The laboratory companion: a practical guide to materials, equipment, and technique
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Hoboken, NJ[u.a.]
Wiley
2006
|
| Ausgabe: | Rev. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Früher u.d.T.: Coyne, Gary S.: The laboratory handbook of materials, equipment and technique. - Literaturangaben |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 527 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0471780863 9780471780861 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The laboratory companion |b a practical guide to materials, equipment, and technique |c Gary S. Coyne |
| 250 | |a Rev. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ[u.a.] |b Wiley |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XVIII, 527 S. |b Ill. | ||
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| 500 | |a Früher u.d.T.: Coyne, Gary S.: The laboratory handbook of materials, equipment and technique. - Literaturangaben | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Chimie - Appareils et matériel - Guides, manuels, etc | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Chimie - Appareils et matériel |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Chimie - Laboratoires - Guides, manuels, etc | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
1 Materials in the Lab 1
1.1 Glass 1
1.1.1 Introduction I
1.1.2 Structural Properties of Glass 1
1.1.3 Phase Separation 5
1.1.4 Devitrification 7
1.1.5 Different Types of Glass Used in the Lab 9
1.1.6 Grading Glass and Graded Seals 18
1.1.7 Separating Glass by Type 19
1.1.8 Physical Properties of Glass and Mechanisms of Glass Fracture 22
1.1.9 Stress in Glass 26
1.1.10 Managing Thermal and Physical Stress in the Laboratory 28
1.1.11 Tempered Glass 31
1.1.12 Glass and Internal Pressure 33
1.1.13 Limiting Broken Glass in the Lab 36
1.1.14 Storing Glass 37
1.1.15 Marking Glass 38
1.1.16 Consumer s Guide to Purchasing Laboratory Glassware 39
1.2 Flexible Tubing 41
1.2.1 Introduction 41
1.2.2 Physical Properties of Flexible Tubing 42
1.2.3 Chemical Resistance Properties of Flexible Tubing 45
1.3 Corks, Rubber Stoppers, and Enclosures 49
1.3.1 Corks 49
1.3.2 Rubber Stoppers 50
1.3.3 Preholed Stoppers 51
1.3.4 Inserting Glass Tubing into Stoppers 55
1.3.5 Removing Glass from Stoppers and Flexible Tubing 57
1.3.6 Film Enclosures 57
1.4 O-Rings 58
1.4.1 O-Rings in the Laboratory 58
1.4.2 Chemical Resistance of O-Ring Material 58
1.4.3 O-Ring Sizes 59
References 63
vii
viii Contents
2 Measurement 65
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Measurement: The Basics 65
2.1.1 Uniformity, Reliability, and Accuracy 65
2.1.2 History of the Metric System 66
2.1.3 The Base Units 71
2.1.4 The Use of Prefixes in the Metric System 76
2.1.5 Measurement Rules 76
Length 79
2.2.1 The Ruler 79
2.2.2 How to Measure Length 79
2.2.3 The Caliper 80
2.2.4 The Micrometer 83
Volume 85
2.3.1 The Concepts of Volume Measurement 85
2.3.2 Background of Volume Standards 85
2.3.3 Categories, Markings, and Tolerances of Volumetric Ware 87
2 3.4 Materials of Volumetric Construction #1 Plastic 89
2.3.5 Materials of Volumetric Construction #2 Glass 91
2.3.6 Reading Volumetric Ware 93
2.3.7 General Practices of Volumetric Ware Use 94
2.3.8 Calibrations, Calibration, and Accuracy 95
2.3.9 Correcting Volumetric Readings 97
2.3.10 Volumetric Flasks 101
2.3.11 Graduated Cylinders 104
2.3.12 Pipettes 107
2.3.13 Burettes 113
2.3.14 Types of Burettes 115
2.3.15 Care and Use of Burettes 116
Weight and Mass 118
2.4.1 Tools for Weighing 118
2.4.2 Weight Versus Mass Versus Density 119
2.4.3 Air Buoyancy 120
2.4.4 Accuracy, Precision, and Other Balance Limitations 122
2.4.5 Balance Location 123
2.4.6 Balance Reading 125
2.4.7 The Spring Balance 127
2.4.8 The Lever Arm Balance 128
2.4.9 Beam Balances 131
2.4.10 Analytical Balances 132
2.4.11 The Top-Loading Balance 136
2.4.12 Balance Verification 137
2.4.13 Calibration Weights 139
Temperature 144
2.5.1 The Nature of Temperature Measurement 144
2.5.2 The Physics of Temperature-Taking 147
2.5.3 Expansion-Based Thermometers 150
Contents ix
2.5.4 Linear Expansion Thermometers 151
2.5.5 Volumetrie Expansion Thermometers 151
2.5.6 Short- and Long-Term Temperature Variations 156
2.5.7 Thermometer Calibration 157
2.5.8 Thermometer Lag 158
2.5.9 Air Bubbles in Liquid Columns 158
2.5.10 Pressure Expansion Thermometers 160
2.5.11 Thermocouples 161
2 5.12 Resistance Thermometers 167
References 170
3 Joints, Stopcocks, and Glass Tubing 173
3.1 Joints and Connections 173
173
178
179
180
181
184
184
187
189
191
192
192
196
196
203
203
204
205
208
211
212
212
212
213
215
229
231
231
231
234
3.1.1 Standard Taper Joints
3 1.2 Ball-and-Socket Joints
3.1.3 The O-Ring Joint
3.1.4 Hybrids and Alternative Joints
3.1.5 Special Connectors
3.2 Stopcocks and Valves
3.2.1 Glass Stopcocks
3.2.2 Teflon Stopcocks
3.2.3 Rotary Valves
3.2.4 Stopcock Design Variations
3.3 Maintenance and Care of Joints, Stopcocks, and Glassware
3.3.1 Storage and Use of Stopcocks and Joints
3.3.2 Preparation for Use
3.3.3 Types of Greases
3.3.4 The Teflon Sleeve
3.3.5 Applying Grease to Stopcocks and Joints
3.3.6 Preventing Glass Stopcocks and Joints from Sticking
or Breaking on a Working System
3.3.7 Unsticking Joints and Stopcocks
3.3.8 Leaking Stopcocks and Joints
3.3.9 What to Do About Leaks in Stopcocks and Joints
3.3.10 General Tips
3.4 Glass rubing
3.4.1 The Basics of Glass Tubing
3.4.2 Calculating the Inside Diameter (I.D.)
3.4.3 Sample Volume Calculations
References
4 Cleaning Glassware
4.1 The Clean Laboratory
4.1.1 Basic Cleaning Concepts
4.1.2 Safety
x Contents
4.1.3 Removing Stopcock Grease 236
4.1.4 Soap and Water 236
4.1.5 Ultrasonic Cleaners 238
4.1.6 Organic Solvents 239
4.1.7 The Base Bath 240
4.1.8 Acids and Oxidizers 242
4.1.9 Chromic Acid 244
4.1.10 Hydrofluoric Acid 245
4.1.11 Extra Cleaning Tips 248
4.1.12 Additional Cleaning Problems and Solutions 249
4.1.13 Last Resort Cleaning Solutions 250
References 251
5 Compressed Gases 253
5.1 Compressed Gas Tanks 253
5.1.1 Types of Gases 253
5.1.2 The Dangers of Compressed Gas 254
5.1.3 CGA Fittings 256
5.1.4 Safety Aspects of Compressed Gas Tanks 257
5.1.5 Safety Practices Using Compressed Gases 269
5.1.6 In Case of Emergency 272
5. 1.7 Gas Compatibility with Various Materials 273
5.2 The Regulator 278
5.2.1 The Parts of the Regulator 278
5.2.2 House Air Pressure System 281
5.2.3 How to Install a Regulator on a Compressed Gas Tank 281
5.2.4 How to Use Regulators Safely 283
5.2.5 How to Test for Leaks in a Compressed Gas System 283
5.2.6 How to Purchase a Regulator 284
6 High and Low Temperature 287
6.1 High Temperature 287
6.1.1 The Dynamics of Heat in the Lab 287
6.1.2 General Safety Precautions 288
6.1.3 Open Flames 288
6.1.4 Steam 292
6.1.5 Thermal Radiation 294
6.1.6 Transfer of Energy 294
6.1.7 Hot Air Guns 295
6.1.8 Electrical Resistance Heating 296
6.1.9 Alternatives to Heat 300
6.2 Low Temperature 301
6.2.1 The Dynamics of Cold in the Lab 301
6.2.2 Room Temperature Tap Water (=20°C) 302
6.2.3 Ice (0°C) 302
6.2.4 Ice with Salts (0°C to -96.3°C) 302
Contents xi
6.2.5 Dry Ice (Frozen Carbon Dioxide) (-78 C) 303
6.2.6 Liquid Nitrogen (-195.8°C) 303
6.2.7 Slush Baths (+13° to-160°C) 304
6.2.8 Safety with Slush Baths 306
6.2.9 Containment of Cold Materials 309
6.2.10 Liquid (Cryogenic) Gas Tanks 313
References 318
7 vacuum Systems 321
7.1 How to Destroy a Vacuum System 321
7.2 An Overview of Vacuum Science and Technology 322
7.2.1 Preface 322
7.2.2 How to Use a Vacuum System 325
7.2.3 The History of Vacuum Equipment 325
7.2.4 Pressure, Vacuum, and Force 328
7.2.5 Gases, Vapors, and the Gas Laws 329
7.2.6 Vapor Pressure 332
7.2.7 How to Make (and Maintain) a Vacuum 333
7.2.8 Gas Flow 334
7.2.9 Throughput and Pumping Speed 338
7.3 Pumps 340
7.3.1 The Purpose of Pumps 340
7.3.2 The Aspirator 341
7.3.3 Types and Features of Mechanical Pumps 343
7.3.4 Connection, Use, Maintenance, and Safety 349
7.3.5 Condensable Vapors 354
7.3.6 Traps for Pumps 356
7.3.7 Mechanical Pump Oils 358
7.3.8 The Various Mechanical Pump Oils 360
7.3.9 Storing Mechanical Pumps 362
7.3.10 The Limitations of Mechanical Pumps and the Demands
of High-Vacuum Pumps 363
7.3.11 Ultrahigh-Vacuum Levels Without Ultrahigh-Vacuum Pumps 364
7.3.12 Diffusion Pumps 365
7.3.13 Attaching a Diffusion Pump to a Vacuum System 370
7.3.14 How to Use a Diffusion Pump 372
7 3.15 Diffusion Pump Limitations 377
7.3.16 Diffusion Pump Oils 378
7.3.17 Diffusion Pump Maintenance 380
7.3.18 Töepler Pumps 384
7.4 Traps 386
7.4.1 The Purpose and Functions of Traps 386
7.4.2 Types of Traps 388
7.4.3 Proper Use of Cold Traps 391
7.4.4 Maintenance of Cold Traps 396
7.4.5 Separation Traps 399
7.4.6 Liquid Traps 401
xii Contents
7.5 Vacuum Gauges 402
7.5.1 The Purposes (and Limitations) of Vacuum Gauges 402
7.5.2 The Mechanical Gauge Family 404
7.5.3 Cleaning a Mechanical Gauge 405
7.5.4 The Liquid Gauge Family 406
7.5.5 The Manometer 407
7.5.6 The McLeod Gauge 409
7.5.7 How to Read a McLeod Gauge 411
7.5.8 Bringing a McLeod Gauge to Vacuum Conditions 413
7.5.9 Returning a McLeod Gauge to Atmospheric Conditions 414
7.5.10 The Tipping McLeod Gauge 414
7.5.11 Condensable Vapors and the McLeod Gauge 416
7.5.12 Mercury Contamination from McLeod Gauges 416
7.5.13 Cleaning a McLeod Gauge 417
7.5.14 Thermocouple and Pirani Gauges 419
7.5.15 The Pirani Gauge 420
7.5.16 Cleaning Pirani Gauges 421
7.5.17 The Thermocouple Gauge 422
7.5.18 Cleaning Thermocouple Gauges 423
7.5.19 The Ionization Gauge Family 423
7.5.20 The Hot-Cathode Ion Gauge 424
7.5.21 Cleaning Hot-Cathode Ion Gauges 428
7.5.22 The Cold-Cathode Ion Gauge 429
7.5.23 Cleaning Cold-Cathode Ion Gauges 430
7.5.24 The Momentum Transfer Gauge (MTG) 430
7.6 Leak Detection and Location 431
7.6.1 All About Leaks 431
7.6.2 Is Poor Vacuum a Leak ora Poor Vacuum? 433
7.6.3 False Leaks 433
7.6.4 Real Leaks 435
7.6.5 Isolation to Find Leaks 442
7.6.6 Probe Gases and Liquids 444
7.6.7 The Tesla Coil 446
7.6.8 Soap Bubbles 451
7.6.9 Pirani or Thermocouple Gauges 452
7.6.10 Helium Leak Detection 454
7.6.11 Helium Leak Detection Techniques 457
7.6.12 General Tips and Tricks of Helium Leak Detection 459
7.6.13 Repairing Leaks 466
7.7 More Vacuum System Information 467
7.7.1 The Designs of Things 467
References 472
8 The Gas-Oxygen Torch 477
8.1 The Dynamics of the Gas-Oxygen Torch 477
8.1.1 Types of Gas-Oxygen Torches 477
Contents xiii
8.1.2 How to Light a Gas-Oxygen Torch
8.1.3 How to Prevent a Premix Torch from Popping
8.2 Using the Gas-Oxygen Torch
8.2.1 Uses for the Gas-Oxygen Torch in the Lab
8.2.2 How to Tip-Off a Sample
8.2.3 How to Fire-Polish the End of a Glass Tube
8.2.4 Brazing and Silver Soldering
APPENDIX
Appendix A Preparing Drawings for a Technician
A.I The Problems with Requests to Glass Shops
A.2 Suggestions for Glassware Requests
Appendix B Polymer Resistance
B.I Introduction
B.2 Polyolefins
B.3 Engineering Resins
B.4 Fluorocarbons
B.5 Chemical Resistance Chart
Appendix C Manufacturers
Appendix D Recommended Reading
Index
480
481
482
482
483
487
488
489
489
490
493
493
493
495
496
497
504
511
517
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
1 Materials in the Lab 1
1.1 Glass 1
1.1.1 Introduction I
1.1.2 Structural Properties of Glass 1
1.1.3 Phase Separation 5
1.1.4 Devitrification 7
1.1.5 Different Types of Glass Used in the Lab 9
1.1.6 Grading Glass and Graded Seals 18
1.1.7 Separating Glass by Type 19
1.1.8 Physical Properties of Glass and Mechanisms of Glass Fracture 22
1.1.9 Stress in Glass 26
1.1.10 Managing Thermal and Physical Stress in the Laboratory 28
1.1.11 Tempered Glass 31
1.1.12 Glass and Internal Pressure 33
1.1.13 Limiting Broken Glass in the Lab 36
1.1.14 Storing Glass 37
1.1.15 Marking Glass 38
1.1.16 Consumer's Guide to Purchasing Laboratory Glassware 39
1.2 Flexible Tubing 41
1.2.1 Introduction 41
1.2.2 Physical Properties of Flexible Tubing 42
1.2.3 Chemical Resistance Properties of Flexible Tubing 45
1.3 Corks, Rubber Stoppers, and Enclosures 49
1.3.1 Corks 49
1.3.2 Rubber Stoppers 50
1.3.3 Preholed Stoppers 51
1.3.4 Inserting Glass Tubing into Stoppers 55
1.3.5 Removing Glass from Stoppers and Flexible Tubing 57
1.3.6 Film Enclosures 57
1.4 O-Rings 58
1.4.1 O-Rings in the Laboratory 58
1.4.2 Chemical Resistance of O-Ring Material 58
1.4.3 O-Ring Sizes 59
References 63
vii
viii Contents
2 Measurement 65
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Measurement: The Basics 65
2.1.1 Uniformity, Reliability, and Accuracy 65
2.1.2 History of the Metric System 66
2.1.3 The Base Units 71
2.1.4 The Use of Prefixes in the Metric System 76
2.1.5 Measurement Rules 76
Length 79
2.2.1 The Ruler 79
2.2.2 How to Measure Length 79
2.2.3 The Caliper 80
2.2.4 The Micrometer 83
Volume 85
2.3.1 The Concepts of Volume Measurement 85
2.3.2 Background of Volume Standards 85
2.3.3 Categories, Markings, and Tolerances of Volumetric Ware 87
2 3.4 Materials of Volumetric Construction #1 Plastic 89
2.3.5 Materials of Volumetric Construction #2 Glass 91
2.3.6 Reading Volumetric Ware 93
2.3.7 General Practices of Volumetric Ware Use 94
2.3.8 Calibrations, Calibration, and Accuracy 95
2.3.9 Correcting Volumetric Readings 97
2.3.10 Volumetric Flasks 101
2.3.11 Graduated Cylinders 104
2.3.12 Pipettes 107
2.3.13 Burettes 113
2.3.14 Types of Burettes 115
2.3.15 Care and Use of Burettes 116
Weight and Mass 118
2.4.1 Tools for Weighing 118
2.4.2 Weight Versus Mass Versus Density 119
2.4.3 Air Buoyancy 120
2.4.4 Accuracy, Precision, and Other Balance Limitations 122
2.4.5 Balance Location 123
2.4.6 Balance Reading 125
2.4.7 The Spring Balance 127
2.4.8 The Lever Arm Balance 128
2.4.9 Beam Balances 131
2.4.10 Analytical Balances 132
2.4.11 The Top-Loading Balance 136
2.4.12 Balance Verification 137
2.4.13 Calibration Weights 139
Temperature 144
2.5.1 The Nature of Temperature Measurement 144
2.5.2 The Physics of Temperature-Taking 147
2.5.3 Expansion-Based Thermometers 150
Contents ix
2.5.4 Linear Expansion Thermometers 151
2.5.5 Volumetrie Expansion Thermometers 151
2.5.6 Short- and Long-Term Temperature Variations 156
2.5.7 Thermometer Calibration 157
2.5.8 Thermometer Lag 158
2.5.9 Air Bubbles in Liquid Columns 158
2.5.10 Pressure Expansion Thermometers 160
2.5.11 Thermocouples 161
2 5.12 Resistance Thermometers 167
References 170
3 Joints, Stopcocks, and Glass Tubing 173
3.1 Joints and Connections 173
173
178
179
180
181
184
184
187
189
191
192
192
196
196
203
203
204
205
208
211
212
212
212
213
215
229
231
231
231
234
3.1.1 Standard Taper Joints
3 1.2 Ball-and-Socket Joints
3.1.3 The O-Ring Joint
3.1.4 Hybrids and Alternative Joints
3.1.5 Special Connectors
3.2 Stopcocks and Valves
3.2.1 Glass Stopcocks
3.2.2 Teflon Stopcocks
3.2.3 Rotary Valves
3.2.4 Stopcock Design Variations
3.3 Maintenance and Care of Joints, Stopcocks, and Glassware
3.3.1 Storage and Use of Stopcocks and Joints
3.3.2 Preparation for Use
3.3.3 Types of Greases
3.3.4 The Teflon Sleeve
3.3.5 Applying Grease to Stopcocks and Joints
3.3.6 Preventing Glass Stopcocks and Joints from Sticking
or Breaking on a Working System
3.3.7 Unsticking Joints and Stopcocks
3.3.8 Leaking Stopcocks and Joints
3.3.9 What to Do About Leaks in Stopcocks and Joints
3.3.10 General Tips
3.4 Glass' rubing
3.4.1 The Basics of Glass Tubing
3.4.2 Calculating the Inside Diameter (I.D.)
3.4.3 Sample Volume Calculations
References
4 Cleaning Glassware
4.1 The Clean Laboratory
4.1.1 Basic Cleaning Concepts
4.1.2 Safety
x Contents
4.1.3 Removing Stopcock Grease 236
4.1.4 Soap and Water 236
4.1.5 Ultrasonic Cleaners 238
4.1.6 Organic Solvents 239
4.1.7 The Base Bath 240
4.1.8 Acids and Oxidizers 242
4.1.9 Chromic Acid 244
4.1.10 Hydrofluoric Acid 245
4.1.11 Extra Cleaning Tips 248
4.1.12 Additional Cleaning Problems and Solutions 249
4.1.13 Last Resort Cleaning Solutions 250
References 251
5 Compressed Gases 253
5.1 Compressed Gas Tanks 253
5.1.1 Types of Gases 253
5.1.2 The Dangers of Compressed Gas 254
5.1.3 CGA Fittings 256
5.1.4 Safety Aspects of Compressed Gas Tanks 257
5.1.5 Safety Practices Using Compressed Gases 269
5.1.6 In Case of Emergency 272
5. 1.7 Gas Compatibility with Various Materials 273
5.2 The Regulator 278
5.2.1 The Parts of the Regulator 278
5.2.2 House Air Pressure System 281
5.2.3 How to Install a Regulator on a Compressed Gas Tank 281
5.2.4 How to Use Regulators Safely 283
5.2.5 How to Test for Leaks in a Compressed Gas System 283
5.2.6 How to Purchase a Regulator 284
6 High and Low Temperature 287
6.1 High Temperature 287
6.1.1 The Dynamics of Heat in the Lab 287
6.1.2 General Safety Precautions 288
6.1.3 Open Flames 288
6.1.4 Steam 292
6.1.5 Thermal Radiation 294
6.1.6 Transfer of Energy 294
6.1.7 Hot Air Guns 295
6.1.8 Electrical Resistance Heating 296
6.1.9 Alternatives to Heat 300
6.2 Low Temperature 301
6.2.1 The Dynamics of Cold in the Lab 301
6.2.2 Room Temperature Tap Water (=20°C) 302
6.2.3 Ice (0°C) 302
6.2.4 Ice with Salts (0°C to -96.3°C) 302
Contents xi
6.2.5 Dry Ice (Frozen Carbon Dioxide) (-78'C) 303
6.2.6 Liquid Nitrogen (-195.8°C) 303
6.2.7 Slush Baths (+13° to-160°C) 304
6.2.8 Safety with Slush Baths 306
6.2.9 Containment of Cold Materials 309
6.2.10 Liquid (Cryogenic) Gas Tanks 313
References 318
7 vacuum Systems 321
7.1 How to Destroy a Vacuum System 321
7.2 An Overview of Vacuum Science and Technology 322
7.2.1 Preface 322
7.2.2 How to Use a Vacuum System 325
7.2.3 The History of Vacuum Equipment 325
7.2.4 Pressure, Vacuum, and Force 328
7.2.5 Gases, Vapors, and the Gas Laws 329
7.2.6 Vapor Pressure 332
7.2.7 How to Make (and Maintain) a Vacuum 333
7.2.8 Gas Flow 334
7.2.9 Throughput and Pumping Speed 338
7.3 Pumps 340
7.3.1 The Purpose of Pumps 340
7.3.2 The Aspirator 341
7.3.3 Types and Features of Mechanical Pumps 343
7.3.4 Connection, Use, Maintenance, and Safety 349
7.3.5 Condensable Vapors 354
7.3.6 Traps for Pumps 356
7.3.7 Mechanical Pump Oils 358
7.3.8 The Various Mechanical Pump Oils 360
7.3.9 Storing Mechanical Pumps 362
7.3.10 The Limitations of Mechanical Pumps and the Demands
of High-Vacuum Pumps 363
7.3.11 Ultrahigh-Vacuum Levels Without Ultrahigh-Vacuum Pumps 364
7.3.12 Diffusion Pumps 365
7.3.13 Attaching a Diffusion Pump to a Vacuum System 370
7.3.14 How to Use a Diffusion Pump 372
7 3.15 Diffusion Pump Limitations 377
7.3.16 Diffusion Pump Oils 378
7.3.17 Diffusion Pump Maintenance 380
7.3.18 Töepler Pumps 384
7.4 Traps 386
7.4.1 The Purpose and Functions of Traps 386
7.4.2 Types of Traps 388
7.4.3 Proper Use of Cold Traps 391
7.4.4 Maintenance of Cold Traps 396
7.4.5 Separation Traps 399
7.4.6 Liquid Traps 401
xii Contents
7.5 Vacuum Gauges 402
7.5.1 The Purposes (and Limitations) of Vacuum Gauges 402
7.5.2 The Mechanical Gauge Family 404
7.5.3 Cleaning a Mechanical Gauge 405
7.5.4 The Liquid Gauge Family 406
7.5.5 The Manometer 407
7.5.6 The McLeod Gauge 409
7.5.7 How to Read a McLeod Gauge 411
7.5.8 Bringing a McLeod Gauge to Vacuum Conditions 413
7.5.9 Returning a McLeod Gauge to Atmospheric Conditions 414
7.5.10 The Tipping McLeod Gauge 414
7.5.11 Condensable Vapors and the McLeod Gauge 416
7.5.12 Mercury Contamination from McLeod Gauges 416
7.5.13 Cleaning a McLeod Gauge 417
7.5.14 Thermocouple and Pirani Gauges 419
7.5.15 The Pirani Gauge 420
7.5.16 Cleaning Pirani Gauges 421
7.5.17 The Thermocouple Gauge 422
7.5.18 Cleaning Thermocouple Gauges 423
7.5.19 The Ionization Gauge Family 423
7.5.20 The Hot-Cathode Ion Gauge 424
7.5.21 Cleaning Hot-Cathode Ion Gauges 428
7.5.22 The Cold-Cathode Ion Gauge 429
7.5.23 Cleaning Cold-Cathode Ion Gauges 430
7.5.24 The Momentum Transfer Gauge (MTG) 430
7.6 Leak Detection and Location 431
7.6.1 All About Leaks 431
7.6.2 Is Poor Vacuum a Leak ora Poor Vacuum? 433
7.6.3 False Leaks 433
7.6.4 Real Leaks 435
7.6.5 Isolation to Find Leaks 442
7.6.6 Probe Gases and Liquids 444
7.6.7 The Tesla Coil 446
7.6.8 Soap Bubbles 451
7.6.9 Pirani or Thermocouple Gauges 452
7.6.10 Helium Leak Detection 454
7.6.11 Helium Leak Detection Techniques 457
7.6.12 General Tips and Tricks of Helium Leak Detection 459
7.6.13 Repairing Leaks 466
7.7 More Vacuum System Information 467
7.7.1 The Designs of Things 467
References 472
8 The Gas-Oxygen Torch 477
8.1 The Dynamics of the Gas-Oxygen Torch 477
8.1.1 Types of Gas-Oxygen Torches 477
Contents xiii
8.1.2 How to Light a Gas-Oxygen Torch
8.1.3 How to Prevent a Premix Torch from Popping
8.2 Using the Gas-Oxygen Torch
8.2.1 Uses for the Gas-Oxygen Torch in the Lab
8.2.2 How to Tip-Off a Sample
8.2.3 How to Fire-Polish the End of a Glass Tube
8.2.4 Brazing and Silver Soldering
APPENDIX
Appendix A Preparing Drawings for a Technician
A.I The Problems with Requests to Glass Shops
A.2 Suggestions for Glassware Requests
Appendix B Polymer Resistance
B.I Introduction
B.2 Polyolefins
B.3 Engineering Resins
B.4 Fluorocarbons
B.5 Chemical Resistance Chart
Appendix C Manufacturers
Appendix D Recommended Reading
Index
480
481
482
482
483
487
488
489
489
490
493
493
493
495
496
497
504
511
517 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:20:10Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:42:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Coyne, Gary S. Verfasser aut The laboratory companion a practical guide to materials, equipment, and technique Gary S. Coyne Rev. ed. Hoboken, NJ[u.a.] Wiley 2006 XVIII, 527 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Früher u.d.T.: Coyne, Gary S.: The laboratory handbook of materials, equipment and technique. - Literaturangaben Chimie - Appareils et matériel - Guides, manuels, etc Chimie - Appareils et matériel ram Chimie - Laboratoires - Guides, manuels, etc Chimie - Laboratoires ram Chemisches Labor (DE-588)4009880-1 gnd rswk-swf Messtechnik (DE-588)4114575-6 gnd rswk-swf Labortechnik (DE-588)4123602-6 gnd rswk-swf Laborgerät (DE-588)4132597-7 gnd rswk-swf Laborgerät (DE-588)4132597-7 s Chemisches Labor (DE-588)4009880-1 s DE-604 Labortechnik (DE-588)4123602-6 s Messtechnik (DE-588)4114575-6 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014923953&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Coyne, Gary S. The laboratory companion a practical guide to materials, equipment, and technique Chimie - Appareils et matériel - Guides, manuels, etc Chimie - Appareils et matériel ram Chimie - Laboratoires - Guides, manuels, etc Chimie - Laboratoires ram Chemisches Labor (DE-588)4009880-1 gnd Messtechnik (DE-588)4114575-6 gnd Labortechnik (DE-588)4123602-6 gnd Laborgerät (DE-588)4132597-7 gnd |
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| title | The laboratory companion a practical guide to materials, equipment, and technique |
| title_auth | The laboratory companion a practical guide to materials, equipment, and technique |
| title_exact_search | The laboratory companion a practical guide to materials, equipment, and technique |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The laboratory companion a practical guide to materials, equipment, and technique |
| title_full | The laboratory companion a practical guide to materials, equipment, and technique Gary S. Coyne |
| title_fullStr | The laboratory companion a practical guide to materials, equipment, and technique Gary S. Coyne |
| title_full_unstemmed | The laboratory companion a practical guide to materials, equipment, and technique Gary S. Coyne |
| title_short | The laboratory companion |
| title_sort | the laboratory companion a practical guide to materials equipment and technique |
| title_sub | a practical guide to materials, equipment, and technique |
| topic | Chimie - Appareils et matériel - Guides, manuels, etc Chimie - Appareils et matériel ram Chimie - Laboratoires - Guides, manuels, etc Chimie - Laboratoires ram Chemisches Labor (DE-588)4009880-1 gnd Messtechnik (DE-588)4114575-6 gnd Labortechnik (DE-588)4123602-6 gnd Laborgerät (DE-588)4132597-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Chimie - Appareils et matériel - Guides, manuels, etc Chimie - Appareils et matériel Chimie - Laboratoires - Guides, manuels, etc Chimie - Laboratoires Chemisches Labor Messtechnik Labortechnik Laborgerät |
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