Analysis and application of analog electronic circuits to biomedical instrumentation:
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| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
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| Sprache: | English |
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Boca Raton
CRC Press
2004
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| Schriftenreihe: | Biomedical engineering series
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Analysis and application of analog electronic circuits to biomedical instrumentation |c by Robert B. Northrop |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Amplificateur - Analogique - Analyse - Application - Bibvir - Biomedical - Circuit - Demodulation - Differentiel - Electronique | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Feedback - Filtre - Instrumentation - Interface - Medical - Modele - Modulation - Numerique - Semiconducteur - Signal | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Stabilite - Systeme | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Systèmes analogiques | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Électronique en médecine | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Analog electronic systems | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Medical electronics | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135597999128576 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of Contents
Preface vii
Reader Background vii
Rationale vii
Description of the Chapters viii
Features x
1 Sources and Properties of Biomedical Signals 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Sources of Endogenous Bioelectric Signals 1
1.3 Nerve Action Potentials 2
1.4 Muscle Action Potentials 5
1.4.1 Introduction 5
1.4.2 The Origin of EMGs 6
1.4.3 EMG Amplifiers 9
1.5 The Electrocardiogram 9
1.5.1 Introduction 9
1.5.2 ECG Amplifiers 10
1.6 Other Biopotentials 11
1.6.1 Introduction 11
1.6.2 EEGs 12
1.6.3 Other Body Surface Potentials 13
1.7 Discussion 13
1.8 Electrical Properties of Bioelectrodes 13
1.9 Exogenous Bioelectric Signals 17
1.10 Chapter Summary 20
2 Models for Semiconductor Devices Used in Analog
Electronic Systems . 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 pn Junction Diodes 24
2.2.1 Introduction 24
2.2.2 The pn Diode s Volt Ampere Curve 24
2.2.3 High Frequency Behavior of Diodes 28
2.2.4 Schottky Diodes 30
2.3 Mid Frequency Models for BJT Behavior 33
2.3.1 Introduction 33
2.3.2 Mid Frequency Small Signal Models for BJTs 35
xv
xvi Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits
2.3.3 Amplifiers Using One BJT 40
2.3.4 Simple Amplifiers Using Two Transistors at
Mid Frequencies 44
2.3.5 The Use of Transistor Dynamic Loads To Improve Amplifier
Performance 53
2.4 Mid Frequency Models for Field Effect Transistors 56
2.4.1 Introduction 56
2.4.2 JFETs at Mid Frequencies 57
2.4.3 MOSFET Behavior at Mid Frequencies 60
2.4.4 Basic Mid Frequency Single FET Amplifiers 62
2.4.5 Simple Amplifiers Using Two FETs at Mid Frequencies 65
2.5 High Frequency Models for Transistors, and Simple Transistor
Amplifiers 71
2.5.1 Introduction 71
2.5.2 High Frequency SSMs for BJTs and FETs 74
2.5.3 Behavior of One BJT and One FET Amplifiers at High
Frequencies 78
2.5.4 High Frequency Behavior of Two Transistor Amplifiers 89
2.5.5 Broadbanding Strategies 94
2.6 Photons, Photodiodes, Photoconductors, LEDs, and Laser Diodes 97
2.6.1 Introduction 97
2.6.2 PIN Photodiodes 99
2.6.3 Avalanche Photodiodes 105
2.6.4 Signal Conditioning Circuits for Photodiodes 108
2.6.5 Photoconductors 113
2.6.6 LEDs 115
2.6.7 Laser Diodes 117
2.7 Chapter Summary 126
3 The Differential Amplifier 141
3.1 Introduction 141
3.2 DA Circuit Architecture 142
3.3 Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) 145
3.4 CM and DM Gain of Simple DA Stages at High Frequencies 147
3.4.1 Introduction 147
3.4.2 High Frequency Behavior of Ac and AD for the JFET DA 147
3.4.3 High Frequency Behavior of AD and Ac for the BJT DA 152
3.5 Input Resistance of Simple Transistor DAs 153
3.6 How Signal Source Impedance Affects Low Frequency CMRR 157
3.7 How Op Amps Can Be Used To Make DAs for Medical
Applications 160
3.7.1 Introduction 160
3.7.2 Two Op Amp DA Designs 161
3.8 Chapter Summary 162
Table of Contents xvii
4 General Properties of Electronic Single Loop Feedback
Systems 173
4.1 Introduction 173
4.2 Classification of Electronic Feedback Systems 173
4.3 Some Effects of Negative Voltage Feedback 175
4.3.1 Reduction of Output Resistance 175
4.3.2 Reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion 177
4.3.3 Increase of NFB Amplifier Bandwidth at the Cost of Gain.... 179
4.3.4 Decrease in Gain Sensitivity 181
4.4 Effects of Negative Current Feedback 183
4.5 Positive Voltage Feedback 187
4.5.1 Introduction 187
4.5.2 Amplifier with Capacitance Neutralization 188
4.6 Chapter Summary 190
5 Feedback, Frequency Response, and Amplifier Stability 199
5.1 Introduction 199
5.2 Review of Amplifier Frequency Response 199
5.2.1 Introduction 199
5.2.2 Bode Plots 200
5.3 What Stability Means 205
5.4 Use of Root Locus in Feedback Amplifier Design 214
5.5 Use of Root Locus in the Design of Linear Oscillators 223
5.5.1 Introduction 223
5.5.2 The Phase Shift Oscillator 225
5.5.3 The Wien Bridge Oscillator 228
5.6 Chapter Summary 230
6 Operational Amplifiers 239
6.1 Ideal Op Amps 239
6.1.1 Introduction 239
6.1.2 Properties of Ideal OP Amps 240
6.1.3 Some Examples of Op Amp Circuits Analyzed Using
IOAs 240
6.2 Practical Op Amps 245
6.2.1 Introduction 245
6.2.2 Functional Categories of Real Op Amps 245
6.3 Gain Bandwidth Relations for Voltage Feedback OAs 248
6.3.1 The GBWP of an Inverting Summer 248
6.3.2 The GBWP of a Noninverting Voltage Feedback OA 250
6.4 Gain Bandwidth Relations in Current Feedback Amplifiers 251
6.4.1 The Noninverting Amplifier Using a CFOA 251
6.4.2 The Inverting Amplifier Using a CFOA 252
6.4.3 Limitations of CFOAs 253
xviii Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits
6.5 Voltage Comparators 256
6.5.1 Introduction 256
6.5.2. Applications of Voltage Comparators 259
6.5.3 Discussion 261
6.6 Some Applications of Op Amps in Biomedicine 263
6.6.1 Introduction 263
6.6.2 Analog Integrators and Differentiators 263
6.6.3 Charge Amplifiers 267
6.6.4 A Two Op Amp ECG Amplifier 268
6.7 Chapter Summary 270
7 Analog Active Filters 281
7.1 Introduction 281
7.2 Types of Analog Active Filters 282
7.2.1 Introduction 282
7.2.2 Sallen and Key Controlled Source AFs 283
7.2.3 Biquad Active Filters 288
7.2.4 Generalized Impedance Converter AFs 292
7.3 Electronically Tunable AFs 297
7.3.1 Introduction 297
7.3.2 The Tunable Two Loop Biquad LPF 299
7.3.3 Use of Digitally Controlled Potentiometers To Tune a
Sallen and Key LPF 301
7.4 Filter Applications (Anti Aliasing, SNR Improvement, etc.) 303
7.5 Chapter Summary 304
7.5.1 Active Filters 304
7.5.2 Choice of AF Components 304
8 Instrumentation and Medical Isolation Amplifiers 311
8.1 Introduction 311
8.2 Instrumentation Amps 312
8.3 Medical Isolation Amps 314
8.3.1 Introduction 314
8.3.2 Common Types of Medical Isolation Amplifiers 316
8.3.3 A Prototype Magnetic IsoA 319
8.4 Safety Standards in Medical Electronic Amplifiers 322
8.4.1 Introduction 322
8.4.2 Certification Criteria for Medical Electronic Systems 324
8.5 Medical Grade Power Supplies 329
8.6 Chapter Summary 329
9 Noise and the Design of Low Noise Amplifiers for
Biomedical Applications 331
9.1 Introduction 331
9.2 Descriptors of Random Noise in Biomedical Measurement
Systems 332
Table of Contents xix
9.2.1 Introduction 332
9.2.2 The Probability Density Function 332
9.2.3 The Power Density Spectrum 334
9.2.4 Sources of Random Noise in Signal Conditioning Systems ...338
9.2.4.1 Noise from Resistors 338
9.2.4.2 The Two Source Noise Model for Active Devices ....341
9.2.4.3 Noise in JFETs 342
9.2.4.4 Noise in BJTs 344
9.3 Propagation of Noise through LTI Filters 346
9.4 Noise Factor and Figure of Amplifiers 347
9.4.1 Broadband Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Amplifiers 347
9.4.2 Spot Noise Factor and Figure 349
9.4.3 Transformer Optimization of Amplifier NF and Output
SNR 351
9.5 Cascaded Noisy Amplifiers 353
9.5.1 Introduction 353
9.5.2 The SNR of Cascaded Noisy Amplifiers 354
9.6 Noise in Differential Amplifiers 355
9.6.1 Introduction 355
9.6.2 Calculation of the SNR,, of the DA 356
9.7 Effect of Feedback on Noise 357
9.7.1 Introduction 357
9.7.2 Calculation of SNR,, of an Amplifier with NVFB 357
9.8 Examples of Noise Limited Resolution of Certain Signal
Conditioning Systems 359
9.8.1 Introduction 359
9.8.2 Calculation of the Minimum Resolvable AC Input Voltage
to a Noisy Op Amp 359
9.8.3 Calculation of the Minimum Resolvable AC Input Signal
to Obtain a Specified SNR,, in a Transformer Coupled
Amplifier 361
9.8.4 The Effect of Capacitance Neutralization on the SNR,,
of an Electrometer Amplifier Used for Glass Micropipette
Intracellular Recording 363
9.8.5 Calculation of the Smallest Resolvable DR/R in a
Wheatstone Bridge Determined by Noise 365
9.8.5.1 Introduction 365
9.8.5.2 Bridge Sensitivity Calculations 366
9.8.5.3 Bridge SNRO 367
9.8.6 Calculation of the SNR Improvement Using a Lock In
Amplifier 367
9.8.7 Signal Averaging of Evoked Signals for Signal to Noise
Ratio Improvement 371
9.8.7.1 Introduction 371
9.8.7.2 Analysis of SNR Improvement by Averaging 373
9.8.7.3 Discussion 377
xx Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits
9.9 Some Low Noise Amplifiers 377
9.10 The Art of Low Noise Signal Conditioning System Design 378
9.10.1 Introduction 378
9.11 Chapter Summary 381
10 Digital Interfaces 391
10.1 Introduction 391
10.2 Aliasing and the Sampling Theorem 391
10.2.1 Introduction 391
10.2.2 The Sampling Theorem 392
10.3 Digital to Analog Converters (DACs) 397
10.3.1 Introduction 397
10.3.2 DAC Designs 397
10.3.3 Static and Dynamic Characteristics of DACs 402
10.4 Hold Circuits 405
10.5 Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs) 406
10.5.1 Introduction 406
10.5.2 The Tracking (Servo) ADC 407
10.5.3 The Successive Approximation ADC 408
10.5.4 Integrating Converters 410
10.5.5 Flash Converters 414
10.5.6 Delta Sigma ADCs 418
10.6 Quantization Noise 422
10.7 Chapter Summary 427
11 Modulation and Demodulation of Biomedical Signals 431
11.1 Introduction 431
11.2 Modulation of a Sinusoidal Carrier Viewed in the Frequency
Domain 432
11.3 Implementation of AM 434
11.3.1 Introduction 434
11.3.2 Some Amplitude Modulation Circuits 435
11.4 Generation of Phase and Frequency Modulation 441
11.4.1 Introduction 441
11.4.2 NBFM Generation by Phase Locked Loop 442
11.4.3 Integral Pulse Frequency Modulation as a Means of
Frequency Modulation 444
11.5 Demodulation of Modulated Sinusoidal Carriers 447
11.5.1 Introduction 447
11.5.2 Detection of AM 447
11.5.3 Detection of FM Signals 451
11.5.4 Demodulation of DSBSCM Signals 453
11.6 Modulation and Demodulation of Digital Carriers 457
11.6.1 Introduction 457
11.6.2 Delta Modulation 459
11.7 Chapter Summary 461
Table of Contents xxi
12 Examples of Special Analog Circuits and Systems in
Biomedical Instrumentation 467
12.1 Introduction 467
12.2 The Phase Sensitive Rectifier 467
12.2.1 Introduction 467
12.2.2 The Analog Multiplier/LPF PSR 468
12.2.3 The Switched Op Amp PSR 469
12.2.4 The Chopper PSR 469
12.2.5 The Balanced Diode Bridge PSR 470
12.3 Phase Detectors 472
12.3.1 Introduction 472
12.3.2 The Analog Multiplier Phase Detector 472
12.3.3 Digital Phase Detectors 475
12.4 Voltage and Current Controlled Oscillators 482
12.4.1 Introduction 482
12.4.2 An Analog VCO 482
12.4.3 Switched Integrating Capacitor VCOs 484
12.4.4 The Voltage Controlled, Emitter Coupled Multivibrator 485
12.4.5 The Voltage to Period Converter and Applications 490
12.4.6 Summary 495
12.5 Phase Locked Loops 495
12.5.1 Introduction 495
12.5.2 PLL Components 497
12.5.3 PLL Applications in Biomedicine 497
12.5.4 Discussion 502
12.6 True RMS Converters 502
12.6.1 Introduction 502
12.6.2 True RMS Circuits 503
12.7 IC Thermometers 508
12.7.1 Introduction 508
12.7.2 IC Temperature Transducers 509
12.8 Instrumentation Systems 511
12.8.1 Introduction 511
12.8.2 A Self Nulling Microdegree Polarimeter 511
12.8.3 A Laser Velocimeter and Rangefinder 522
12.8.4 Self Balancing Impedance Plethysmographs 528
12.8.5 Respiratory Acoustic Impedance Measurement System 533
12.9 Chapter Summary 537
References 539
Index 543
|
| adam_txt |
Table of Contents
Preface vii
Reader Background vii
Rationale vii
Description of the Chapters viii
Features x
1 Sources and Properties of Biomedical Signals 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Sources of Endogenous Bioelectric Signals 1
1.3 Nerve Action Potentials 2
1.4 Muscle Action Potentials 5
1.4.1 Introduction 5
1.4.2 The Origin of EMGs 6
1.4.3 EMG Amplifiers 9
1.5 The Electrocardiogram 9
1.5.1 Introduction 9
1.5.2 ECG Amplifiers 10
1.6 Other Biopotentials 11
1.6.1 Introduction 11
1.6.2 EEGs 12
1.6.3 Other Body Surface Potentials 13
1.7 Discussion 13
1.8 Electrical Properties of Bioelectrodes 13
1.9 Exogenous Bioelectric Signals 17
1.10 Chapter Summary 20
2 Models for Semiconductor Devices Used in Analog
Electronic Systems '. 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 pn Junction Diodes 24
2.2.1 Introduction 24
2.2.2 The pn Diode's Volt Ampere Curve 24
2.2.3 High Frequency Behavior of Diodes 28
2.2.4 Schottky Diodes 30
2.3 Mid Frequency Models for BJT Behavior 33
2.3.1 Introduction 33
2.3.2 Mid Frequency Small Signal Models for BJTs 35
xv
xvi Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits
2.3.3 Amplifiers Using One BJT 40
2.3.4 Simple Amplifiers Using Two Transistors at
Mid Frequencies 44
2.3.5 The Use of Transistor Dynamic Loads To Improve Amplifier
Performance 53
2.4 Mid Frequency Models for Field Effect Transistors 56
2.4.1 Introduction 56
2.4.2 JFETs at Mid Frequencies 57
2.4.3 MOSFET Behavior at Mid Frequencies 60
2.4.4 Basic Mid Frequency Single FET Amplifiers 62
2.4.5 Simple Amplifiers Using Two FETs at Mid Frequencies 65
2.5 High Frequency Models for Transistors, and Simple Transistor
Amplifiers 71
2.5.1 Introduction 71
2.5.2 High Frequency SSMs for BJTs and FETs 74
2.5.3 Behavior of One BJT and One FET Amplifiers at High
Frequencies 78
2.5.4 High Frequency Behavior of Two Transistor Amplifiers 89
2.5.5 Broadbanding Strategies 94
2.6 Photons, Photodiodes, Photoconductors, LEDs, and Laser Diodes 97
2.6.1 Introduction 97
2.6.2 PIN Photodiodes 99
2.6.3 Avalanche Photodiodes 105
2.6.4 Signal Conditioning Circuits for Photodiodes 108
2.6.5 Photoconductors 113
2.6.6 LEDs 115
2.6.7 Laser Diodes 117
2.7 Chapter Summary 126
3 The Differential Amplifier 141
3.1 Introduction 141
3.2 DA Circuit Architecture 142
3.3 Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) 145
3.4 CM and DM Gain of Simple DA Stages at High Frequencies 147
3.4.1 Introduction 147
3.4.2 High Frequency Behavior of Ac and AD for the JFET DA 147
3.4.3 High Frequency Behavior of AD and Ac for the BJT DA 152
3.5 Input Resistance of Simple Transistor DAs 153
3.6 How Signal Source Impedance Affects Low Frequency CMRR 157
3.7 How Op Amps Can Be Used To Make DAs for Medical
Applications 160
3.7.1 Introduction 160
3.7.2 Two Op Amp DA Designs 161
3.8 Chapter Summary 162
Table of Contents xvii
4 General Properties of Electronic Single Loop Feedback
Systems 173
4.1 Introduction 173
4.2 Classification of Electronic Feedback Systems 173
4.3 Some Effects of Negative Voltage Feedback 175
4.3.1 Reduction of Output Resistance 175
4.3.2 Reduction of Total Harmonic Distortion 177
4.3.3 Increase of NFB Amplifier Bandwidth at the Cost of Gain. 179
4.3.4 Decrease in Gain Sensitivity 181
4.4 Effects of Negative Current Feedback 183
4.5 Positive Voltage Feedback 187
4.5.1 Introduction 187
4.5.2 Amplifier with Capacitance Neutralization 188
4.6 Chapter Summary 190
5 Feedback, Frequency Response, and Amplifier Stability 199
5.1 Introduction 199
5.2 Review of Amplifier Frequency Response 199
5.2.1 Introduction 199
5.2.2 Bode Plots 200
5.3 What Stability Means 205
5.4 Use of Root Locus in Feedback Amplifier Design 214
5.5 Use of Root Locus in the Design of "Linear" Oscillators 223
5.5.1 Introduction 223
5.5.2 The Phase Shift Oscillator 225
5.5.3 The Wien Bridge Oscillator 228
5.6 Chapter Summary 230
6 Operational Amplifiers 239
6.1 Ideal Op Amps 239
6.1.1 Introduction 239
6.1.2 Properties of Ideal OP Amps 240
6.1.3 Some Examples of Op Amp Circuits Analyzed Using
IOAs 240
6.2 Practical Op Amps 245
6.2.1 Introduction 245
6.2.2 Functional Categories of Real Op Amps 245
6.3 Gain Bandwidth Relations for Voltage Feedback OAs 248
6.3.1 The GBWP of an Inverting Summer 248
6.3.2 The GBWP of a Noninverting Voltage Feedback OA 250
6.4 Gain Bandwidth Relations in Current Feedback Amplifiers 251
6.4.1 The Noninverting Amplifier Using a CFOA 251
6.4.2 The Inverting Amplifier Using a CFOA 252
6.4.3 Limitations of CFOAs 253
xviii Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits
6.5 Voltage Comparators 256
6.5.1 Introduction 256
6.5.2. Applications of Voltage Comparators 259
6.5.3 Discussion 261
6.6 Some Applications of Op Amps in Biomedicine 263
6.6.1 Introduction 263
6.6.2 Analog Integrators and Differentiators 263
6.6.3 Charge Amplifiers 267
6.6.4 A Two Op Amp ECG Amplifier 268
6.7 Chapter Summary 270
7 Analog Active Filters 281
7.1 Introduction 281
7.2 Types of Analog Active Filters 282
7.2.1 Introduction 282
7.2.2 Sallen and Key Controlled Source AFs 283
7.2.3 Biquad Active Filters 288
7.2.4 Generalized Impedance Converter AFs 292
7.3 Electronically Tunable AFs 297
7.3.1 Introduction 297
7.3.2 The Tunable Two Loop Biquad LPF 299
7.3.3 Use of Digitally Controlled Potentiometers To Tune a
Sallen and Key LPF 301
7.4 Filter Applications (Anti Aliasing, SNR Improvement, etc.) 303
7.5 Chapter Summary 304
7.5.1 Active Filters 304
7.5.2 Choice of AF Components 304
8 Instrumentation and Medical Isolation Amplifiers 311
8.1 Introduction 311
8.2 Instrumentation Amps 312
8.3 Medical Isolation Amps 314
8.3.1 Introduction 314
8.3.2 Common Types of Medical Isolation Amplifiers 316
8.3.3 A Prototype Magnetic IsoA 319
8.4 Safety Standards in Medical Electronic Amplifiers 322
8.4.1 Introduction 322
8.4.2 Certification Criteria for Medical Electronic Systems 324
8.5 Medical Grade Power Supplies 329
8.6 Chapter Summary 329
9 Noise and the Design of Low Noise Amplifiers for
Biomedical Applications 331
9.1 Introduction 331
9.2 Descriptors of Random Noise in Biomedical Measurement
Systems 332
Table of Contents xix
9.2.1 Introduction 332
9.2.2 The Probability Density Function 332
9.2.3 The Power Density Spectrum 334
9.2.4 Sources of Random Noise in Signal Conditioning Systems .338
9.2.4.1 Noise from Resistors 338
9.2.4.2 The Two Source Noise Model for Active Devices .341
9.2.4.3 Noise in JFETs 342
9.2.4.4 Noise in BJTs 344
9.3 Propagation of Noise through LTI Filters 346
9.4 Noise Factor and Figure of Amplifiers 347
9.4.1 Broadband Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Amplifiers 347
9.4.2 Spot Noise Factor and Figure 349
9.4.3 Transformer Optimization of Amplifier NF and Output
SNR 351
9.5 Cascaded Noisy Amplifiers 353
9.5.1 Introduction 353
9.5.2 The SNR of Cascaded Noisy Amplifiers 354
9.6 Noise in Differential Amplifiers 355
9.6.1 Introduction 355
9.6.2 Calculation of the SNR,, of the DA 356
9.7 Effect of Feedback on Noise 357
9.7.1 Introduction 357
9.7.2 Calculation of SNR,, of an Amplifier with NVFB 357
9.8 Examples of Noise Limited Resolution of Certain Signal
Conditioning Systems 359
9.8.1 Introduction 359
9.8.2 Calculation of the Minimum Resolvable AC Input Voltage
to a Noisy Op Amp 359
9.8.3 Calculation of the Minimum Resolvable AC Input Signal
to Obtain a Specified SNR,, in a Transformer Coupled
Amplifier 361
9.8.4 The Effect of Capacitance Neutralization on the SNR,,
of an Electrometer Amplifier Used for Glass Micropipette
Intracellular Recording 363
9.8.5 Calculation of the Smallest Resolvable DR/R in a
Wheatstone Bridge Determined by Noise 365
9.8.5.1 Introduction 365
9.8.5.2 Bridge Sensitivity Calculations 366
9.8.5.3 Bridge SNRO 367
9.8.6 Calculation of the SNR Improvement Using a Lock In
Amplifier 367
9.8.7 Signal Averaging of Evoked Signals for Signal to Noise
Ratio Improvement 371
9.8.7.1 Introduction 371
9.8.7.2 Analysis of SNR Improvement by Averaging 373
9.8.7.3 Discussion 377
xx Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits
9.9 Some Low Noise Amplifiers 377
9.10 The Art of Low Noise Signal Conditioning System Design 378
9.10.1 Introduction 378
9.11 Chapter Summary 381
10 Digital Interfaces 391
10.1 Introduction 391
10.2 Aliasing and the Sampling Theorem 391
10.2.1 Introduction 391
10.2.2 The Sampling Theorem 392
10.3 Digital to Analog Converters (DACs) 397
10.3.1 Introduction 397
10.3.2 DAC Designs 397
10.3.3 Static and Dynamic Characteristics of DACs 402
10.4 Hold Circuits 405
10.5 Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs) 406
10.5.1 Introduction 406
10.5.2 The Tracking (Servo) ADC 407
10.5.3 The Successive Approximation ADC 408
10.5.4 Integrating Converters 410
10.5.5 Flash Converters 414
10.5.6 Delta Sigma ADCs 418
10.6 Quantization Noise 422
10.7 Chapter Summary 427
11 Modulation and Demodulation of Biomedical Signals 431
11.1 Introduction 431
11.2 Modulation of a Sinusoidal Carrier Viewed in the Frequency
Domain 432
11.3 Implementation of AM 434
11.3.1 Introduction 434
11.3.2 Some Amplitude Modulation Circuits 435
11.4 Generation of Phase and Frequency Modulation 441
11.4.1 Introduction 441
11.4.2 NBFM Generation by Phase Locked Loop 442
11.4.3 Integral Pulse Frequency Modulation as a Means of
Frequency Modulation 444
11.5 Demodulation of Modulated Sinusoidal Carriers 447
11.5.1 Introduction 447
11.5.2 Detection of AM 447
11.5.3 Detection of FM Signals 451
11.5.4 Demodulation of DSBSCM Signals 453
11.6 Modulation and Demodulation of Digital Carriers 457
11.6.1 Introduction 457
11.6.2 Delta Modulation 459
11.7 Chapter Summary 461
Table of Contents xxi
12 Examples of Special Analog Circuits and Systems in
Biomedical Instrumentation 467
12.1 Introduction 467
12.2 The Phase Sensitive Rectifier 467
12.2.1 Introduction 467
12.2.2 The Analog Multiplier/LPF PSR 468
12.2.3 The Switched Op Amp PSR 469
12.2.4 The Chopper PSR 469
12.2.5 The Balanced Diode Bridge PSR 470
12.3 Phase Detectors 472
12.3.1 Introduction 472
12.3.2 The Analog Multiplier Phase Detector 472
12.3.3 Digital Phase Detectors 475
12.4 Voltage and Current Controlled Oscillators 482
12.4.1 Introduction 482
12.4.2 An Analog VCO 482
12.4.3 Switched Integrating Capacitor VCOs 484
12.4.4 The Voltage Controlled, Emitter Coupled Multivibrator 485
12.4.5 The Voltage to Period Converter and Applications 490
12.4.6 Summary 495
12.5 Phase Locked Loops 495
12.5.1 Introduction 495
12.5.2 PLL Components 497
12.5.3 PLL Applications in Biomedicine 497
12.5.4 Discussion 502
12.6 True RMS Converters 502
12.6.1 Introduction 502
12.6.2 True RMS Circuits 503
12.7 IC Thermometers 508
12.7.1 Introduction 508
12.7.2 IC Temperature Transducers 509
12.8 Instrumentation Systems 511
12.8.1 Introduction 511
12.8.2 A Self Nulling Microdegree Polarimeter 511
12.8.3 A Laser Velocimeter and Rangefinder 522
12.8.4 Self Balancing Impedance Plethysmographs 528
12.8.5 Respiratory Acoustic Impedance Measurement System 533
12.9 Chapter Summary 537
References 539
Index 543 |
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| spelling | Analysis and application of analog electronic circuits to biomedical instrumentation by Robert B. Northrop Boca Raton CRC Press 2004 1 Online-Ressource txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Biomedical engineering series Amplificateur - Analogique - Analyse - Application - Bibvir - Biomedical - Circuit - Demodulation - Differentiel - Electronique Feedback - Filtre - Instrumentation - Interface - Medical - Modele - Modulation - Numerique - Semiconducteur - Signal Stabilite - Systeme Systèmes analogiques Électronique en médecine Analog electronic systems Medical electronics Medizinisches Gerät (DE-588)4038281-3 gnd rswk-swf Analoges System (DE-588)4122045-6 gnd rswk-swf Halbleiterschaltung (DE-588)4158811-3 gnd rswk-swf Ressources internet Analoges System (DE-588)4122045-6 s Halbleiterschaltung (DE-588)4158811-3 s Medizinisches Gerät (DE-588)4038281-3 s 1\p DE-604 Northrop, Robert B. Sonstige oth http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0646/2003065373-d.html Publisher description HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014957704&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Analysis and application of analog electronic circuits to biomedical instrumentation Amplificateur - Analogique - Analyse - Application - Bibvir - Biomedical - Circuit - Demodulation - Differentiel - Electronique Feedback - Filtre - Instrumentation - Interface - Medical - Modele - Modulation - Numerique - Semiconducteur - Signal Stabilite - Systeme Systèmes analogiques Électronique en médecine Analog electronic systems Medical electronics Medizinisches Gerät (DE-588)4038281-3 gnd Analoges System (DE-588)4122045-6 gnd Halbleiterschaltung (DE-588)4158811-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4038281-3 (DE-588)4122045-6 (DE-588)4158811-3 |
| title | Analysis and application of analog electronic circuits to biomedical instrumentation |
| title_auth | Analysis and application of analog electronic circuits to biomedical instrumentation |
| title_exact_search | Analysis and application of analog electronic circuits to biomedical instrumentation |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Analysis and application of analog electronic circuits to biomedical instrumentation |
| title_full | Analysis and application of analog electronic circuits to biomedical instrumentation by Robert B. Northrop |
| title_fullStr | Analysis and application of analog electronic circuits to biomedical instrumentation by Robert B. Northrop |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis and application of analog electronic circuits to biomedical instrumentation by Robert B. Northrop |
| title_short | Analysis and application of analog electronic circuits to biomedical instrumentation |
| title_sort | analysis and application of analog electronic circuits to biomedical instrumentation |
| topic | Amplificateur - Analogique - Analyse - Application - Bibvir - Biomedical - Circuit - Demodulation - Differentiel - Electronique Feedback - Filtre - Instrumentation - Interface - Medical - Modele - Modulation - Numerique - Semiconducteur - Signal Stabilite - Systeme Systèmes analogiques Électronique en médecine Analog electronic systems Medical electronics Medizinisches Gerät (DE-588)4038281-3 gnd Analoges System (DE-588)4122045-6 gnd Halbleiterschaltung (DE-588)4158811-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Amplificateur - Analogique - Analyse - Application - Bibvir - Biomedical - Circuit - Demodulation - Differentiel - Electronique Feedback - Filtre - Instrumentation - Interface - Medical - Modele - Modulation - Numerique - Semiconducteur - Signal Stabilite - Systeme Systèmes analogiques Électronique en médecine Analog electronic systems Medical electronics Medizinisches Gerät Analoges System Halbleiterschaltung Ressources internet |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0646/2003065373-d.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014957704&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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