Map use and analysis:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Dubuque, Iowa [u.a.]
Brown
1993
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XI, 429 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0697135799 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Map use and analysis |c John Campbell |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Dubuque, Iowa [u.a.] |b Brown |c 1993 | |
| 300 | |a XI, 429 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135559801602049 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Map use and analysis
Autor: Campbell, John
Jahr: 1993
Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
Why Use a Map? 1
What Is a Map? 2
Virtual Maps 3
Mental Maps 3
Digital Data 7
Real Maps 7
Planimetrie Maps 7
Topographic Maps 10
Thematic Maps 11
Cartograms 15
Remotely Sensed Images 17
Summary 19
Suggested Readings 20
2 Basic Mapping Processes 21
Shape and Size of the Earth 21
Basic Spherical Shape 21
Locational System 21
Meridians 22
Parallels 23
Graticule 23
Refinements in Shape 23
Ellipsoid 24
Geoid 25
Size 25
Mapping Process 26
Geodetic Control Surveys 26
Latitude determination 27
Longitude determination 27
D The Analemma 29
D Dates and Times 31
International Date Line 31
Time Zones 33
Deflection of the vertical 35
Control network 35
Horizontal datum 35
Plane Surveys 35
Horizontal locations 36
Elevation determination 36
Vertical datum 36
Topographic Mapping 38
Aerial Photography 38
Stereoscopic Images 38
Ground Control 39
Plotting 40
Summary 41
Suggested Readings 41
Map Projections 42
Map-Projection Concepts 42
Projection Surfaces 42
Plane 42
Developable surfaces 42
Light-Source Location 43
Orientation and Tangency 43
Globe Characteristics 45
Conformality 45
Equivalence 46
Distance 47
Direction 48
iv
Contents
Compromise Projections 49
Miller cylindrical 49
Robinson projection 49
Projection Selection 49
Summary 51
Suggested Readings 52
4 Scale and Generalization Concepts 53
Scale 53
D Units of Measurement and Map Scales 53
Linear Measurements 54
U.S. Customary Units 54
Metric Units 54
Areal Measurements 55
Nautical Measurements 56
Methods of Stating Scale 58
Word statement 58
Representative fraction 58
Graphic scale 58
Large and Small Scale 59
Scale Determination 60
Use of known features 60
Use of lines of latitude and
longitude 6l
Use of map comparison 61
Scale Conversion 6l
Representative-fraction (RF) and word-
statement conversions 62
Representative-fraction (RF) and graphic
conversions 62
Word-statement and graphic
conversions 63
Generalization 63
Selection 63
Simplification 63
Combination 63
Locational Shift and Size Exaggeration 63
Summary 64
Suggested Readings 65
5 Measurements from Maps 66
Map Accuracy 66
D National Map Accuracy Standards 66
Horizontal Accuracy 66
Vertical Accuracy 66
Distance Measurement 67
Direct Methods of Measurement 67
Scaling 67
Map measurer 68
Computer-assisted methods 68
Indirect Methods of Measurement 69
Short distances 69
Long distances 69
Computer-assisted methods 69
Error Sources 70
Measurement error 70
Smoothing 70
Slope 70
Area Determination 71
Areal Scale 71
Direct Methods of Measurement 72
Scaling and computation 72
Polar planimeter 72
Indirect Methods of Measurement 73
Grid squares 73
Dot planimeter 73
Strip method 74
Polygon method 74
Computer-Assisted Methods 74
Small areas 74
Large areas 75
Summary 76
Suggested Readings 76
6 Route Selection and Navigation 77
Basic Considerations 77
Direction Determination 77
True north 77
Magnetic north 77
Grid north 79
Declination diagram 79
Direction Designation 79
Azimuth 80
Back-azimuth 81
Bearing 81
Back-bearing 81
Land Operations 82
Map Orientation 82
Position Determination 83
Route Selection 84
Water Operations 84
Nautical Charts 84
Publication date 85
Projections 85
Units of measurement 86
Depth indications 86
Special symbols 86
Position Determination 87
Astronomical observations 88
Lines of position 88
Contents
Radar 88
Satellite observation 89
Radio direction finding 90
Loran 90
Dead Reckoning 92
Aviation Operations 92
Aeronautical Charts 93
World Aeronautical Charts 93
Sectional charts 95
Flight Planning 96
Summary 98
Suggested Readings 99
7 Terrain Representation 100
Symbols 100
Spot Heights 100
Land surfaces 100
Water surfaces 100
Contours 101
Contour interval 101
Contour types 102
Layer Tints 103
Illuminated Contours 104
Hill Shading 104
Physical Models 106
Physiographic Diagrams 108
Block Diagrams 109
Summary 110
Suggested Readings 111
8 Contour Interpretation 112
Contours 112
Characteristics 112
Applications 116
Elevation estimation 116
Reservoir capacity estimation 116
Flood-zone maps 117
Profiling 117
Methodology 117
Cut-line 117
Vertical scale 117
Drawing the Profile 120
Applications 120
Cut and fill 120
Intervisibility 121
Slopes 121
Slope Measurement 121
Gradient 121
Percent 121
Degree 122
Applications 123
Slope-zone maps 123
Maximum slope limitations 123
Trafficability 125
Summary 125
Suggested Readings 126
9 Topographic Features 127
Drainage Patterns 127
Type of Dissection 128
Dendritic 128
Rectangular 128
Trellis 128
Radial 129
Annular 129
Miscellaneous 130
Texture of Dissection 130
Selected Examples of Landforms 130
Coastal Features and Shorelines 134
Escarpments 135
Glaciation 135
Alpine 135
Continental 138
Mountains 141
Plains 141
Plateaus 141
Solution Features 143
Valleys 143
Volcanic Features 146
Water Features 146
Wind Features 148
Miscellaneous 148
Summary 150
Suggested Readings 150
10 Locational and Land-Partitioning
Systems 151
Locational Systems 151
Latitude and Longitude Positions 151
Interpolation 152
Subdivisions of degrees 156
World Geographic Reference System 156
Grid Systems 158
Reference Grids 158
Plane Rectangular Grids 158
Universal Transverse Mercator System 159
Civilian system 159
U.S. Military Grid Reference System 163
State Plane Coordinate System 166
Land-Partitioning Systems 168
vi
Contents
Unsystematic Subdivision 169
Metes and bounds 169
Bearings 170
Systematic Subdivision (U.S. Public Land
Survey) 171
U.S. Public lands 171
Township, range, and section 171
Plats 171
Property descriptions 174
Irregularities 174
Land Survey in Canada 175
Patterns in areas of French
settlement 175
Patterns in areas of English
settlement 176
Westward expansion 176
Cultural influences 178
Summary 180
Suggested Readings 181
11 Characteristics of Map Features: Shape
and Point Patterns 182
Shape 182
Subjective Description 182
Numerical Indices 182
Desired Characteristics of a Shape
Index 182
Specific Measures 183
Miller s measure 183
Bunge s measure 183
Boyce-Clark radial shape index 185
Advanced techniques 187
Comment on Shape Indices 187
Point Patterns 187
Types of Distributions 188
Quadrat Analysis 188
Quadrat size and orientation 189
Weaknesses of quadrat analysis 190
Nearest-Neighbor Analysis 190
Spatial Correspondence of Areal
Distributions 193
Coefficient of Areal Correspondence 193
Chi-Square Statistic 194
Other Methods 197
Summary 197
Suggested Readings 198
12 Characteristics of Map Features:
Networks and Trees 200
Networks 200
Terminology 200
Accessibility 201
Connectivity 201
Network Types 201
Measurement 202
Applications 202
Trees 203
Hierarchic Order 203
Bifurcation Ratio 203
Summary 204
Suggested Readings 204
13 Qualitative and Quantitative
Information 205
Point Symbols 205
Dot-Distribution Maps 205
Nonproportional Point Symbols 205
D Levels of Measurement 207
Nominal 207
Ordinal 208
Interval and Ratio 208
Graduated Point Symbols 209
Linear Symbols 209
Nominal Information 209
Quantitative Information 209
Ordinal representation 210
Flow Maps 210
Areal Symbols 211
Nominal Distributions 212
Quantitative Distributions 212
Choropleth maps 212
Classification 214
Evaluation 215
Unclassed choropleth maps 217
Bivariate and multivariate maps 217
Dasymetric maps 218
Prism maps 218
Surfaces 220
Isolines 220
Types of Isolines 220
Isometric lines 220
Isopleths 220
Summary 222
Suggested Readings 222
Contents
vil
14 Cartograms and Map Misuse 224
Cartograms 224
Linear Cartograms 224
Routed linear cartograms 224
Central-point linear cartograms 225
Area Cartograms 226
Noncontiguous cartograms 226
Contiguous cartograms 227
Interpreting area cartograms 227
Map Misuse 228
Map Inaccuracy 228
Propaganda 229
General characteristics 229
Symbol distortion 230
Use of imaginary events 232
Distortion of concepts 232
The Peters projection 233
Summary 234
Suggested Readings 235
15 Special-Purpose Maps 236
Transportation Maps 236
Highway and Street Maps 236
Highway maps 238
Street maps 240
Automated Navigation 240
Route Maps 240
Weather and Climate Maps 241
Weather Maps 241
Climate Maps 243
Geologic Maps 243
Maps of the Past 246
Historical Maps 246
History Maps 247
Maps of the Moon and Planets 248
Journalistic Cartography 248
Television Maps 251
Summary 252
Suggested Readings 253
16 Maps and Graphs 254
Line Graphs 254
Types of Variables 254
Maps as Graphs 254
Types of Scales 255
Arithmetic line graphs 256
Logarithmic line graphs 261
17
Surface Graphs 264
Bar Charts 265
Types of Scales 265
Use of Symbols 266
Other Types of Bar Charts 267
Loss-and-gain bar charts 267
High-low bar charts 267
Interpretation Problems 267
Pie Charts 267
Area and Solid Diagrams 270
Proportional Symbols 270
Graduated circles 270
Other geometric symbols 272
Realistic figures 272
Volumetric Diagrams 273
Special Diagrams 273
Scatter Diagrams 273
Population Profiles 274
Circular Graphs 276
Climatograph 276
Wind rose 277
Triangular Graphs 278
Summary 278
Suggested Readings 279
Remote Sensing from Airborne
Platforms 280
Methods and Images 280
Electromagnetic Spectrum 280
Types of Remote-Sensing Devices 280
Spectral range 281
Signal source 281
Detector location 281
Aerial Photography 281
Types of Aerial Photographs 281
Vertical photographs 281
Oblique photographs 281
Photographic Materials 283
Negatives and positives 283
Emulsion types 284
Photo Characteristics 286
Scale 2
Planimetrie shift 288
Aerial Photo Products 289
Single prints 289
Photomosaics 290
Orthophoto products 292
viil
Contents
Photo Interpretation 292
Visual clues 292
Interpretive keys 294
Stereoscopic Pairs 294
Stereoscopic viewing 294
Interpretation 295
Other Airborne Imagery 296
Radar 296
Scanners 296
Summary 297
Suggested Readings 297
18 Remote Sensing from Space 299
Spectral Characteristics 299
Collection Systems 299
Ground Resolution 300
Image Creation 300
Examples of Remote-Sensing Systems 300
Landsat 300
SPOT 303
Image Processing 303
Linear Contrast Stretching 304
Edge Enhancement 304
Thematic Information Extraction 304
Classification 304
Change Detection 306
Interface with Geographic Information
Systems 306
Summary 306
Suggested Readings 307
19 Computer-Assisted Cartography 308
Overview 308
Advantages of Computer-Assisted
Techniques to the Map Producer 308
Implementation Problems of Computer-
Assisted Techniques 309
Effects of Computer-Assisted Techniques
on the Map User 309
Format and Data Capture 309
Digitizing 309
Labeling 310
Vector and raster digitizing 310
Other Considerations 310
Machine coordinates 310
Geocoding 311
Format and the user 311
Output 311
Applications 312
Microcomputer Programs 312
Larger-Scale Applications 314
Irrigation potential 314
Terrain analysis 314
Other applications 314
Database Availability 314
U.S. Geological Survey Products 315
Digital line graphs 315
Digital elevation models 317
Digital land-use and land-cover data 318
Geographic Names Information
System 318
Census Bureau Products 318
TIGER 318
World Data Banks 320
Other Databases 320
Summary 321
Suggested Readings 322
20 Digital Geographic Information
Systems 323
Overview 323
Definition 323
Antecedents of GISs 323
Formal GISs 325
GIS Components 325
Data Input and Storage Structure 325
Data Adequacy 326
Data Forms 327
Points 327
Lines 327
Areas 327
Surfaces 327
Rectification 327
Labeling 327
Format Considerations 327
Manipulation and Analysis Techniques 328
System capabilities 328
Basic operations 328
Reclassification 328
Overlaying 329
Distance functions 330
Modeling 331
Output Capabilities 334
Statistical reports 334
Maps and graphs 334
GIS Applications 334
Contents
ix
Industrial site selection 334
Military examples 334
Other examples 335
Summary 335
Suggested Readings 336
21 U.S. and Canadian Map Producers
and Information Sources 337
U.S. Federal Map Producers 337
Major Agencies 337
U.S. Geological Survey 337
Bureau of Land Management 338
National Ocean Service 338
Defense Mapping Agency 339
Other Agencies 339
Army Corps of Engineers 339
Bureau of Indian Affairs 339
Bureau of the Census 341
Central Intelligence Agency 341
Department of Agriculture 342
Department of Transportation 344
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration 345
National Park Service 345
National Weather Service 345
Tennessee Valley Authority 345
Major Map Series 345
U.S. Geological Survey Topographic
Maps 345
National Ocean Service Nautical
Charts 348
Nonfederal Map Producers 349
State Agencies 349
Major Private Firms 350
AAA Cartographic Services 350
Donnelley Cartographic Services 350
General Drafting Company, Inc. 350
Gousha/Simon and Schuster, Inc. 351
Hammond Incorporated 351
National Geographic Society 352
Nystrom 352
Rand McNally and Company 352
Information Sources for Maps and Related
Materials 353
Federal Sources of Information 353
Earth Science Information Center
Network 353
National Geodetic Information
Center 353
EROS Data Center 354
National Environmental Satellite, Data,
and Information Service 354
Nonfederal Sources of Information 355
Publications 355
Earth Observation Satellite
Company 355
SPOT Image Corporation 355
Map Collections 355
Library of Congress 355
National Archives 356
The American Geographical Society
Collection 356
Defense Mapping Agency 356
Specialized examples 356
Canadian Government Maps 357
Topographic Mapping 357
Aeronautical Charts 357
Defense Mapping 357
Other Maps and Related Publications 357
National Geographical Mapping
Program 358
Map Information and Ordering 358
Maps from Statistics Canada 358
Toponyms 358
D Names on Maps 359
Northern Land Use Information Series 360
Aerial Photography 360
Hydrographie Charts 360
Summary 360
Suggested Readings and Reference
Materials 360
22 Foreign Maps 363
Language 363
Signs and Symbols 364
Locational Systems 364
Graticule 365
Centesimal system 365
Prime meridian 365
Plane Rectangular Grids 365
Units of Measurement 366
Foreign Map Products 366
Summary 367
Suggested Readings 367
Contents
Appendixes
A Copyright 368
B Magnetic Compass Use 369
C Sources of Mapping Programs and
Databases for Microcomputers 373
D International Map of the World 378
E Earth Science Information Center (ESIC)
Network 380
F Map Storage and Cataloging Systems 387
G British National Grid 395
Glossary of Selected Terms 397
Index 419
|
| adam_txt |
Titel: Map use and analysis
Autor: Campbell, John
Jahr: 1993
Contents
Preface xi
1 Introduction 1
Why Use a Map? 1
What Is a Map? 2
Virtual Maps 3
Mental Maps 3
Digital Data 7
Real Maps 7
Planimetrie Maps 7
Topographic Maps 10
Thematic Maps 11
Cartograms 15
Remotely Sensed Images 17
Summary 19
Suggested Readings 20
2 Basic Mapping Processes 21
Shape and Size of the Earth 21
Basic Spherical Shape 21
Locational System 21
Meridians 22
Parallels 23
Graticule 23
Refinements in Shape 23
Ellipsoid 24
Geoid 25
Size 25
Mapping Process 26
Geodetic Control Surveys 26
Latitude determination 27
Longitude determination 27
D The Analemma 29
D Dates and Times 31
International Date Line 31
Time Zones 33
Deflection of the vertical 35
Control network 35
Horizontal datum 35
Plane Surveys 35
Horizontal locations 36
Elevation determination 36
Vertical datum 36
Topographic Mapping 38
Aerial Photography 38
Stereoscopic Images 38
Ground Control 39
Plotting 40
Summary 41
Suggested Readings 41
Map Projections 42
Map-Projection Concepts 42
Projection Surfaces 42
Plane 42
Developable surfaces 42
Light-Source Location 43
Orientation and Tangency 43
Globe Characteristics 45
Conformality 45
Equivalence 46
Distance 47
Direction 48
iv
Contents
Compromise Projections 49
Miller cylindrical 49
Robinson projection 49
Projection Selection 49
Summary 51
Suggested Readings 52
4 Scale and Generalization Concepts 53
Scale 53
D Units of Measurement and Map Scales 53
Linear Measurements 54
U.S. Customary Units 54
Metric Units 54
Areal Measurements 55
Nautical Measurements 56
Methods of Stating Scale 58
Word statement 58
Representative fraction 58
Graphic scale 58
Large and Small Scale 59
Scale Determination 60
Use of known features 60
Use of lines of latitude and
longitude 6l
Use of map comparison 61
Scale Conversion 6l
Representative-fraction (RF) and word-
statement conversions 62
Representative-fraction (RF) and graphic
conversions 62
Word-statement and graphic
conversions 63
Generalization 63
Selection 63
Simplification 63
Combination 63
Locational Shift and Size Exaggeration 63
Summary 64
Suggested Readings 65
5 Measurements from Maps 66
Map Accuracy 66
D National Map Accuracy Standards 66
Horizontal Accuracy 66
Vertical Accuracy 66
Distance Measurement 67
Direct Methods of Measurement 67
Scaling 67
Map measurer 68
Computer-assisted methods 68
Indirect Methods of Measurement 69
Short distances 69
Long distances 69
Computer-assisted methods 69
Error Sources 70
Measurement error 70
Smoothing 70
Slope 70
Area Determination 71
Areal Scale 71
Direct Methods of Measurement 72
Scaling and computation 72
Polar planimeter 72
Indirect Methods of Measurement 73
Grid squares 73
Dot planimeter 73
Strip method 74
Polygon method 74
Computer-Assisted Methods 74
Small areas 74
Large areas 75
Summary 76
Suggested Readings 76
6 Route Selection and Navigation 77
Basic Considerations 77
Direction Determination 77
True north 77
Magnetic north 77
Grid north 79
Declination diagram 79
Direction Designation 79
Azimuth 80
Back-azimuth 81
Bearing 81
Back-bearing 81
Land Operations 82
Map Orientation 82
Position Determination 83
Route Selection 84
Water Operations 84
Nautical Charts 84
Publication date 85
Projections 85
Units of measurement 86
Depth indications 86
Special symbols 86
Position Determination 87
Astronomical observations 88
Lines of position 88
Contents
Radar 88
Satellite observation 89
Radio direction finding 90
Loran 90
Dead Reckoning 92
Aviation Operations 92
Aeronautical Charts 93
World Aeronautical Charts 93
Sectional charts 95
Flight Planning 96
Summary 98
Suggested Readings 99
7 Terrain Representation 100
Symbols 100
Spot Heights 100
Land surfaces 100
Water surfaces 100
Contours 101
Contour interval 101
Contour types 102
Layer Tints 103
Illuminated Contours 104
Hill Shading 104
Physical Models 106
Physiographic Diagrams 108
Block Diagrams 109
Summary 110
Suggested Readings 111
8 Contour Interpretation 112
Contours 112
Characteristics 112
Applications 116
Elevation estimation 116
Reservoir capacity estimation 116
Flood-zone maps 117
Profiling 117
Methodology 117
Cut-line 117
Vertical scale 117
Drawing the Profile 120
Applications 120
Cut and fill 120
Intervisibility 121
Slopes 121
Slope Measurement 121
Gradient 121
Percent 121
Degree 122
Applications 123
Slope-zone maps 123
Maximum slope limitations 123
Trafficability 125
Summary 125
Suggested Readings 126
9 Topographic Features 127
Drainage Patterns 127
Type of Dissection 128
Dendritic 128
Rectangular 128
Trellis 128
Radial 129
Annular 129
Miscellaneous 130
Texture of Dissection 130
Selected Examples of Landforms 130
Coastal Features and Shorelines 134
Escarpments 135
Glaciation 135
Alpine 135
Continental 138
Mountains 141
Plains 141
Plateaus 141
Solution Features 143
Valleys 143
Volcanic Features 146
Water Features 146
Wind Features 148
Miscellaneous 148
Summary 150
Suggested Readings 150
10 Locational and Land-Partitioning
Systems 151
Locational Systems 151
Latitude and Longitude Positions 151
Interpolation 152
Subdivisions of degrees 156
World Geographic Reference System 156
Grid Systems 158
Reference Grids 158
Plane Rectangular Grids 158
Universal Transverse Mercator System 159
Civilian system 159
U.S. Military Grid Reference System 163
State Plane Coordinate System 166
Land-Partitioning Systems 168
vi
Contents
Unsystematic Subdivision 169
Metes and bounds 169
Bearings 170
Systematic Subdivision (U.S. Public Land
Survey) 171
U.S. Public lands 171
Township, range, and section 171
Plats 171
Property descriptions 174
Irregularities 174
Land Survey in Canada 175
Patterns in areas of French
settlement 175
Patterns in areas of English
settlement 176
Westward expansion 176
Cultural influences 178
Summary 180
Suggested Readings 181
11 Characteristics of Map Features: Shape
and Point Patterns 182
Shape 182
Subjective Description 182
Numerical Indices 182
Desired Characteristics of a Shape
Index 182
Specific Measures 183
Miller's measure 183
Bunge's measure 183
Boyce-Clark radial shape index 185
Advanced techniques 187
Comment on Shape Indices 187
Point Patterns 187
Types of Distributions 188
Quadrat Analysis 188
Quadrat size and orientation 189
Weaknesses of quadrat analysis 190
Nearest-Neighbor Analysis 190
Spatial Correspondence of Areal
Distributions 193
Coefficient of Areal Correspondence 193
Chi-Square Statistic 194
Other Methods 197
Summary 197
Suggested Readings 198
12 Characteristics of Map Features:
Networks and Trees 200
Networks 200
Terminology 200
Accessibility 201
Connectivity 201
Network Types 201
Measurement 202
Applications 202
Trees 203
Hierarchic Order 203
Bifurcation Ratio 203
Summary 204
Suggested Readings 204
13 Qualitative and Quantitative
Information 205
Point Symbols 205
Dot-Distribution Maps 205
Nonproportional Point Symbols 205
D Levels of Measurement 207
Nominal 207
Ordinal 208
Interval and Ratio 208
Graduated Point Symbols 209
Linear Symbols 209
Nominal Information 209
Quantitative Information 209
Ordinal representation 210
Flow Maps 210
Areal Symbols 211
Nominal Distributions 212
Quantitative Distributions 212
Choropleth maps 212
Classification 214
Evaluation 215
Unclassed choropleth maps 217
Bivariate and multivariate maps 217
Dasymetric maps 218
Prism maps 218
Surfaces 220
Isolines 220
Types of Isolines 220
Isometric lines 220
Isopleths 220
Summary 222
Suggested Readings 222
Contents
vil
14 Cartograms and Map Misuse 224
Cartograms 224
Linear Cartograms 224
Routed linear cartograms 224
Central-point linear cartograms 225
Area Cartograms 226
Noncontiguous cartograms 226
Contiguous cartograms 227
Interpreting area cartograms 227
Map Misuse 228
Map Inaccuracy 228
Propaganda 229
General characteristics 229
Symbol distortion 230
Use of imaginary events 232
Distortion of concepts 232
The Peters projection 233
Summary 234
Suggested Readings 235
15 Special-Purpose Maps 236
Transportation Maps 236
Highway and Street Maps 236
Highway maps 238
Street maps 240
Automated Navigation 240
Route Maps 240
Weather and Climate Maps 241
Weather Maps 241
Climate Maps 243
Geologic Maps 243
Maps of the Past 246
Historical Maps 246
History Maps 247
Maps of the Moon and Planets 248
Journalistic Cartography 248
Television Maps 251
Summary 252
Suggested Readings 253
16 Maps and Graphs 254
Line Graphs 254
Types of Variables 254
Maps as Graphs 254
Types of Scales 255
Arithmetic line graphs 256
Logarithmic line graphs 261
17
Surface Graphs 264
Bar Charts 265
Types of Scales 265
Use of Symbols 266
Other Types of Bar Charts 267
Loss-and-gain bar charts 267
High-low bar charts 267
Interpretation Problems 267
Pie Charts 267
Area and Solid Diagrams 270
Proportional Symbols 270
Graduated circles 270
Other geometric symbols 272
Realistic figures 272
Volumetric Diagrams 273
Special Diagrams 273
Scatter Diagrams 273
Population Profiles 274
Circular Graphs 276
Climatograph 276
Wind rose 277
Triangular Graphs 278
Summary 278
Suggested Readings 279
Remote Sensing from Airborne
Platforms 280
Methods and Images 280
Electromagnetic Spectrum 280
Types of Remote-Sensing Devices 280
Spectral range 281
Signal source 281
Detector location 281
Aerial Photography 281
Types of Aerial Photographs 281
Vertical photographs 281
Oblique photographs 281
Photographic Materials 283
Negatives and positives 283
Emulsion types 284
Photo Characteristics 286
Scale 2
Planimetrie shift 288
Aerial Photo Products 289
Single prints 289
Photomosaics 290
Orthophoto products 292
viil
Contents
Photo Interpretation 292
Visual clues 292
Interpretive keys 294
Stereoscopic Pairs 294
Stereoscopic viewing 294
Interpretation 295
Other Airborne Imagery 296
Radar 296
Scanners 296
Summary 297
Suggested Readings 297
18 Remote Sensing from Space 299
Spectral Characteristics 299
Collection Systems 299
Ground Resolution 300
Image Creation 300
Examples of Remote-Sensing Systems 300
Landsat 300
SPOT 303
Image Processing 303
Linear Contrast Stretching 304
Edge Enhancement 304
Thematic Information Extraction 304
Classification 304
Change Detection 306
Interface with Geographic Information
Systems 306
Summary 306
Suggested Readings 307
19 Computer-Assisted Cartography 308
Overview 308
Advantages of Computer-Assisted
Techniques to the Map Producer 308
Implementation Problems of Computer-
Assisted Techniques 309
Effects of Computer-Assisted Techniques
on the Map User 309
Format and Data Capture 309
Digitizing 309
Labeling 310
Vector and raster digitizing 310
Other Considerations 310
Machine coordinates 310
Geocoding 311
Format and the user 311
Output 311
Applications 312
Microcomputer Programs 312
Larger-Scale Applications 314
Irrigation potential 314
Terrain analysis 314
Other applications 314
Database Availability 314
U.S. Geological Survey Products 315
Digital line graphs 315
Digital elevation models 317
Digital land-use and land-cover data 318
Geographic Names Information
System 318
Census Bureau Products 318
TIGER 318
World Data Banks 320
Other Databases 320
Summary 321
Suggested Readings 322
20 Digital Geographic Information
Systems 323
Overview 323
Definition 323
Antecedents of GISs 323
Formal GISs 325
GIS Components 325
Data Input and Storage Structure 325
Data Adequacy 326
Data Forms 327
Points 327
Lines 327
Areas 327
Surfaces 327
Rectification 327
Labeling 327
Format Considerations 327
Manipulation and Analysis Techniques 328
System capabilities 328
Basic operations 328
Reclassification 328
Overlaying 329
Distance functions 330
Modeling 331
Output Capabilities 334
Statistical reports 334
Maps and graphs 334
GIS Applications 334
Contents
ix
Industrial site selection 334
Military examples 334
Other examples 335
Summary 335
Suggested Readings 336
21 U.S. and Canadian Map Producers
and Information Sources 337
U.S. Federal Map Producers 337
Major Agencies 337
U.S. Geological Survey 337
Bureau of Land Management 338
National Ocean Service 338
Defense Mapping Agency 339
Other Agencies 339
Army Corps of Engineers 339
Bureau of Indian Affairs 339
Bureau of the Census 341
Central Intelligence Agency 341
Department of Agriculture 342
Department of Transportation 344
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration 345
National Park Service 345
National Weather Service 345
Tennessee Valley Authority 345
Major Map Series 345
U.S. Geological Survey Topographic
Maps 345
National Ocean Service Nautical
Charts 348
Nonfederal Map Producers 349
State Agencies 349
Major Private Firms 350
AAA Cartographic Services 350
Donnelley Cartographic Services 350
General Drafting Company, Inc. 350
Gousha/Simon and Schuster, Inc. 351
Hammond Incorporated 351
National Geographic Society 352
Nystrom 352
Rand McNally and Company 352
Information Sources for Maps and Related
Materials 353
Federal Sources of Information 353
Earth Science Information Center
Network 353
National Geodetic Information
Center 353
EROS Data Center 354
National Environmental Satellite, Data,
and Information Service 354
Nonfederal Sources of Information 355
Publications 355
Earth Observation Satellite
Company 355
SPOT Image Corporation 355
Map Collections 355
Library of Congress 355
National Archives 356
The American Geographical Society
Collection 356
Defense Mapping Agency 356
Specialized examples 356
Canadian Government Maps 357
Topographic Mapping 357
Aeronautical Charts 357
Defense Mapping 357
Other Maps and Related Publications 357
National Geographical Mapping
Program 358
Map Information and Ordering 358
Maps from Statistics Canada 358
Toponyms 358
D Names on Maps 359
Northern Land Use Information Series 360
Aerial Photography 360
Hydrographie Charts 360
Summary 360
Suggested Readings and Reference
Materials 360
22 Foreign Maps 363
Language 363
Signs and Symbols 364
Locational Systems 364
Graticule 365
Centesimal system 365
Prime meridian 365
Plane Rectangular Grids 365
Units of Measurement 366
Foreign Map Products 366
Summary 367
Suggested Readings 367
Contents
Appendixes
A Copyright 368
B Magnetic Compass Use 369
C Sources of Mapping Programs and
Databases for Microcomputers 373
D International Map of the World 378
E Earth Science Information Center (ESIC)
Network 380
F Map Storage and Cataloging Systems 387
G British National Grid 395
Glossary of Selected Terms 397
Index 419 |
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| author | Campbell, John 1932- |
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| callnumber-first | G - Geography, Anthropology, Recreation |
| callnumber-label | GA151 |
| callnumber-raw | GA151 |
| callnumber-search | GA151 |
| callnumber-sort | GA 3151 |
| callnumber-subject | GA - Mathematical Geography and Cartography |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)28201453 (DE-599)BVBBV021719005 |
| dewey-full | 912 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 912 - Maps and plans of surface of earth |
| dewey-raw | 912 |
| dewey-search | 912 |
| dewey-sort | 3912 |
| dewey-tens | 910 - Geography and travel |
| discipline | Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Geographie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021719005 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:22:45Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:42:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0697135799 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014932702 |
| oclc_num | 28201453 |
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| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XI, 429 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 1993 |
| publishDateSearch | 1993 |
| publishDateSort | 1993 |
| publisher | Brown |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Campbell, John 1932- Verfasser (DE-588)141462310 aut Map use and analysis John Campbell 2. ed. Dubuque, Iowa [u.a.] Brown 1993 XI, 429 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cartografía Maps Kartenauswertung (DE-588)4193951-7 gnd rswk-swf Kartenauswertung (DE-588)4193951-7 s 1\p DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014932702&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Campbell, John 1932- Map use and analysis Cartografía Maps Kartenauswertung (DE-588)4193951-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4193951-7 |
| title | Map use and analysis |
| title_auth | Map use and analysis |
| title_exact_search | Map use and analysis |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Map use and analysis |
| title_full | Map use and analysis John Campbell |
| title_fullStr | Map use and analysis John Campbell |
| title_full_unstemmed | Map use and analysis John Campbell |
| title_short | Map use and analysis |
| title_sort | map use and analysis |
| topic | Cartografía Maps Kartenauswertung (DE-588)4193951-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cartografía Maps Kartenauswertung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014932702&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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