How universities promote economic growth:
With the competitiveness of firms in an open and integrated world environment increasingly reliant on technological capability, universities are being asked to take on a growing role in stimulating economic growth. Beyond imparting education, they are now viewed as sources of industrially valuable t...
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, DC
<<The>> World Bank
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Directions in development : Human development
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | With the competitiveness of firms in an open and integrated world environment increasingly reliant on technological capability, universities are being asked to take on a growing role in stimulating economic growth. Beyond imparting education, they are now viewed as sources of industrially valuable technical skills, innovations, and entrepreneurship. Developed and developing countries alike have made it a priority to realize this potential of universities to spur growth, a strategy that calls for coordinated policy actions. |
| Beschreibung: | XIV, 286 S. |
| ISBN: | 082136751X 9780821367513 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a How universities promote economic growth |c ed.: Shahid Yusuf ... |
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Directions in development : Human development | |
| 520 | 8 | |a With the competitiveness of firms in an open and integrated world environment increasingly reliant on technological capability, universities are being asked to take on a growing role in stimulating economic growth. Beyond imparting education, they are now viewed as sources of industrially valuable technical skills, innovations, and entrepreneurship. Developed and developing countries alike have made it a priority to realize this potential of universities to spur growth, a strategy that calls for coordinated policy actions. | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Forschungskooperation / Welt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sammelwerk / Collection of articles of several authors - 39 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Academic-industrial collaboration |x Economic aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Business and education | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Education, Higher |x Economic aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Universities and colleges |x Economic aspects | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135580808773632 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Foreword
xiii
Preface
xv
List of Contributors
xvii
Acronyms and Abbreviations
xxi
Chapter
1
Universify-Industry Links: Policy Dimensions
1
Shahid Yusuf
Innovation Matters More
4
Making Policies for University-Industry Links
7
National Policies
9
Subnational
Policies
12
Corporate Policies
15
Policies of Universities
17
Conclusion
21
vi
Contents
Part I UIL-Related Policies of National Governments
27
Chapter
2
Notes on UIL-Related Policies
29
of National Governments
Luc Soete
What Can We Learn from European National
Policies with Respect to Research, Innovation,
and UILs?
30
A Small, Highly Developed,
Postindustrial
Economy: The Dutch Case
39
Chapter
3
University-Industry Knowledge Transfer
47
in Switzerland
Dominique Foray
Three Levels of Policy Objectives
49
National Case: Switzerland
55
Conclusion
66
Chapter
4
University-Industry links and U.K. Science
71
and Innovation Policy
Alan
Нифеѕ
The Diverse Nature of University-Industry
Relationships
72
University-Industry Links: A U.S.-U.K. Comparison
74
U.K. SET Policy and University-Industry Links:
A System Overview
80
Science and Innovation Investment Framework
for
2004
to
2014 83
Conclusions
88
Chapter
5
Universities and Public Research Institutions
91
as Drivers of Economic Development in Asia
John A. Mathews and Mei-Chih
Ни
The Latecomer Development Model
93
The Role of Universities and PRIs in
Industrial
Development in East Asia,
1950-2000 94
The Role of PRIs
97
From Imitation to Innovation
100
Contents
vii
The Emerging Role of Universities and PRIs
in East Asia
104
Generalizability of the East Asian Experience
107
Chapter
6
UIL-Related Policies of National Governments: 111
A Synthetic View
Rémi
Barré
Starting from the Microanalytical View:
UILs in a Local but Complex Dynamic 111
Starting from the Macrosystemic View:
UILs as a Paradoxical Component
of the National Innovation System
112
UILs as a Driver of National Innovation Systems:
The Importance of
UIL
Policy
113
Observations and Questions
114
Part II UIL-Related Policies
117
of
Subnational
Governments
Chapter
7
The Role of Higher Education and New Forms
119
of Governance in Economic Development:
The Ontario Case
David A. Wolfe
Policy Frameworks for the New Paradigm:
Policy Delivery through New Forms
of Governance
121
Best Practice: Learning Regions,
Innovating Economies
125
Innovative Approaches to Economic
Development in Ontario
126
Lessons for Policy: Principles, Institutions,
Practices
134
Chapter
8
University-Industry Links in the Japanese
139
Context: Between Policies and Practice
Juan Jiang, Yuko Harayamm, end Skiro Abe
A Brief History of the Japanese Technology Policy
140
Some Facts from the History of Tohok« University
143
viii Contents
Government-Led UILs
145
Conclusion
147
Chapter
9
University-Industry Links: Regional Policies
151
and Initiatives in the United Kingdom
Mike Wright
Regional Development Agencies
152
Initiatives to Support Collaborative Innovation
152
Incubation Centers and Enterprise Hubs
153
Long-Term
Research Partnerships
154
Innovation and Regional Fellowships to Facilitate
Academic-Led Commercialization
154
Boundary-Spanning Schemes
155
Regional Funds for the Development of Spinoffs
155
Graduate and Researcher Education and Mobility
156
Education and Network Schemes
156
Effects of University-Industry Initiatives
157
Conclusions and Issues
159
Chapter
10
University-Industry Research Collaboration
163
and Technology Transfer in the United States
since
1980
David C. Mowery
Historical Overview
164
Industry Criticism of U.S. University Licensing
Policies and Practices
176
Conclusion
178
Part ill UiL- Related Policies of Universities
183
Chapter
1
1 Building Research Universities for Knowledge
185
Transfer: The Case of China
Weiping Wu
National and Local Initiatives to Promote
University-Based Innovation in China
187
Building World-Class Universities and Industrial
Linfa
at Fttdan and SJTU
191
Conclusion
194
Contents
¡χ
Chapter
12
Approaches to University-Industry Links:
199
The Case of the National University
of Singapore
Poh
-Кат
Wong
Overview of Singapore s Transition
toward a Knowledge Economy
200
Effect of NUS s Shift toward the
Entrepreneurial University Model
204
Conclusion
207
Chapter
13
University-Industry Links and Enterprise
209
Creation in India: Some Strategic and
Policy Issues
Rakesh
Basant
and Pankaj Chandra
Spinoffs from Educational Institutions
in Two Indian Cities
210
R&D, Patenting, and Enterprise Creation:
Two Profiles
212
Enterprise Creation at IITs: Two Models
214
The Incubation Experiment at the Indian
Institute of Management, Ahmedabad
221
Some Concluding Remarks
223
Chapter
14
The Entrepreneurial University:
227
The Idea and Its Critics
Elizabeth Garnsey
A New Area of Research
228
U.S. Experience
230
Dissenting Voices from the Corporate Sector
232
Use of Disruptive Knowledge by Incumbent
and New Entrant Companies
233
University Policy Responses in India, Singapore,
and China
234
Conclusion
236
χ
Contents
Part IV Corporate Strategies of Multinational
239
Corporations and Small and Medium
Enterprises
Chapter
15
Beyond Absorptive Capacity:
241
The Management of Technology
for a Proactive Corporate Strategy
toward University-Industry Links
Fumio
Kodarna,
Shingo
Капо,
and
Jun
Suzuki
Modeling Proactive Absorption Mechanism:
University-Industry Link Morphology
242
Technological Platform for Gatekeeping
of New Sciences:
TOTO
Ltd.
246
Organizational Design for Inserting Intermediary
Function: Takeda Chemical Industries
249
Conclusion: Proactiveness, Reciprocity,
and Organizational Design
25
1
Chapter
16
Corporate Strategies in University-Industry
255
Links in France
Jean-Jacques Duby
Knowledge Transmission
258
Knowledge Production
259
Knowledge Sharing
261
The New Programmatic Law for Research
263
Chapter
17
Specific Approaches to University-Industry
265
Links of Selected Companies in Thailand
and Their Relative Effectiveness
Peter Brimbh
Six Case Studies of UILs in Thailand
(plus IDEMA)
266
Lessons Learned and Best Practices
271
Indicators of Effectiveness of UILs
272
Index
275
Contents xi
Figures
2.1 An Ideal
Virtuous
Innovation
Growth Circle
35
2.2 National UILs in EU
Countries: A
Birďs
-Еуе
View
37
2.3
National
UIL
Strengths and Weaknesses
38
3.1
R&D Contracts by Destination and Receiving
Institutions,
2004 57
3.2
Historical Evolution of Extramural R&D Expenditures
57
3.3
Multinational Enterprise R&D Inward (to the United
States) and Outward (from the United States),
1999-2001 60
3.4
Percentage of Firms with Technology-Transfer Activities
by Partners in
Suisse
Romande,
2004 63
3.5
Financial Development and Profits,
1996-2000 64
4.1
University-Industry Interaction Contributing to Innovation
75
4.2
University-Industry Interactions Regarded as Highly
Important for Innovation
76
4.3
Use of Sources of Knowledge for Innovation
78
4.4
Sources of Knowledge for Innovation Regarded as Highly
Important by Users of That Source
79
4.5
Funding and Performing SET in England:
University-Industry Links in Context
81
5.1
National Systems of Economic Learning in East Asia
95
5.2
University Students per
10,000
Population,
1870-1920 96
5.3
University Students per
10,000
Population,
1950-2000 96
5.4
GDP per Capita versus Share of Natural Sciences and
Engineering Degrees,
2000
or Most Recent Year
97
5.5
Taiwan (China) Closes the Gap in Semiconductors,
1975-95 99
5.6
Patents Granted,
1975-2002 103
5.7
Patents Granted, per Million Population,
1975-2000 104
10.
1 Industry-Funded Share of R&D: MIT, Stanford,
and UC Berkeley, Fiscal Year
2003 172
10.2
Gross Licensing Royalties, Fiscal Years
2000-04 173
10.3
Annual Invention Disclosures, Fiscal Years
2000-04 174
10.4
Licensing Agreements, Fiscal Years
2000-04 174
15.1
Technology-Transfer Effective Frontier
245
15.2
Occurrence of Fusion at Takeda of GE and PE
Technologies
wità
Organic Chemistry Technologies
251
xii Contents
Tables
3
.1 Main Transfer
Mechanisms as Evaluated by the Industry
56
3.2
Obstacles to Knowledge-Transfer Activities
62
4.1
The
10-
Year Science and Innovation Investment
Framework R&D Target
84
5.1
Country Patenting Performance for
5-
and
30-
Year Periods
101
5.2
The 10-Year Science and Innovation Investment
Framework R&D Target
102
5.3
Technology-Transfer Outcomes in Taiwan (China) under
the National Science Council,
2000-04 105
5.4
Top Five Patenting Technologies in Taiwan (China)
Supported by the National Science Council
106
9.1
Cumulative Effects of Science Enterprise Challenge
and University Challenge Initiative Funds
159
11.1
Major National Programs with an Impact on University
Research in China
188
12.1
Stylized Stages of Singapore s Economic Development
and National Innovation System Changes
201
12.2
Profile of Changes in
NUS
before and after Shift
to Entrepreneurial University Model
205
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Foreword
xiii
Preface
xv
List of Contributors
xvii
Acronyms and Abbreviations
xxi
Chapter
1
Universify-Industry Links: Policy Dimensions
1
Shahid Yusuf
Innovation Matters More
4
Making Policies for University-Industry Links
7
National Policies
9
Subnational
Policies
12
Corporate Policies
15
Policies of Universities
17
Conclusion
21
vi
Contents
Part I UIL-Related Policies of National Governments
27
Chapter
2
Notes on UIL-Related Policies
29
of National Governments
Luc Soete
What Can We Learn from European National
Policies with Respect to Research, Innovation,
and UILs?
30
A Small, Highly Developed,
Postindustrial
Economy: The Dutch Case
39
Chapter
3
University-Industry Knowledge Transfer
47
in Switzerland
Dominique Foray
Three Levels of Policy Objectives
49
National Case: Switzerland
55
Conclusion
66
Chapter
4
University-Industry links and U.K. Science
71
and Innovation Policy
Alan
Нифеѕ
The Diverse Nature of University-Industry
Relationships
72
University-Industry Links: A U.S.-U.K. Comparison
74
U.K. SET Policy and University-Industry Links:
A System Overview
80
Science and Innovation Investment Framework
for
2004
to
2014 83
Conclusions
88
Chapter
5
Universities and Public Research Institutions
91
as Drivers of Economic Development in Asia
John A. Mathews and Mei-Chih
Ни
The Latecomer Development Model
93
The Role of Universities and PRIs in
Industrial
Development in East Asia,
1950-2000 94
The Role of PRIs
97
From Imitation to Innovation
100
Contents
vii
The Emerging Role of Universities and PRIs
in East Asia
104
Generalizability of the East Asian Experience
107
Chapter
6
UIL-Related Policies of National Governments: 111
A Synthetic View
Rémi
Barré
Starting from the Microanalytical View:
UILs in a Local but Complex Dynamic 111
Starting from the Macrosystemic View:
UILs as a Paradoxical Component
of the National Innovation System
112
UILs as a Driver of National Innovation Systems:
The Importance of
UIL
Policy
113
Observations and Questions
114
Part II UIL-Related Policies
117
of
Subnational
Governments
Chapter
7
The Role of Higher Education and New Forms
119
of Governance in Economic Development:
The Ontario Case
David A. Wolfe
Policy Frameworks for the New Paradigm:
Policy Delivery through New Forms
of Governance
121
Best Practice: Learning Regions,
Innovating Economies
125
Innovative Approaches to Economic
Development in Ontario
126
Lessons for Policy: Principles, Institutions,
Practices
134
Chapter
8
University-Industry Links in the Japanese
139
Context: Between Policies and Practice
Juan Jiang, Yuko Harayamm, end Skiro Abe
A Brief History of the Japanese Technology Policy
140
Some Facts from the History of Tohok« University
143
viii Contents
Government-Led UILs
145
Conclusion
147
Chapter
9
University-Industry Links: Regional Policies
151
and Initiatives in the United Kingdom
Mike Wright
Regional Development Agencies
152
Initiatives to Support Collaborative Innovation
152
Incubation Centers and Enterprise Hubs
153
Long-Term
Research Partnerships
154
Innovation and Regional Fellowships to Facilitate
Academic-Led Commercialization
154
Boundary-Spanning Schemes
155
Regional Funds for the Development of Spinoffs
155
Graduate and Researcher Education and Mobility
156
Education and Network Schemes
156
Effects of University-Industry Initiatives
157
Conclusions and Issues
159
Chapter
10
University-Industry Research Collaboration
163
and Technology Transfer in the United States
since
1980
David C. Mowery
Historical Overview
164
Industry Criticism of U.S. University Licensing
Policies and Practices
176
Conclusion
178
Part ill UiL- Related Policies of Universities
183
Chapter
1
1 Building Research Universities for Knowledge
185
Transfer: The Case of China
Weiping Wu
National and Local Initiatives to Promote
University-Based Innovation in China
187
Building World-Class Universities and Industrial
Linfa
at Fttdan and SJTU
191
Conclusion
194
Contents
¡χ
Chapter
12
Approaches to University-Industry Links:
199
The Case of the National University
of Singapore
Poh
-Кат
Wong
Overview of Singapore's Transition
toward a Knowledge Economy
200
Effect of NUS's Shift toward the
Entrepreneurial University Model
204
Conclusion
207
Chapter
13
University-Industry Links and Enterprise
209
Creation in India: Some Strategic and
Policy Issues
Rakesh
Basant
and Pankaj Chandra
Spinoffs from Educational Institutions
in Two Indian Cities
210
R&D, Patenting, and Enterprise Creation:
Two Profiles
212
Enterprise Creation at IITs: Two Models
214
The Incubation Experiment at the Indian
Institute of Management, Ahmedabad
221
Some Concluding Remarks
223
Chapter
14
The Entrepreneurial University:
227
The Idea and Its Critics
Elizabeth Garnsey
A New Area of Research
228
U.S. Experience
230
Dissenting Voices from the Corporate Sector
232
Use of Disruptive Knowledge by Incumbent
and New Entrant Companies
233
University Policy Responses in India, Singapore,
and China
234
Conclusion
236
χ
Contents
Part IV Corporate Strategies of Multinational
239
Corporations and Small and Medium
Enterprises
Chapter
15
Beyond Absorptive Capacity:
241
The Management of Technology
for a Proactive Corporate Strategy
toward University-Industry Links
Fumio
Kodarna,
Shingo
Капо,
and
Jun
Suzuki
Modeling Proactive Absorption Mechanism:
University-Industry Link Morphology
242
Technological Platform for Gatekeeping
of New Sciences:
TOTO
Ltd.
246
Organizational Design for Inserting Intermediary
Function: Takeda Chemical Industries
249
Conclusion: Proactiveness, Reciprocity,
and Organizational Design
25
1
Chapter
16
Corporate Strategies in University-Industry
255
Links in France
Jean-Jacques Duby
Knowledge Transmission
258
Knowledge Production
259
Knowledge Sharing
261
The New Programmatic Law for Research
263
Chapter
17
Specific Approaches to University-Industry
265
Links of Selected Companies in Thailand
and Their Relative Effectiveness
Peter Brimbh
Six Case Studies of UILs in Thailand
(plus IDEMA)
266
Lessons Learned and Best Practices
271
Indicators of Effectiveness of UILs
272
Index
275
Contents xi
Figures
2.1 An Ideal
Virtuous
Innovation
Growth Circle
35
2.2 National UILs in EU
Countries: A
Birďs
-Еуе
View
37
2.3
National
UIL
Strengths and Weaknesses
38
3.1
R&D Contracts by Destination and Receiving
Institutions,
2004 57
3.2
Historical Evolution of Extramural R&D Expenditures
57
3.3
Multinational Enterprise R&D Inward (to the United
States) and Outward (from the United States),
1999-2001 60
3.4
Percentage of Firms with Technology-Transfer Activities
by Partners in
Suisse
Romande,
2004 63
3.5
Financial Development and Profits,
1996-2000 64
4.1
University-Industry Interaction Contributing to Innovation
75
4.2
University-Industry Interactions Regarded as Highly
Important for Innovation
76
4.3
Use of Sources of Knowledge for Innovation
78
4.4
Sources of Knowledge for Innovation Regarded as Highly
Important by Users of That Source
79
4.5
Funding and Performing SET in England:
University-Industry Links in Context
81
5.1
National Systems of Economic Learning in East Asia
95
5.2
University Students per
10,000
Population,
1870-1920 96
5.3
University Students per
10,000
Population,
1950-2000 96
5.4
GDP per Capita versus Share of Natural Sciences and
Engineering Degrees,
2000
or Most Recent Year
97
5.5
Taiwan (China) Closes the Gap in Semiconductors,
1975-95 99
5.6
Patents Granted,
1975-2002 103
5.7
Patents Granted, per Million Population,
1975-2000 104
10.
1 Industry-Funded Share of R&D: MIT, Stanford,
and UC Berkeley, Fiscal Year
2003 172
10.2
Gross Licensing Royalties, Fiscal Years
2000-04 173
10.3
Annual Invention Disclosures, Fiscal Years
2000-04 174
10.4
Licensing Agreements, Fiscal Years
2000-04 174
15.1
Technology-Transfer Effective Frontier
245
15.2
Occurrence of Fusion at Takeda of GE and PE
Technologies
wità
Organic Chemistry Technologies
251
xii Contents
Tables
3
.1 Main Transfer
Mechanisms as Evaluated by the Industry
56
3.2
Obstacles to Knowledge-Transfer Activities
62
4.1
The
10-
Year Science and Innovation Investment
Framework R&D Target
84
5.1
Country Patenting Performance for
5-
and
30-
Year Periods
101
5.2
The 10-Year Science and Innovation Investment
Framework R&D Target
102
5.3
Technology-Transfer Outcomes in Taiwan (China) under
the National Science Council,
2000-04 105
5.4
Top Five Patenting Technologies in Taiwan (China)
Supported by the National Science Council
106
9.1
Cumulative Effects of Science Enterprise Challenge
and University Challenge Initiative Funds
159
11.1
Major National Programs with an Impact on University
Research in China
188
12.1
Stylized Stages of Singapore's Economic Development
and National Innovation System Changes
201
12.2
Profile of Changes in
NUS
before and after Shift
to Entrepreneurial University Model
205 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV021733160 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:27:05Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:42:46Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 082136751X 9780821367513 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014946640 |
| oclc_num | 255591755 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-11 |
| physical | XIV, 286 S. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | <<The>> World Bank |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Directions in development : Human development |
| spelling | How universities promote economic growth ed.: Shahid Yusuf ... Washington, DC <<The>> World Bank 2007 XIV, 286 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Directions in development : Human development With the competitiveness of firms in an open and integrated world environment increasingly reliant on technological capability, universities are being asked to take on a growing role in stimulating economic growth. Beyond imparting education, they are now viewed as sources of industrially valuable technical skills, innovations, and entrepreneurship. Developed and developing countries alike have made it a priority to realize this potential of universities to spur growth, a strategy that calls for coordinated policy actions. Forschungskooperation / Welt Sammelwerk / Collection of articles of several authors - 39 Academic-industrial collaboration Economic aspects Business and education Education, Higher Economic aspects Universities and colleges Economic aspects Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 gnd rswk-swf Universität (DE-588)4061778-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Universität (DE-588)4061778-6 s Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 s DE-604 Yusuf, Shahid 1949- Sonstige (DE-588)128667028 oth Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-8213-6751-3 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014946640&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | How universities promote economic growth Forschungskooperation / Welt Sammelwerk / Collection of articles of several authors - 39 Academic-industrial collaboration Economic aspects Business and education Education, Higher Economic aspects Universities and colleges Economic aspects Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 gnd Universität (DE-588)4061778-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066527-6 (DE-588)4061778-6 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | How universities promote economic growth |
| title_auth | How universities promote economic growth |
| title_exact_search | How universities promote economic growth |
| title_exact_search_txtP | How universities promote economic growth |
| title_full | How universities promote economic growth ed.: Shahid Yusuf ... |
| title_fullStr | How universities promote economic growth ed.: Shahid Yusuf ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | How universities promote economic growth ed.: Shahid Yusuf ... |
| title_short | How universities promote economic growth |
| title_sort | how universities promote economic growth |
| topic | Forschungskooperation / Welt Sammelwerk / Collection of articles of several authors - 39 Academic-industrial collaboration Economic aspects Business and education Education, Higher Economic aspects Universities and colleges Economic aspects Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 gnd Universität (DE-588)4061778-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Forschungskooperation / Welt Sammelwerk / Collection of articles of several authors - 39 Academic-industrial collaboration Economic aspects Business and education Education, Higher Economic aspects Universities and colleges Economic aspects Wirtschaftswachstum Universität Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014946640&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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