Boreal peatland ecosystems: with 22 tables
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Ecological Studies
188 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 435 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 235 mm x 155 mm |
| ISBN: | 3540319123 9783540319122 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV021693044 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20071107 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 060810s2006 gw abd| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 3540319123 |c Gb. : ca. EUR 139.05 (freier Pr.), ca. sfr 220.00 (freier Pr.) |9 3-540-31912-3 | ||
| 020 | |a 9783540319122 |9 978-3-540-31912-2 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)181533233 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV021693044 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakddb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a gw |c XA-DE-BE | ||
| 049 | |a DE-M49 |a DE-703 |a DE-12 |a DE-634 |a DE-83 |a DE-11 |a DE-188 | ||
| 084 | |a RY 82507 |0 (DE-625)142552:12756 |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a RY 84507 |0 (DE-625)142553:12756 |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a WI 1300 |0 (DE-625)148755: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a BIO 144f |2 stub | ||
| 084 | |a 570 |2 sdnb | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Boreal peatland ecosystems |b with 22 tables |c R. K. Wieder ... (eds.) |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 435 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |c 235 mm x 155 mm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Ecological Studies |v 188 | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Moorlandschaft |0 (DE-588)4356439-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Ökosystem |0 (DE-588)4043216-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Moor |0 (DE-588)4040195-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 7 | |a Boreale Region |0 (DE-588)4080470-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |a Aufsatzsammlung |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Boreale Region |0 (DE-588)4080470-7 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Moorlandschaft |0 (DE-588)4356439-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Ökosystem |0 (DE-588)4043216-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Moor |0 (DE-588)4040195-9 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | 1 | |a Boreale Region |0 (DE-588)4080470-7 |D g |
| 689 | 1 | 2 | |a Ökosystem |0 (DE-588)4043216-6 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |C b |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Wieder, R. K. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Ecological Studies |v 188 |w (DE-604)BV000004586 |9 188 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m KOBV Fremddatenuebernahme |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014907089&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014907089 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135520321667072 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | № Ín
Contents
1 Peatlands and the Boreal Forest ........................ 1
R. Kelman Wieder, Dale H. Vitt, and Brian W. Benscoter
2 Functional Characteristics and Indicators
of Boreal Peatlands .................................... 9
Dale H. Vitt
2.1 Introduction ........................................... 9
2.2 Peatland Initiation.................................... 10
2.3 Critical Factors for Peatland Diversification.......... 10
2.3.1 Hydrology ............................................. 11
2.3.2 Climate ............................................... 11
2.3.3 Vegetation and Flora................................... 14
2.3.4 Vegetation Comparisons .................... 15
2.3.5 Floristic Indicators................................... 16
2.3.6 Substrate ............................................. 17
2.3.7 Chemistry ............................................ 17
2.4 The Functional Grades of Boreal Wetlands .............. 19
2.4.1 The Wetland Grade ..................................... 19
2.4.2 The Peatland Grade .................................... 20
.4.3 The Fen Grade ....................................... 20
.4.4 The Bog Grade......................................... 21
2.5 Conclusions ........................................... 21
eferences................................................... 22
■ ■
The Postglacial Development of Boreal
and Subarctic Peatlands............................... 25
Peter Kuhry and Jukka Turunen
Introduction
Study area
Methods
25
26
26
VIII
Contents
3.4 Regional Patterns in Peatland Development.............. 28
3.4.1 Peat Inception and Cessation Dates .................... 28
3.4.2 Peatland Lateral Expansion Rates ...................... 29
3.5 Developmental Pathways in Peatlands.................... 31
3.5.1 Primary Peatland Formation, Paludification,
and Terrestrialization ................................ 31
3.5.2 Vegetation Succession and Pattern Development.......... 32
3.6 The Effects of Fire and Permafrost..................... 34
3.6.1 Peat Fires............................................. 34
3.6.2 Permafrost Dynamics.................................... 35
3.7 Peat Accumulation Rates ............................... 37
3.7.1 Concepts .............................................. 37
3.7.2 Regional Patterns ..................................... 38
3.8 Conclusions .......................................... 40
References.................................................... 41
4 The Role of Sphagnum in Peatland Development
and Persistence........................................ 47
HÂKAN Rydin, Urban Gunnarsson,
and Sebastian Sundberg
4.1 Introduction .......................................... 47
4.2 Morphology and Water Relations........................ 49
4.3 Sphagnum Chemistry: Nutrition, Acidification,
and Decay.............................................. 50
4.4 Interactions Between Sphagnum and Vascular Plants . . 51
4.5 Dispersal, Colonization, and Expansion................. 52
4.6 Dynamics and Persistence in Sphagnum Assemblages . . 55
4.6.1 Fine-Scale Dynamics over 1-10 years ................... 56
4.6.2 Dynamics over Several Decades ......................... 57
4.6.3 Long-Term Dynamics and Coexistence
Among Sphagnum Species ................................ 59
4.7 Conclusions ........................................... 61
References.................................................... 61
5 Peatland Fauna......................................... 67
André Desrochers and Gert-Jan van Duinen
5.1 Introduction .......................................... 67
5.2 Not One, but Many Wildlife Habitats.................... 69
5.3 Species Diversity and Distribution..................... 70
Contents
IX
5.3.1 Invertebrates......................................... 71
5.3.1.1 Species Richness....................................... 71
5.3.1.2 Latitudinal Variation and Temperature ................. 72
5.3.1.3 Environmental Factors ................................. 73
5.3.2 Amphibians and Reptiles................................ 75
5.3.3 Birds.................................................. 76
5.3.3.1 Avian Diversity Patterns............................... 77
5.3.3.2 The Role of Vegetation Structure....................... 82
5.3.3.3 Landscape and Spatial Issues........................... 82
5.3.4 Mammals................................................ 84
5.4 Conservation Issues................................... 85
5.4.1 Urban Sprawl........................................... 86
5.4.2 Agriculture and Forestry .............................. 86
5.4.3 Nutrient Enrichment ................................... 87
5.4.4 Peat Harvest ....................................... 89
5.4.5 Peatland Restoration................................... 90
5.5 Conclusions ........................................... 93
References................................................... 94
6 The Role of Fungi in Boreal Peatlands............... 101
Markus N. Thormann
6.1 Introduction ...................................... 101
6.2 Decomposition of Organic Matter .................... 102
6.2.1 Role of Fungi in Decomposition Dynamics............. 102
6.2.1.1 Fungal Species Richness in Peatlands ............... 102
6.2.1.2 Saprobes . ......................................... 105
6.2.1.3 Mycorrhizas and Other Root Endophytes............... 106
6.2.2 Litter Quality...................................... 109
6.2.2.1 Microfungal Community Analyses...................... 109
6.2.2.2 Enzymatic Profiles of Microfungi .................. 112
6.2.3 Process of Sphagnum Decomposition .................. 114
6.3 Conclusions ........................................ 116
References................................................. 118
7 Decomposition in Boreal Peatlands................... 125
Tim Moore and Nate Basiliko
7.1 Introduction ....................................... 125
7.2 Litter Decomposition ............................... 125
X
Contents
7.2.1 Controls on Litter Decomposition .................. 128
7.2.2 Peat Decomposition................................. 132
7.3 Conclusions ....................................... . 139
References................................................. 140
8 Primary Production in Boreal Peatlands ............. 145
R. Kelman Wieder
8.1 Introduction ....................................... 145
8.2 Sphagnum Production................................. 146
8.2.1 Nitrogen ........................................... 146
8.2.2 Other Nutrient Effects on Production ............... 147
8.2.2.1 Sulfur.............................................. 147
8.2.2.2 Phosphorus and Potassium............................ 148
8.2.3 Carbon Dioxide ..................................... 148
8.2.4 Climate and Moisture................................ 149
8.3 True Moss Production............................... 150
8.4 Herbaceous Species and Field Layer Production ...... 151
8.5 Shrub Production ................................... 152
8.6 Tree Production .................................... 154
8.7 Conclusions ........................................ 157
References.................................................. 159
9 Carbon in Boreal Peatlands........................... 165
Harri Vasander and Anu Kettunen
9.1 Introduction ........................................ 165
9.2 Carbon Cycle in Peatlands............................ 166
9.3 Carbon Dioxide Uptake and Release.................... 169
9.4 The Methane Cycle in Wet Ecosystems.................. 173
9.4.1 Substrate Supply.................................... 173
9.4.2 Acetate and Hydrogen Pathways ....................... 174
9.4.3 Methane Production................................... 175
9.4.4 Methane Oxidation ................................... 176
9.4.5 Methane Transport ................................... 176
9.4.6 Relations Between Environmental Factors
and Methane Flux ................................... 177
9.5 Conclusions ......................................... 180
References.................................................. 181
Contents XI
10 The Nitrogen Cycle in Boreal Peatlands................... . 195
Juul Limpens, Monique M.P.D. Heijmans,
and Frank Berendse
10.1 Introduction .........................................
10.2 The Peatland Nitrogen Cycle ..........................
10.2.1 Inputs................................................
10.2.1.1 Nitrogen Deposition...................................
10.2.1.2 Nitrogen Fixation ....................................
10.2.1.3 Nitrogen Inflow ......................................
10.2.2 Outputs...............................................
10.2.2.1 Runoff................................................
10.2.2.2 Denitrification.......................................
10.2.2.3 Volatilization........................................
10.2.3 Storage ..............................................
10.2.3.1 Peat .................................................
10.2.3.2 Plants................................................
10.2.3.3 Moss..................................................
10.2.3.4 Microbes .............................................
10.2.3.5 Water ................................................
10.3 Within-Ecosystem Nitrogen Cycling.....................
10.3.1 Nitrogen Retention in Sphagnum........................
10.3.2 Retranslocation ......................................
10.3.3 Mineralization........................................
10.4 Discussion ...........................................
10.4.1 Nitrogen Budgets of Boreal Peatlands .................
10.4.1.1 Conceptual Nitrogen Budget ...........................
L0.4.1.2 Nitrogen Uptake by Sphagnum...........................
10.4.1.3 Nitrogen Uptake by Vascular Plants and Mineralization
LO.4.2 Effects of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition .............
*40.4.2.1 Nitrogen Availability................................
110.4.2.2 Productivity ........................................
04.2.3 Feedbacks and Carbon Accumulation ....................
0.5 Conclusions ..........................................
Terences....................................................
Phosphorus in Boreal Peatlands.......................
Mark R. Walbridge and John A. Navaratnam
195
196
196
196
199
200
200
201
202
202
203
203
205
206
206
206
207
207
212
213
215
215
215
216
217
217
217
218
219
221
221
231
Introduction
Methods
231
232
XII Contents
11.3 Phophorus Cycling and Availability in Boreal Peatlands -
Theoretical Framework............................... 233
11.3.1 Weathering, Pedogenesis, and Primary Succession .... 233
11.4 Peatland Development, N-P Balance,
and Anthropogenic Effects ............................... 235
11.5 Biological and Geochemical Control
of Phosphorus Cycling in Boreal Peatlands ............... 237
11.6 Stoichiometric Analysis.................................. 238
11.6.1 Plant Tissues ........................................... 238
11.6.2 Surface Soils ...................................; . 248
11.6.3 Surface Waters ..................................... 251
11.7 Suggestions for Future Research......................... 254
11.8 Conclusions ........................................... 255
References........................................................ 255
12 Sulfur Cycling in Boreal Peatlands:
From Acid Rain to Global Climate Change ................. 259
Melanie A. Vile and Martin Novák
12.1 Introduction ............................................ 259
12.2 Sulfur Cycle: Peatlands Function as a Source, Sink,
and Transformer of Sulfur ............................. 262
12.3 The Role of Sulfur in the Carbon Balance of Peatlands . . 264
12.3.1 Sulfate Reduction in Peatlands .......................... 264
12.3.2 Effect of Atmospheric Sulfur Deposition
on Peatland C02 Production .............................. 266
12.3.3 Effect of Atmospheric Sulfur Deposition
on CH4 Cycling in Peatlands ............................ 271
12.3.4 Summary and Future Research.............................. 272
12.4 The Fate and Stability of Peatland Sulfur ............... 273
12.5 The Role of Sulfur in Methylating Mercury
and Dimethyl Sulfide Formation........................... 278
12.6 The Importance of Volatile Sulfur Compounds
from Peatlands........................................... 280
12.7 Conclusions ............................................ 280
References........................................................ 281
Contents XIII
13 The Hydrology of Boreal Peatlands ................... 289
Donald I. Siegel and Paul Glaser
13.1 Introduction ........................................ 289
13.2 Basic Principles .................................... 290
13.3 Modeling the Hydrodynamics
of Groundwater Flow Systems in Peatlands ........ 294
13.3.1 Analytical Approaches................................ 294
13.3.2 Numerical Approaches ............................... 297
13.4 Transient Hydraulic Conditions ...................... 298
13.5 Geochemical Methods to Verify Groundwater Models . . 300
13.5.1 Geochemical Tracers.................................. 300
13.5.2 Isotopic Geochemcial Methods......................... 304
13.5.2.1 The Stable Isotopes of Water ........................ 305
13.5.2.2 Isotopes Related to Radiogenic Decay................. 305
13.6 Conclusions ........................................ 307
References.................................................. 307
14 Modeling Ecosystem Processes and Peat Accumulation
in Boreal Peatlands ................................. 313
ZlCHENG Yu
14.1 Introduction ........................................ 313
14.2 Model Overview....................................... 314
14.3 Long-Term Trajectory of Peat Accumulation ........... 315
14.4 Causes of Convex Accumulation Patterns............... 319
14.5 Modeling Ecosystem Processes in Peatlands ........... 321
14.6 Intermediate Models and Projecting Peatland Dynamics 323
14.7 Conclusions ......................................... 326
-References................................................... 327
Forestry and Boreal Peatlands........................ 331
Jukka Laine, Raija Laiho, Kari Minkkinen,
and Harri Vasander
Introduction ........................................ 331
ii Effects of Water-Level Drawdown
on the Soil Environment.............................. 332
Increase in Aerobic Limit............................ 332
Increased Acidity.................................... 332
Changes in Soil Physical Properties ................. 333
XIV
Contents
15.2.4 Effects on Microbial Environment..................... 334
15.2.5 Nutrient Conditions................................. 334
15.3 Plant-Mediated Organic Matter Dynamics .............. 336
15.3.1 Plant Biomass Production............................. 336
15.3.2 Litter Inputs ....................................... 339
15.3.3 Decomposition....................................... 340
15.4 Effect on Carbon Balance and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes .. 341
15.4.1 Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle in Peatlands............... 341
15.4.2 Changes in Carbon Dioxide Fluxes..................... 341
15.4.3 Leaching of Carbon .................................. 342
15.4.4 Decrease in Methane Emissions ....................... 343
15.4.5 Increase in Nitrous Oxide Emissions
in Nutrient-Rich Peatlands .......................... 343
15.4.6 Greenhouse Impact of Drainage ....................... 344
15.5 Restoration of Peatlands Drained for Forestry ....... 345
15.5.1 Needs and Aims of Restoration........................ 345
15.5.2 Restoring Drained Peatlands to Promote Landscape
and Species Diversity .............................. 346
15.5.3 Changes in Water Quality After Restoration....... . . 347
15.5.4 Conclusions ......................................... 348
References................................................... 349
16 Disturbance in Boreal Peatlands..................... 359
Merritt R. Turetsky and Vincent L. St. Louis
16.1 Introduction ....................................... 359
16.2 Herbivory/Grazing................................... 360
16.2.1 Herbivory........................................... 360
16.2.2 Animal Husbandry ................................... 361
16.3 Biomass Burning..................................... 361
16.4 Flooding/Inundation ................................ 363
16.4.1 Beaver Damming...................................... 363
16.4.2 Reservoir Creation................................. 363
16.4.3 Thermokarst......................................... 364
16.5 Water Table Drawdown ............................... 364
16.5.1 Peat Extraction..................................... 365
16.5.2 Forestry........................................... . 366
16.5.3 Agriculture......................................... 367
16.6 Acid Rain.......................................... . 367
16.7 Other Disturbances ................................. 368
16.7.1 Ice Storms ......................................... 369
Contents
XV
16.7.2 Insect Outbreaks...................................... 369
16.7.3 Linear Disturbances.................................. 369
16.8 Feedbacks............................................. 370
16.8.1 Cumulative Impacts.................................... 370
16.8.2 Climate-Disturbance Interactions...................... 371
16.9 Conclusions .......................................... 371
References ................................................. 372
17 Restoration of Degraded Boreal Peatlands ......... 381
Line Rochefort and Elve Lode
17.1
17.1.1
17.1.2
17.1.3
17.2
17.3
17.3.1
17.3.2
17.3.3
17.3.4
17.3.5
17.3.5.1
17.3.5.2
17.3.6
17.3.7
17.4
17.4.1
L 7.4.2
17.4.3
Introduction ...........................
Goals of Peatland Restoration...........
Conservation............................
Topics of This Chapter..................
Background on Habitat Loss .............
Factors Influencing Plant Establishment
on Degraded Peatlands ..................
General Approach .......................
Dissemination .............................
Microclimate............................
Hydrology ..............................
Peat Stability and Quality..............
Erosion....................................
Frost Heaving .............................
Species Interactions.......................
Climatic Conditions.....................
Overview of Restoration Practices.......
Planning ...............................
Surface Preparation ....................
Plant Material Choice and Spreading . . . .
Diaspoře Protection.....................
Fertilization ..........................
Blocking Drainage and Rewetting ........
Pool Creation...........................
Time to “Recovery” .....................
The Future of Peatland Restoration Research
Climate Influence ......................
Management Approach ....................
Restoration of Fens ....................
Sphagnum Farming and Nursery............
381
382
383
383
384
385
385
389
391
394
398
398
399
402
404
404
405
406
407
410
411
411
412
412
415
415
415
415
416
XVI Contents
17.5.5 Creation of Sphagnum-Dominated Peatlands............. 416
17.6 Conclusions ........................................ 416
References................................................... 417
18 Boreal Peatland Ecosystems: Our Carbon Heritage . . . 425
Dale H. Vitt and R. Kelman Wieder
Subject Index................................................ 431
|
| adam_txt |
№ Ín
Contents
1 Peatlands and the Boreal Forest . 1
R. Kelman Wieder, Dale H. Vitt, and Brian W. Benscoter
2 Functional Characteristics and Indicators
of Boreal Peatlands . 9
Dale H. Vitt
2.1 Introduction . 9
2.2 Peatland Initiation. 10
2.3 Critical Factors for Peatland Diversification. 10
2.3.1 Hydrology . 11
2.3.2 Climate . 11
2.3.3 Vegetation and Flora. 14
2.3.4 Vegetation Comparisons . 15
2.3.5 Floristic Indicators. 16
2.3.6 Substrate . 17
2.3.7 Chemistry . 17
2.4 The Functional Grades of Boreal Wetlands . 19
2.4.1 The Wetland Grade . 19
2.4.2 The Peatland Grade . 20
.4.3 The Fen Grade . 20
.4.4 The Bog Grade. 21
2.5 Conclusions . 21
eferences. 22
■ ■
The Postglacial Development of Boreal
and Subarctic Peatlands. 25
Peter Kuhry and Jukka Turunen
Introduction
Study area
Methods
25
26
26
VIII
Contents
3.4 Regional Patterns in Peatland Development. 28
3.4.1 Peat Inception and Cessation Dates . 28
3.4.2 Peatland Lateral Expansion Rates . 29
3.5 Developmental Pathways in Peatlands. 31
3.5.1 Primary Peatland Formation, Paludification,
and Terrestrialization . 31
3.5.2 Vegetation Succession and Pattern Development. 32
3.6 The Effects of Fire and Permafrost. 34
3.6.1 Peat Fires. 34
3.6.2 Permafrost Dynamics. 35
3.7 Peat Accumulation Rates . 37
3.7.1 Concepts . 37
3.7.2 Regional Patterns . 38
3.8 Conclusions . 40
References. 41
4 The Role of Sphagnum in Peatland Development
and Persistence. 47
HÂKAN Rydin, Urban Gunnarsson,
and Sebastian Sundberg
4.1 Introduction . 47
4.2 Morphology and Water Relations. 49
4.3 Sphagnum Chemistry: Nutrition, Acidification,
and Decay. 50
4.4 Interactions Between Sphagnum and Vascular Plants . . 51
4.5 Dispersal, Colonization, and Expansion. 52
4.6 Dynamics and Persistence in Sphagnum Assemblages . . 55
4.6.1 Fine-Scale Dynamics over 1-10 years . 56
4.6.2 Dynamics over Several Decades . 57
4.6.3 Long-Term Dynamics and Coexistence
Among Sphagnum Species . 59
4.7 Conclusions . 61
References. 61
5 Peatland Fauna. 67
André Desrochers and Gert-Jan van Duinen
5.1 Introduction . 67
5.2 Not One, but Many Wildlife Habitats. 69
5.3 Species Diversity and Distribution. 70
Contents
IX
5.3.1 Invertebrates. 71
5.3.1.1 Species Richness. 71
5.3.1.2 Latitudinal Variation and Temperature . 72
5.3.1.3 Environmental Factors . 73
5.3.2 Amphibians and Reptiles. 75
5.3.3 Birds. 76
5.3.3.1 Avian Diversity Patterns. 77
5.3.3.2 The Role of Vegetation Structure. 82
5.3.3.3 Landscape and Spatial Issues. 82
5.3.4 Mammals. 84
5.4 Conservation Issues. 85
5.4.1 Urban Sprawl. 86
5.4.2 Agriculture and Forestry . 86
5.4.3 Nutrient Enrichment . 87
5.4.4 Peat Harvest . 89
5.4.5 Peatland Restoration. 90
5.5 Conclusions . 93
References. 94
6 The Role of Fungi in Boreal Peatlands. 101
Markus N. Thormann
6.1 Introduction . 101
6.2 Decomposition of Organic Matter . 102
6.2.1 Role of Fungi in Decomposition Dynamics. 102
6.2.1.1 Fungal Species Richness in Peatlands . 102
6.2.1.2 Saprobes . . 105
6.2.1.3 Mycorrhizas and Other Root Endophytes. 106
6.2.2 Litter Quality. 109
6.2.2.1 Microfungal Community Analyses. 109
6.2.2.2 Enzymatic Profiles of Microfungi . 112
6.2.3 Process of Sphagnum Decomposition . 114
6.3 Conclusions . 116
References. 118
7 Decomposition in Boreal Peatlands. 125
Tim Moore and Nate Basiliko
7.1 Introduction . 125
7.2 Litter Decomposition . 125
X
Contents
7.2.1 Controls on Litter Decomposition . 128
7.2.2 Peat Decomposition. 132
7.3 Conclusions . . 139
References. 140
8 Primary Production in Boreal Peatlands . 145
R. Kelman Wieder
8.1 Introduction . 145
8.2 Sphagnum Production. 146
8.2.1 Nitrogen . 146
8.2.2 Other Nutrient Effects on Production . 147
8.2.2.1 Sulfur. 147
8.2.2.2 Phosphorus and Potassium. 148
8.2.3 Carbon Dioxide . 148
8.2.4 Climate and Moisture. 149
8.3 True Moss Production. 150
8.4 Herbaceous Species and Field Layer Production . 151
8.5 Shrub Production . 152
8.6 Tree Production . 154
8.7 Conclusions . 157
References. 159
9 Carbon in Boreal Peatlands. 165
Harri Vasander and Anu Kettunen
9.1 Introduction . 165
9.2 Carbon Cycle in Peatlands. 166
9.3 Carbon Dioxide Uptake and Release. 169
9.4 The Methane Cycle in Wet Ecosystems. 173
9.4.1 Substrate Supply. 173
9.4.2 Acetate and Hydrogen Pathways . 174
9.4.3 Methane Production. 175
9.4.4 Methane Oxidation . 176
9.4.5 Methane Transport . 176
9.4.6 Relations Between Environmental Factors
and Methane Flux . 177
9.5 Conclusions . 180
References. 181
Contents XI
10 The Nitrogen Cycle in Boreal Peatlands. . 195
Juul Limpens, Monique M.P.D. Heijmans,
and Frank Berendse
10.1 Introduction .
10.2 The Peatland Nitrogen Cycle .
10.2.1 Inputs.
10.2.1.1 Nitrogen Deposition.
10.2.1.2 Nitrogen Fixation .
10.2.1.3 Nitrogen Inflow .
10.2.2 Outputs.
10.2.2.1 Runoff.
10.2.2.2 Denitrification.
10.2.2.3 Volatilization.
10.2.3 Storage .
10.2.3.1 Peat .
10.2.3.2 Plants.
10.2.3.3 Moss.
10.2.3.4 Microbes .
10.2.3.5 Water .
10.3 Within-Ecosystem Nitrogen Cycling.
10.3.1 Nitrogen Retention in Sphagnum.
10.3.2 Retranslocation .
10.3.3 Mineralization.
10.4 Discussion .
10.4.1 Nitrogen Budgets of Boreal Peatlands .
10.4.1.1 Conceptual Nitrogen Budget .
L0.4.1.2 Nitrogen Uptake by Sphagnum.
10.4.1.3 Nitrogen Uptake by Vascular Plants and Mineralization
LO.4.2 Effects of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition .
*40.4.2.1 Nitrogen Availability.
110.4.2.2 Productivity .
04.2.3 Feedbacks and Carbon Accumulation .
0.5 Conclusions .
Terences.
Phosphorus in Boreal Peatlands.
Mark R. Walbridge and John A. Navaratnam
195
196
196
196
199
200
200
201
202
202
203
203
205
206
206
206
207
207
212
213
215
215
215
216
217
217
217
218
219
221
221
231
Introduction
Methods
231
232
XII Contents
11.3 Phophorus Cycling and Availability in Boreal Peatlands -
Theoretical Framework. 233
11.3.1 Weathering, Pedogenesis, and Primary Succession . 233
11.4 Peatland Development, N-P Balance,
and Anthropogenic Effects . 235
11.5 Biological and Geochemical Control
of Phosphorus Cycling in Boreal Peatlands . 237
11.6 Stoichiometric Analysis. 238
11.6.1 Plant Tissues . 238
11.6.2 Surface Soils .; . 248
11.6.3 Surface Waters . 251
11.7 Suggestions for Future Research. 254
11.8 Conclusions . 255
References. 255
12 Sulfur Cycling in Boreal Peatlands:
From Acid Rain to Global Climate Change . 259
Melanie A. Vile and Martin Novák
12.1 Introduction . 259
12.2 Sulfur Cycle: Peatlands Function as a Source, Sink,
and Transformer of Sulfur . 262
12.3 The Role of Sulfur in the Carbon Balance of Peatlands . . 264
12.3.1 Sulfate Reduction in Peatlands . 264
12.3.2 Effect of Atmospheric Sulfur Deposition
on Peatland C02 Production . 266
12.3.3 Effect of Atmospheric Sulfur Deposition
on CH4 Cycling in Peatlands . 271
12.3.4 Summary and Future Research. 272
12.4 The Fate and Stability of Peatland Sulfur . 273
12.5 The Role of Sulfur in Methylating Mercury
and Dimethyl Sulfide Formation. 278
12.6 The Importance of Volatile Sulfur Compounds
from Peatlands. 280
12.7 Conclusions . 280
References. 281
Contents XIII
13 The Hydrology of Boreal Peatlands . 289
Donald I. Siegel and Paul Glaser
13.1 Introduction . 289
13.2 Basic Principles . 290
13.3 Modeling the Hydrodynamics
of Groundwater Flow Systems in Peatlands . 294
13.3.1 Analytical Approaches. 294
13.3.2 Numerical Approaches . 297
13.4 Transient Hydraulic Conditions . 298
13.5 Geochemical Methods to Verify Groundwater Models . . 300
13.5.1 Geochemical Tracers. 300
13.5.2 Isotopic Geochemcial Methods. 304
13.5.2.1 The Stable Isotopes of Water . 305
13.5.2.2 Isotopes Related to Radiogenic Decay. 305
13.6 Conclusions . 307
References. 307
14 Modeling Ecosystem Processes and Peat Accumulation
in Boreal Peatlands . 313
ZlCHENG Yu
14.1 Introduction . 313
14.2 Model Overview. 314
14.3 Long-Term Trajectory of Peat Accumulation . 315
14.4 Causes of Convex Accumulation Patterns. 319
14.5 Modeling Ecosystem Processes in Peatlands . 321
14.6 Intermediate Models and Projecting Peatland Dynamics 323
14.7 Conclusions . 326
-References. 327
Forestry and Boreal Peatlands. 331
Jukka Laine, Raija Laiho, Kari Minkkinen,
and Harri Vasander
Introduction . 331
ii Effects of Water-Level Drawdown
on the Soil Environment. 332
Increase in Aerobic Limit. 332
Increased Acidity. 332
Changes in Soil Physical Properties . 333
XIV
Contents
15.2.4 Effects on Microbial Environment. 334
15.2.5 Nutrient Conditions. 334
15.3 Plant-Mediated Organic Matter Dynamics . 336
15.3.1 Plant Biomass Production. 336
15.3.2 Litter Inputs . 339
15.3.3 Decomposition. 340
15.4 Effect on Carbon Balance and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes . 341
15.4.1 Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle in Peatlands. 341
15.4.2 Changes in Carbon Dioxide Fluxes. 341
15.4.3 Leaching of Carbon . 342
15.4.4 Decrease in Methane Emissions . 343
15.4.5 Increase in Nitrous Oxide Emissions
in Nutrient-Rich Peatlands . 343
15.4.6 Greenhouse Impact of Drainage . 344
15.5 Restoration of Peatlands Drained for Forestry . 345
15.5.1 Needs and Aims of Restoration. 345
15.5.2 Restoring Drained Peatlands to Promote Landscape
and Species Diversity . 346
15.5.3 Changes in Water Quality After Restoration.'. . 347
15.5.4 Conclusions . 348
References. 349
16 Disturbance in Boreal Peatlands. 359
Merritt R. Turetsky and Vincent L. St. Louis
16.1 Introduction . 359
16.2 Herbivory/Grazing. 360
16.2.1 Herbivory. 360
16.2.2 Animal Husbandry . 361
16.3 Biomass Burning. 361
16.4 Flooding/Inundation . 363
16.4.1 Beaver Damming. 363
16.4.2 Reservoir Creation. 363
16.4.3 Thermokarst. 364
16.5 Water Table Drawdown . 364
16.5.1 Peat Extraction. 365
16.5.2 Forestry. . 366
16.5.3 Agriculture. 367
16.6 Acid Rain. . 367
16.7 Other Disturbances . 368
16.7.1 Ice Storms . 369
Contents
XV
16.7.2 Insect Outbreaks. 369
16.7.3 Linear Disturbances. 369
16.8 Feedbacks. 370
16.8.1 Cumulative Impacts. 370
16.8.2 Climate-Disturbance Interactions. 371
16.9 Conclusions . 371
References . 372
17 Restoration of Degraded Boreal Peatlands . 381
Line Rochefort and Elve Lode
17.1
17.1.1
17.1.2
17.1.3
17.2
17.3
17.3.1
17.3.2
17.3.3
17.3.4
17.3.5
17.3.5.1
17.3.5.2
17.3.6
17.3.7
17.4
17.4.1
L 7.4.2
17.4.3
Introduction .
Goals of Peatland Restoration.
Conservation.
Topics of This Chapter.
Background on Habitat Loss .
Factors Influencing Plant Establishment
on Degraded Peatlands .
General Approach .
Dissemination .
Microclimate.
Hydrology .
Peat Stability and Quality.
Erosion.
Frost Heaving .
Species Interactions.
Climatic Conditions.
Overview of Restoration Practices.
Planning .
Surface Preparation .
Plant Material Choice and Spreading . . . .
Diaspoře Protection.
Fertilization .
Blocking Drainage and Rewetting .
Pool Creation.
Time to “Recovery” .
The Future of Peatland Restoration Research
Climate Influence .
Management Approach .
Restoration of Fens .
Sphagnum Farming and Nursery.
381
382
383
383
384
385
385
389
391
394
398
398
399
402
404
404
405
406
407
410
411
411
412
412
415
415
415
415
416
XVI Contents
17.5.5 Creation of Sphagnum-Dominated Peatlands. 416
17.6 Conclusions . 416
References. 417
18 Boreal Peatland Ecosystems: Our Carbon Heritage . . . 425
Dale H. Vitt and R. Kelman Wieder
Subject Index. 431 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021693044 |
| classification_rvk | RY 82507 RY 84507 WI 1300 |
| classification_tum | BIO 144f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)181533233 (DE-599)BVBBV021693044 |
| discipline | Biologie Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie Geographie |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02158nam a2200529 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV021693044</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20071107 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">060810s2006 gw abd| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3540319123</subfield><subfield code="c">Gb. : ca. EUR 139.05 (freier Pr.), ca. sfr 220.00 (freier Pr.)</subfield><subfield code="9">3-540-31912-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783540319122</subfield><subfield code="9">978-3-540-31912-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)181533233</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV021693044</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">gw</subfield><subfield code="c">XA-DE-BE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-M49</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-634</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-83</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">RY 82507</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)142552:12756</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">RY 84507</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)142553:12756</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">WI 1300</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)148755:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">BIO 144f</subfield><subfield code="2">stub</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">570</subfield><subfield code="2">sdnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Boreal peatland ecosystems</subfield><subfield code="b">with 22 tables</subfield><subfield code="c">R. K. Wieder ... (eds.)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Berlin [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">Springer</subfield><subfield code="c">2006</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XX, 435 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.</subfield><subfield code="c">235 mm x 155 mm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ecological Studies</subfield><subfield code="v">188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Moorlandschaft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4356439-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Ökosystem</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4043216-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Moor</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4040195-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Boreale Region</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4080470-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4143413-4</subfield><subfield code="a">Aufsatzsammlung</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Boreale Region</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4080470-7</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Moorlandschaft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4356439-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Ökosystem</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4043216-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Moor</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4040195-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Boreale Region</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4080470-7</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Ökosystem</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4043216-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="C">b</subfield><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Wieder, R. K.</subfield><subfield code="e">Sonstige</subfield><subfield code="4">oth</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Ecological Studies</subfield><subfield code="v">188</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV000004586</subfield><subfield code="9">188</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">KOBV Fremddatenuebernahme</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014907089&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014907089</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Boreale Region (DE-588)4080470-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Boreale Region |
| id | DE-604.BV021693044 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:15:01Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:41:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540319123 9783540319122 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014907089 |
| oclc_num | 181533233 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-703 DE-12 DE-634 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-703 DE-12 DE-634 DE-83 DE-11 DE-188 |
| physical | XX, 435 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 235 mm x 155 mm |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Ecological Studies |
| series2 | Ecological Studies |
| spelling | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables R. K. Wieder ... (eds.) Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2006 XX, 435 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 235 mm x 155 mm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ecological Studies 188 Moorlandschaft (DE-588)4356439-2 gnd rswk-swf Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd rswk-swf Moor (DE-588)4040195-9 gnd rswk-swf Boreale Region (DE-588)4080470-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Boreale Region (DE-588)4080470-7 g Moorlandschaft (DE-588)4356439-2 s Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 s DE-604 Moor (DE-588)4040195-9 s b DE-604 Wieder, R. K. Sonstige oth Ecological Studies 188 (DE-604)BV000004586 188 KOBV Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014907089&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables Ecological Studies Moorlandschaft (DE-588)4356439-2 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Moor (DE-588)4040195-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4356439-2 (DE-588)4043216-6 (DE-588)4040195-9 (DE-588)4080470-7 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables |
| title_auth | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables |
| title_exact_search | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables |
| title_full | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables R. K. Wieder ... (eds.) |
| title_fullStr | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables R. K. Wieder ... (eds.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables R. K. Wieder ... (eds.) |
| title_short | Boreal peatland ecosystems |
| title_sort | boreal peatland ecosystems with 22 tables |
| title_sub | with 22 tables |
| topic | Moorlandschaft (DE-588)4356439-2 gnd Ökosystem (DE-588)4043216-6 gnd Moor (DE-588)4040195-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Moorlandschaft Ökosystem Moor Boreale Region Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014907089&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000004586 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wiederrk borealpeatlandecosystemswith22tables |