The impact of EU free trade agreements on economic development and regional integration in southern Africa: the example of EU-SACU trade relations
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Frankfurt am Main [u.a.]
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2006
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| Schriftenreihe: | Development economics and policy
55 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 453 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9783631553541 3631553544 0820499218 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The impact of EU free trade agreements on economic development and regional integration in southern Africa |b the example of EU-SACU trade relations |c Mareike Meyn |
| 264 | 1 | |a Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] |b Lang |c 2006 | |
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| 502 | |a Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2006 | ||
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| 610 | 2 | 4 | |a Southern African Customs Union |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Europese Unie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Handelsverdragen |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Regionale integratie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Regionale ontwikkeling |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Vrijhandel |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Free trade |z European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Free trade |z South Africa | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Table of Contents
I. List of Abbreviations 21
II. List of Tables 25
III. List of Figures 27
IV. List of Boxes 30
V. List of Appendixes 31
1. Introduction, Objectives and Methodology of the Study
1.1 Introduction 33
1.2 Objectives and Scope of the Study 34
1.3 Main Theses and Methodology 36
1.4 Organisation of the Study 41
2. The Southern African Customs Union (SACU)
2.1 Economic and Socio Economic Indicators of SACU
Member States 45
2.2 Costs and Benefits arising from Regional Integration:
Static and Dynamic Effects 56
2.3 Foundation and Purpose: the SACU Agreement 1969
and the Role of South Africa 66
2.4 Costs and Benefits of Regional Integration for SACU
Members 75
2.5 The Revised SACU Agreement: Challenges for the
BLNS Countries 81
2.6 SACU Quo Vadisl 92
2.7 SACU s External Trade Relations and Trade Regimes
with the EU 96
2.8 Conclusions 100
3. SACU EU Trade Relations: From Unilateral Preferences to
Reciprocal Trade
3.1 Overview of the Objectives and Instruments of the Lome
Conventions (I IV) 103
3.2 Theoretical Assumptions of the Lome Conventions 110
3.3 The Internal Reasons for the Failure of the Lome
Conventions 113
16
3.3.1 EU BLNS Trade and the Impact of Lome Preferences
on BLNS Countries Exports 117
3.3.2 BNS Countries Agro Based Exports to the EU:
Diversification Efforts and Constraints 121
3.4 The External Reasons for the Failure of Lome 127
3.5 The EU South Africa Free Trade Agreement and its Impact
on the BLNS Countries and Regional Integration in Southern
Africa 129
3.6 The EU s Approach of Economic Partnership Agreements
(EPAs) and its Implications for Regional Integration in
Southern Africa 147
3.7 What Should an Optimal EPA for Southern African
Countries Look Like? 152
3.8 Conclusions: Credibility and Commitment of the new EU
Policy towards Southern Africa 160
4 The Contribution of Free Trade Agreements to Industrialisation,
Regional Integration and Economic Development in the SACU
Countries
4.1 What Can Industrialisation Strategies in Developing Countries
Look Like? 163
4.2 Links between Trade and Economic Development 167
4.2.1 The Relevance of Manufacturing Value Added Activities
for Economic Development in SACU 174
4.2.2 SACU Countries Manufacturing Activities and
Industrialisation Policies 177
4.2.3 The Contribution of FDI and Trade Preference Schemes
to SACU Countries Industrialisation Strategies 198
4.2.4 SACU Countries Industrial Policy Options in a Liberalising
Trading Environment 205
4.3 The Contribution of Deeper Regional Integration and EU
North South Free Trade Agreements to Economic
Development in SACU 207
4.4 Conclusions: Industrialisation Policies, Regional Integration
and the Impact of North South Free Trade Agreements on
SACU countries Industrialisation Process 211
17
5 Cases of Successful Industrial Policy and the Contribution of EU
Free Trade Agreements: Evidence from the South African
Automotive Industry and the Namibian Fishing Industry
5.1 Economic Relevance of the South African Automotive
and the Namibian Fishing Industry and the Role of
Free Trade Agreements with the EU 213
5.2 Main Theses and Key Questions of Case Studies 215
5.3 Organisation of Case Studies 216
5.4 Case Study 1: The South African Automotive Component
Industry
5.4.1 Structure of Case Study 1 217
5.4.2 Economic Performance, Value Addition and Prospects
for the South African Automotive Industry 218
5.4.3 Automotive Trade and Trade Liberalisation with the EU 228
5.4.4 Empirical Findings 230
5.4.4.1 Methodology, Firm Profiles and Characteristics 231
5.4.4.2 Exports to the EU and Development of Export Options 237
5.4.4.3 Europe s Relevance as an Input Source 248
5.4.4.4 Competition in the Domestic and International Markets 250
5.4.4.5 Value Chain and Value Added of Exports 252
5.4.4.6 Companies Strategy 256
5.4.4.7 Summary of Empirical Findings thus far 260
5.4.5 The South African Automotive Manufacturing Industry
and the TDCA 264
5.4.6 Conclusions: The Implications for Upgrading, Value Addition
and Industrialisation Strategies when Including the South
African Automotive Industry into a Free Trade Agreement
with the EU 271
5.5 Case Study 2: The Namibian Fishing Industry
5.5.1 Structure of Case Study 2 275
5.5.2 Gains and Losses of Including Fisheries into Free Trade
Some Considerations from a Developing Country s
Perspective 275
5.5.3 Economic Performance of the Namibian Fishing Industry
and Exports to the EU 281
5.5.4 Namibianisation and other Management Policies in the
Fishing Industry 287
5.5.5 Empirical Findings 292
5.5.5.1 Methodology, Firm Profiles and Characteristics 292
5.5.5.2 Exports to the EU and Development of Export Options 299
5.5.5.3 Europe s Relevance as an Input Source 311
18
5.5.5.4 Competition in the Domestic and International
Markets 312
5.5.5.5 Value Chain and Value Added of Exports 314
5.5.5.6 Companies Strategy 319
5.5.6 Chances and Risks for Namibia of Entering into a
Fishery Agreement with the EU 326
5.5.7 Conclusions: The Implications for Upgrading, Value
Addition and Industrialisation Strategies when
Including the Namibian Fishing Industry into a
Free Trade Agreement with the EU 328
5.6 Overall Conclusions: Economic Performance. Industrial Policy
and the Impact of Free Trade with the EU: Common Grounds
and Differences of the South African Automotive Industry
and the Namibian Fishing Industry 331
6 Trade Capacity Building in the SACU countries and its Relevance
for Development Oriented Trade Relations with the EU
6.1 Free Trade Agreements and Economic Development:
Why is Trade Capacity Building Crucial? 337
6.2 The Capacity of SACU Countries Public and
Private Sectors to Participate in Regional and International
Trade Negotiations. 340
6.3 Case Study 3: Trade Capacity in Botswana and Namibia 346
6.3.1 Methodology and Characteristics of Interview Partners 346
6.3.2 Awareness and Appraisal of the EU South Africa Free
Trade Agreement in Botswana and Namibia 347
6.3.3 Technical Assistance and Training Needs 351
6.3.4 Information and Participation Policy 356
6.3.5 Appraisal on the Impact of the EU South Africa Free Trade
Agreement on Regional Integration and SACU s External
Trade Relations 358
6.4 Summary of Empirical Findings 362
6.5 The Relevance of Trade Capacity Building for EU SACU Trade
Relations What Needs to be Done to Improve BLNS Countries
Capabilities to Participate Effectively in Trade Negotiations? 363
19
7 Synthesis, Recommendations and Outlook of the Study
7.1 Analytical and Strategic Syntheses 371
7.2 Appraisal of the effects of EU Free Trade Agreements 376
7.2.1 On Regional Integration within SACU 376
7.2.2 On the Development Aspects of Future Trade Relations
with the BLNS Countries 378
7.2.3 On SACU Countries Industrialisation Strategies
and Industrial Policy Options 380
7.2.4 On the South African Automotive and the Namibian
Fishing Industry 383
7.2.5 On SACU Countries Trade Related Capacities 386
7.3 Conclusions and Outlook 393
References 397
Appendix 433
II. List of Tables
Chapter 2 SACU
Table 1: Gross Domestic Product, real (in millions US $,
constant prices 1995) 45
Table 2: Sectoral value addition (in % of GDP) 46
Table 3: Main agricultural and manufacturing products of the SACU
economies 48
Table 4: Labour force by sector (in % of total labour force) 49
Table 5: Main exports and export partners of SACU countries 50
Table 6: Main imports and import partners of the SACU economies 52
Table 7: Basic social data I 54
Table 8: Basic social data II 55
Table 9: SACU revenue as percentage of current government revenue
and GDP 72
Table 10: The SACU Agreement 1969 and 2002 official provisions
and practical appliances 89
Table 11: Tax forms and rates in the single SACU countries 93
Chapter 3 SACU EU Trade Relations
Table 12: Financial assistance of the National Indicative Programme
(NIP) and the Non Programmable Aid (NPA) under the Lome
Conventions (including SYSMIN and EIB Funds 105
Table 13: Special provisions to Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland
granted under the LC IV and the Cotonou Agreement 109
Table 14: Physical infrastructure in southern Africa 113
Table 15: BLNS countries export and import volumes and main
trading products with the EU, 2001 120
Table 16: Liberalisation schedule of the TDCA 132
Table 17: FDI in South Africa (in million US $) 136
Table 18: BLNS and South Africa s market access to the EU for
selected products 142
Table 19: BLNS dependence on SACU revenue and fall in total
revenue due to the TDCA 144
Table 20: Source of state revenue in the SACU economies
(in % of total revenues) in 2001 145
Table 21: Agenda for action for EPA negotiations to support economic
development and regional integration in southern Africa 157
Chapter 4 Industrialisation Strategies
Table 22: South Africa s export shares of manufactured goods with high ,
medium and low skilled technology intensity and in labour
intensive and resource based manufacturers 179
26
Table 23: SACU countries main export products to the USA 203
Chapter 5 Case Study 1: The South African automotive industry
Table 24: Basic features of the MIDP 221
Table 25: Vehicle manufacturers market access under the TDCA 230
Table 26: Summary of characteristics of surveyed South African
automotive manufacturing companies 236
Table 27: Summary of firms exports/sales development, 1998 2003 241
Table 28: Summary of surveyed firms main input source and
development of input prices 249
Table 29: Summary of firms profit development, 1999 2003 252
Table 30: Summary of firms price development 255
Table 31: Summary of surveyed firms strategies 260
Table 32: Proposals for further liberalisation of South African EU
automotive trade 266
Table 3 3: Summary of surveyed firms knowledge of the TDCA 268
Chapter 5 Case Study 2: The Namibian fishing industry
Table 34: Fisheries contribution to GDP, 1990 2002 282
Table 35: Tariff structures for fish imports to Namibia and to the EU 286
Table 36: Summary of characteristics of surveyed Namibian fishing
companies 297
Table 37: Summary of surveyed firms main input source and
development of input prices 311
Table 3 8: Summary of firms profit development, 1999 2003 314
Table 39: Summary of firms price development 316
Table 40: Total Allowable Catches (TACs) in 000 tons 318
Table 41: Number of licensed vessels 1999 and 2002 320
Table 42: Summary of surveyed firms strategies 325
Chapter 6 Trade Capacity Building in SACU
Table 43: Overview of interviews conducted in Botswana and Namibia 347
Table 44: Summary of TDCA information policy in Botswana and
Namibia 357
Chapter 7 Analytical and Strategic Syntheses
Table 45: The Impact of EU Free Trade Agreements on Economic
Development and Regional Integration in Southern Africa
Key Messages 388
27
HI. List of Figures
Chapter 2 SACU
Figure 1: South Africa s merchandise trade (in million US $) 53
Figure 2: BLNS countries merchandise trade balance (in million US $) 53
Figure 3: Distribution of the CRP under the 1969 SACU Agreement 72
Figure 4: The history of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 74
Figure 5: Stock of FDI inflows to BLNS countries, 1980 2000
(in million US $) 78
Figure 6: Composition of SACU payment by component 2002
formula (financial year 2002/03 estimate) 87
Figure 7: Membership of SACU members in regional and multilateral
trade arrangements 97
Chapter 3 SACU EU Trade Relations
Figure 8: BLNS trade with the EU (in Mio. €) 118
Figure 9: BLNS exports to the EU (in % of total exports 2000) 118
Figure 10: BLNS imports to the EU (in % of the value of total
imports 2000) 119
Figure 11 Quota utilisation for BNS beef exports to the EU,
1998 2003 (in tons) 122
Figure 12: South Africa s trade with the EU in million ZAR (DTI data) 137
Figure 13: South Africa s trade with the EU in million € (Eurostat data) 138
Figure 14: The impact of EU trade policy on regional integration in
southern Africa 150
Chapter 4 Industrialisation Strategies
Figure 15: The openness of SACU economies in 2000 169
Figure 16: MVA per capita (at constant 1990 US ) 175
Figure 17: SACU countries MVA Share of GDP 176
Figure 18: South Africa s manufacturing sales, 1997 2002
(in million Rand) 178
Figure 19: South Africa s manufactures exports and imports
(in million US $) 182
Figure 20: Value added of Botswana s main manufacturing sectors
(in thousand Pula) 184
Figure 21: The contribution of manufacturing and services to
Botswana s GDP (in %) 185
Figure 22: Sectoral composition of Lesotho s GDP in 2000/2001 187
Figure 23: Namibia s GDP by activity (in million N $,
constant 1995 prices) 193
Figure 24: BLNS countries trade balance with the USA
(in million US $) 201
28
Figure 25: South Africa s external trade with the USA (in million US $) 202
Chapter 5 Case Study 1: The South African automotive industry
Figure 26: Employment levels in the South African automotive
manufacturing industry, 1997 2003 223
Figure 27: Trade balance and foreign exchange use in the South
African automotive industry, 1995 2001 (in R billion) 224
Figure 28: Automotive trade with the EU by product group 228
Figure 29: Summary of surveyed firms reasons to export to the EU
(N=18) 238
Figure 30: Summary of surveyed firms hindrances to export to the
EU(N=18) 240
Figure 31: Summary of surveyed firms reasons for increased exports
totheEU(N=12) 241
Figure 32: Summary of surveyed firms strengths and weaknesses in
exporting (N = 21) 244
Figure 33: Contribution of export business to surveyed firms economic
performance (N = 20) 246
Figure 34: Summary of surveyed companies export assistance (N = 22) 248
Figure 35: Where are your main competitors? (N=22) 250
Figure 36: Do you feel adversely affected because of European goods
imported to the country? (N=22) 251
Figure 37: How did your general competition situation develop in the
last five years? (N=21) 251
Figure 38: Surveyed firms reasons for increased profits (N = 14) 253
Figure 39: Surveyed firms reasons for decreased profits (N = 6) 254
Figure 40: Surveyed firms expectations of development of exports
(N = 22) 256
Figure 41: Surveyed companies strategy for upgrading activities 258
Figure 42: Surveyed companies need for export assistance (N = 20) 270
Chapter 5 Case Study 2: The Namibian fishing industry
Figure 43: The ideal level of fishery exploitation 276
Figure 44: Capture offish, crustacean, molluscs, etc. in Namibia s and
South Africa s inland waters 283
Figure 45: Total fish harvest and value of fish and fish products to the
EU, 1999 2002 285
Figure 46: Total fish harvest and value of fish and fish products,
1998 2002 298
Figure 47: Summary of surveyed companies reasons to export to the
EU (N = 8) 300
Figure 48: Summary of surveyed firms hindrances to export to the EU
(N = 11) 301
29
Figure 49: Summary of surveyed firms strengths and weaknesses in
exporting (N= 11) 304
Figure 50: Export business contribution to surveyed firms
economic performance (N = 11) 307
Figure 51: Summary of surveyed companies export assistance (N = 11) 309
Figure 52: Surveyed companies need for export assistance (N = 11) 310
Figure 53: Where are your main competitors? (N = 11) 312
Figure 54: Do you feel adversely affected because of South African
competition in the EU market? (N = 11) 313
Figure 55: How did your general competition situation develop in the
last five years? (N = 11) 313
Figure 56: Surveyed firms reasons for increased profits (N = 4) 315
Figure 57: Surveyed firms reasons for decreased profits (N = 5) 315
Figure 58: Surveyed firms expectations of development of exports
(N = 11) 317
Figure 59: Surveyed companies strategy for upgraded activities (N=l 1) 321
Chapter 6 Trade Capacity Building in SACU
Figure 60: The process of trade policy 339
Figure 61: Awareness of the TDCA in Botswana (N=9) 349
Figure 62: Awareness of the TDCA in Namibia (N= 12) 349
Figure 63: Surveyed institutions appraisal about technical
assistance required in Botswana (N=9) 353
Figure 64: Surveyed institutions appraisal about technical assistance
required in Namibia (N= 12) 353
Figure 65: Technical assistance needs of the private sector in
Botswana (N=9) 355
Figure 66: Technical assistance needs of the private sector in
Namibia (N= 12) 356
Figure 67: Expected impact of future SACU FTA negotiations on
Botswana (N=9) 361
Figure 68: Expected impact of future SACU FTA negotiations on
Namibia (N=l2) 361
Chapter 7 Analytical and Strategic Syntheses
Figure 69: Synopsis I The impact of EU free trade agreements
on economic development and regional integration in
southern Africa 372
Figure 70: The impact of an EU free trade agreement on the South
African automotive and the Namibian fishing industry 375
30
IV. List of Boxes
Chapter 2 SACU
Box 1: Free trade vs. regional trade agreements 61
Box 2: Factors that advance and constrain regional integration
in Africa 65
Box 3: The Common Monetary Area (CMA) 67
Box 4: Calculation of the SACU revenue formula (1969 Agreement) 70
Box 5: The revenue sharing formula of the 2002 Agreement 85
Box 6: Compatibility of regional integration schemes with WTO
provisions 98
Chapter 3 SACU EU Trade Relations
Box 7: The System for Stabilisation of Export Earnings for Mining
Products (SYSMIN) and the System of Stabilisation of Export
Earnings for Agricultural Products (STABEX) 106
Box 8: The principles of the EU s Common Agricultural Policy
(CAP) and its negative effects on African countries 107
Box 9: EU sanitary standards and health provisions problems
BLNS countries face 114
Box 10: Effects of regional integration in the case of NAFTA 135
Box 11 Technical assistance under the TDCA and the problem of
concurrence 146
Chapter 4 Industrialisation Strategies
Box 22: The AGOA initiative 188
Box 23: The failure of the EU s Everything But Arms initiative
in Africa 190
Box 24: The Swazi sugar industry 196
Chapter 5 Case Study 1: The South African automotive industry
Box 25: The Mechanism of the MIDP 220
Box 26: Options for regional integration in the South African
automotive industry 234
Chapter 5 Case Study 2: The Namibian fishing industry
Box 27: Domestic fish consumption in Namibia 283
Box 28. Regional exports and cooperation of the Namibian
fishing industry 294
Box 29: Walvis Bay: A new port for the region? 305
Box 30: Manufacturing incentives in the Namibian fishing industry 308
31
V. List of Appendixes
Appendix I: Company Questionnaire
(South African Automotive Industry) 433
Appendix II: Company Questionnaire (Namibian Fishing Industry) 442
Appendix III: Questionnaire for Public and Private Sector Organisations
in Botswana and Namibia 450
|
| adam_txt |
Table of Contents
I. List of Abbreviations 21
II. List of Tables 25
III. List of Figures 27
IV. List of Boxes 30
V. List of Appendixes 31
1. Introduction, Objectives and Methodology of the Study
1.1 Introduction 33
1.2 Objectives and Scope of the Study 34
1.3 Main Theses and Methodology 36
1.4 Organisation of the Study 41
2. The Southern African Customs Union (SACU)
2.1 Economic and Socio Economic Indicators of SACU
Member States 45
2.2 Costs and Benefits arising from Regional Integration:
Static and Dynamic Effects 56
2.3 Foundation and Purpose: the SACU Agreement 1969
and the Role of South Africa 66
2.4 Costs and Benefits of Regional Integration for SACU
Members 75
2.5 The Revised SACU Agreement: Challenges for the
BLNS Countries 81
2.6 SACU Quo Vadisl 92
2.7 SACU's External Trade Relations and Trade Regimes
with the EU 96
2.8 Conclusions 100
3. SACU EU Trade Relations: From Unilateral Preferences to
Reciprocal Trade
3.1 Overview of the Objectives and Instruments of the Lome
Conventions (I IV) 103
3.2 Theoretical Assumptions of the Lome Conventions 110
3.3 The Internal Reasons for the Failure of the Lome
Conventions 113
16
3.3.1 EU BLNS Trade and the Impact of Lome Preferences
on BLNS Countries' Exports 117
3.3.2 BNS Countries' Agro Based Exports to the EU:
Diversification Efforts and Constraints 121
3.4 The External Reasons for the Failure of Lome 127
3.5 The EU South Africa Free Trade Agreement and its Impact
on the BLNS Countries and Regional Integration in Southern
Africa 129
3.6 The EU's Approach of "Economic Partnership Agreements"
(EPAs) and its Implications for Regional Integration in
Southern Africa 147
3.7 What Should an "Optimal" EPA for Southern African
Countries Look Like? 152
3.8 Conclusions: Credibility and Commitment of the new EU
Policy towards Southern Africa 160
4 The Contribution of Free Trade Agreements to Industrialisation,
Regional Integration and Economic Development in the SACU
Countries
4.1 What Can Industrialisation Strategies in Developing Countries
Look Like? 163
4.2 Links between Trade and Economic Development 167
4.2.1 The Relevance of Manufacturing Value Added Activities
for Economic Development in SACU 174
4.2.2 SACU Countries' Manufacturing Activities and
Industrialisation Policies 177
4.2.3 The Contribution of FDI and Trade Preference Schemes
to SACU Countries' Industrialisation Strategies 198
4.2.4 SACU Countries Industrial Policy Options in a Liberalising
Trading Environment 205
4.3 The Contribution of Deeper Regional Integration and EU
North South Free Trade Agreements to Economic
Development in SACU 207
4.4 Conclusions: Industrialisation Policies, Regional Integration
and the Impact of North South Free Trade Agreements on
SACU countries' Industrialisation Process 211
17
5 Cases of Successful Industrial Policy and the Contribution of EU
Free Trade Agreements: Evidence from the South African
Automotive Industry and the Namibian Fishing Industry
5.1 Economic Relevance of the South African Automotive
and the Namibian Fishing Industry and the Role of
Free Trade Agreements with the EU 213
5.2 Main Theses and Key Questions of Case Studies 215
5.3 Organisation of Case Studies 216
5.4 Case Study 1: The South African Automotive Component
Industry
5.4.1 Structure of Case Study 1 217
5.4.2 Economic Performance, Value Addition and Prospects
for the South African Automotive Industry 218
5.4.3 Automotive Trade and Trade Liberalisation with the EU 228
5.4.4 Empirical Findings 230
5.4.4.1 Methodology, Firm Profiles and Characteristics 231
5.4.4.2 Exports to the EU and Development of Export Options 237
5.4.4.3 Europe's Relevance as an Input Source 248
5.4.4.4 Competition in the Domestic and International Markets 250
5.4.4.5 Value Chain and Value Added of Exports 252
5.4.4.6 Companies' Strategy 256
5.4.4.7 Summary of Empirical Findings thus far 260
5.4.5 The South African Automotive Manufacturing Industry
and the TDCA 264
5.4.6 Conclusions: The Implications for Upgrading, Value Addition
and Industrialisation Strategies when Including the South
African Automotive Industry into a Free Trade Agreement
with the EU 271
5.5 Case Study 2: The Namibian Fishing Industry
5.5.1 Structure of Case Study 2 275
5.5.2 Gains and Losses of Including Fisheries into Free Trade
Some Considerations from a Developing Country's
Perspective 275
5.5.3 Economic Performance of the Namibian Fishing Industry
and Exports to the EU 281
5.5.4 "Namibianisation" and other Management Policies in the
Fishing Industry 287
5.5.5 Empirical Findings 292
5.5.5.1 Methodology, Firm Profiles and Characteristics 292
5.5.5.2 Exports to the EU and Development of Export Options 299
5.5.5.3 Europe's Relevance as an Input Source 311
18
5.5.5.4 Competition in the Domestic and International
Markets 312
5.5.5.5 Value Chain and Value Added of Exports 314
5.5.5.6 Companies'Strategy 319
5.5.6 Chances and Risks for Namibia of Entering into a
Fishery Agreement with the EU 326
5.5.7 Conclusions: The Implications for Upgrading, Value
Addition and Industrialisation Strategies when
Including the Namibian Fishing Industry into a
Free Trade Agreement with the EU 328
5.6 Overall Conclusions: Economic Performance. Industrial Policy
and the Impact of Free Trade with the EU: Common Grounds
and Differences of the South African Automotive Industry
and the Namibian Fishing Industry 331
6 Trade Capacity Building in the SACU countries and its Relevance
for Development Oriented Trade Relations with the EU
6.1 Free Trade Agreements and Economic Development:
Why is Trade Capacity Building Crucial? 337
6.2 The Capacity of SACU Countries' Public and
Private Sectors to Participate in Regional and International
Trade Negotiations. 340
6.3 Case Study 3: Trade Capacity in Botswana and Namibia 346
6.3.1 Methodology and Characteristics of Interview Partners 346
6.3.2 Awareness and Appraisal of the EU South Africa Free
Trade Agreement in Botswana and Namibia 347
6.3.3 Technical Assistance and Training Needs 351
6.3.4 Information and Participation Policy 356
6.3.5 Appraisal on the Impact of the EU South Africa Free Trade
Agreement on Regional Integration and SACU's External
Trade Relations 358
6.4 Summary of Empirical Findings 362
6.5 The Relevance of Trade Capacity Building for EU SACU Trade
Relations What Needs to be Done to Improve BLNS Countries'
Capabilities to Participate Effectively in Trade Negotiations? 363
19
7 Synthesis, Recommendations and Outlook of the Study
7.1 Analytical and Strategic Syntheses 371
7.2 Appraisal of the effects of EU Free Trade Agreements 376
7.2.1 On Regional Integration within SACU 376
7.2.2 On the Development Aspects of Future Trade Relations
with the BLNS Countries 378
7.2.3 On SACU Countries' Industrialisation Strategies
and Industrial Policy Options 380
7.2.4 On the South African Automotive and the Namibian
Fishing Industry 383
7.2.5 On SACU Countries Trade Related Capacities 386
7.3 Conclusions and Outlook 393
References 397
Appendix 433
II. List of Tables
Chapter 2 SACU
Table 1: Gross Domestic Product, real (in millions US\$,
constant prices 1995) 45
Table 2: Sectoral value addition (in % of GDP) 46
Table 3: Main agricultural and manufacturing products of the SACU
economies 48
Table 4: Labour force by sector (in % of total labour force) 49
Table 5: Main exports and export partners of SACU countries 50
Table 6: Main imports and import partners of the SACU economies 52
Table 7: Basic social data I 54
Table 8: Basic social data II 55
Table 9: SACU revenue as percentage of current government revenue
and GDP 72
Table 10: The SACU Agreement 1969 and 2002 official provisions
and practical appliances 89
Table 11: Tax forms and rates in the single SACU countries 93
Chapter 3 SACU EU Trade Relations
Table 12: Financial assistance of the "National Indicative Programme"
(NIP) and the Non Programmable Aid (NPA) under the Lome
Conventions (including SYSMIN and EIB Funds 105
Table 13: Special provisions to Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland
granted under the LC IV and the Cotonou Agreement 109
Table 14: Physical infrastructure in southern Africa 113
Table 15: BLNS countries' export and import volumes and main
trading products with the EU, 2001 120
Table 16: Liberalisation schedule of the TDCA 132
Table 17: FDI in South Africa (in million US\$) 136
Table 18: BLNS and South Africa's market access to the EU for
selected products 142
Table 19: BLNS dependence on SACU revenue and fall in total
revenue due to the TDCA 144
Table 20: Source of state revenue in the SACU economies
(in % of total revenues) in 2001 145
Table 21: Agenda for action for EPA negotiations to support economic
development and regional integration in southern Africa 157
Chapter 4 Industrialisation Strategies
Table 22: South Africa's export shares of manufactured goods with high ,
medium and low skilled technology intensity and in labour
intensive and resource based manufacturers 179
26
Table 23: SACU countries' main export products to the USA 203
Chapter 5 Case Study 1: The South African automotive industry
Table 24: Basic features of the MIDP 221
Table 25: Vehicle manufacturers'market access under the TDCA 230
Table 26: Summary of characteristics of surveyed South African
automotive manufacturing companies 236
Table 27: Summary of firms' exports/sales development, 1998 2003 241
Table 28: Summary of surveyed firms' main input source and
development of input prices 249
Table 29: Summary of firms'profit development, 1999 2003 252
Table 30: Summary of firms'price development 255
Table 31: Summary of surveyed firms' strategies 260
Table 32: Proposals for further liberalisation of South African EU
automotive trade 266
Table 3 3: Summary of surveyed firms' knowledge of the TDCA 268
Chapter 5 Case Study 2: The Namibian fishing industry
Table 34: Fisheries contribution to GDP, 1990 2002 282
Table 35: Tariff structures for fish imports to Namibia and to the EU 286
Table 36: Summary of characteristics of surveyed Namibian fishing
companies 297
Table 37: Summary of surveyed firms' main input source and
development of input prices 311
Table 3 8: Summary of firms' profit development, 1999 2003 314
Table 39: Summary of firms' price development 316
Table 40: Total Allowable Catches (TACs) in '000 tons 318
Table 41: Number of licensed vessels 1999 and 2002 320
Table 42: Summary of surveyed firms' strategies 325
Chapter 6 Trade Capacity Building in SACU
Table 43: Overview of interviews conducted in Botswana and Namibia 347
Table 44: Summary of TDCA information policy in Botswana and
Namibia 357
Chapter 7 Analytical and Strategic Syntheses
Table 45: The Impact of EU Free Trade Agreements on Economic
Development and Regional Integration in Southern Africa
Key Messages 388
27
HI. List of Figures
Chapter 2 SACU
Figure 1: South Africa's merchandise trade (in million US\$) 53
Figure 2: BLNS countries merchandise trade balance (in million US\$) 53
Figure 3: Distribution of the CRP under the 1969 SACU Agreement 72
Figure 4: The history of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 74
Figure 5: Stock of FDI inflows to BLNS countries, 1980 2000
(in million US\$) 78
Figure 6: Composition of SACU payment by component 2002
formula (financial year 2002/03 estimate) 87
Figure 7: Membership of SACU members in regional and multilateral
trade arrangements 97
Chapter 3 SACU EU Trade Relations
Figure 8: BLNS trade with the EU (in Mio. €) 118
Figure 9: BLNS exports to the EU (in % of total exports 2000) 118
Figure 10: BLNS imports to the EU (in % of the value of total
imports 2000) 119
Figure 11 Quota utilisation for BNS beef exports to the EU,
1998 2003 (in tons) 122
Figure 12: South Africa's trade with the EU in million ZAR (DTI data) 137
Figure 13: South Africa's trade with the EU in million € (Eurostat data) 138
Figure 14: The impact of EU trade policy on regional integration in
southern Africa 150
Chapter 4 Industrialisation Strategies
Figure 15: The openness of SACU economies in 2000 169
Figure 16: MVA per capita (at constant 1990 US\) 175
Figure 17: SACU countries' MVA Share of GDP 176
Figure 18: South Africa's manufacturing sales, 1997 2002
(in million Rand) 178
Figure 19: South Africa's manufactures exports and imports
(in million US\$) 182
Figure 20: Value added of Botswana's main manufacturing sectors
(in thousand Pula) 184
Figure 21: The contribution of manufacturing and services to
Botswana's GDP (in %) 185
Figure 22: Sectoral composition of Lesotho's GDP in 2000/2001 187
Figure 23: Namibia's GDP by activity (in million N\$,
constant 1995 prices) 193
Figure 24: BLNS countries' trade balance with the USA
(in million US\$) 201
28
Figure 25: South Africa's external trade with the USA (in million US\$) 202
Chapter 5 Case Study 1: The South African automotive industry
Figure 26: Employment levels in the South African automotive
manufacturing industry, 1997 2003 223
Figure 27: Trade balance and foreign exchange use in the South
African automotive industry, 1995 2001 (in R billion) 224
Figure 28: Automotive trade with the EU by product group 228
Figure 29: Summary of surveyed firms' reasons to export to the EU
(N=18) 238
Figure 30: Summary of surveyed firms' hindrances to export to the
EU(N=18) 240
Figure 31: Summary of surveyed firms' reasons for increased exports
totheEU(N=12) 241
Figure 32: Summary of surveyed firms' strengths and weaknesses in
exporting (N = 21) 244
Figure 33: Contribution of export business to surveyed firms' economic
performance (N = 20) 246
Figure 34: Summary of surveyed companies'export assistance (N = 22) 248
Figure 35: "Where are your main competitors?" (N=22) 250
Figure 36: "Do you feel adversely affected because of European goods
imported to the country?" (N=22) 251
Figure 37: "How did your general competition situation develop in the
last five years?" (N=21) 251
Figure 38: Surveyed firms' reasons for increased profits (N = 14) 253
Figure 39: Surveyed firms'reasons for decreased profits (N = 6) 254
Figure 40: Surveyed firms' expectations of development of exports
(N = 22) 256
Figure 41: Surveyed companies'strategy for upgrading activities 258
Figure 42: Surveyed companies' need for export assistance (N = 20) 270
Chapter 5 Case Study 2: The Namibian fishing industry
Figure 43: The ideal level of fishery exploitation 276
Figure 44: Capture offish, crustacean, molluscs, etc. in Namibia's and
South Africa's inland waters 283
Figure 45: Total fish harvest and value of fish and fish products to the
EU, 1999 2002 285
Figure 46: Total fish harvest and value of fish and fish products,
1998 2002 298
Figure 47: Summary of surveyed companies' reasons to export to the
EU (N = 8) 300
Figure 48: Summary of surveyed firms' hindrances to export to the EU
(N = 11) 301
29
Figure 49: Summary of surveyed firms' strengths and weaknesses in
exporting (N= 11) 304
Figure 50: Export business' contribution to surveyed firms
economic performance (N = 11) 307
Figure 51: Summary of surveyed companies' export assistance (N = 11) 309
Figure 52: Surveyed companies' need for export assistance (N = 11) 310
Figure 53: "Where are your main competitors?" (N = 11) 312
Figure 54: "Do you feel adversely affected because of South African
competition in the EU market?" (N = 11) 313
Figure 55: "How did your general competition situation develop in the
last five years?" (N = 11) 313
Figure 56: Surveyed firms' reasons for increased profits (N = 4) 315
Figure 57: Surveyed firms' reasons for decreased profits (N = 5) 315
Figure 58: Surveyed firms' expectations of development of exports
(N = 11) 317
Figure 59: Surveyed companies' strategy for upgraded activities (N=l 1) 321
Chapter 6 Trade Capacity Building in SACU
Figure 60: The process of trade policy 339
Figure 61: Awareness of the TDCA in Botswana (N=9) 349
Figure 62: Awareness of the TDCA in Namibia (N= 12) 349
Figure 63: Surveyed institutions' appraisal about technical
assistance required in Botswana (N=9) 353
Figure 64: Surveyed institutions' appraisal about technical assistance
required in Namibia (N= 12) 353
Figure 65: Technical assistance needs of the private sector in
Botswana (N=9) 355
Figure 66: Technical assistance needs of the private sector in
Namibia (N= 12) 356
Figure 67: Expected impact of future SACU FTA negotiations on
Botswana (N=9) 361
Figure 68: Expected impact of future SACU FTA negotiations on
Namibia (N=l2) 361
Chapter 7 Analytical and Strategic Syntheses
Figure 69: Synopsis I The impact of EU free trade agreements
on economic development and regional integration in
southern Africa 372
Figure 70: The impact of an EU free trade agreement on the South
African automotive and the Namibian fishing industry 375
30
IV. List of Boxes
Chapter 2 SACU
Box 1: Free trade vs. regional trade agreements 61
Box 2: Factors that advance and constrain regional integration
in Africa 65
Box 3: The Common Monetary Area (CMA) 67
Box 4: Calculation of the SACU revenue formula (1969 Agreement) 70
Box 5: The revenue sharing formula of the 2002 Agreement 85
Box 6: Compatibility of regional integration schemes with WTO
provisions 98
Chapter 3 SACU EU Trade Relations
Box 7: The System for Stabilisation of Export Earnings for Mining
Products (SYSMIN) and the System of Stabilisation of Export
Earnings for Agricultural Products (STABEX) 106
Box 8: The principles of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy
(CAP) and its negative effects on African countries 107
Box 9: EU sanitary standards and health provisions problems
BLNS countries face 114
Box 10: Effects of regional integration in the case of NAFTA 135
Box 11 Technical assistance under the TDCA and the problem of
concurrence 146
Chapter 4 Industrialisation Strategies
Box 22: The AGOA initiative 188
Box 23: The failure of the EU's "Everything But Arms" initiative
in Africa 190
Box 24: The Swazi sugar industry 196
Chapter 5 Case Study 1: The South African automotive industry
Box 25: The Mechanism of the MIDP 220
Box 26: Options for regional integration in the South African
automotive industry 234
Chapter 5 Case Study 2: The Namibian fishing industry
Box 27: Domestic fish consumption in Namibia 283
Box 28. Regional exports and cooperation of the Namibian
fishing industry 294
Box 29: Walvis Bay: A new port for the region? 305
Box 30: Manufacturing incentives in the Namibian fishing industry 308
31
V. List of Appendixes
Appendix I: Company Questionnaire
(South African Automotive Industry) 433
Appendix II: Company Questionnaire (Namibian Fishing Industry) 442
Appendix III: Questionnaire for Public and Private Sector Organisations
in Botswana and Namibia 450 |
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| author | Meyn, Mareike 1973- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021733965 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HF2036 |
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| callnumber-subject | HF - Commerce |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)71004510 (DE-599)BVBBV021733965 |
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| dewey-sort | 3338.968 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| geographic_facet | Zuidelijk Afrika Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Südafrika (Staat) Africa, Southern Economic conditions 1994- |
| id | DE-604.BV021733965 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:27:20Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:42:47Z |
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| spelling | Meyn, Mareike 1973- Verfasser (DE-588)123373921 aut The impact of EU free trade agreements on economic development and regional integration in southern Africa the example of EU-SACU trade relations Mareike Meyn Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] Lang 2006 453 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Development economics and policy 55 Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2006 Europäische Union Southern African Customs Union Southern African Customs Union (DE-588)6142803-6 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Europese Unie gtt Handelsverdragen gtt Regionale integratie gtt Regionale ontwikkeling gtt Vrijhandel gtt Wirtschaft Free trade European Union countries Free trade South Africa Freihandel (DE-588)4140782-9 gnd rswk-swf Zuidelijk Afrika gtt Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Südafrika (Staat) Africa, Southern Economic conditions 1994- (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Freihandel (DE-588)4140782-9 s Southern African Customs Union (DE-588)6142803-6 b DE-604 Development economics and policy 55 (DE-604)BV010533560 55 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014947437&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Meyn, Mareike 1973- The impact of EU free trade agreements on economic development and regional integration in southern Africa the example of EU-SACU trade relations Development economics and policy Europäische Union Southern African Customs Union Southern African Customs Union (DE-588)6142803-6 gnd Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Europese Unie gtt Handelsverdragen gtt Regionale integratie gtt Regionale ontwikkeling gtt Vrijhandel gtt Wirtschaft Free trade European Union countries Free trade South Africa Freihandel (DE-588)4140782-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)6142803-6 (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4140782-9 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | The impact of EU free trade agreements on economic development and regional integration in southern Africa the example of EU-SACU trade relations |
| title_auth | The impact of EU free trade agreements on economic development and regional integration in southern Africa the example of EU-SACU trade relations |
| title_exact_search | The impact of EU free trade agreements on economic development and regional integration in southern Africa the example of EU-SACU trade relations |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The impact of EU free trade agreements on economic development and regional integration in southern Africa the example of EU-SACU trade relations |
| title_full | The impact of EU free trade agreements on economic development and regional integration in southern Africa the example of EU-SACU trade relations Mareike Meyn |
| title_fullStr | The impact of EU free trade agreements on economic development and regional integration in southern Africa the example of EU-SACU trade relations Mareike Meyn |
| title_full_unstemmed | The impact of EU free trade agreements on economic development and regional integration in southern Africa the example of EU-SACU trade relations Mareike Meyn |
| title_short | The impact of EU free trade agreements on economic development and regional integration in southern Africa |
| title_sort | the impact of eu free trade agreements on economic development and regional integration in southern africa the example of eu sacu trade relations |
| title_sub | the example of EU-SACU trade relations |
| topic | Europäische Union Southern African Customs Union Southern African Customs Union (DE-588)6142803-6 gnd Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Europese Unie gtt Handelsverdragen gtt Regionale integratie gtt Regionale ontwikkeling gtt Vrijhandel gtt Wirtschaft Free trade European Union countries Free trade South Africa Freihandel (DE-588)4140782-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Southern African Customs Union Europese Unie Handelsverdragen Regionale integratie Regionale ontwikkeling Vrijhandel Wirtschaft Free trade European Union countries Free trade South Africa Freihandel Zuidelijk Afrika Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Südafrika (Staat) Africa, Southern Economic conditions 1994- Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014947437&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010533560 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT meynmareike theimpactofeufreetradeagreementsoneconomicdevelopmentandregionalintegrationinsouthernafricatheexampleofeusacutraderelations |