67 3 APPROACH OF THE CRIMINAL LAW 68 3.1 PRECONDITIONS 68 3.2
DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMES AGAINST THE ENVIRONMENT 68 3.3 CRIMES HAVING TO DO
WITH OIL POLLUTION 69 3.3.1 ART. 338 PL (CONSIDERABLE ACCIDENT WITH
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION) 69 3.3.2 ART. 408 PL (MISCONDUCT IN OFFICE
WHILE SUPERVISING AND CONTROLLING THE ENVIRONMENT) 70 3.3.3 ART. 136 PL
(TROUBLE WITH DANGEROUS OBJECTS) 71 4 INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMINAL LAW AND OIL POLLUTION REGULATION 72 4.1 GENERAL
REMARKS 72 4.2 DEPENDENCE OF CRIMINAL LAW ON ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATION
73 XII TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.2.1 FUNCTION 73 4.2.2 FORM 74 4.2.3
INTEGRATION IN THE STRUCTURE OF CRIMINAL LAW 75 4.3 MENSREA 76 4.4 FALSE
ALLOWANCES 77 5 CONCLUSIONS 78 5.1 CONCLUSION ON THE GENERAL
INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN CRIMINAL LAW AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 78 5.2
CONCLUSION ON THE INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN CRIMINAL LAW AND OIL
POLLUTION REGULATION 79 LIST OF REFERENCES 80 CHEN XUEBIN JURISDICTION
OF THE PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF CHINA OVER POLLUTION FROM VESSELS IN ITS
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE 83 1 INTRODUCTION 83 2 LEGAL RESOURCES FOR CHINA
TO EXERCISE ITS JURISDICTION 84 3 SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR CHINA TO
EXERCISE ITS JURISDICTION 86 4 PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CHINA TO
EXERCISE ITS JURISDICTION 89 5 JURISDICTION EXERCISED BY CHINA IN CIVIL
PROCEEDINGS 91 6 REVISION OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION LAWS 93 7
CONCLUSIONS 95 LIST OF REFERENCES 96 PART II: COMPENSATION OF MARINE
POLLUTION DAMAGE: CASE STUDIES ETTY R. AGOES INDONESIA S LAWS AND
REGULATIONS CONCERNING POLLUTION OF THE SEA BY OIL: CASE STUDIES ON
COMPENSATION FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGES 99 1 INTRODUCTION 99 2
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 100 3 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 101 4
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION IN INDONESIA 101 4.1 THE 1982 UNCLOS (AS
RATIFIED BY LAW NO. 17 OF 1985) AND THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 102 4.2 IMO
CONVENTIONS, AS RATIFIED BY PRESIDENTIAL DECREES OF 1978,1986 AND 1999
103 4.3 RELEVANT NATIONAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS 104 4.3.1 LAW NO. 6 OF
1996 ON INDONESIAN TERRITORIAL WATERS 104 4.3.2 LAW NO. 23 OF 1997
CONCERNING THE MANAGEMENT OF THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT 105 TABLE OF
CONTENTS XIII 4.3.3 GOVERNMENT REGULATION NO. 19 OF 1999 ON MARINE
POLLUTION CONTROL 107 4.3.4 LAW NO. 21 OF 1992 ON SHIPPING 107 4.3.5
DECREE OF THE MINISTER FOR COMMUNICATION NO. 86 OF 1990 ON THE
PREVENTION OF POLLUTION OF OIL FROM VESSELS 107 4.3.6 LAW NO. 22 OF 2001
ON OIL AND GAS 108 4.3.7 LAW NO. 22 OF 1999 ON REGIONAL GOVERNMENT 108
4.3.8 OTHER LAWS AND REGULATIONS 108 5 PROBLEMS IN IMPLEMENTING
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION 109 5.1 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 110 5.2 DEPARTMENT
OF MARINE AFFAIRS AND FISHERIES 110 6 REGIONAL INITIATIVES 111 7 DRAFT
NATIONAL CONTINGENCY PLAN 111 8 CASES INVOLVING POLLUTION OF THE SEA BY
OIL 113 8.1 THE NAGASAKI SPIRIT MARINE POLLUTION CASUALTY 113 8.2 THE MT
NATUNA SEA OIL SPILL 114 8.3 THE MT KING FISHER INCIDENT 115 9
CONCLUSION 116 LIST OF REFERENCES 117 MARC A. HUYBRECHTS AND KATRIEN N.
VAN DAMME PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT UNDER BELGIAN LAW 119 1
INTRODUCTION 119 2 CONTENTS OF THE BELGIAN STATUTE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
120 3 IMPORTANCE OF THE NORTH SEA AND THE RISK OF POLLUTION 121 4 THE
BELGIAN STATUE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 122 4.1 GENERAL APPROACH 122 4.1.1
FIELD OF APPLICATION 122 4.1.2 AIM AND BASIC PRINCIPLES 123 4.2
PREVENTION AND AVOIDANCE OF DAMAGE TO AND DISRUPTION OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT 124 4.2.1 DAMAGES TO AND DISRUPTION OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT 124 4.2.1.1 DAMAGE TO THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 124 4.2.1.2
DISRUPTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 125 4.2.2 COMPENSATION 125 4.2.2.1
WHO HAS THE RIGHT TO CLAIM FOR COMPENSATION? 126 4.2.2.2 LIMITATION OF
LIABILITY 126 4.2.2.3 COMPENSATION: RESTORATION IN KIND? 127 4.2.2.4
BAIL OR GUARANTEE DECLARATION 128 5 POLLUTION IN PRACTICE 128 5.1 AIR
SURVEILLANCE BY THE MANAGEMENT UNIT OF THE NORTH SEA MATHEMATICAL MODELS
(MUMM) 129 5.2 RECEPTION FACILITIES AND PORT STATE CONTROL 130 5.3 NORTH
SEA DISASTER PLAN AND PLACES OF REFUGE 130 5.4 LEGAL ASPECTS: JUDICIAL
PROCEEDINGS 131 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS: ZERO
TOLERANCE! 133 5.5.1 MAXIMIZE THE CHANCES OF APPREHENSION: THE
INTRODUCTION OF UNMANNED CAMERAS 133 5.5.2 REFEREE MAGISTRATE NORTH SEA
133 5.5.3 ACTIVE INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 133 5.5.4 EQUIPMENT 133 5.5.5
COMPENSATION FOR DISRUPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 134 6 CONCLUSION 134 LIST
OF REFERENCES 135 JAMES BOYD COMPENSATION FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGES: THE
AMERICAN OIL POLLUTION ACT AS AN EXAMPLE FOR GLOBAL SOLUTIONS? 137 1
INTRODUCTION 137 2 OPA AND US NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES LAW 139 2.1 WHAT
IS A NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE? 140 2.2 COMMON LAW FOUNDATIONS 141 2.3
ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES 142 3 CALCULATING DAMAGES 144 3.1 THE HISTORY OF
NRD ASSESSMENT 145 3.2 THE CHALLENGE OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICE ASSESSMENT 147
3.3 THE POLITICS OF NRD 150 3.4 DAMAGES: LOST BENEFITS VERSUS
REPLACEMENT COST 151 4 NRD CLAIMS - SCALE AND FREQUENCY 154 5 FINANCIAL
ASSURANCE S ROLE IN COMPENSATION AND DETERRENCE 157 6 CONCLUSION 160
LIST OF REFERENCES 161 MARIA PAZ GARCIA RUBIO THE PRESTIGE CASE.
INTERNATIONAL AND SPANISH LEGAL REGIME FOR COMPENSATING DAMAGE 165 1
RAISING THE PROBLEM 165 2 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM OF CIVIL
LIABILITY AS A MECHANISM FOR COMPENSATING ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE 166 3
INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON CIVIL LIABILITY FOR
OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE AND INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF AN INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR COMPENSATION FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE 167 4
THE SPANISH SYSTEM OF CIVIL LIABILITY AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE
PRESTIGE CASE 170 5 THE ROYAL DECREE-LAW 4/2003, OF 23 JUNE 2003 172 5.1
LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN STATE AND VICTIMS REGULATED IN
THE ROYAL DECREE-LAW 173 TABLE OF CONTENTS XV 5.2 SUBJECTIVE FRAMEWORK.
THE VICTIMS 173 5.3 WAIVING TO THE CLAIMS BY THE VICTIMS 175 6 FINAL
NOTE 176 LIST OF REFERENCES 178 PART III: COMPENSATING MARINE POLLUTION
DAMAGE IN CHINA HAN LIXIN AND GUAN ZHENGYI THE ENFORCEMENT OF
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS AND
COMPENSATION FOR POLLUTION DAMAGE IN CHINA 181 1 INTRODUCTION 181 2
BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS FOR THE PREVENTION
OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS AND COMPENSATION FOR POLLUTION DAMAGE TO WHICH
CHINA HAS ACCEDED : 181 3 THE MAIN MEASURES OF ENFORCING INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTIONS 183 3.1 ADOPTION 183 3.2 TRANSFORMATION 183 3.3 MIXTURE OF
ADOPTION AND TRANSFORMATION 184 4 THE CURRENT STATUS QUO FOR THE
APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ON THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION
FROM SHIPS AND FOR COMPENSATION FOR POLLUTION DAMAGE IN CHINA 184 4.1
THE EXISTING REGULATIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF CONVENTIONS IN CHINA 184
4.2 CHINA S PRACTICE IN IMPLEMENTING THE CONVENTIONS 185 4.3 THE CURRENT
STATUS QUO FOR THE APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ON THE
PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS AND FOR COMPENSATION FOR POLLUTION
DAMAGE IN CHINA IN PRACTICE 186 5 SUGGESTIONS ON THE APPLICATION OF
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS 189 LIST OF REFERENCES 191 JAMES HU AND YANG
BO APPLICATION OF LAW IN CIVIL LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE CAUSED
BY COASTAL VESSELS IN CHINA 193 1 INTRODUCTION 193 2 DIVERSITY OF VIEWS
REGARDING APPLICATION OF LAW 194 2.1 APPLICATION OF CLC 194 2.2
APPLICATION OF CIVIL LAW 194 2.3 APPLICATION OF THE MARITIME CODE 195 3
APPLICATION OF THE CLC 195 3.1 THE APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTIONS IN CHINA GENERALLY 195 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.2
NON-APPLICABILITY OF CLC TO CASES WITHOUT FOREIGN ELEMENTS 197 3.3
APPLICATION OF THE CLC TO COASTAL VESSELS INVOLVING FOREIGN ELEMENTS 198
3.4 ANALYSIS ON VIEWS IN FAVOUR OF THE APPLICATION OF THE CLC TO CASES
WITHOUT FOREIGN ELEMENTS 199 3.4.1 BY VIRTUE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE
REGULATIONS ON PREVENTING MARINE POLLUTION FROM SHIPS 199 3.4.2 BY
VIRTUE OF GOVERNMENTAL NOTICES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE 1969 CLC 200 3.5
INTEREST-ORIENTATED CONSIDERATION 200 4 APPLICABLE DOMESTIC LAWS 201 4.1
COMMON FEATURES OF APPLICATION 201 4.2 PRIORITY ISSUES 202 5 THE
NECESSITY OF A SPECIFIC LEGAL REGIME 203 6 CONCLUSIONS 204 LIST OF
REFERENCES 205 ZHAO YUELIN, JAMES HU AND WANG HUA A STUDY OF THE LEGAL
NATURE OF COMPULSORY CLEAN-UP COSTS UNDER CHINESE LAW 207 1 INTRODUCTION
207 2 COMPULSORY CLEAN-UP ACTS AS COMPULSORY ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES 208
3 LEGAL NATURE OF THE COMPULSORY CLEAN-UP COSTS BORNE BY RESPONSIBLE
PARTIES 210 3.1 COMPULSORY CLEAN-UP COSTS AS COSTS OF SUBSTITUTION OF
PERFORMANCE UNDER ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 211 3.1.1 COMPULSORY CLEAN-UP ACTS
AS INDIRECT COMPULSORY ACTS 211 3.1.2 COMPULSORY CLEAN-UP COSTS AS THOSE
OF SUBSTITUTED PERFORMANCE OF CARRYING OUT COMPULSORY ADMINISTRATIVE
MEASURES 211 3.2 TORTIOUS LIABILITY UNDER THE CIVIL LAW 213 3.2.1
COMPULSORY CLEAN-UP COSTS WITHIN TORTIOUS LIABILITY 213 3.2.2 COMPULSORY
CLEAN-UP COSTS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF CIVIL COMPENSATION LIABILITY 215 3.3
CONTRIBUTION TO THE REALISATION OF UNIFORMITY OF FAIRNESS AND EFFICIENCY
216 3.4 THE INTERNATIONAL TENDENCY TO TREAT PAYMENT OF COMPULSORY
CLEAN-UP COSTS AS CIVIL LIABILITY 219 4 CONCLUSIONS 220 LIST OF
REFERENCES 221 MA JING-JING AND DU JIANG DISCUSSION ON THE NATIONAL
CLAIM SYSTEM FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE FROM SHIPS 223 1 INTRODUCTION 223
TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII 2 THE NEED TO SET UP THE NATIONAL CLAIM SYSTEM
FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE CAUSED BY SHIPS 223 3 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
SUBJECT OF THE NATIONAL CLAIM FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE FROM SHIPS 225
3.1 QUALIFICATION OF THE COUNTRY TO PROPOSE THE OIL POLLUTION CLAIM 225
3.2 EXERCISE BY THE ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY OF A RIGHT TO FILE CLAIMS
ON BEHALF OF THE COUNTRY 228 3.2.1 ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY ENTITLEMENT
TO BRING AN ACTION AS TRUSTEE OF NATIONAL PROPERTY 228 3.2.2 EQUALITY OF
THE ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY AS A CIVIL SUBJECT IN CLAIMS FOR DAMAGES
FROM OIL POLLUTION 229 4 PRACTICE IN NATIONAL CLAIMS OF OIL POLLUTION
DAMAGE FROM SHIPS 230 5 THE SCOPE OF A NATIONAL CLAIM SYSTEM FOR OIL
POLLUTION DAMAGE FROM SHIPS 233 5.1 COMPENSATION FOR THE CLEAN-UP
CHARGES 233 5.2 COMPENSATION FOR PURE ECONOMIC LOSS 234 5.3 PUNITIVE
DAMAGE 236 6 CONCLUSION 238 LIST OF REFERENCES 239 CHEN PINGPING A STUDY
ON THE TYPES OF LIABILITY OF THE INSURER FOR OIL POLLUTION AND THAT OF
THE PARTY LIABLE 241 1 INTRODUCTION 241 2 PRESENTATION OF THE PROBLEM
241 3 RELATIVE CONCEPTS OF LIABILITY INSURANCE 242 3.1 ORIGIN AND
DEVELOPMENT OF LIABILITY INSURANCE 242 3.2 SUBSTITUTE LIABILITY FOR
COMPENSATION OF THE LIABILITY INSURER 244 3.3 VICTIM S RIGHT OF DIRECT
ACTION 245 3.3.1 DOCTRINE OF ORIGINAL ACQUISITION (DOCTRINE OF STATUTORY
RIGHTS) 245 3.3.2 THE DOCTRINE OF PAYMENT WITHOUT EVASION OF LIABILITY
245 3.4 RESTRICTION ON THE INSURER S RIGHT TO CALL ON DEFENSES 246 4
ISSUES RELATED TO COMPENSATION LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE 247
4.1 THE CURRENT STATUS OF LEGISLATION IN RESPECT OF OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE
IN CHINA 247 4.2 THE PRINCIPLE OF IMPUTATION OF COMPENSATION LIABILITY
FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE 249 4.3 THE PROMOTION OF COMPULSORY LIABILITY
INSURANCE FOR OIL POLLUTION 250 4.4 THE SYSTEM OF DIRECT ACTION 251 5
NON-TYPICAL JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY BETWEEN THE INSURER FOR OIL
POLLUTION AND THE PARTY LIABLE FOR OIL POLLUTION 253 5.1 NON-TYPICAL
JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE CURRENT LAW 253 5.2
THE LEGISLATIVE TREND OF THE JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY 256 XVIII TABLE
OF CONTENTS 6 PERFECTION OF LEGISLATION REGARDING COMPENSATION FOR
DAMAGES OF SHIP OIL POLLUTION 257 6.1 THE SUBSTANTIVE CONTENT OF THE
DIRECT ACTION 257 6.2 OIL TANKER TO BE COVERED BY COMPULSORY INSURANCE
258 6.3 ESTABLISHMENT OF A SCHEME OF PAYMENT ON ACCOUNT 259 7 CONCLUDING
REMARKS 260 LIST OF REFERENCES 261 WU LIJING AND ZHANG MIN JUDICIAL
AUTHENTICATION OF MARINE POLLUTION DAMAGES 263 1 INTRODUCTION 263 2 THE
CURRENT SYSTEM OF JUDICIAL AUTHENTICATION OF MARINE POLLUTION DAMAGES IN
CHINA 264 2.1 THE CURRENT JUDICIAL AUTHENTICATION SYSTEM IN CHINA 264
2.1.1 AUTHENTICATION DETERMINATION SYSTEM 264 2.1.2 AUTHENTICATION
SUBJECT SYSTEM 265 2.1.3 EXPERT WITNESS SELECTING AND APPOINTING SYSTEM
265 2.2 SYSTEM OF JUDICIAL AUTHENTICATION OF MARINE POLLUTION DAMAGES
266 3 ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVITY AND AUTHENTICITY OF MARINE POLLUTION
DAMAGES AUTHENTICATION REPORTS 267 3.1 FEATURES OF JUDICIAL
AUTHENTICATION 267 3.2 ESSENCE AND FEATURES OF THE AUTHENTICATION REPORT
268 3.2.1 ESSENCE OF THE AUTHENTICATION REPORT 268 3.2.2 FEATURES OF THE
AUTHENTICATION REPORT 268 3.2.2.1 DUALISM OF SUBJECTIVITY AND
OBJECTIVITY 268 3.2.2.2 THE DUAL TENDENCY OF AUTHENTICITY AND DISTORTION
268 3.3 POSSIBILITIES FOR THE DISTORTION OF THE AUTHENTICATION REPORT
AND THEIR REMOVAL 269 3.3.1 ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF DISTORTION 269
3.3.1.1 INAUTHENTIC MATERIALS 269 3.3.1.2 IMPROPER PROCESS 269 3.3.1.3
INCORRECT THEORIES USED IN AUTHENTICATION 269 3.3.1.4 SUBJECTIVITY OF
THE EXPERT WITNESS 269 3.3.2 PREVENTION OF AUTHENTICATION REPORT
DISTORTION 270 3.3.2.1 SELECTION AND APPOINTMENT OF PROPER EXPERT
WITNESS 270 3.3.2.2 STRICT CONFORMANCE TO THE REGULATIONS AND PROCEDURAL
RULES 270 3.3.2.3 JUDICIAL AUTHENTICATION REVIEW 271 4 THE ROLE OF THE
AUTHENTICATION REPORT IN LITIGATION FOR MARINE POLLUTION DAMAGES
COMPENSATION 271 4.1 EVIDENTIAL EFFECT OF THE AUTHENTICATION REPORT 271
4.2 STATUS OF THE EXPERT WITNESS IN LITIGATION 272 5 CONCLUSION 273 LIST
OF REFERENCES 274 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX LI ZHI WEN AND AN SHOUZHI THE
NECESSITY OF INCORPORATING MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL TORTS INTO THE MARITIME
LEGAL SYSTEM 275 1 INTRODUCTION 275 2 DEFINITION AND TYPES OF MARINE
ENVIRONMENTAL TORTS 275 2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
TORTS 276 2.2 CATEGORIZATION OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL TORTS 277 3
ANALYSIS OF THE DEFICIENCY OF THE STATUS IN THE CIVIL REMEDIES FOR
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL TORTS IN CHINA 277 3.1 THE STATUS OF CIVIL REMEDIES
FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL TORTS REGULATED BY LAW IN CHINA 277 3.2
ANALYSIS OF CHINA S CURRENT CIVIL REMEDY SYSTEM FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
TORTS, AND ITS DEFICIENCIES 278 4 THE NECESSITY TO INCORPORATE MARINE
ENVIRONMENTAL TORTS INTO THE MARINE TORT LAW 279 4.1 THE TREND OF
EXPANDING THE SCOPE OF MODERN MARINE TORT LAW 279 4.2 THE AVOIDANCE OF
CONTRADICTION IN THE SYSTEM 280 4.3 PROTECTION OF THE LEGAL RIGHTS AND
INTERESTS OF THE PARTIES CONCERNED 281 4.3.1 THE MARINE TORT LEGAL
SYSTEM IS USEFUL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND UTILISATION OF ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES AT SEA 281 4.3.2 THE SPECIAL SYSTEM OF COMPENSATION IN MARINE
TORT LAW CONTRIBUTES TO SUFFICIENT COMPENSATION, AND TO THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE OCEAN 281 4.4 FACILITATION OF JUDICIAL REMEDIES OF MARINE
ENVIRONMENTAL TORTS 282 5 CONCLUSIONS 283 LIST OF REFERENCES 284 GUO
PING AND ZHAO LUJUN THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT IN
CHINA: CURRENT SITUATION AND CHALLENGES 285 1 INTRODUCTION 285 2 CHINESE
LEGISLATION ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 285 2.1 LAW OF
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (LEP) 285 2.2 LAW OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION (LMEP) 286 3 RELATED ADMINISTRATIVE RULES AND REGULATION
CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 288 3.1
ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS ON PREVENTING SHIPS FROM POLLUTING SEA AREAS
(ARPSP) 288 3.2 ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATION OF PREVENTING POLLUTION FROM
DISMANTLING AND REPAIR OF SHIPS 288 3.3 ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS ON
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ON OCEAN OIL EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION
(REPOE) 289 3.4 ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS ON DUMPING WASTES AT SEA
(RDW) 290 3.5 ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS ON PREVENTING OCEAN POLLUTION
FROM LAND-SOURCE POLLUTANTS 290 XX TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.6 ADMINISTRATIVE
REGULATIONS ON PREVENTING AND CURING OCEAN POLLUTION FROM COASTAL
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS 291 3.7 IMPLEMENTING RULES ON OCEAN ADMINISTRATIVE
PENALTY 292 4 RELATIONS AND EXISTING PROBLEMS BETWEEN LAWS,
ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS AND RULES ON MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
293 4.1 RELATIONS BETWEEN LAWS, ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS AND RULES ON
MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION OF CHINA 293 4.2 PROBLEMS EXISTING IN
LAWS, ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS AND RULES ON MARINE ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION 293 5 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS AND METHODS TO SOLVE THE
PROBLEM 297 5.1 PERFECTING THE RELEVANT LEGISLATION 297 5.2
ORGANIZATIONS AND FORMS 297 5.3 PROMOTING THE LEGAL EFFECT LEVEL OF THE
DEPARTMENT S REGULATIONS AND RULES 298 6 CONCLUSIONS 298 LIST OF
REFERENCES 299 WEI ZHIJE AND SONG RUQING RISK ANALYSIS OF NOXIOUS LIQUID
SUBSTANCES TRANSPORTATION BY WATER IN THE YANGTZE DELTA AND THE RESEARCH
OF ITS COUNTERMEASURES 301 1 INTRODUCTION 301 2 ANALYSIS OF THE RISK IN
NLS TRANSPORTATION BY WATER IN THE YANGTZE DELTA... 301 2.1 EXISTING
CONDITIONS IN NLS TRANSPORTATION IN THE YANGTZE DELTA 302 2.2 STATUS OF
NLS POLLUTION ACCIDENTS IN THE YANGTZE DELTA 303 2.3 DEVELOPMENT TREND
IN NLS CARRIAGE IN THE YANGTZE DELTA 303 2.4 RISK ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION
ACCIDENT HAZARDS IN THE YANGTZE DELTA 304 3 COUNTERMEASURES (PREVENTION,
SALVAGE AND COMPENSATION) 306 3.1 MEANS TO CONTROL THE OCCURRENCE OF
POLLUTION ACCIDENTS 307 3.1.1 CONTROL OF THE FACTOR OF PERSONNEL 307
3.1.2 CONTROL OVER THE FACTOR OF VESSELS 308 3.1.3 CONTROL OVER THE
FACTOR OF LOADING AND UNLOADING TERMINALS (FACILITIES) 309 3.1.4 CONTROL
OVER THE FACTOR OF ENVIRONMENT FOR NAVIGATION 309 3.1.5 CONTROL OVER THE
FACTOR OF ADMINISTRATION 310 3.2 COUNTERMEASURES OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE
TO POLLUTION ACCIDENTS 310 3.2.1 EMERGENCY PLANS 311 3.2.2 INFORMATION
SYSTEM FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE 312 3.2.3 GUARANTEE SYSTEM FOR EMERGENCY
RESPONSE 312 3.2.4 SYSTEM OF TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE
313 3.3 COMPENSATION REGIME FOR POLLUTION ACCIDENTS 314 4 CONCLUSIONS
315 LIST OF REFERENCES 316 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI MICHAEL FAURE AND WANG
HUI FINANCIAL CAPS FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE: CHINA AND THE INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTIONS 317 1 INTRODUCTION 317 2 INTERNATIONAL REGIMES 318 2.1
PRE-1969 REGIME 318 2.2 1969/1971 REGIME 319 2.2.1 CLC CONVENTION 1969 &
FUND CONVENTION 1971 319 2.2.1.1 CLC CONVENTION 1969 319 2.2.1.2 FUND
CONVENTION 1971 321 2.2.2 VOLUNTARY SCHEMES 321 2.2.2.1 TOVALOP 322
2.2.2.2 CRISTAL 322 2.3 1984/1992 REGIME 322 2.3.1 1984 PROTOCOLS 322
2.3.2 1992 PROTOCOLS 323 2.3.3 DISAPPEARANCE OF TOVALOP & CRISTAL 324
2.3.4 WINDING UP OF THE 1969/1971 REGIME 324 2.4 THE 2000/2003 REGIME
325 2.4.1 THE 2000 AMENDMENTS 325 2.4.1.1 BACKGROUND 325 2.4.1.2 2000
AMENDMENTS 326 2.4.2 2003 SUPPLEMENTARY FUND PROTOCOL 326 3 CIVIL
LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE IN CHINA 328 3.1 INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTIONS EFFECTIVE IN CHINA 328 3.1.1 CLC CONVENTION 328 3.1.2 FUND
CONVENTION 328 3.2 DOMESTIC LEGISLATIONS IN CHINA 329 3.2.1 CHINA
MARITIME CODE 330 3.2.2 MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION LAW 330 3.3
PRACTICAL ISSUES 331 3.3.1 NEGATIVE EFFECT ON CLEAN-UP 331 3.3.2 NO
COMPULSORY INSURANCE FOR CABOTAGE TANKERS & LOW FINANCIAL LIMITS UNDER
CHINESE LAW 331 3.3.3 NO COMPENSATION FUND IN CHINA 332 4 ANALYSIS 332
4.1 INTRODUCTION 332 4.2 FINANCIAL CAPS ON TORT LIABILITY: AN ECONOMIC
PERSPECTIVE 333 4.2.1 FINANCIAL CAPS CAUSE UNDERDETERRENCE 333 4.2.2
STRICT LIABILITY VERSUS NEGLIGENCE 333 4.2.3 SUBSIDIZATION EFFECT 334
4.2.4 IN SUM 335 4.3 FINANCIAL CAPS TO INCREASE INSURABILITY? 335 4.3.1
CAPACITY AS INSURABILITY PROBLEM 335 4.3.2 LIMITATION OF THE DUTY TO
INSURE 336 4.3.3 CONTRACTUAL LIMITATIONS 337 XXII TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.3.4 UNLIMITED LIABILITY TO CONTROL MORAL HAZARD 337 4.3.5 FINANCIAL
CAPS TO INCREASE THE INSURABILITY OF OIL POLLUTION? 337 4.4 A DUTY TO
SEEK INSURANCE COVERAGE 338 4.5 CHINA 339 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 340 LIST
OF REFERENCES 344 PART IV: COMPARATIVE CONCLUSIONS MICHAEL FAURE AND
JAMES HU COMPARATIVE CONCLUSIONS 351 1 INTRODUCTION 351 2 PREVENTION 351
3 MONITORING AND SANCTIONS 352 4 THE INTERNATIONAL COMPENSATION REGIME
AND THE NATIONAL APPLICATION 353 5 COMPENSATING MARINE POLLUTION DAMAGE
IN CHINA 354 6 DAMAGE ASSESSMENT, CLAIMS HANDLING AND INSURANCE 355 7
RESULTS 356 8 POLICY 357 9 LOOK FORWARD 358
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PREVENTION AND COMPENSATION OF MARINE POLLUTION DAMAGE RECENT
DEVELOPMENTS IN EUROPE, CHINA AND THE US MICHAEL G. FA URE AND JAMES HU
(EDS.) KLUWER LAW INTERNATIONAL TABLE OF CONTENTS MICHAEL FAURE AND
JAMES HU FOREWORD I 1 DEFINING THE PROBLEM I 2 PROJECT HISTORY III 3
METHODOLOGY IV 3.1 LEGAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY IV 3.2 COMPARATIVE APPROACH V
3.3 LAW AND ECONOMICS V 3.4 CASE STUDIES V 4 FRAMEWORK OF THE PROJECT VI
5 TOPICS VI 6 STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION VII 7 CONTRIBUTORS VII 8
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII TABLE OF CONTENTS IX LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS XXIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XXV PART I: PREVENTION AND SANCTIONING OF MARINE
POLLUTION DAMAGE WANG HUI RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE EU MARINE OIL
POLLUTION REGIME 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 BASIC FRAMEWORK OF EU MARINE OIL
POLLUTION LEGISLATION 2 2.1 1978-1992: FIRST SET OF ACTIONS 3 2.1.1 THE
1978 RESOLUTION: START OF COMMUNITY ACTION 3 2.1.2 THE 1990 RESOLUTION 4
2.2 1993-2000: SECOND SET OF ACTIONS 4 2.2.1 THE 1993 COMMUNICATION 5
2.2.2 1993 DIRECTIVE 93/75/EEC 5 2.2.3 1994 COUNCIL REGULATION 2978/94 5
2.2.4 THE 2000 DECISION: LEGAL BASIS FOR COMMUNITY ACTION 5 2.3 POST
ERIKA & PRESTIGE 5 2.3.1 ERIKA I AND II PACKAGES 6 2.3.2 POST-PRESTIGE 6
2.4 NEW CHALLENGES FOR THE ENLARGED EU 7 3 SPECIFIC ISSUES 7 TABLE OF
CONTENTS 3.1 PORT STATE CONTROL 7 3.1.1 BACKGROUND - PARIS MOU ON PORT
STATE CONTROL 8 3.1.2 1995 DIRECTIVE 95/21/EC 8 3.1.3 2000 ERIKA
I-DIRECTIVE 2001/106/EC 9 3.1.4 PRESTIGE 10 3.2 NOTIFICATION/REPORT
SYSTEM 11 3.2.1 DIRECTIVE 93/75/EEC 11 3.2.2 ERIKALL 11 3.3
CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY 12 3.3.1 COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 94/57/EC 12 3.3.2
COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 97/58/EC 13 3.3.3 ERIKA 1 13 3.3.4 PRESTIGE 14 3.4
SINGLE HULL TANKER 14 3.4.1 INTERNATIONAL V. US REGIMES ON SINGLE
HULL/DOUBLE HULL TANKERS 14 3.4.2 COUNCIL REGULATION 2978/94 15 3.4.3
ERIKA I - REGULATION 417/2002 15 3.4.4 PRESTIGE 16 3.5 LIABILITY AND
COMPENSATION 17 3.5.1 POST-ERIKA 17 3.5.1.1 ERIKA I PROPOSALS 17 3.5.1.2
ERIKAIIPROPOSALS 18 3.5.2 POST-PRESTIGE: THE 2002 COMMUNICATION & 2003
PROPOSAL 18 3.5.3 LIMITATION OF LIABILITY 18 3.5.3.1 ERIKA 19 3.5.3.2
THE 2002 COMMUNICATION 20 3.5.3.3 THE 2003 PROPOSAL 20 3.5.4 DEFINITION
OF POLLUTION DAMAGE 21 3.5.5 BALANCE OF RESPONSIBILITIES .21 4
CONCLUDING REMARKS 22 LIST OF REFERENCES 24 MARK A. COHEN OIL POLLUTION
PREVENTION AND ENFORCEMENT MEASURES AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS: A SURVEY OF
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH FROM THE US 25 1 INTRODUCTION 25 2 OIL SPILL
PREVENTION AND ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS IN THE US 25 3 ECONOMIC THEORY OF
OIL SPILL PREVENTION AND ENFORCEMENT 27 4 EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON OIL
SPILL PREVENTION AND ENFORCEMENT 31 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 36 LIST OF
REFERENCES 38 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI GIINTER HEINE MARINE (OIL) POLLUTION:
PREVENTION AND PROTECTION BY CRIMINAL LAW - INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES,
CORPORATE AND/OR INDIVIDUAL CRIMINAL LIABILITY 41 1 INTRODUCTION 41 2
PROBLEMS AND SHORTCOMINGS IN INTERNATIONAL LAWS OF MARINE POLLUTION 42
2.1 GENERAL QUESTIONS 42 2.1.1 JURISDICTION 42 2.1.2 TECHNICAL SAFETY,
CONTROL MANAGEMENT, COMPENSATION 43 2.1.3 COMPENSATION SHORTCOMINGS 44
2.2 THE NEED FOR REFORM 45 3 COMBATING AND PREVENTING MARINE POLLUTION
THROUGH CRIMINAL LAW 46 3.1 INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORKS: OPPORTUNITIES AND
LIMITATIONS 46 3.2 CRIMINAL LIABILITY: SHORTCOMINGS OF INDIVIDUAL
RESPONSIBILITY 49 3.3 CORPORATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY 51 3.3.1 APPROACHES
BY AN INTERNATIONAL VIEW 52 3.3.2 SANCTIONS 53 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING
REMARKS 54 LIST OF REFERENCES 57 THOMAS RICHTER INTERDEPENDENCIES
BETWEEN CRIMINAL LAW AND OIL POLLUTION REGULATION IN CHINA 61 1 INITITAL
POSITION IN CHINA 61 1.1 MARINE OIL POLLUTION IN THE CHINESE REALITY 61
1.2 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ENERGY IN CHINA 61 1.3 MARINE OIL POLLUTION
AND FOCUS OF THE REPORT 65 2 THE LEGAL MILIEU 66 2.1 INTERNATIONAL LAW
66 2.2 NATIONAL LAW: OIL POLLUTION REGULATIONS 66 2.2.1 THE RELEVANT
LEGISLATION 66 2.2.2. ADMINISTRATIVE SANCTIONS AND OTHER FORMS OF
SANCTIONS 67 3 APPROACH OF THE CRIMINAL LAW 68 3.1 PRECONDITIONS 68 3.2
DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMES AGAINST THE ENVIRONMENT 68 3.3 CRIMES HAVING TO DO
WITH OIL POLLUTION 69 3.3.1 ART. 338 PL (CONSIDERABLE ACCIDENT WITH
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION) 69 3.3.2 ART. 408 PL (MISCONDUCT IN OFFICE
WHILE SUPERVISING AND CONTROLLING THE ENVIRONMENT) 70 3.3.3 ART. 136 PL
(TROUBLE WITH DANGEROUS OBJECTS) 71 4 INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN
ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMINAL LAW AND OIL POLLUTION REGULATION 72 4.1 GENERAL
REMARKS 72 4.2 DEPENDENCE OF CRIMINAL LAW ON ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATION
73 XII TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.2.1 FUNCTION 73 4.2.2 FORM 74 4.2.3
INTEGRATION IN THE STRUCTURE OF CRIMINAL LAW 75 4.3 MENSREA 76 4.4 FALSE
ALLOWANCES 77 5 CONCLUSIONS 78 5.1 CONCLUSION ON THE GENERAL
INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN CRIMINAL LAW AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 78 5.2
CONCLUSION ON THE INTERDEPENDENCIES BETWEEN CRIMINAL LAW AND OIL
POLLUTION REGULATION 79 LIST OF REFERENCES 80 CHEN XUEBIN JURISDICTION
OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA OVER POLLUTION FROM VESSELS IN ITS
EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE 83 1 INTRODUCTION 83 2 LEGAL RESOURCES FOR CHINA
TO EXERCISE ITS JURISDICTION 84 3 SUBSTANTIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR CHINA TO
EXERCISE ITS JURISDICTION 86 4 PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CHINA TO
EXERCISE ITS JURISDICTION 89 5 JURISDICTION EXERCISED BY CHINA IN CIVIL
PROCEEDINGS 91 6 REVISION OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION LAWS 93 7
CONCLUSIONS 95 LIST OF REFERENCES 96 PART II: COMPENSATION OF MARINE
POLLUTION DAMAGE: CASE STUDIES ETTY R. AGOES INDONESIA'S LAWS AND
REGULATIONS CONCERNING POLLUTION OF THE SEA BY OIL: CASE STUDIES ON
COMPENSATION FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGES 99 1 INTRODUCTION 99 2
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 100 3 NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 101 4
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION IN INDONESIA 101 4.1 THE 1982 UNCLOS (AS
RATIFIED BY LAW NO. 17 OF 1985) AND THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 102 4.2 IMO
CONVENTIONS, AS RATIFIED BY PRESIDENTIAL DECREES OF 1978,1986 AND 1999
103 4.3 RELEVANT NATIONAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS 104 4.3.1 LAW NO. 6 OF
1996 ON INDONESIAN TERRITORIAL WATERS 104 4.3.2 LAW NO. 23 OF 1997
CONCERNING THE MANAGEMENT OF THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT 105 TABLE OF
CONTENTS XIII 4.3.3 GOVERNMENT REGULATION NO. 19 OF 1999 ON MARINE
POLLUTION CONTROL 107 4.3.4 LAW NO. 21 OF 1992 ON SHIPPING 107 4.3.5
DECREE OF THE MINISTER FOR COMMUNICATION NO. 86 OF 1990 ON THE
PREVENTION OF POLLUTION OF OIL FROM VESSELS 107 4.3.6 LAW NO. 22 OF 2001
ON OIL AND GAS 108 4.3.7 LAW NO. 22 OF 1999 ON REGIONAL GOVERNMENT 108
4.3.8 OTHER LAWS AND REGULATIONS 108 5 PROBLEMS IN IMPLEMENTING
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION 109 5.1 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 110 5.2 DEPARTMENT
OF MARINE AFFAIRS AND FISHERIES 110 6 REGIONAL INITIATIVES 111 7 DRAFT
NATIONAL CONTINGENCY PLAN 111 8 CASES INVOLVING POLLUTION OF THE SEA BY
OIL 113 8.1 THE NAGASAKI SPIRIT MARINE POLLUTION CASUALTY 113 8.2 THE MT
NATUNA SEA OIL SPILL 114 8.3 THE MT KING FISHER INCIDENT 115 9
CONCLUSION 116 LIST OF REFERENCES 117 MARC A. HUYBRECHTS AND KATRIEN N.
VAN DAMME PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT UNDER BELGIAN LAW 119 1
INTRODUCTION 119 2 CONTENTS OF THE BELGIAN STATUTE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
120 3 IMPORTANCE OF THE NORTH SEA AND THE RISK OF POLLUTION 121 4 THE
BELGIAN STATUE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 122 4.1 GENERAL APPROACH 122 4.1.1
FIELD OF APPLICATION 122 4.1.2 AIM AND BASIC PRINCIPLES 123 4.2
PREVENTION AND AVOIDANCE OF DAMAGE TO AND DISRUPTION OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT 124 4.2.1 DAMAGES TO AND DISRUPTION OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT 124 4.2.1.1 DAMAGE TO THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 124 4.2.1.2
DISRUPTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 125 4.2.2 COMPENSATION 125 4.2.2.1
WHO HAS THE RIGHT TO CLAIM FOR COMPENSATION? 126 4.2.2.2 LIMITATION OF
LIABILITY 126 4.2.2.3 COMPENSATION: RESTORATION IN KIND? 127 4.2.2.4
BAIL OR GUARANTEE DECLARATION 128 5 POLLUTION IN PRACTICE 128 5.1 AIR
SURVEILLANCE BY THE MANAGEMENT UNIT OF THE NORTH SEA MATHEMATICAL MODELS
(MUMM) 129 5.2 RECEPTION FACILITIES AND PORT STATE CONTROL 130 5.3 NORTH
SEA DISASTER PLAN AND PLACES OF REFUGE 130 5.4 LEGAL ASPECTS: JUDICIAL
PROCEEDINGS 131 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS: ZERO
TOLERANCE! 133 5.5.1 MAXIMIZE THE CHANCES OF APPREHENSION: THE
INTRODUCTION OF UNMANNED CAMERAS 133 5.5.2 REFEREE MAGISTRATE NORTH SEA
133 5.5.3 ACTIVE INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 133 5.5.4 EQUIPMENT 133 5.5.5
COMPENSATION FOR DISRUPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 134 6 CONCLUSION 134 LIST
OF REFERENCES 135 JAMES BOYD COMPENSATION FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGES: THE
AMERICAN OIL POLLUTION ACT AS AN EXAMPLE FOR GLOBAL SOLUTIONS? 137 1
INTRODUCTION 137 2 OPA AND US NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES LAW 139 2.1 WHAT
IS A NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGE? 140 2.2 COMMON LAW FOUNDATIONS 141 2.3
ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES 142 3 CALCULATING DAMAGES 144 3.1 THE HISTORY OF
NRD ASSESSMENT 145 3.2 THE CHALLENGE OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICE ASSESSMENT 147
3.3 THE POLITICS OF NRD 150 3.4 DAMAGES: LOST BENEFITS VERSUS
REPLACEMENT COST 151 4 NRD CLAIMS - SCALE AND FREQUENCY 154 5 FINANCIAL
ASSURANCE'S ROLE IN COMPENSATION AND DETERRENCE 157 6 CONCLUSION 160
LIST OF REFERENCES 161 MARIA PAZ GARCIA RUBIO THE PRESTIGE CASE.
INTERNATIONAL AND SPANISH LEGAL REGIME FOR COMPENSATING DAMAGE 165 1
RAISING THE PROBLEM 165 2 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM OF CIVIL
LIABILITY AS A MECHANISM FOR COMPENSATING ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE 166 3
INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON CIVIL LIABILITY FOR
OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE AND INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON THE ESTABLISHMENT
OF AN INTERNATIONAL FUND FOR COMPENSATION FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE 167 4
THE SPANISH SYSTEM OF CIVIL LIABILITY AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE
PRESTIGE CASE 170 5 THE ROYAL DECREE-LAW 4/2003, OF 23 JUNE 2003 172 5.1
LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN STATE AND VICTIMS REGULATED IN
THE ROYAL DECREE-LAW 173 TABLE OF CONTENTS XV 5.2 SUBJECTIVE FRAMEWORK.
THE VICTIMS 173 5.3 WAIVING TO THE CLAIMS BY THE VICTIMS 175 6 FINAL
NOTE 176 LIST OF REFERENCES 178 PART III: COMPENSATING MARINE POLLUTION
DAMAGE IN CHINA HAN LIXIN AND GUAN ZHENGYI THE ENFORCEMENT OF
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS AND
COMPENSATION FOR POLLUTION DAMAGE IN CHINA 181 1 INTRODUCTION 181 2
BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS FOR THE PREVENTION
OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS AND COMPENSATION FOR POLLUTION DAMAGE TO WHICH
CHINA HAS ACCEDED : 181 3 THE MAIN MEASURES OF ENFORCING INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTIONS 183 3.1 ADOPTION 183 3.2 TRANSFORMATION 183 3.3 MIXTURE OF
ADOPTION AND TRANSFORMATION 184 4 THE CURRENT STATUS QUO FOR THE
APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ON THE PREVENTION OF POLLUTION
FROM SHIPS AND FOR COMPENSATION FOR POLLUTION DAMAGE IN CHINA 184 4.1
THE EXISTING REGULATIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF CONVENTIONS IN CHINA 184
4.2 CHINA'S PRACTICE IN IMPLEMENTING THE CONVENTIONS 185 4.3 THE CURRENT
STATUS QUO FOR THE APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ON THE
PREVENTION OF POLLUTION FROM SHIPS AND FOR COMPENSATION FOR POLLUTION
DAMAGE IN CHINA IN PRACTICE 186 5 SUGGESTIONS ON THE APPLICATION OF
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS 189 LIST OF REFERENCES 191 JAMES HU AND YANG
BO APPLICATION OF LAW IN CIVIL LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE CAUSED
BY COASTAL VESSELS IN CHINA 193 1 INTRODUCTION 193 2 DIVERSITY OF VIEWS
REGARDING APPLICATION OF LAW 194 2.1 APPLICATION OF CLC 194 2.2
APPLICATION OF CIVIL LAW 194 2.3 APPLICATION OF THE MARITIME CODE 195 3
APPLICATION OF THE CLC 195 3.1 THE APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTIONS IN CHINA GENERALLY 195 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.2
NON-APPLICABILITY OF CLC TO CASES WITHOUT FOREIGN ELEMENTS 197 3.3
APPLICATION OF THE CLC TO COASTAL VESSELS INVOLVING FOREIGN ELEMENTS 198
3.4 ANALYSIS ON VIEWS IN FAVOUR OF THE APPLICATION OF THE CLC TO CASES
WITHOUT FOREIGN ELEMENTS 199 3.4.1 BY VIRTUE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE
REGULATIONS ON PREVENTING MARINE POLLUTION FROM SHIPS 199 3.4.2 BY
VIRTUE OF GOVERNMENTAL NOTICES FOR IMPLEMENTING THE 1969 CLC 200 3.5
INTEREST-ORIENTATED CONSIDERATION 200 4 APPLICABLE DOMESTIC LAWS 201 4.1
COMMON FEATURES OF APPLICATION 201 4.2 PRIORITY ISSUES 202 5 THE
NECESSITY OF A SPECIFIC LEGAL REGIME 203 6 CONCLUSIONS 204 LIST OF
REFERENCES 205 ZHAO YUELIN, JAMES HU AND WANG HUA A STUDY OF THE LEGAL
NATURE OF COMPULSORY CLEAN-UP COSTS UNDER CHINESE LAW 207 1 INTRODUCTION
207 2 COMPULSORY CLEAN-UP ACTS AS COMPULSORY ADMINISTRATIVE MEASURES 208
3 LEGAL NATURE OF THE COMPULSORY CLEAN-UP COSTS BORNE BY RESPONSIBLE
PARTIES 210 3.1 COMPULSORY CLEAN-UP COSTS AS COSTS OF SUBSTITUTION OF
PERFORMANCE UNDER ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 211 3.1.1 COMPULSORY CLEAN-UP ACTS
AS INDIRECT COMPULSORY ACTS 211 3.1.2 COMPULSORY CLEAN-UP COSTS AS THOSE
OF SUBSTITUTED PERFORMANCE OF CARRYING OUT COMPULSORY ADMINISTRATIVE
MEASURES 211 3.2 TORTIOUS LIABILITY UNDER THE CIVIL LAW 213 3.2.1
COMPULSORY CLEAN-UP COSTS WITHIN TORTIOUS LIABILITY 213 3.2.2 COMPULSORY
CLEAN-UP COSTS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF CIVIL COMPENSATION LIABILITY 215 3.3
CONTRIBUTION TO THE REALISATION OF UNIFORMITY OF FAIRNESS AND EFFICIENCY
216 3.4 THE INTERNATIONAL TENDENCY TO TREAT PAYMENT OF COMPULSORY
CLEAN-UP COSTS AS CIVIL LIABILITY 219 4 CONCLUSIONS 220 LIST OF
REFERENCES 221 MA JING-JING AND DU JIANG DISCUSSION ON THE NATIONAL
CLAIM SYSTEM FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE FROM SHIPS 223 1 INTRODUCTION 223
TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII 2 THE NEED TO SET UP THE NATIONAL CLAIM SYSTEM
FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE CAUSED BY SHIPS 223 3 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
SUBJECT OF THE NATIONAL CLAIM FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE FROM SHIPS 225
3.1 QUALIFICATION OF THE COUNTRY TO PROPOSE THE OIL POLLUTION CLAIM 225
3.2 EXERCISE BY THE ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY OF A RIGHT TO FILE CLAIMS
ON BEHALF OF THE COUNTRY 228 3.2.1 ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY ENTITLEMENT
TO BRING AN ACTION AS TRUSTEE OF NATIONAL PROPERTY 228 3.2.2 EQUALITY OF
THE ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITY AS A CIVIL SUBJECT IN CLAIMS FOR DAMAGES
FROM OIL POLLUTION 229 4 PRACTICE IN NATIONAL CLAIMS OF OIL POLLUTION
DAMAGE FROM SHIPS 230 5 THE SCOPE OF A NATIONAL CLAIM SYSTEM FOR OIL
POLLUTION DAMAGE FROM SHIPS 233 5.1 COMPENSATION FOR THE CLEAN-UP
CHARGES 233 5.2 COMPENSATION FOR PURE ECONOMIC LOSS 234 5.3 PUNITIVE
DAMAGE 236 6 CONCLUSION 238 LIST OF REFERENCES 239 CHEN PINGPING A STUDY
ON THE TYPES OF LIABILITY OF THE INSURER FOR OIL POLLUTION AND THAT OF
THE PARTY LIABLE 241 1 INTRODUCTION 241 2 PRESENTATION OF THE PROBLEM
241 3 RELATIVE CONCEPTS OF LIABILITY INSURANCE 242 3.1 ORIGIN AND
DEVELOPMENT OF LIABILITY INSURANCE 242 3.2 SUBSTITUTE LIABILITY FOR
COMPENSATION OF THE LIABILITY INSURER 244 3.3 VICTIM'S RIGHT OF DIRECT
ACTION 245 3.3.1 DOCTRINE OF ORIGINAL ACQUISITION (DOCTRINE OF STATUTORY
RIGHTS) 245 3.3.2 THE DOCTRINE OF PAYMENT WITHOUT EVASION OF LIABILITY
245 3.4 RESTRICTION ON THE INSURER'S RIGHT TO CALL ON DEFENSES 246 4
ISSUES RELATED TO COMPENSATION LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE 247
4.1 THE CURRENT STATUS OF LEGISLATION IN RESPECT OF OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE
IN CHINA 247 4.2 THE PRINCIPLE OF IMPUTATION OF COMPENSATION LIABILITY
FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE 249 4.3 THE PROMOTION OF COMPULSORY LIABILITY
INSURANCE FOR OIL POLLUTION 250 4.4 THE SYSTEM OF DIRECT ACTION 251 5
NON-TYPICAL JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY BETWEEN THE INSURER FOR OIL
POLLUTION AND THE PARTY LIABLE FOR OIL POLLUTION 253 5.1 NON-TYPICAL
JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE CURRENT LAW 253 5.2
THE LEGISLATIVE TREND OF THE JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY 256 XVIII TABLE
OF CONTENTS 6 PERFECTION OF LEGISLATION REGARDING COMPENSATION FOR
DAMAGES OF SHIP OIL POLLUTION 257 6.1 THE SUBSTANTIVE CONTENT OF THE
DIRECT ACTION 257 6.2 OIL TANKER TO BE COVERED BY COMPULSORY INSURANCE
258 6.3 ESTABLISHMENT OF A SCHEME OF PAYMENT ON ACCOUNT 259 7 CONCLUDING
REMARKS 260 LIST OF REFERENCES 261 WU LIJING AND ZHANG MIN JUDICIAL
AUTHENTICATION OF MARINE POLLUTION DAMAGES 263 1 INTRODUCTION 263 2 THE
CURRENT SYSTEM OF JUDICIAL AUTHENTICATION OF MARINE POLLUTION DAMAGES IN
CHINA 264 2.1 THE CURRENT JUDICIAL AUTHENTICATION SYSTEM IN CHINA 264
2.1.1 AUTHENTICATION DETERMINATION SYSTEM 264 2.1.2 AUTHENTICATION
SUBJECT SYSTEM 265 2.1.3 EXPERT WITNESS SELECTING AND APPOINTING SYSTEM
265 2.2 SYSTEM OF JUDICIAL AUTHENTICATION OF MARINE POLLUTION DAMAGES
266 3 ANALYSIS OF OBJECTIVITY AND AUTHENTICITY OF MARINE POLLUTION
DAMAGES AUTHENTICATION REPORTS 267 3.1 FEATURES OF JUDICIAL
AUTHENTICATION 267 3.2 ESSENCE AND FEATURES OF THE AUTHENTICATION REPORT
268 3.2.1 ESSENCE OF THE AUTHENTICATION REPORT 268 3.2.2 FEATURES OF THE
AUTHENTICATION REPORT 268 3.2.2.1 DUALISM OF SUBJECTIVITY AND
OBJECTIVITY 268 3.2.2.2 THE DUAL TENDENCY OF AUTHENTICITY AND DISTORTION
268 3.3 POSSIBILITIES FOR THE DISTORTION OF THE AUTHENTICATION REPORT
AND THEIR REMOVAL 269 3.3.1 ANALYSIS OF THE CAUSES OF DISTORTION 269
3.3.1.1 INAUTHENTIC MATERIALS 269 3.3.1.2 IMPROPER PROCESS 269 3.3.1.3
INCORRECT THEORIES USED IN AUTHENTICATION 269 3.3.1.4 SUBJECTIVITY OF
THE EXPERT WITNESS 269 3.3.2 PREVENTION OF AUTHENTICATION REPORT
DISTORTION 270 3.3.2.1 SELECTION AND APPOINTMENT OF PROPER EXPERT
WITNESS 270 3.3.2.2 STRICT CONFORMANCE TO THE REGULATIONS AND PROCEDURAL
RULES 270 3.3.2.3 JUDICIAL AUTHENTICATION REVIEW 271 4 THE ROLE OF THE
AUTHENTICATION REPORT IN LITIGATION FOR MARINE POLLUTION DAMAGES
COMPENSATION 271 4.1 EVIDENTIAL EFFECT OF THE AUTHENTICATION REPORT 271
4.2 STATUS OF THE EXPERT WITNESS IN LITIGATION 272 5 CONCLUSION 273 LIST
OF REFERENCES 274 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX LI ZHI WEN AND AN SHOUZHI THE
NECESSITY OF INCORPORATING MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL TORTS INTO THE MARITIME
LEGAL SYSTEM 275 1 INTRODUCTION 275 2 DEFINITION AND TYPES OF MARINE
ENVIRONMENTAL TORTS 275 2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
TORTS 276 2.2 CATEGORIZATION OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL TORTS 277 3
ANALYSIS OF THE DEFICIENCY OF THE STATUS IN THE CIVIL REMEDIES FOR
MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL TORTS IN CHINA 277 3.1 THE STATUS OF CIVIL REMEDIES
FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL TORTS REGULATED BY LAW IN CHINA 277 3.2
ANALYSIS OF CHINA'S CURRENT CIVIL REMEDY SYSTEM FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
TORTS, AND ITS DEFICIENCIES 278 4 THE NECESSITY TO INCORPORATE MARINE
ENVIRONMENTAL TORTS INTO THE MARINE TORT LAW 279 4.1 THE TREND OF
EXPANDING THE SCOPE OF MODERN MARINE TORT LAW 279 4.2 THE AVOIDANCE OF
CONTRADICTION IN THE SYSTEM 280 4.3 PROTECTION OF THE LEGAL RIGHTS AND
INTERESTS OF THE PARTIES CONCERNED 281 4.3.1 THE MARINE TORT LEGAL
SYSTEM IS USEFUL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND UTILISATION OF ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES AT SEA 281 4.3.2 THE SPECIAL SYSTEM OF COMPENSATION IN MARINE
TORT LAW CONTRIBUTES TO SUFFICIENT COMPENSATION, AND TO THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE OCEAN 281 4.4 FACILITATION OF JUDICIAL REMEDIES OF MARINE
ENVIRONMENTAL TORTS 282 5 CONCLUSIONS 283 LIST OF REFERENCES 284 GUO
PING AND ZHAO LUJUN THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT IN
CHINA: CURRENT SITUATION AND CHALLENGES 285 1 INTRODUCTION 285 2 CHINESE
LEGISLATION ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 285 2.1 LAW OF
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION (LEP) 285 2.2 LAW OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION (LMEP) 286 3 RELATED ADMINISTRATIVE RULES AND REGULATION
CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 288 3.1
ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS ON PREVENTING SHIPS FROM POLLUTING SEA AREAS
(ARPSP) 288 3.2 ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATION OF PREVENTING POLLUTION FROM
DISMANTLING AND REPAIR OF SHIPS 288 3.3 ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS ON
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ON OCEAN OIL EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION
(REPOE) 289 3.4 ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS ON DUMPING WASTES AT SEA
(RDW) 290 3.5 ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS ON PREVENTING OCEAN POLLUTION
FROM LAND-SOURCE POLLUTANTS 290 XX TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.6 ADMINISTRATIVE
REGULATIONS ON PREVENTING AND CURING OCEAN POLLUTION FROM COASTAL
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS 291 3.7 IMPLEMENTING RULES ON OCEAN ADMINISTRATIVE
PENALTY 292 4 RELATIONS AND EXISTING PROBLEMS BETWEEN LAWS,
ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS AND RULES ON MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
293 4.1 RELATIONS BETWEEN LAWS, ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS AND RULES ON
MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION OF CHINA 293 4.2 PROBLEMS EXISTING IN
LAWS, ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS AND RULES ON MARINE ENVIRONMENT
PROTECTION 293 5 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS AND METHODS TO SOLVE THE
PROBLEM 297 5.1 PERFECTING THE RELEVANT LEGISLATION 297 5.2
ORGANIZATIONS AND FORMS 297 5.3 PROMOTING THE LEGAL EFFECT LEVEL OF THE
DEPARTMENT'S REGULATIONS AND RULES 298 6 CONCLUSIONS 298 LIST OF
REFERENCES 299 WEI ZHIJE AND SONG RUQING RISK ANALYSIS OF NOXIOUS LIQUID
SUBSTANCES TRANSPORTATION BY WATER IN THE YANGTZE DELTA AND THE RESEARCH
OF ITS COUNTERMEASURES 301 1 INTRODUCTION 301 2 ANALYSIS OF THE RISK IN
NLS TRANSPORTATION BY WATER IN THE YANGTZE DELTA. 301 2.1 EXISTING
CONDITIONS IN NLS TRANSPORTATION IN THE YANGTZE DELTA 302 2.2 STATUS OF
NLS POLLUTION ACCIDENTS IN THE YANGTZE DELTA 303 2.3 DEVELOPMENT TREND
IN NLS CARRIAGE IN THE YANGTZE DELTA 303 2.4 RISK ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION
ACCIDENT HAZARDS IN THE YANGTZE DELTA 304 3 COUNTERMEASURES (PREVENTION,
SALVAGE AND COMPENSATION) 306 3.1 MEANS TO CONTROL THE OCCURRENCE OF
POLLUTION ACCIDENTS 307 3.1.1 CONTROL OF THE FACTOR OF PERSONNEL 307
3.1.2 CONTROL OVER THE FACTOR OF VESSELS 308 3.1.3 CONTROL OVER THE
FACTOR OF LOADING AND UNLOADING TERMINALS (FACILITIES) 309 3.1.4 CONTROL
OVER THE FACTOR OF ENVIRONMENT FOR NAVIGATION 309 3.1.5 CONTROL OVER THE
FACTOR OF ADMINISTRATION 310 3.2 COUNTERMEASURES OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE
TO POLLUTION ACCIDENTS 310 3.2.1 EMERGENCY PLANS 311 3.2.2 INFORMATION
SYSTEM FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE 312 3.2.3 GUARANTEE SYSTEM FOR EMERGENCY
RESPONSE 312 3.2.4 SYSTEM OF TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE
313 3.3 COMPENSATION REGIME FOR POLLUTION ACCIDENTS 314 4 CONCLUSIONS
315 LIST OF REFERENCES 316 TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI MICHAEL FAURE AND WANG
HUI FINANCIAL CAPS FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE: CHINA AND THE INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTIONS 317 1 INTRODUCTION 317 2 INTERNATIONAL REGIMES 318 2.1
PRE-1969 REGIME 318 2.2 1969/1971 REGIME 319 2.2.1 CLC CONVENTION 1969 &
FUND CONVENTION 1971 319 2.2.1.1 CLC CONVENTION 1969 319 2.2.1.2 FUND
CONVENTION 1971 321 2.2.2 VOLUNTARY SCHEMES 321 2.2.2.1 TOVALOP 322
2.2.2.2 CRISTAL 322 2.3 1984/1992 REGIME 322 2.3.1 1984 PROTOCOLS 322
2.3.2 1992 PROTOCOLS 323 2.3.3 DISAPPEARANCE OF TOVALOP & CRISTAL 324
2.3.4 WINDING UP OF THE 1969/1971 REGIME 324 2.4 THE 2000/2003 REGIME
325 2.4.1 THE 2000 AMENDMENTS 325 2.4.1.1 BACKGROUND 325 2.4.1.2 2000
AMENDMENTS 326 2.4.2 2003 SUPPLEMENTARY FUND PROTOCOL 326 3 CIVIL
LIABILITY FOR OIL POLLUTION DAMAGE IN CHINA 328 3.1 INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTIONS EFFECTIVE IN CHINA 328 3.1.1 CLC CONVENTION 328 3.1.2 FUND
CONVENTION 328 3.2 DOMESTIC LEGISLATIONS IN CHINA 329 3.2.1 CHINA
MARITIME CODE 330 3.2.2 MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION LAW 330 3.3
PRACTICAL ISSUES 331 3.3.1 NEGATIVE EFFECT ON CLEAN-UP 331 3.3.2 NO
COMPULSORY INSURANCE FOR CABOTAGE TANKERS & LOW FINANCIAL LIMITS UNDER
CHINESE LAW 331 3.3.3 NO COMPENSATION FUND IN CHINA 332 4 ANALYSIS 332
4.1 INTRODUCTION 332 4.2 FINANCIAL CAPS ON TORT LIABILITY: AN ECONOMIC
PERSPECTIVE 333 4.2.1 FINANCIAL CAPS CAUSE UNDERDETERRENCE 333 4.2.2
STRICT LIABILITY VERSUS NEGLIGENCE 333 4.2.3 SUBSIDIZATION EFFECT 334
4.2.4 IN SUM 335 4.3 FINANCIAL CAPS TO INCREASE INSURABILITY? 335 4.3.1
CAPACITY AS INSURABILITY PROBLEM 335 4.3.2 LIMITATION OF THE DUTY TO
INSURE 336 4.3.3 CONTRACTUAL LIMITATIONS 337 XXII TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.3.4 UNLIMITED LIABILITY TO CONTROL MORAL HAZARD 337 4.3.5 FINANCIAL
CAPS TO INCREASE THE INSURABILITY OF OIL POLLUTION? 337 4.4 A DUTY TO
SEEK INSURANCE COVERAGE 338 4.5 CHINA 339 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS 340 LIST
OF REFERENCES 344 PART IV: COMPARATIVE CONCLUSIONS MICHAEL FAURE AND
JAMES HU COMPARATIVE CONCLUSIONS 351 1 INTRODUCTION 351 2 PREVENTION 351
3 MONITORING AND SANCTIONS 352 4 THE INTERNATIONAL COMPENSATION REGIME
AND THE NATIONAL APPLICATION 353 5 COMPENSATING MARINE POLLUTION DAMAGE
IN CHINA 354 6 DAMAGE ASSESSMENT, CLAIMS HANDLING AND INSURANCE 355 7
RESULTS 356 8 POLICY 357 9 LOOK FORWARD 358 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:33:29Z |
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| spelling | Prevention and compensation of marine pollution damage recent developments in Europe, China and the US Michael G. Faure ... (eds) Alphen aan den Rijn Kluwer Law Internat. 2006 XXVII, 358 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Comparative environmental law & policy series 9 Includes bibliographical references Aardolie gtt Milieuverontreiniging gtt Risicoaansprakelijkheid gtt Tankers gtt Waterverontreiniging gtt Recht Marine pollution Law and legislation Europe Marine pollution Law and legislation China Marine pollution Law and legislation United States Liability for oil pollution damages Europe Liability for oil pollution damages China Liability for oil pollution damages United States Oil spills Law and legislation Europe Oil spills Law and legislation China Oil spills Law and legislation United States Umweltrecht (DE-588)4061643-5 gnd rswk-swf Ölpest (DE-588)4129524-9 gnd rswk-swf Meeresverschmutzung (DE-588)4038331-3 gnd rswk-swf China gtt EU-landen gtt Verenigde Staten gtt Europa USA (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift gnd-content Meeresverschmutzung (DE-588)4038331-3 s Umweltrecht (DE-588)4061643-5 s DE-604 Ölpest (DE-588)4129524-9 s Faure, Michael G. 1958- Sonstige (DE-588)123921287 oth Comparative environmental law & policy series 9 (DE-604)BV014082338 9 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014969117&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Prevention and compensation of marine pollution damage recent developments in Europe, China and the US |
| title_auth | Prevention and compensation of marine pollution damage recent developments in Europe, China and the US |
| title_exact_search | Prevention and compensation of marine pollution damage recent developments in Europe, China and the US |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Prevention and compensation of marine pollution damage recent developments in Europe, China and the US |
| title_full | Prevention and compensation of marine pollution damage recent developments in Europe, China and the US Michael G. Faure ... (eds) |
| title_fullStr | Prevention and compensation of marine pollution damage recent developments in Europe, China and the US Michael G. Faure ... (eds) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevention and compensation of marine pollution damage recent developments in Europe, China and the US Michael G. Faure ... (eds) |
| title_short | Prevention and compensation of marine pollution damage |
| title_sort | prevention and compensation of marine pollution damage recent developments in europe china and the us |
| title_sub | recent developments in Europe, China and the US |
| topic | Aardolie gtt Milieuverontreiniging gtt Risicoaansprakelijkheid gtt Tankers gtt Waterverontreiniging gtt Recht Marine pollution Law and legislation Europe Marine pollution Law and legislation China Marine pollution Law and legislation United States Liability for oil pollution damages Europe Liability for oil pollution damages China Liability for oil pollution damages United States Oil spills Law and legislation Europe Oil spills Law and legislation China Oil spills Law and legislation United States Umweltrecht (DE-588)4061643-5 gnd Ölpest (DE-588)4129524-9 gnd Meeresverschmutzung (DE-588)4038331-3 gnd |
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