Reducing poverty through growth and social policy reform in Russia:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, D.C.
World Bank
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Directions in development
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 254-264) and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 281 S. Ill., Kt. 23 cm |
| ISBN: | 0821363409 9780821363409 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Reducing poverty through growth and social policy reform in Russia |c Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region ; Radwan Shaban ... [et al.] |
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington, D.C. |b World Bank |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 281 S. |b Ill., Kt. |c 23 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Directions in development | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 254-264) and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Poverty - Russia (Federation) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Poverty |z Russia (Federation) | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Wirtschaftswachstum |0 (DE-588)4066527-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Sozialreform |0 (DE-588)4055893-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Armut |0 (DE-588)4002963-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Bekämpfung |0 (DE-588)4112701-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Russia (Federation) |x Economic conditions |y 1991- | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Russia (Federation) |x Social policy | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Russland |0 (DE-588)4076899-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |a Aufsatzsammlung |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Russland |0 (DE-588)4076899-5 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Armut |0 (DE-588)4002963-3 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Bekämpfung |0 (DE-588)4112701-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Sozialreform |0 (DE-588)4055893-9 |D s |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135571410386944 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Abbreviations..................................................xv
Acknowledgments............................................xvii
Executive Summary............................................xxi
Part I The Nature of Poverty in the Russian Federation 1
1 Improving the Methodology for Measuring Poverty
in Russia...............................................2
2 The Profile of the Poor..................................24
3 The Regional Dimension of Poverty......................46
Part II Economic Recovery and Poverty Reduction 67
4 The Post 1998 Economic Recovery.......................69
5 The Effect of Economic Recovery on Labor Earnings........84
6 Poverty, Growth, and Inequality in Russia.................99
7 The Impact of Accession to the World Trade Organization
on Living Standards and Poverty........................114
Part HI Reforming Sectoral Policies for Alleviating Poverty 127
8 Improving the Targeting of Social Transfers..............129
9 Reforming Housing and Utility Services and Protecting
the Poor.............................................150
vi CONTENTS
10 Improving the Poor s Access to Good Quality Education... 165
11 Restructuring Health Care to Decrease the Vulnerability
of the Poor...........................................181
Part IV Poverty Monitoring 201
12 Using the Household Budget Survey to Monitor Poverty... 202
Appendixes
A Price Indexes, Poverty Lines, and Incidence of Poverty,
by Region and Territory................................213
B Inequality Measures...................................222
C A Tale of Two Regions.................................224
D Trends in Real Wages..................................235
E The Poverty Growth Curve and Poverty Equivalent
Growth Rates.........................................237
F Overview of Social Protection Programs
in the Russian Federation..............................243
G Methodology for Constructing the Benchmark Scenario
and Making Welfare Inferences.........................245
References....................................................254
Index........................................................265
Boxes
1.1 International practice is to measure poverty in terms of
consumption..............................................11
1.2 How should durable goods be treated when their use value
cannot be estimated?.......................................13
1.3 Delinking poverty monitoring and eligibility criteria for social
assistance in the United States...............................21
2.1 Rich data sources are available for measuring poverty
in Russia.................................................25
2.2 How should poverty be measured?..........................27
CONTENTS vii
2.3 Are Household Budget Survey data accurate enough to fully
capture the extent of inequality?.............................43
3.1 A significant number of Russia s villages have been
abandoned................................................54
4.1 The government s reform strategy has helped spur growth.....79
5.1 A growing gender gap in wages.............................94
7.1 Overview of the model and dataset.........................118
8.1 How much does the Russian Federation spend on social
protection?...............................................131
8.2 Targeting methods in selected countries.....................145
9.1 Determination of the housing allowance.....................153
12.1 Activities implemented during Stage I of the Enhancing
Measurement, Monitoring, and Analysis of Poverty
in Russia Project..........................................203
Figures
A The incidence of poverty peaked in 1999....................xxiii
B Russia s social welfare programs are not as well targeted as
programs in other countries...............................xxvi
1.1 Pakistan s household survey demonstrates the unreliability
of estimating household net savings from changes in financial
assets ..................................................... 7
1.2 Income and expenditure do not appear to deviate from each
other in Russia, as they do in Vietnam.........................8
1.3 Cash expenditures and the recommended consumption
aggregate measure yield different levels and trends
in inequality..............................................20
2.1 Poverty map of the Russian Federation, 2002: Regional
headcount index of poverty.................................30
2.2 Poverty map of the Russian Federation, 2002: Distribution
of the Poor................................................32
2.3 The risk of poverty changes over the life cycle.................33
2.4 Estimates of inequality differ from survey to survey, primarily
due to methodological differences...........................39
2.5 Rural households have less access to modern housing
amenities than urban households............................42
3.1 Regional inequality in Russia is comparable to that in other
large low and middle income countries......................48
3.2 As expected, regional production and consumption in Russia
exhibited a logarithmic relationship in 2002...................49
3.3 Per capita GRP rose in all but one region between 1999
and 2002..................................................52
Vlll CONTENTS
3.4 Interregional differences in per capita GRP and consumption
declined between 1999 and 2002.............................53
3.5 The incidence of poverty is higher where unemployment
is high....................................................57
3.6 The incidence of poverty is lower where wages are high........58
3.7 Many of the poor live in regions with average poverty
incidence, particularly in 2002...............................59
3.8 The relationship between regional output per capita
and poverty is negative.....................................60
3.9 Higher regional inequality is correlated with higher poverty .... 61
3.10 Poverty is higher in rural areas, and poor regions have more
rural residents.............................................63
3.11 Although the majority of the poor everywhere are working
families, in poor regions fewer households have multiple
earners...................................................64
4.1 Real GDP in Russia grew rapidly between 1998 and 2003.......70
4.2 All sectors declined during the recession, with construction
and industrial output particularly hard hit....................71
4.3 Sectors that were precrisis losers led the recovery............72
4.4 Growth rates in manufacturing and natural resource
industries.................................................72
4.5 Most regions contracted in 1998.............................73
4.6 All but one region grew between 1999 and 2001...............73
4.7 Postcrisis recovery was stronger in Russia than in many other
postcrisis countries........................................75
4.8 Devaluation and lower utility tariffs contributed to postcrisis
recovery in the Russian Federation...........................77
4.9 Utilization of spare industrial capacity catalyzed the postcrisis
increase in production......................................78
4.10 Perceptions of Russia s business climate improved between
1999 and 2002.............................................80
5.1 Average working time has increased since 1997................87
5.2 Labor productivity began to increase in 1999, after declining
during the transitional recession.............................89
5.3 GDP, wage, profit, and household income dynamics,
1996 2002.................................................90
5.4 After the 1998 crisis, a sharp decline in real wages allowed
industrial enterprises to survive and retain more of their
employees................................................91
5.5 Wage arrears have plummeted since 1999.....................92
5.6 The gap between skilled and unskilled labor increased
in 2000 and 2001...........................................93
5.7 Both the minimum wage tariff and the minimum wage have
increased since 2000........................................96
CONTENTS ix
6.1 The crisis had a severe impact on the poor...................101
6.2 Economic growth in 1999 2000 was pro poor................102
6.3 All indexes of poverty rose until 1999 and declined thereafter .. 103
6.4 Inequality in consumption peaked in 1998...................106
6.5 Consumption share of the bottom quintile has increased
steadily since 1998........................................107
6.6 Uniform consumption would have to grow 5 percent a year
to cut poverty in half by 2007...............................Ill
6.7 Rapid growth in consumption would have a dramatic effect
on the poverty gap and poverty severity indexes.............112
7.1 Distribution of estimated welfare gains from Russian WTO
accession................................................123
8.1 Utilization of occupational privileges is highly regressive......140
8.2 Rich households receive higher benefits than poor households,
except in the case of the child allowance.....................143
8.3 Compared with other countries, targeting of programs
in Russia is poor..........................................144
9.1 Cost coverage of housing and utility services rose between
1992 and 2000............................................151
9.2 Poor households spend a higher share of total expenditures
on housing and utility services.............................152
9.3 Although the level of housing expenditures is higher for richer
households, the share of housing in total expenditures is greater
for poor households; the housing subsidy significantly
reduces that expenditure share for the bottom quintile........157
9.4 Housing and utility subsidies appear to be regressive.........158
10.1 Net secondary enrollment rate in Russia is lower than in
other transition economies.................................167
10.2 Enrollment in noncompulsory education is lower among
the poor.................................................168
10.3 The poor spend less on education than the nonpoor...........172
10.4 Education expenditures as a percentage of GDP fell
until 2000, before rising....................................173
10.5 As a percentage of GDP, Russia spends less on education than
other countries in Eastern Europe and OECD countries........174
10.6 Budget expenditure per student is positively correlated
with regional per capita income............................175
10.7 The share of household spending on education is positively
correlated with regional per capita income...................176
11.1 Life expectancy is much lower in Russia than elsewhere
in Europe................................................183
11.2 The number of officially reported cases of HIV is rising
rapidly in Russia.........................................185
11.3 Total public expenditures on health care fell during the 1990s .. 188
X CONTENTS
11.4 Regional differences in per capita health expenditures are
huge in Russia...........................................189
11.5 Public spending on pharmaceuticals has fallen, while
out of pocket payments have been rising....................191
11.6 The poor spend a higher share of consumption on all
types of medical services..................................193
11.7 Both official and unofficial payments for medical services
represent a larger share of consumption for the poor than
the nonpoor..............................................194
D.I Average nominal hourly wage, by industry, 1996 2002........236
E.I Poverty growth curve, 1997 98.............................238
E.2 Poverty growth curve, 1998 99.............................239
E.3 Poverty growth curve, 1999 2000...........................239
E.4 Poverty growth curve, 2000 01.............................240
E.5 Poverty growth curve, 2001 02.............................240
E.6 Poverty growth curve, 1997 2002...........................241
Tables
A Sectoral policy recommendations.........................xxviii
1.1 Calorie cost rises with consumption..........................15
1.2 Average nonfood poverty line, by component, 2002............17
1.3 The recommended consumption aggregate is lower than the
official money income measure currently used by Goskomstat .. 18
1.4 The recommended poverty line is significantly lower
than the official subsistence minimum level...................19
1.5 The recommended methodology can yield a higher or lower
headcount index than the official methodology................19
2.1 Poverty in Russia has a rural face............................29
2.2 Poverty is pervasive in small urban communities as well.......29
2.3 Children are at greatest risk of poverty.......................31
2.4 Poverty by employment status..............................33
2.5 Households facing cumulative vulnerabilities face the
highest risk of poverty.....................................34
2.6 The majority of the poor live in working households...........35
2.7 The incidence and depth of poverty are greatest among
households with three or more children......................36
2.8 Education and poverty status are negatively correlated.........37
2.9 Many workers earn less than the official subsistence
minimum, especially in agriculture and public services.........38
2.10 Gini coefficients and annual income and consumption
in selected countries.......................................40
2.11 Estimated inequality is lower for consumption based
indexes than income based ones and for real versus
nominal consumption......................................41
CONTENTS xi
3.1 Most measures of inequality between regions declined
in Russia between 1997 and 2002............................50
3.2 Decomposition of inequality by regions for survey based
indexes, 1997 2002.........................................55
4.1 Best and worst performing regions in 1998 and 1999 2001.....74
4.2 The boom in oil prices spurred growth.......................78
4.3 Social spending has risen since the crisis......................81
5.1 Employment rose for the first time in 1999, following
a decade of decline........................................85
5.2 Unemployment peaked in 1998..............................85
5.3 Net employment in manufacturing grew for the first time
since transition in 1999.....................................86
5.4 The private sector employs a growing share of Russia s
workforce................................................87
5.5 Two thirds of the increase in nonagricultural output
between 1999 and 2002 was due to increased productivity......88
5.6 Average real monthly wages began to rise in 1999.............90
5.7 The percentage of low paying jobs is higher in the
public sector..............................................95
6.1 Consumption of nonfood items fluctuated more than
consumption of food......................................100
6.2 Poverty soared between 1997 and 1999 but has since
declined to below precrisis levels...........................103
6.3 Various measures of poverty show the same trend:
Steadily rising poverty followed by a steady decline
during the recovery.......................................104
6.4 Inequality has declined since 1999..........................105
6.5 Changes in poverty can be decomposed into growth and
redistribution components.................................108
6.6 The gap in welfare between urban and rural areas has
increased since 1997.......................................109
6.7 Inequality between urban and rural areas declined during
the crisis years but increased during the recovery period......109
6.8 Poverty has fallen among all demographic groups since
the crisis, but the incidence of child poverty remains high.....110
7.1 Foreign direct investment in Russia is much lower than
in other emerging economies...............................115
7.2 The impact of WTO accession can be decomposed
into various types of effects................................117
7.3 The impact of WTO accession on Russian households.........124
8.1 Pensions represent half of all public spending on social
protection...............................................132
8.2 Coverage and type of privileges............................133
8.3 Coverage of selected social protection programs..............135
xii CONTENTS
8.4 Importance of social protection transfers in household
consumption.............................................135
8.5 Impact of social protection on poverty reduction..............137
8.6 Enlarged budget expenditures as percentage of GDP,
1997 2002................................................138
8.7 Reduction in the fiscal and quasi fiscal cost of transport
privileges................................................141
8.8 Beneficiary incidence, by type of social protection
program.................................................142
8.9 Simulated targeting performance using proxy means test......146
8.10 Distribution of proxy means test beneficiaries by quintiles.....146
9.1 Coverage of social protection programs, by type..............155
9.2 The size of the housing subsidy rises with income............158
9.3 Description of the simulations..............................159
9.4 Budgetary effects of simulations............................159
9.5 Effect of simulated reforms on poverty and inequality.........160
9.6 Simulations of a change in living standards, by decile.........160
10.1 Mean years of schooling for adults rises with consumption .... 169
10.2 The nonpoor have higher education attainment
than the poor............................................170
10.3 A substantial fraction of the nonpoor receive scholarships.....176
11.1 Self reported health status is better among the nonpoor.......182
11.2 Alcohol use is higher among the poor.......................182
11.3 Economic and health status indicators are lower in Russia
than in most comparable countries..........................184
11.4 Regional mortality rates vary dramatically in Russia..........186
11.5 Regional differences in infant mortality rates in Russia
are huge.................................................186
11.6 Regional differences in average life expectancy at birth
are large across the Russian Federation......................186
11.7 Social spending, including spending on health,
suffered as a result of the 1998 crisis and postcrisis fiscal
consolidation.............................................188
11.8 Wealthier people spend more on outpatient and hospital
care than the poor........................................192
11.9 Lack of specialists and inability to pay for services are
the leading reasons why the poor do not seek care............195
11.10 Problems with affordability of pharmaceuticals affect
the treatment of the poor more than the nonpoor.............195
A.I Spatial price indexes by region and territory, 2002............213
A.2 Average poverty line, by region and territory, 2002............216
A.3 Incidence of poverty, by region and territory, 2002............219
C.I Economic indicators by region, 1997 2002...................226
C.2 Poverty indexes by region, 1997 2002.......................229
CONTENTS
C.3 Inequality by region, 1997 2002............................232
D.I Real wage trends by industry, 1998 2002....................235
E.I Poverty equivalent growth rates, 1998 2002..................242
G.I Components of the housing cost............................245
G.2 Variables in the Household Budget Survey related to
housing costs............................................246
G.3 Households that do not record expenditures but do report
using an amenity.........................................247
G.4 Criteria used to determine whether housing cost was
calculated from the bill formula or from recorded
expenditures.............................................250
G.5 Determining whether a household is privileged or receives an
allowance................................................253
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Abbreviations.xv
Acknowledgments.xvii
Executive Summary.xxi
Part I The Nature of Poverty in the Russian Federation 1
1 Improving the Methodology for Measuring Poverty
in Russia.2
2 The Profile of the Poor.24
3 The Regional Dimension of Poverty.46
Part II Economic Recovery and Poverty Reduction 67
4 The Post 1998 Economic Recovery.69
5 The Effect of Economic Recovery on Labor Earnings.84
6 Poverty, Growth, and Inequality in Russia.99
7 The Impact of Accession to the World Trade Organization
on Living Standards and Poverty.114
Part HI Reforming Sectoral Policies for Alleviating Poverty 127
8 Improving the Targeting of Social Transfers.129
9 Reforming Housing and Utility Services and Protecting
the Poor.150
vi CONTENTS
10 Improving the Poor's Access to Good Quality Education. 165
11 Restructuring Health Care to Decrease the Vulnerability
of the Poor.181
Part IV Poverty Monitoring 201
12 Using the Household Budget Survey to Monitor Poverty. 202
Appendixes
A Price Indexes, Poverty Lines, and Incidence of Poverty,
by Region and Territory.213
B Inequality Measures.222
C A Tale of Two Regions.224
D Trends in Real Wages.235
E The Poverty Growth Curve and Poverty Equivalent
Growth Rates.237
F Overview of Social Protection Programs
in the Russian Federation.243
G Methodology for Constructing the Benchmark Scenario
and Making Welfare Inferences.245
References.254
Index.265
Boxes
1.1 International practice is to measure poverty in terms of
consumption.11
1.2 How should durable goods be treated when their use value
cannot be estimated?.13
1.3 Delinking poverty monitoring and eligibility criteria for social
assistance in the United States.21
2.1 Rich data sources are available for measuring poverty
in Russia.25
2.2 How should poverty be measured?.27
CONTENTS vii
2.3 Are Household Budget Survey data accurate enough to fully
capture the extent of inequality?.43
3.1 A significant number of Russia's villages have been
abandoned.54
4.1 The government's reform strategy has helped spur growth.79
5.1 A growing gender gap in wages.94
7.1 Overview of the model and dataset.118
8.1 How much does the Russian Federation spend on social
protection?.131
8.2 Targeting methods in selected countries.145
9.1 Determination of the housing allowance.153
12.1 Activities implemented during Stage I of the Enhancing
Measurement, Monitoring, and Analysis of Poverty
in Russia Project.203
Figures
A The incidence of poverty peaked in 1999.xxiii
B Russia's social welfare programs are not as well targeted as
programs in other countries.xxvi
1.1 Pakistan's household survey demonstrates the unreliability
of estimating household net savings from changes in financial
assets . 7
1.2 Income and expenditure do not appear to deviate from each
other in Russia, as they do in Vietnam.8
1.3 Cash expenditures and the recommended consumption
aggregate measure yield different levels and trends
in inequality.20
2.1 Poverty map of the Russian Federation, 2002: Regional
headcount index of poverty.30
2.2 Poverty map of the Russian Federation, 2002: Distribution
of the Poor.32
2.3 The risk of poverty changes over the life cycle.33
2.4 Estimates of inequality differ from survey to survey, primarily
due to methodological differences.39
2.5 Rural households have less access to modern housing
amenities than urban households.42
3.1 Regional inequality in Russia is comparable to that in other
large low and middle income countries.48
3.2 As expected, regional production and consumption in Russia
exhibited a logarithmic relationship in 2002.49
3.3 Per capita GRP rose in all but one region between 1999
and 2002.52
Vlll CONTENTS
3.4 Interregional differences in per capita GRP and consumption
declined between 1999 and 2002.53
3.5 The incidence of poverty is higher where unemployment
is high.57
3.6 The incidence of poverty is lower where wages are high.58
3.7 Many of the poor live in regions with average poverty
incidence, particularly in 2002.59
3.8 The relationship between regional output per capita
and poverty is negative.60
3.9 Higher regional inequality is correlated with higher poverty . 61
3.10 Poverty is higher in rural areas, and poor regions have more
rural residents.63
3.11 Although the majority of the poor everywhere are working
families, in poor regions fewer households have multiple
earners.64
4.1 Real GDP in Russia grew rapidly between 1998 and 2003.70
4.2 All sectors declined during the recession, with construction
and industrial output particularly hard hit.71
4.3 Sectors that were precrisis "losers" led the recovery.72
4.4 Growth rates in manufacturing and natural resource
industries.72
4.5 Most regions contracted in 1998.73
4.6 All but one region grew between 1999 and 2001.73
4.7 Postcrisis recovery was stronger in Russia than in many other
postcrisis countries.75
4.8 Devaluation and lower utility tariffs contributed to postcrisis
recovery in the Russian Federation.77
4.9 Utilization of spare industrial capacity catalyzed the postcrisis
increase in production.78
4.10 Perceptions of Russia's business climate improved between
1999 and 2002.80
5.1 Average working time has increased since 1997.87
5.2 Labor productivity began to increase in 1999, after declining
during the transitional recession.89
5.3 GDP, wage, profit, and household income dynamics,
1996 2002.90
5.4 After the 1998 crisis, a sharp decline in real wages allowed
industrial enterprises to survive and retain more of their
employees.91
5.5 Wage arrears have plummeted since 1999.92
5.6 The gap between skilled and unskilled labor increased
in 2000 and 2001.93
5.7 Both the minimum wage tariff and the minimum wage have
increased since 2000.96
CONTENTS ix
6.1 The crisis had a severe impact on the poor.101
6.2 Economic growth in 1999 2000 was pro poor.102
6.3 All indexes of poverty rose until 1999 and declined thereafter . 103
6.4 Inequality in consumption peaked in 1998.106
6.5 Consumption share of the bottom quintile has increased
steadily since 1998.107
6.6 Uniform consumption would have to grow 5 percent a year
to cut poverty in half by 2007.Ill
6.7 Rapid growth in consumption would have a dramatic effect
on the poverty gap and poverty severity indexes.112
7.1 Distribution of estimated welfare gains from Russian WTO
accession.123
8.1 Utilization of occupational privileges is highly regressive.140
8.2 Rich households receive higher benefits than poor households,
except in the case of the child allowance.143
8.3 Compared with other countries, targeting of programs
in Russia is poor.144
9.1 Cost coverage of housing and utility services rose between
1992 and 2000.151
9.2 Poor households spend a higher share of total expenditures
on housing and utility services.152
9.3 Although the level of housing expenditures is higher for richer
households, the share of housing in total expenditures is greater
for poor households; the housing subsidy significantly
reduces that expenditure share for the bottom quintile.157
9.4 Housing and utility subsidies appear to be regressive.158
10.1 Net secondary enrollment rate in Russia is lower than in
other transition economies.167
10.2 Enrollment in noncompulsory education is lower among
the poor.168
10.3 The poor spend less on education than the nonpoor.172
10.4 Education expenditures as a percentage of GDP fell
until 2000, before rising.173
10.5 As a percentage of GDP, Russia spends less on education than
other countries in Eastern Europe and OECD countries.174
10.6 Budget expenditure per student is positively correlated
with regional per capita income.175
10.7 The share of household spending on education is positively
correlated with regional per capita income.176
11.1 Life expectancy is much lower in Russia than elsewhere
in Europe.183
11.2 The number of officially reported cases of HIV is rising
rapidly in Russia.185
11.3 Total public expenditures on health care fell during the 1990s . 188
X CONTENTS
11.4 Regional differences in per capita health expenditures are
huge in Russia.189
11.5 Public spending on pharmaceuticals has fallen, while
out of pocket payments have been rising.191
11.6 The poor spend a higher share of consumption on all
types of medical services.193
11.7 Both official and unofficial payments for medical services
represent a larger share of consumption for the poor than
the nonpoor.194
D.I Average nominal hourly wage, by industry, 1996 2002.236
E.I Poverty growth curve, 1997 98.238
E.2 Poverty growth curve, 1998 99.239
E.3 Poverty growth curve, 1999 2000.239
E.4 Poverty growth curve, 2000 01.240
E.5 Poverty growth curve, 2001 02.240
E.6 Poverty growth curve, 1997 2002.241
Tables
A Sectoral policy recommendations.xxviii
1.1 Calorie cost rises with consumption.15
1.2 Average nonfood poverty line, by component, 2002.17
1.3 The recommended consumption aggregate is lower than the
official money income measure currently used by Goskomstat . 18
1.4 The recommended poverty line is significantly lower
than the official subsistence minimum level.19
1.5 The recommended methodology can yield a higher or lower
headcount index than the official methodology.19
2.1 Poverty in Russia has a rural face.29
2.2 Poverty is pervasive in small urban communities as well.29
2.3 Children are at greatest risk of poverty.31
2.4 Poverty by employment status.33
2.5 Households facing cumulative vulnerabilities face the
highest risk of poverty.34
2.6 The majority of the poor live in working households.35
2.7 The incidence and depth of poverty are greatest among
households with three or more children.36
2.8 Education and poverty status are negatively correlated.37
2.9 Many workers earn less than the official subsistence
minimum, especially in agriculture and public services.38
2.10 Gini coefficients and annual income and consumption
in selected countries.40
2.11 Estimated inequality is lower for consumption based
indexes than income based ones and for real versus
nominal consumption.41
CONTENTS xi
3.1 Most measures of inequality between regions declined
in Russia between 1997 and 2002.50
3.2 Decomposition of inequality by regions for survey based
indexes, 1997 2002.55
4.1 Best and worst performing regions in 1998 and 1999 2001.74
4.2 The boom in oil prices spurred growth.78
4.3 Social spending has risen since the crisis.81
5.1 Employment rose for the first time in 1999, following
a decade of decline.85
5.2 Unemployment peaked in 1998.85
5.3 Net employment in manufacturing grew for the first time
since transition in 1999.86
5.4 The private sector employs a growing share of Russia's
workforce.87
5.5 Two thirds of the increase in nonagricultural output
between 1999 and 2002 was due to increased productivity.88
5.6 Average real monthly wages began to rise in 1999.90
5.7 The percentage of low paying jobs is higher in the
public sector.95
6.1 Consumption of nonfood items fluctuated more than
consumption of food.100
6.2 Poverty soared between 1997 and 1999 but has since
declined to below precrisis levels.103
6.3 Various measures of poverty show the same trend:
Steadily rising poverty followed by a steady decline
during the recovery.104
6.4 Inequality has declined since 1999.105
6.5 Changes in poverty can be decomposed into growth and
redistribution components.108
6.6 The gap in welfare between urban and rural areas has
increased since 1997.109
6.7 Inequality between urban and rural areas declined during
the crisis years but increased during the recovery period.109
6.8 Poverty has fallen among all demographic groups since
the crisis, but the incidence of child poverty remains high.110
7.1 Foreign direct investment in Russia is much lower than
in other emerging economies.115
7.2 The impact of WTO accession can be decomposed
into various types of effects.117
7.3 The impact of WTO accession on Russian households.124
8.1 Pensions represent half of all public spending on social
protection.132
8.2 Coverage and type of privileges.133
8.3 Coverage of selected social protection programs.135
xii CONTENTS
8.4 Importance of social protection transfers in household
consumption.135
8.5 Impact of social protection on poverty reduction.137
8.6 Enlarged budget expenditures as percentage of GDP,
1997 2002.138
8.7 Reduction in the fiscal and quasi fiscal cost of transport
privileges.141
8.8 Beneficiary incidence, by type of social protection
program.142
8.9 Simulated targeting performance using proxy means test.146
8.10 Distribution of proxy means test beneficiaries by quintiles.146
9.1 Coverage of social protection programs, by type.155
9.2 The size of the housing subsidy rises with income.158
9.3 Description of the simulations.159
9.4 Budgetary effects of simulations.159
9.5 Effect of simulated reforms on poverty and inequality.160
9.6 Simulations of a change in living standards, by decile.160
10.1 Mean years of schooling for adults rises with consumption . 169
10.2 The nonpoor have higher education attainment
than the poor.170
10.3 A substantial fraction of the nonpoor receive scholarships.176
11.1 Self reported health status is better among the nonpoor.182
11.2 Alcohol use is higher among the poor.182
11.3 Economic and health status indicators are lower in Russia
than in most comparable countries.184
11.4 Regional mortality rates vary dramatically in Russia.186
11.5 Regional differences in infant mortality rates in Russia
are huge.186
11.6 Regional differences in average life expectancy at birth
are large across the Russian Federation.186
11.7 Social spending, including spending on health,
suffered as a result of the 1998 crisis and postcrisis fiscal
consolidation.188
11.8 Wealthier people spend more on outpatient and hospital
care than the poor.192
11.9 Lack of specialists and inability to pay for services are
the leading reasons why the poor do not seek care.195
11.10 Problems with affordability of pharmaceuticals affect
the treatment of the poor more than the nonpoor.195
A.I Spatial price indexes by region and territory, 2002.213
A.2 Average poverty line, by region and territory, 2002.216
A.3 Incidence of poverty, by region and territory, 2002.219
C.I Economic indicators by region, 1997 2002.226
C.2 Poverty indexes by region, 1997 2002.229
CONTENTS
C.3 Inequality by region, 1997 2002.232
D.I Real wage trends by industry, 1998 2002.235
E.I Poverty equivalent growth rates, 1998 2002.242
G.I Components of the housing cost.245
G.2 Variables in the Household Budget Survey related to
housing costs.246
G.3 Households that do not record expenditures but do report
using an amenity.247
G.4 Criteria used to determine whether housing cost was
calculated from the bill formula or from recorded
expenditures.250
G.5 Determining whether a household is privileged or receives an
allowance.253 |
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| geographic | Russia (Federation) Economic conditions 1991- Russia (Federation) Social policy Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russia (Federation) Economic conditions 1991- Russia (Federation) Social policy Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV021726760 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:25:00Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:42:37Z |
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| isbn | 0821363409 9780821363409 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XXVIII, 281 S. Ill., Kt. 23 cm |
| publishDate | 2006 |
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| spelling | Reducing poverty through growth and social policy reform in Russia Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region ; Radwan Shaban ... [et al.] Washington, D.C. World Bank 2006 XXVIII, 281 S. Ill., Kt. 23 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Directions in development Includes bibliographical references (p. 254-264) and index Poverty - Russia (Federation) Wirtschaft Poverty Russia (Federation) Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 gnd rswk-swf Sozialreform (DE-588)4055893-9 gnd rswk-swf Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd rswk-swf Bekämpfung (DE-588)4112701-8 gnd rswk-swf Russia (Federation) Economic conditions 1991- Russia (Federation) Social policy Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 s Bekämpfung (DE-588)4112701-8 s Sozialreform (DE-588)4055893-9 s Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 s DE-604 Šaʿbān, Riḍwān ʿAlī Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014940336&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Reducing poverty through growth and social policy reform in Russia Poverty - Russia (Federation) Wirtschaft Poverty Russia (Federation) Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 gnd Sozialreform (DE-588)4055893-9 gnd Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd Bekämpfung (DE-588)4112701-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066527-6 (DE-588)4055893-9 (DE-588)4002963-3 (DE-588)4112701-8 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Reducing poverty through growth and social policy reform in Russia |
| title_auth | Reducing poverty through growth and social policy reform in Russia |
| title_exact_search | Reducing poverty through growth and social policy reform in Russia |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Reducing poverty through growth and social policy reform in Russia |
| title_full | Reducing poverty through growth and social policy reform in Russia Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region ; Radwan Shaban ... [et al.] |
| title_fullStr | Reducing poverty through growth and social policy reform in Russia Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region ; Radwan Shaban ... [et al.] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reducing poverty through growth and social policy reform in Russia Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region ; Radwan Shaban ... [et al.] |
| title_short | Reducing poverty through growth and social policy reform in Russia |
| title_sort | reducing poverty through growth and social policy reform in russia |
| topic | Poverty - Russia (Federation) Wirtschaft Poverty Russia (Federation) Wirtschaftswachstum (DE-588)4066527-6 gnd Sozialreform (DE-588)4055893-9 gnd Armut (DE-588)4002963-3 gnd Bekämpfung (DE-588)4112701-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Poverty - Russia (Federation) Wirtschaft Poverty Russia (Federation) Wirtschaftswachstum Sozialreform Armut Bekämpfung Russia (Federation) Economic conditions 1991- Russia (Federation) Social policy Russland Aufsatzsammlung |
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