Practical conservation biology:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Collingwood, Vic.
CSIRO Publ.
2005
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (p. [497]-600) and index |
| Beschreibung: | XII, 609 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 26 cm |
| ISBN: | 0643090894 9780643090897 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Practical conservation biology |c David Lindenmayer & Mark Burgman |
| 264 | 1 | |a Collingwood, Vic. |b CSIRO Publ. |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XII, 609 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 26 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. [497]-600) and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Conservation biology |z Australia | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nature conservation |z Australia | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plant conservation |z Australia | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Biodiversity conservation |z Australia | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental management |z Australia | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135551777898496 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | PRACTICAL
CONSERVATION
BIOLOGY
DAVID LINDENMAYER amp; MARK BURGMAN
©
CSIRO
PUBLISHING
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xiv
General introduction 1
A focus on the Australian environment 1
Structure of the book 3
Part I: Principles for conservation 5
The multifaceted nature of conservation
biology 5
Sould s conservation biology principles 5
The tension between pure and applied
conservation biology 5
1 Why conserve? 7
1 1 Introduction 7
Objectives of conservation 7
Temporal changes in philosophies and
opinions 8
1 1 Utilitarian value 8
Consumptive use value 9
Productive use value 10
Ecosystem service-value 12
Scientific and educational value 14
Cultural, spiritual, experiential and
existence value 16
Aesthetic, recreational and tourist use 17
Impacts of tourism on biodiversity 18
Summary: utilitarian values 20
1 2 Intrinsic value 20
Ecocentric ethic 21
Biocentric ethic 21
1 3 Anthropocentric bias 23
1 4 Custodial responsibility and the
precautionary principle 24
1 5 Conclusions 26
1 6 Practical considerations 26
1 7 Further reading 26
2 What should be conserved? 27
2 0 Introduction 27
2 1 Units of conservation 27
Genetic diversity 28
Populations 30
The species concept 32
2 2 Number of species 36
Total number of species 37
New habitats and new species 39
Sampling methods and new species 40
Rates of description of new species 40
Summary: number of species 41
2 3 Species richness 41
Problems with the uncritical use of species
richness 42
2 4 Endemism 42
Causes of endemism 42
Megadiverse nations and
endemism 43
Endemism and global biodiversity
hotspots 43
Endemism within Australia 44
2 5 Species diversity: alpha, beta and gamma
diversity 45
2 6 Vegetation structure as a target for
conservation 47
Australian rainforest 47
Old growth forest 50
2 7 Conclusions 55
iv Practical Conservation Biology
2 8 Practical considerations 55
2 9 Further reading 56
3 Conservation status: classification of
threat 57
3 0 Introduction 57
3 1 Rarity and conservation status 57
Components of rarity 57
Rarity and conservation priorities 58
Relationships between components of
rarity 59
Realised niches and rarity 59
Species abundance curve 60
Explanations for the species curve 60
Quantifying abundance, range and
specificity 62
Ecological correlates of rarity 65
Rarity, threat and extinction proneness 65
3 2 Assessing conservation status 68
Extinct and presumed extinct species 68
Qualitative procedures for assessing
threat 70
Rule sets 74
Point-scoring procedures 76
Uncertainty in conservation status
assessment 76
Summary: assessing threat 79
3 3 Threatening processes 82
3 4 Conclusions 84
3 5 Practical considerations 85
3 6 Further reading 85
4 Protected areas, off-reserve conservation
and managed populations 87
4 0 Introduction 87
Protected areas 87
4 1 Categories of protected areas 90
Other types of protected areas 90
4 2 Protecting communities and
ecosystems 93
Classifying and protecting ecosystem
types: the Interim Biogeographic
Regionalisation for Australia 93
Protecting IBRA regions 94
Classifying and protecting ecological
communities 94
Ecosystem types, vegetation communities
and the adequacy of protection 97
4 3 Off-reserve conservation 98
Limitations of a reserve-only focus for
biodiversity conservation 99
Impediments to expanding reserve
systems 101
Intensification of exploitation and
downgrading the conservation value
of unreserved land 103
Impacts of external factors on conditions
within reserves 104
Barriers to off-reserve conservation 105
Summary: off-reserve
conservation 105
4 4 Botanic gardens and zoos 106
Botanic gardens 106
Zoos 106
4 5 Gene banks and storage facilities 109
Field gene banks 109
Seed banks 109
In vitro storage 110
Ex situ conservation of microbial
diversity 111
Contents v
4 6 Reintroduction, translocation and captive
breeding 111
Types of relocations 111
Prevalence of translocation and
reintroduction 113
Translocations, reintroductions and former
ranges of species 113
Effectiveness of reintroduction and
translocation strategies 114
Why reintroductions and translocations
fail 114
Cost and cost-effectiveness of
reintroduction strategies 115
4 7 Conclusions 117
4 8 Practical considerations 119
4 9 Further reading 119
Part II: Impacts 121
5 Changes in the physical environment 123
5 0 Introduction 123
5 1 Land degradation, water resources and
salinisation 123
Land degradation 123
Water in the-Australian
environment 124
Aridity, variability and the Australian
biota 124
Salinisation 129
5 2 Chemical pollution 135
Agricultural and other chemicals 136
Excessive inputs of nutrients into
ecosystems 136
CFC-induced ozone depletion 137
Other chemical pollutants 137
Limiting chemical pollution 138
5 3 Climate change 138
The human basis for climate change 138
Predicting future climate change 139
Impact of climate change on species
distribution patterns 140
Climate change and reserve design 143
Other impacts of climate change on
biodiversity 143
5 4 Conclusions 144
5 5 Practical considerations 145
5 6 Further reading 145
6 Loss of genetic diversity, populations and
species 147
6 0 Introduction 147
6 1 Loss of genetic variation 147
Inbreeding 147
Outbreeding 150
Bottlenecks 151
Hybridisation and swamping 152
Mutational meltdown 153
Summary: loss of genetic variation 153
6 2 Background extinction rates 154
6 3 Mass extinction events 155
6 4 Extinction rates in recent history 156
Extinctions in Australia 158
6 5 Future extinction rates 163
6 6 Conclusions 164
6 7 Practical considerations 165
6 8 Further reading 165
7 Changes in species distributions and
abundances 167
7 0 Introduction 167
7 1 Range contraction and depletion 167
Mammals 167
vi Practical Conservation Biology
Amphibians 168
Range contraction and natural distribution
and abundance patterns 170
Migratory species: a special case of range
conservation 171
7 2 Range expansion 173
7 3 Exotic animals 175
Exotic vertebrates 175
Exotic invertebrates 183
Exotic marine organisms and ballast
water 186
7 4 Exotic plants 187
Types of weeds 187
Weeds in Australian plant
communities 187
Rates of naturalisation 190
Mechanisms of introduction 190
Weeds and pasture productivity for
grazing 190
Weed dispersal and the impacts of motor
vehicles 192
Environmental impacts of weeds 192
Weeds and animal-populations 192
Weed control 193
Prevention 193
7 5 Australian exports 196
7 6 Genetically engineered species 196
Transgenic varieties and genetically
modified organisms 197
Potential benefits of genetically modified
organisms 198
Risks of genetically modified
organisms 199
Assessing the effects of genetically
modified organisms 200
7 7 Pathogens 201
Cinnamon Fungus 201
Other diseases 202
7 8 Conclusions 202
7 9 Practical considerations 202
7 10 Further reading 203
8 Harvesting natural populations 205
8 0 Introduction 205
8 1 Native forest harvesting 207
Definition of forest cover 207
Early vegetation clearing and the
establishment of State forests 208
Native forest harvesting 208
Regional Forest Agreement
process 211
Criteria and indicators of
sustainability 212
Forest industry certification 212
Summary: native forest
harvesting 214
8 2 Plantation forestry 214
Australian plantations 214
Why biodiversity conservation within
plantations is important 215
Plantation establishment and
biodiversity 215
8 3 Kangaroo harvesting 217
History of Kangaroo harvesting in
Australia 217
Data input to guide Kangaroo
harvesting 218
Setting quotas for Kangaroo
harvesting 218
Ethical positions and perspectives on
Kangaroo harvesting 219
Contents vii
8 4 Fisheries 219
The complexity of fisheries
management 219
Stages of fisheries collapse 220
By-catch impacts 221
Cascading impacts of overfishing 222
Australian fishing industry 223
Status of Australian fishery stocks 223
Example of a sustainable fishery 224
Future issues and approaches to
sustainability 224
8 5 Conclusions 227
8 6 Practical considerations 227
8 7 Further reading 227
9 Vegetation loss and degradation 229
9 0 Introduction 229
9 1 Vegetation clearing and habitat loss in
Australia 230
Australia s contribution to global levels of
land clearing and vegetation loss 230
Past land-clearing patterns in
Australia 231
Clearing by land-use zone 232
Clearing rates and land tenure 233
Vegetation types that have been
cleared 234
Land clearing impacts on biodiversity 236
Dieback 238
9 2 Mining and urbanisation 240
Mining 240
Impacts of urbanisation 244
9 3 Traditional Aboriginal use and
pastoralism 248
Traditional Aboriginal land use 248
Pastoralism 250
9 4 Conclusions 253
9 5 Practical considerations 254
9 6 Further reading 254
10 Landscapes and habitat
fragmentation 255
10 0 Introduction 255
10 1 Ways that landscapes can be altered 256
Vegetation cover patterns that arise
from habitat loss and habitat
fragmentation 257
Dynamism in the patterns of vegetation
cover 258
10 2 Models of landscape cover 260
Island model 260
Nested subset theory 261
Patch-matrix-corridor model 262
Habitat-variegation or landscape
continuum model 262
Congruence between the patch-
matrix-corridor and continuum
landscape models 264
Limitations in the application of the
landscape models 264
Landscape contour approach 265
10 2 Ecological processes and species responses
to habitat loss and fragmentation 266
Context for habitat loss and habitat
fragmentation 266
Problems with the term habitat
fragmentation 266
Five processes associated with landscape
change 267
Habitat loss 268
Vegetation loss, threshold effects and
species loss 269
viii Practical Conservation Biology
Cascading fragmentation effects 270
Vegetation subdivision, patch isolation
and dispersal 271
Edge effects 273
10 4 Studying habitat loss and
fragmentation 275
Experiments 277
Natural experiments 279
Observational studies 279
Modelling 280
Problems in the way fragmentation is
studied 281
10 5 Forecasting fragmentation effects 283
Predictive ability, generality and meta
analyses 283
10 6 Limiting the effects of habitat loss and
fragmentation 284
Limiting and reversing habitat loss 284
Maintaining habitat quality 285
Increasing connectivity 285
Wildlife corridors as a way to maintain
connectivity 286
Other approaches-to_enhancing
connectivity 289
Reducing edge effects: buffer systems 289
General principles for landscape manage
ment to mitigate habitat loss and
fragmentation 290
10 7 Conclusions 291
10 8 Practical considerations 291
10 9 Further reading 292
11 Fire and biodiversity 293
11 0 Introduction 293
11 1 Brief history of fire in Australia 293
11 2 Types of fire 296
Wildfire 297
Prescribed fires 297
11 3 Response of biodiversity to wildfire 298
Wildfire and Australian animals 298
Wildfire and Australian plants 301
Wildfire and identifying patterns of
species responses 302
11 4 Response of biodiversity to prescribed
fire 303
11 5 Species vulnerability to fire 304
Animal and plant groups threatened by
altered fire regimes 304
Vegetation communities sensitive to
fire 304
11 6 Spatial variability in fire behaviour: fire
refugia, landscape mosaics, and
Aboriginal burning patterns 306
Fine-scale vegetation mosaics and
Aboriginal burning 306
11 7 Fire management and biodiversity
conservation 307
Fire management and conservation of the
Eastern Bristlebird and the Ground
Parrot 307
11 8 Studies to examine the effects of
fire 309
Experiments 309
Observational studies 310
Modelling 310
11 9 Ecological theories, fire disturbance and
biodiversity conservation 311
The biological legacies concept and
biodiversity 311
Contents ix
Congruence between human disturbance
and natural disturbance: values and
limitations 312
Fire and logging 313
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis 314
11 10 Cumulative effects of fire and other
disturbance processes 314
11 11 Fire and reserve design 315
11 12 The future 316
11 13 Conclusions 316
11 14 Practical considerations 317
11 15 Further reading 317
12 Demands of the human population 319
12 0 Introduction 319
12 1 The world population 320
Per capita consumption 320
Impacts of the human population on the
environment 322
Human populations and biodiversity
loss 322
12 2 Demands of the Australian
population 322
Future size of Australia s population 322
Energy demands and greenhouse gas
production of Australia s human •
population 323
Future Australian populations and future
resource use 324
Australia s carrying capacity 325
Australian population and biodiversity
loss 325
12 3 Coastal zone 326
Uniqueness of the Australian coastal
zone 326
Coastal zone and the human
population 327
Policy problems and solutions in coastal
management 330
12 4 Murray-Darling Basin 331
Degradation in the Murray-Darling
Basin 331
Biodiversity in the Murray-Darling
Basin 332
Solutions to problems in the
Murray-Darling Basin 332
12 5 Conclusions 332
12 6 Practical considerations 333
12 7 Further reading 333
Part III: Methods of analysis 335
13 Measuring, managing and using genetic
variation 337
13 0 Introduction 337
13 1 Types of data 337
DNA and electrophoresis 337
Restriction fragment length
polymorphism 338
DNA sequencing 338
Single nucleotide polymorphism 339
Randomly amplified polymorphic
DNA 339
Minisatellite and microsatellite
analysis 339
Ribosomal DNA analysis 339
Mitochondrial DNA analysis 339
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA)
analysis 340
Allozyme analysis 341
Quantitative characters 341
x Practical Conservation Biology
13 2 Molecular ecology 342
Understanding social structure 342
Estimating effective population
size 343
Detecting migration 346
Effects of genetic change on demographic
parameters 348
13 3 Gene conservation 348
Spatial structure 349
Setting priorities for conservation 349
Managing captive populations 352
13 4 Conclusions 354
13 5 Practical considerations 354
13 6 Further reading 355
14 Measuring diversity 357
14 0 Introduction 357
14 1 Estimating species richness 357
Species accumulation indices 358
Ratio estimation 359
14 2 Detecting rare species 360
14 3 Species diversity 361
Alpha diversity 361
Beta and gamma diversity 363
A test for change in community
structure 363
14 4 Landscape diversity 364
14 5 Conclusions 365
14 6 Practical considerations 366
14 7 Further reading 366
15 Identifying habitat 367
15 0 Introduction 367
Defining habitat 367
15 1 Methods for identifying habitat
requirements 368
15 2 Qualitative habitat models 368
Potential limitations of the HSI
approach 369
Advantages of the HSI approach 371
15 3 Statistical habitat models 371
Logistic regression 371
Reliability measures for statistical
models 375
Making a spatial prediction of potentially
suitable habitat 375
Poisson regression 376
Summary: statistical habitat modelling 379
15 4 Envelopes and bioclimatic modelling 379
BIOCLIM and bioclimatic modelling 380
Applications of bioclimatic analyses 381
15 5 Conclusions 383
15 6 Practical considerations 384
15 7 Further reading 384
16 Reserve design 385
16 0 Introduction 385
16 1 Ad hoc developments 385
16 2 CAR reserve system design principles 386
16 3 Reserve design and biodiversity surrogate
schemes 386
Types of surrogates 386
Environmental domains 387
Vegetation maps 387
Centres of diversity 387
Potential limitations of surrogates 388
The need to test surrogates 388
16 4 Reserve selection 389
Potential limitations of reserve selection
methods 391
Reserve adequacy 391
Contents xi
16 5 Reserve design and selection in the real
world 392
Differences in the land base and competing
demands for land 394
16 6 Island biogeography and the design of
nature reserves 395
Problems with the generic reserve design
principles derived from the island
biogeography theory 396
Why island biogeography theory has limited
applicability to reserve design 398
Summary: island biogeography theory
and reserve design 399
16 7 Conclusions 399
16 8 Practical considerations 400
16 9 Further reading 400
17 Monitoring, assessment and
indicators 401
17 0 Introduction 401
17 1 Statistical power and the precautionary
principle 402
Statistical power 404
Power and the precautionary principle 404
17 2 Management goals, assessment endpoints
and measurement endpoints 406
17 3 Indicators 410
Species as indicators 410
Keystone species and indicator
species 412
Ecological redundancy 414
Guilds as indicators 414
Problems with indicator species and
related concepts 415
Summary: indicator species 418
17 4 Selecting indicators 419
Examples of the selection of suites of
indicators 421
17 5 Conclusions 423
• 17 6 Practical considerations 423
17 7 Further reading 423
18 Risk assessment 425
18 0 Introduction 425
18 1 Estimating extinction rates 425
18 2 Estimating the likelihood of extinction
from collections 426
18 3 Population management and risk 428
Types of uncertainty 431
18 4 Expert judgement 432
18 5 Population viability analysis 436
Models for PVA 436
A model for Matchstick Banksia 438
Metapopulations 441
Metapopulations in a PVA framework 442
Caveats for metapopulation
modelling 443
Minimum viable populations 443
The limits of population viability
analysis 444
18 6 Conclusions 446
18 7 Practical implications 447
18 8 Further reading 447
Part IV: Management principles for
conservation 449
19 Sustainability and management 451
19 0 Introduction 451
19 1 Sustainability 451
Maximum sustainable yield 453
Forests 453
Practical Conservation Biology
Fisheries 454
Maximum sustainable yield and
uncertainty 454
Sustainable development 455
International conventions on
sustainability 457
Globalisation, sustainability and
biodiversity conservation 458
19 2 Adaptive management 459
A formalised approach to adaptive
management 460
Adaptive management in a political
context 461
Adaptive management in the real
world 462
19 3 Ecosystem management 463
19 4 Policy and science in conservation
biology 464
19 5 Conclusions 465
19 6 Practical considerations 468
19 7 Further reading 468
Appendix I: Taxonomic names 469
Appendix II: Glossary 477
Bibliography 497
Index 601
|
| adam_txt |
PRACTICAL
CONSERVATION
BIOLOGY
DAVID LINDENMAYER amp; MARK BURGMAN
©
CSIRO
PUBLISHING
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xiv
General introduction 1
A focus on the Australian environment 1
Structure of the book 3
Part I: Principles for conservation 5
The multifaceted nature of conservation
biology 5
Sould's conservation biology principles 5
The tension between 'pure' and 'applied'
conservation biology 5
1 Why conserve? 7
1 1 Introduction 7
Objectives of conservation 7
Temporal changes in philosophies and
opinions 8
1 1 Utilitarian value 8
Consumptive use value 9
Productive use value 10
Ecosystem service-value 12
Scientific and educational value 14
Cultural, spiritual, experiential and '
existence value 16
Aesthetic, recreational and tourist use 17
Impacts of tourism on biodiversity 18
Summary: utilitarian values 20
1 2 Intrinsic value 20
Ecocentric ethic 21
Biocentric ethic 21
1 3 Anthropocentric bias 23
1 4 Custodial responsibility and the
precautionary principle 24
1 5 Conclusions 26
1 6 Practical considerations 26
1 7 Further reading 26
2 What should be conserved? 27
2 0 Introduction 27
2 1 Units of conservation 27
Genetic diversity 28
Populations 30
The species concept 32
2 2 Number of species 36
Total number of species 37
New habitats and new species 39
Sampling methods and new species 40
Rates of description of new species 40
Summary: number of species 41
2 3 Species richness 41
Problems with the uncritical use of species
richness 42
2 4 Endemism 42
Causes of endemism 42
Megadiverse nations and
endemism 43
Endemism and global biodiversity
hotspots 43
Endemism within Australia 44
2 5 Species diversity: alpha, beta and gamma
diversity 45
2 6 Vegetation structure as a target for
conservation 47
Australian rainforest 47
Old growth forest 50
2 7 Conclusions 55
iv Practical Conservation Biology
2 8 Practical considerations 55
2 9 Further reading 56
3 Conservation status: classification of
threat 57
3 0 Introduction 57
3 1 Rarity and conservation status 57
Components of rarity 57
Rarity and conservation priorities 58
Relationships between components of
rarity 59
Realised niches and rarity 59
Species abundance curve 60
Explanations for the species curve 60
Quantifying abundance, range and
specificity 62
Ecological correlates of rarity 65
Rarity, threat and extinction proneness 65
3 2 Assessing conservation status 68
Extinct and presumed extinct species 68
Qualitative procedures for assessing
threat 70
Rule sets 74
Point-scoring procedures 76
Uncertainty in conservation status
assessment 76
Summary: assessing threat 79
3 3 Threatening processes 82
3 4 Conclusions 84
3 5 Practical considerations 85
3 6 Further reading 85
4 Protected areas, off-reserve conservation
and managed populations 87
4 0 Introduction 87
Protected areas 87
4 1 Categories of protected areas 90
Other types of protected areas 90
4 2 Protecting communities and
ecosystems 93
Classifying and protecting ecosystem
types: the Interim Biogeographic
Regionalisation for Australia 93
Protecting IBRA regions 94
Classifying and protecting ecological
communities 94
Ecosystem types, vegetation communities
and the adequacy of protection 97
4 3 Off-reserve conservation 98
Limitations of a reserve-only focus for
biodiversity conservation 99
Impediments to expanding reserve
systems 101
Intensification of exploitation and
downgrading the conservation value
of unreserved land 103
Impacts of external factors on conditions
within reserves 104
Barriers to off-reserve conservation 105
Summary: off-reserve
conservation 105
4 4 Botanic gardens and zoos 106
Botanic gardens 106
Zoos 106
4 5 Gene banks and storage facilities 109
Field gene banks 109
Seed banks 109
In vitro storage 110
Ex situ conservation of microbial
diversity 111
Contents v
4 6 Reintroduction, translocation and captive
breeding 111
Types of relocations 111
Prevalence of translocation and
reintroduction 113
Translocations, reintroductions and former
ranges of species 113
Effectiveness of reintroduction and
translocation strategies 114
Why reintroductions and translocations
fail 114
Cost and cost-effectiveness of
reintroduction strategies 115
4 7 Conclusions 117
4 8 Practical considerations 119
4 9 Further reading 119
Part II: Impacts 121
5 Changes in the physical environment 123
5 0 Introduction 123
5 1 Land degradation, water resources and
salinisation 123
Land degradation 123
Water in the-Australian
environment 124
Aridity, variability and the Australian
biota 124
Salinisation 129
5 2 Chemical pollution 135
Agricultural and other chemicals 136
Excessive inputs of nutrients into
ecosystems 136
CFC-induced ozone depletion 137
Other chemical pollutants 137
Limiting chemical pollution 138
5 3 Climate change 138
The human basis for climate change 138
Predicting future climate change 139
Impact of climate change on species
distribution patterns 140
Climate change and reserve design 143
Other impacts of climate change on
biodiversity 143
5 4 Conclusions 144
5 5 Practical considerations 145
5 6 Further reading 145
6 Loss of genetic diversity, populations and
species 147
6 0 Introduction 147
6 1 Loss of genetic variation 147
Inbreeding 147
Outbreeding 150
Bottlenecks 151
Hybridisation and swamping 152
Mutational meltdown 153
Summary: loss of genetic variation 153
6 2 Background extinction rates 154
6 3 Mass extinction events 155
6 4 Extinction rates in recent history 156
Extinctions in Australia 158
6 5 Future extinction rates 163
6 6 Conclusions 164
6 7 Practical considerations 165
6 8 Further reading 165
7 Changes in species distributions and
abundances 167
7 0 Introduction 167
7 1 Range contraction and depletion 167
Mammals 167
vi Practical Conservation Biology
Amphibians 168
Range contraction and natural distribution
and abundance patterns 170
Migratory species: a special case of range
conservation 171
7 2 Range expansion 173
7 3 Exotic animals 175
Exotic vertebrates 175
Exotic invertebrates 183
Exotic marine organisms and ballast
water 186
7 4 Exotic plants 187
Types of weeds 187
Weeds in Australian plant
communities 187
Rates of naturalisation 190
Mechanisms of introduction 190
Weeds and pasture productivity for
grazing 190
Weed dispersal and the impacts of motor
vehicles 192
Environmental impacts of weeds 192
Weeds and animal-populations 192
Weed control 193
Prevention 193
7 5 Australian exports 196
7 6 Genetically engineered species 196
Transgenic varieties and genetically
modified organisms 197
Potential benefits of genetically modified
organisms 198
Risks of genetically modified
organisms 199
Assessing the effects of genetically
modified organisms 200
7 7 Pathogens 201
Cinnamon Fungus 201
Other diseases 202
7 8 Conclusions 202
7 9 Practical considerations 202
7 10 Further reading 203
8 Harvesting natural populations 205
8 0 Introduction 205
8 1 Native forest harvesting 207
Definition of forest cover 207
Early vegetation clearing and the
establishment of State forests 208
Native forest harvesting 208
Regional Forest Agreement
process 211
Criteria and indicators of
sustainability 212
Forest industry certification 212
Summary: native forest
harvesting 214
8 2 Plantation forestry 214
Australian plantations 214
Why biodiversity conservation within
plantations is important 215
Plantation establishment and
biodiversity 215
8 3 Kangaroo harvesting 217
History of Kangaroo harvesting in
Australia 217
Data input to guide Kangaroo
harvesting 218
Setting quotas for Kangaroo
harvesting 218
Ethical positions and perspectives on
Kangaroo harvesting 219
Contents vii
8 4 Fisheries 219
The complexity of fisheries
management 219
Stages of fisheries collapse 220
By-catch impacts 221
Cascading impacts of overfishing 222
Australian fishing industry 223
Status of Australian fishery stocks 223
Example of a sustainable fishery 224
Future issues and approaches to
sustainability 224
8 5 Conclusions 227
8 6 Practical considerations 227
8 7 Further reading 227
9 Vegetation loss and degradation 229
9 0 Introduction 229
9 1 Vegetation clearing and habitat loss in
Australia 230
Australia's contribution to global levels of
land clearing and vegetation loss 230
Past land-clearing patterns in
Australia 231
Clearing by land-use zone 232
Clearing rates and land tenure 233
Vegetation types that have been
cleared 234
Land clearing impacts on biodiversity 236
Dieback 238
9 2 Mining and urbanisation 240
Mining 240
Impacts of urbanisation 244
9 3 Traditional Aboriginal use and
pastoralism 248
Traditional Aboriginal land use 248
Pastoralism 250
9 4 Conclusions 253
9 5 Practical considerations 254
9 6 Further reading 254
10 Landscapes and habitat
fragmentation 255
10 0 Introduction 255
10 1 Ways that landscapes can be altered 256
Vegetation cover patterns that arise
from habitat loss and habitat
fragmentation 257
Dynamism in the patterns of vegetation
cover 258
10 2 Models of landscape cover 260
Island model 260
Nested subset theory 261
Patch-matrix-corridor model 262
Habitat-variegation or landscape
continuum model 262
Congruence between the patch-
matrix-corridor and continuum
landscape models 264
Limitations in the application of the
landscape models 264
Landscape contour approach 265
10 2 Ecological processes and species responses
to habitat loss and fragmentation 266
Context for habitat loss and habitat
fragmentation 266
Problems with the term 'habitat
fragmentation' 266
Five processes associated with landscape
change 267
Habitat loss 268
Vegetation loss, threshold effects and
species loss 269
viii Practical Conservation Biology
Cascading fragmentation effects 270
Vegetation subdivision, patch isolation
and dispersal 271
Edge effects 273
10 4 Studying habitat loss and
fragmentation 275
Experiments 277
'Natural' experiments 279
Observational studies 279
Modelling 280
Problems in the way fragmentation is
studied 281
10 5 Forecasting fragmentation effects 283
Predictive ability, generality and meta
analyses 283
10 6 Limiting the effects of habitat loss and
fragmentation 284
Limiting and reversing habitat loss 284
Maintaining habitat quality 285
Increasing connectivity 285
Wildlife corridors as a way to maintain
connectivity 286
Other approaches-to_enhancing
connectivity 289
Reducing edge effects: buffer systems 289
General principles for landscape manage
ment to mitigate habitat loss and
fragmentation 290
10 7 Conclusions 291
10 8 Practical considerations 291
10 9 Further reading 292
11 Fire and biodiversity 293
11 0 Introduction 293
11 1 Brief history of fire in Australia 293
11 2 Types of fire 296
Wildfire 297
Prescribed fires 297
11 3 Response of biodiversity to wildfire 298
Wildfire and Australian animals 298
Wildfire and Australian plants 301
Wildfire and identifying patterns of
species responses 302
11 4 Response of biodiversity to prescribed
fire 303
11 5 Species vulnerability to fire 304
Animal and plant groups threatened by
altered fire regimes 304
Vegetation communities sensitive to
fire 304
11 6 Spatial variability in fire behaviour: fire
refugia, landscape mosaics, and
Aboriginal burning patterns 306
Fine-scale vegetation mosaics and
Aboriginal burning 306
11 7 Fire management and biodiversity
conservation 307
Fire management and conservation of the
Eastern Bristlebird and the Ground
Parrot 307
11 8 Studies to examine the effects of
fire 309
Experiments 309
Observational studies 310
Modelling 310
11 9 Ecological theories, fire disturbance and
biodiversity conservation 311
The biological legacies concept and
biodiversity 311
Contents ix
Congruence between human disturbance
and natural disturbance: values and
limitations 312
Fire and logging 313
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis 314
11 10 Cumulative effects of fire and other
disturbance processes 314
11 11 Fire and reserve design 315
11 12 The future 316
11 13 Conclusions 316
11 14 Practical considerations 317
11 15 Further reading 317
12 Demands of the human population 319
12 0 Introduction 319
12 1 The world population 320
Per capita consumption 320
Impacts of the human population on the
environment 322
Human populations and biodiversity
loss 322
12 2 Demands of the Australian
population 322
Future size of Australia's population 322
Energy demands and greenhouse gas
production of Australia's human •
population 323
Future Australian populations and future
resource use 324
Australia's carrying capacity 325
Australian population and biodiversity
loss 325
12 3 Coastal zone 326
Uniqueness of the Australian coastal
zone 326
Coastal zone and the human
population 327
Policy problems and solutions in coastal
management 330
12 4 Murray-Darling Basin 331
Degradation in the Murray-Darling
Basin 331
Biodiversity in the Murray-Darling
Basin 332
Solutions to problems in the
Murray-Darling Basin 332
12 5 Conclusions 332
12 6 Practical considerations 333
12 7 Further reading 333
Part III: Methods of analysis 335
13 Measuring, managing and using genetic
variation 337
13 0 Introduction 337
13 1 Types of data 337
DNA and electrophoresis 337
Restriction fragment length
polymorphism 338
DNA sequencing 338
Single nucleotide polymorphism 339
Randomly amplified polymorphic
DNA 339
Minisatellite and microsatellite
analysis 339
Ribosomal DNA analysis 339
Mitochondrial DNA analysis 339
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA)
analysis 340
Allozyme analysis 341
Quantitative characters 341
x Practical Conservation Biology
13 2 Molecular ecology 342
Understanding social structure 342
Estimating effective population
size 343
Detecting migration 346
Effects of genetic change on demographic
parameters 348
13 3 Gene conservation 348
Spatial structure 349
Setting priorities for conservation 349
Managing captive populations 352
13 4 Conclusions 354
13 5 Practical considerations 354
13 6 Further reading 355
14 Measuring diversity 357
14 0 Introduction 357
14 1 Estimating species richness 357
Species accumulation indices 358
Ratio estimation 359
14 2 Detecting rare species 360
14 3 Species diversity 361
Alpha diversity 361
Beta and gamma diversity 363
A test for change in community
structure 363
14 4 Landscape diversity 364
14 5 Conclusions 365
14 6 Practical considerations 366
14 7 Further reading 366
15 Identifying habitat 367
15 0 Introduction 367
Defining habitat 367
15 1 Methods for identifying habitat
requirements 368
15 2 Qualitative habitat models 368
Potential limitations of the HSI
approach 369
Advantages of the HSI approach 371
15 3 Statistical habitat models 371
Logistic regression 371
Reliability measures for statistical
models 375
Making a spatial prediction of potentially
suitable habitat 375
Poisson regression 376
Summary: statistical habitat modelling 379
15 4 Envelopes and bioclimatic modelling 379
BIOCLIM and bioclimatic modelling 380
Applications of bioclimatic analyses 381
15 5 Conclusions 383
15 6 Practical considerations 384
15 7 Further reading 384
16 Reserve design 385
16 0 Introduction 385
16 1 Ad hoc developments 385
16 2 CAR reserve system design principles 386
16 3 Reserve design and biodiversity surrogate
schemes 386
Types of surrogates 386
Environmental domains 387
Vegetation maps 387
Centres of diversity 387
Potential limitations of surrogates 388
The need to test surrogates 388
16 4 Reserve selection 389
Potential limitations of reserve selection
methods 391
Reserve adequacy 391
Contents xi
16 5 Reserve design and selection in the real
world 392
Differences in the land base and competing
demands for land 394
16 6 Island biogeography and the design of
nature reserves 395
Problems with the 'generic reserve design
principles' derived from the island
biogeography theory 396
Why island biogeography theory has limited
applicability to reserve design 398
Summary: island biogeography theory
and reserve design 399
16 7 Conclusions 399
16 8 Practical considerations 400
16 9 Further reading 400
17 Monitoring, assessment and
indicators 401
17 0 Introduction 401
17 1 Statistical power and the precautionary
principle 402
Statistical power 404
Power and the precautionary principle 404
17 2 Management goals, assessment endpoints
and measurement endpoints 406'
17 3 Indicators 410
Species as indicators 410
Keystone species and indicator
species 412
Ecological redundancy 414
Guilds as indicators 414
Problems with indicator species and
related concepts 415
Summary: indicator species 418
17 4 Selecting indicators 419
Examples of the selection of suites of
indicators 421
17 5 Conclusions 423
• 17 6 Practical considerations 423
17 7 Further reading 423
18 Risk assessment 425
18 0 Introduction 425
18 1 Estimating extinction rates 425
18 2 Estimating the likelihood of extinction
from collections 426
18 3 Population management and risk 428
Types of uncertainty 431
18 4 Expert judgement 432
18 5 Population viability analysis 436
Models for PVA 436
A model for Matchstick Banksia 438
Metapopulations 441
Metapopulations in a PVA framework 442
Caveats for metapopulation
modelling 443
Minimum viable populations 443
The limits of population viability
analysis 444
18 6 Conclusions 446
18 7 Practical implications 447
18 8 Further reading 447
Part IV: Management principles for
conservation 449
19 Sustainability and management 451
19 0 Introduction 451
19 1 Sustainability 451
Maximum sustainable yield 453
Forests 453
Practical Conservation Biology
Fisheries 454
Maximum sustainable yield and
uncertainty 454
Sustainable development 455
International conventions on
sustainability 457
Globalisation, sustainability and
biodiversity conservation 458
19 2 Adaptive management 459
A formalised approach to adaptive
management 460
Adaptive management in a political
context 461
Adaptive management in the real
world 462
19 3 Ecosystem management 463
19 4 Policy and science in conservation
biology 464
19 5 Conclusions 465
19 6 Practical considerations 468
19 7 Further reading 468
Appendix I: Taxonomic names 469
Appendix II: Glossary 477
Bibliography 497
Index 601 |
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| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Lindenmayer, David Burgman, Mark A. |
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| dewey-raw | 333.95/16 |
| dewey-search | 333.95/16 |
| dewey-sort | 3333.95 216 |
| dewey-tens | 330 - Economics |
| discipline | Biologie Wirtschaftswissenschaften Umwelt |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie Wirtschaftswissenschaften Umwelt |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:21:23Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:42:19Z |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Lindenmayer, David Verfasser (DE-588)135705894 aut Practical conservation biology David Lindenmayer & Mark Burgman Collingwood, Vic. CSIRO Publ. 2005 XII, 609 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 26 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. [497]-600) and index Conservation biology Australia Nature conservation Australia Plant conservation Australia Biodiversity conservation Australia Environmental management Australia Tierschutz (DE-588)4060131-6 gnd rswk-swf Naturschutz (DE-588)4115348-0 gnd rswk-swf Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd rswk-swf Australien Australien (DE-588)4003900-6 gnd rswk-swf Australien (DE-588)4003900-6 g Naturschutz (DE-588)4115348-0 s Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 s DE-604 Tierschutz (DE-588)4060131-6 s b DE-604 Burgman, Mark A. Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014927666&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Lindenmayer, David Burgman, Mark A. Practical conservation biology Conservation biology Australia Nature conservation Australia Plant conservation Australia Biodiversity conservation Australia Environmental management Australia Tierschutz (DE-588)4060131-6 gnd Naturschutz (DE-588)4115348-0 gnd Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4060131-6 (DE-588)4115348-0 (DE-588)4601495-0 (DE-588)4003900-6 |
| title | Practical conservation biology |
| title_auth | Practical conservation biology |
| title_exact_search | Practical conservation biology |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Practical conservation biology |
| title_full | Practical conservation biology David Lindenmayer & Mark Burgman |
| title_fullStr | Practical conservation biology David Lindenmayer & Mark Burgman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Practical conservation biology David Lindenmayer & Mark Burgman |
| title_short | Practical conservation biology |
| title_sort | practical conservation biology |
| topic | Conservation biology Australia Nature conservation Australia Plant conservation Australia Biodiversity conservation Australia Environmental management Australia Tierschutz (DE-588)4060131-6 gnd Naturschutz (DE-588)4115348-0 gnd Biodiversität (DE-588)4601495-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Conservation biology Australia Nature conservation Australia Plant conservation Australia Biodiversity conservation Australia Environmental management Australia Tierschutz Naturschutz Biodiversität Australien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014927666&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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