Vaksevo - praistoričeski selišta:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Veliko Tărnovo
Faber
2001
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Vaxevo - prehistoric settlements |
| Beschreibung: | 253 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9547750674 |
Internformat
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| 300 | |a 253 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Vaxevo - prehistoric settlements | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135467861409792 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | VAXEVO-PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENTS
Summary
Southeastern from the Kjustendil valley (in the Strouma River basin) is situated the historically
geographical region of Pijanetz. In the center of this region is the village of Vaxevo, dispersed in
hamlets on the both banks of the
Elešnitza
river (right tributary to Strouma). On the lands of this village
in different stages had been studied three prehistoric settlements
-
two in the locality
Studena voda
(1989-1995)
and one in
Skaléto
(1989-1990).
The researches were financially supported by the Historical Museum in Kjustendil, where all the
discovered materials are stored.
Chapter I.
The site in the locality
Studena voda
is situated on the first non-floating river terrace on the left
bank of
Elešnitza
River. The place is a large terrace, slightly sloping to the East. The absolute altitude
is about
550-554
m
above the sea level. Prehistoric materials are discovered around an area of about
8-10
DKx
The trench
№ 1
from
1989
year has East-West orientation. The escavated area is
24
square meters.
There had been recognized three building horizons
-
two (I-th and Il-th) in the lower layer and one (III-
th) in the next
-
the gray layer.
The two following years
(1990-1991)
the excavations continued in a new trench
(№ 2)
with an
area of
160
sq. meters. The cultural layer is
1,40-1,60
m s thick and there had been recognized seven
building horizons, distributed in three layers.
For the period
1992-1995
the excavations continued in the trench
№ 3
on an area of
640
sq.
meters. The maximal thickness of the cultural layer in this trench is
2,20
m. The stratigraphical conclu¬
sions, drawn from trench
№ 2
were completely confirmed here.
The total excavated area of this site is
824
sq. meters. Seven building horizons are distributed in
the three recognized layers: two (I-th and
П
-th)
in the lower (the brown) layer are from the Early
Neolithic, characterized by the white painted pottery; two
(ΙΠ
-th
and IV-th) in the middle (gray) layer
are from the final of the Early Neolithic, characterized by the brown painted pottery and from the
Middle Neolithic, characterized by the black polished pottery; three horizons (V-th, Vl-th and Vll-th),
respectively from the Late Chalkolithic, the final of the Late Chalkolithic and from Early Bronze Age,
in the upper (gray-brown)layer. There have to be at least one more horizon from the
EBA
(completely
destroyed) in the plugging zone. Despite the agricultural activities in present days, the prehistoric
layers are interrupted by activities during the Late Antiquity and the Early Medieval (DC-X century).
Traces from these sometimes reach
1
meter deep.
Chapter
П.
The discovered Early Neolithic houses are constructed by planted in the ground posts and a wattle
plastered with clay. The houses have NW/SE orientation. The walls are comparatively wide
-
from
0,45-0,84
m.
In the eastern profile of trench
№ 2
was discovered a S profiled deposit vessel grounded in the
floor.
The ovens are made from piled to
0,10
m
river stones, and the plaster is about
0,02
m
thick.
It had been discovered a kind of defensive construction, studied in substructure. Two almost
parallel ditches respectively
5
and
10
m
long and
0,30-0,40
m
wide compose it. The ditches are
0,30
m
deep and a meter apart each other. Certainly some thick posts were planted in them and afterwards
a wattle was made, and the space between the two fences was filled with clay.
250
A burned house from Vl-th horizon had also been studied. It has rectangular plan and its size is
7,25/5,50.
Its orientation is NE/SW. It is constructed by piles and wattle plastered with clay. In the
southern half there were the quern and the loom, and in the northern
-
the extraterrestrial hearth with
the shape of a square.
Chapter
Ш.
In this chapter is done a typological description and use-ware analysis of the discovered
67
flint
artifacts.
Marija
Gürova
does all the analyses of the flint assemblage. The following typological groups
were defined: end-scrapers, piercers, straight truncated blade, combined tool, retouched blades (this
group is the most numerous) etc. In the functional aspect the following tools were identified as; sickle
elements, knives for vegetal material (cane), tools for scraping wood and leather, knives for cutting
meat and fresh hide, tools for pottery making.
16
flintstone raw materials are described.
206
stone tools were discovered in the site. They are distributed in the following groups; adzes
(65,17 %
from the total number) chisels
(23,03 %),
hoes
(1,45 %),
wedges
(1,45%),
pestles
(6,37 %),
^indefinable and weights. It is done a typology of each group and for every type is given its percentage
distribution in horizons.
There had been studied
80
loom-weights. Besides the common typology, a special attention is
paid to the collective finds. The weight of the loom-weights varies between
340-900
gr. Some data
about
24
of so called sling bullets , weighting between
50-65
gr., is also included.
A copper wedge had been discovered in the V-th horizon. The almost foil coincidence with the
size and shape of the wedge from Djakovo, chronologically earlier, is impressing. The strong corrosion
of the Vaxevo wedge is reducing its weight
(235
gr.) and because of this the difference in the weight of
the two wedges is about
20
gr. The similarities in the two wedges, discovered in asynchronous settle¬
ments, gives a reason to suppose that in the region there had been a certain standardization of the
production of copper wedges. The high content of arsenic in the copper very probably is a result of the
exhaustion of the pure copper on the surface and need occurred to extract the copper in depth.
Tzvetana
Popova
does the paleobothanic survey. Some carbonized corns were investigated. Bar¬
ley (Hordeum
vulgare var. vulgare)
is predominant. There also had been found some wheat
(Trìtìkum
monococcum; Tritihum dicoccum;
Trìtìkum
compactom), rye
(Secale cereale).
In one of the speci¬
mens had been found two pieces of carbonized oak.
German-Bulgarian team including H.-P. Uerpmann, M. Uerpmann and L. Ninov does the
arhchaeolozoological survey. Their investigation identifies the following five domesticated spices;
cattle, sheep, pig, goat and dog. The wild animals are represented by the following nine spices: au¬
rochs, deer, roe, wild swine, fox, badger, otter, beaver and hare. The correlation between the bones of
wild and domesticated animals is well represented in detailed tables fore every layer, as the preferred
bones for tool production. During the Early Neolithic me amount of the bones of domesticated and
wild mammals in percentage is
69,8 %
and
28,4 %,
during the Middle Neolithic
- 74,6 %
and
24,9 %,
during the Late Chalkolithic
- 86,8 %
and
13 %.
The correlation between the bones of domesticated
and wild animals used in tool making is about
5:1.
Chapter IV.
It is done a detailed characteristic of the pottery (technology, shape and decoration) from each
horizon.
The earlyest two horizons are characterized only by white painted decoration. It is pointed to
numerous analogies of the shapes and the decoration from the early neolithic sites from the Strouma
river basin and the neighbour regions
-
from the Carpathian to the
Vardar
basin and the Eastern Alba¬
nia. It is proved with very concrete materials the hypotheticaly supposed by M.
Cohadžiev
phase la of
the Early Neolithic in the Strouma basin.
251
The next (Ill-th) horizon is characterized only by the brown painted decoration. During this phase,
the area of Western Bulgaria completely felt under the influence of the
Starčevo
culture. The research
of a clean horizon with brown painted pottery is a contribution to the subdivision of the early Neolithic
stage with dark painted decoration.
The pottery from the next (IV-th) horizon didn t know the painted decoration. Its characteristic
outlook gives the black or gray-black pottery with polished surface. In the ware from the horizon it can
be discovered early Neolithic shapes together with decorations, marking the tendencies for the late
Neolithic stages. After a precise analysis and giving analogies, the possibility for establishing of Middle
Neolithic period is arguemented. A period synchronous to the polychrome decoration stage in north¬
western Bulgaria and Karanovo
П-Ш
stage in Trace.
Having in mind the pottery from the V-th horizon and its analogies, it can be pointed that the
horizon has chronological position later than the sites in
Slatino
and Djakovo, but earlier than Vaxevo
Skaleto . This means that its place is in the first phase of the Late Chalkolithic in the Strouma basin.
The pottery, discovered in the Vt-th horizon is new, unknown for the Strouma basin phenomenon.
Part of this pottery was discovered in a burned house, i.e. closed complex. An innovation for the region
is the adding to the clay of pounded mollusk shells. The ware is not well backed, the surface is rough
and easy turns to powder. Vertical handles starting from the rim are missing. There is a complete
deficiency of the painted decoration. Only the relief decoration is used
-
pricked, incised and scratched.
All these features give the chance to suppose that this horizon is marking the
Ш
phase of the Late
Chalkolithic in the Strouma
basm.
The characteristic of this phase is the degradation and decline of the
late Chalkolithic culture. This phase is the last stage of the existing of the Chalkolithic tradition. The
results of the research at present point that the phase is followed by the earliest Early Bronze Age
horizons.
The pottery from Vll-th horizon could be divided into two basic groups, probably having different
chronological position within the frames of the
ЕВА
-
the later one is from a completely destroyed
horizon. The two phases of
ЕВА
have their analogies in the stages
Boleráz
(Baden I)
-
Cernavoda
Ш
-
Sitagroi IV and Baden
ПІ
-IV
-
Coţofeni
Π
-
Bubanj
Hum
її
-
Sitagroi
Val
.
Chapter
V.
Special attention is paid to one three fingered anthropomorphic depiction incised on the bottom of
a vessel from V-th horizon. Analogies are given, mainly from the Strouma basin
-
from the Early
Neolithic and from the Early Chalkolithic, and from the areas of the prehistoric cultures Tripolie,
Lengiel and Scakalhad. Some comments on the relief three fingered hand and of hands from clay
anthropomorphic figurines from the Early Neolithic.
Several clay figurines are discovered in Vaxevo. The earliest of them originate from the levels
with the white painted pottery. They are characterized by stheatopigy, flat upper half, incised or pricked
(with nail or instrument) decoration. For the period with dark painted pottery are typical the long
headed figurines, which have a tendency of depicting a flat pate. With the appearance of the black and
gray-black polished pottery (IV-th horizon) begins the production of the beak-like figurines, sculp¬
tures with flat head and hands aside along with their derivative
-
the bell-like hollow figurines. The
last group has its own development, but not represented in Vaxevo. The late Chalkolithic figurine from
V-th horizon has incised decoration, which is similar to the decoration typical for the Early Chalkolithic.
In the Vl-th horizon are discovered two figurines which are very summary and without decoration.
The animal figurines are, in comparison with the other sites in the region; very weak represented
-
in quantity as in typology.
In the site are discovered
75
pieces of so-called tripods ( altars ) and only one completely pre¬
served. Under this circumstances more attention is paid to the typical for each horizon decorating
patterns.
252
Attention
is paid also on the so-called small finds
-
two clay labrets (amulets, tokens), clay
ring, clay stamp seal and a bone bead
-
all from the white painted pottery horizons.
In the late Chalkolithic horizon was excavated a piece of large altar , made from clay with
considerable amount of plant adding.
Several objects with unknown utility were also discovered in Vaxevo.
In the trenches
1
and
3
were discovered bones from totally
10
human individuals, all from the
Early Neolithic. In the funeral customs it can be pointed two groups of tendencies
-
individual inhumation
in a grave pit with inventory and group partial inhumation
intra muram.
The generalized taxonomi-
cally analysis of the preserved skeleton presents its belonging to the rude Mediterranean racial type.
Chapter VI.
About
200
m
southwest from
tlie
site in
Studena voda
was discovered another prehistoric
settlement, named
Slánetz
after the gulch next to it. The site is situated on a little height on the
terrace and has an altitude of
553
m
above the sea level. The area over prehistoric materials is discov¬
ered is about
2
DKr. The cultural layer is about
0,80
m
thick. The small quantity of discovered pottery
gives a chance to date the site in the first stage of the Early Chalkolithic in the Strouma basin.
Chapter
VU.
In the lands of the village of Vaxevo was excavated one more site. It is situated in the locality
Skaleto
-
2,2-krn southwest from the today s village center. Its altitude is
609
m
above the sea level
and its are is about
2
DKr, from them-
66
sq. meters excavated. The settlement is placed on the slope
of a hill on the left bank of the
Elešnitza
River. The prehistoric cultural layer is
0,30-0,50
m
thick. It
consists one building horizon, in which are not found any structures. Above this layer there is Late
Medieval necropolis (XV-XVII century).
Chapter VET.
It is presented a typology of the shapes and decorations of the
Skaléto
pottery. Analogies are
found in the sites Rabarkovo I, Galatin
I, Teliš
Ш,
Krivodol
Ш
-IV
and
Kolárovo
I (in Bulgaria);
Šuplevac
I and Crnobuki
I
-П
(in Pelagonija- Macedonia). Obviously the site belongs to the end of the
Late Chalkolithic (II stage), chronologically it is later than V-th horizon and earlier than the Vl-th
horizon of the site in
Studena voda .
Chapter IX.
The discovered four anthropomorphic figurines from this site are straight with hands aside, they
have tight legs and faces are depicted schematically. The figurines have incised decoration. Exact
analogies are found in the sites
Šuplevac
and Crnobuki.
Except the several zoomorphic figurines, interest provokes the large amount of so called handles
with two or three drilled holes. This finds are typical for the Late Chalkolithic in Western Bulgaria and
probably they are distributive loom weights or some device for tightening bundles.
The permitting natural conditions in the studied valley gave chance for
continuos
inhabiting dur¬
ing the prehistoric time. So there are well illustrated the cultural processes and changes. At the same
time, these sites represent the connection between the areas of the synchronous prehistoric cultures
from the Strouma and
Vardar
basins.
This unique for the region combination offers to the prehistoric archaeology a new cultural and
chronological orientation mark, which I do hope, this publication will turn into one of the standard
prehistoric sites at the Balkans.
253
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
ВЪВЕДЕНИЕ
...........................................................................................................................7
ВАКСЕВО-
СТУДЕНА ВОДА
.........................................................................................9
Глава
I.
МЕСТОПОЛОЖЕНИЕ, ИСТОРИЯ НА ПРОУЧВАНИЯТА,
СТРАТИГРАФИЯ, ПЕРИОДИЗАЦИЯ И
ХРОНОЛОГИЯ
........................................9
Глава
II.
АРХИТЕКТУРА И ОТБРАНИТЕЛНИ СЪОРЪЖЕНИЯ
................................ 14
Глава Ш. СТОПАНСТВО
......................................................................................................22
1.
Кремъчна колекция от Ваксево
-
типологическо описание
и трасологически анализ. Мария Гюрова
........................................................................22
2.
Каменни изделия
............................................................................................................27
3.
Керамични изделия
........................................................................................................30
4.
Меден клин
.....................................................................................................................31
5.
Анализ на овъглени растителни останки. Цветана Попова
......................................31
6.
Животните от праисторическото селище
край с. Ваксево,
биотопът им
и изработените от техните останки
артефакти.
Лазар Нинов
.......................................32
Глава
IV.
ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА НА КЕРАМИКАТА
......................................................51
1.
Ранен
неолит
-I
и
II
хоризонт
.......................................................................................51
2.
Ранен
неолит
-
Ш хоризонт
..........................................................................................59
3.
Среден
неолит
-
IV
хоризонт
........................................................................................63
4.
Късен енеолит
-
V
хоризонт
.........................................................................................68
5.
Финал на енеолита
-
VI
хоризонт
.................................................................................72
6.
Ранна бронзова епоха
-
VU
хоризонт. Венета Генадиева
..........................................75
Глава
V.
ДУХОВЕН ЖИВОТ
............................................................................................. 160
1.
Антропоморфни изображения
................................................................................... 160
2.
Зооморфна
пластика
................................................................................................... 164
3.
Култови масички
.......................................................................................................... 165
4.
Дребни предмети
.......................................................................................................... 168
5.
Неясни предмети
..........................................................................................................
ПО
6.
Погребални обреди
......................................................... ■............................................ 170
7.
Антропологическа характеристика
........................................................................... 172
BAKCEBO
-
СЛАНЕЦ
....................................................................................................193
Глава
VI.
МЕСТОПОЛОЖЕНИЕ, СТРАТИГРАФИЯ, ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА
НА
КЕРАМИКАТА И ОТНОСИТЕЛНА
ХРОНОЛОГИЯ
.....................................193
ВАКСЕВО
-
СКАЛЕТО
.................................................................................................195
Глава
VII.
МЕСТОПОЛОЖЕНИЕ, ИСТОРИЯ НА
ПРОУЧВАНИЯТА
И СТРАТИГРАФИЯ
......................................................................................................195
Глава
VUL
ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА НА
КЕРАМИКАТА
.................................................197
Глава
IX.
АНТРОПОМОРФНА
,
ЗООМОРФНА
ПЛАСТИКА И
ДРУГИ
ДРЕБНИ ПРЕДМЕТИ................................................................................................
...209
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
....................................................................................................................211
ФИГУРИ
................................................................................................................................213
ИЗПОЛЗВАНИ СЪКРАЩЕНИЯ
.....................................................................................238
ИЗПОЛЗВАНА ЛИТЕРАТУРА
........................................................................................239
VAXEVO-PREHISTORIC
SETTLEMENTS (Summary)
........................................................250
|
| adam_txt |
VAXEVO-PREHISTORIC SETTLEMENTS
Summary
Southeastern from the Kjustendil valley (in the Strouma River basin) is situated the historically
geographical region of Pijanetz. In the center of this region is the village of Vaxevo, dispersed in
hamlets on the both banks of the
Elešnitza
river (right tributary to Strouma). On the lands of this village
in different stages had been studied three prehistoric settlements
-
two in the locality
"Studena voda"
(1989-1995)
and one in
"Skaléto"
(1989-1990).
The researches were financially supported by the Historical Museum in Kjustendil, where all the
discovered materials are stored.
Chapter I.
The site in the locality
"Studena voda"
is situated on the first non-floating river terrace on the left
bank of
Elešnitza
River. The place is a large terrace, slightly sloping to the East. The absolute altitude
is about
550-554
m
above the sea level. Prehistoric materials are discovered around an area of about
8-10
DKx
The trench
№ 1
from
1989
year has East-West orientation. The escavated area is
24
square meters.
There had been recognized three building horizons
-
two (I-th and Il-th) in the lower layer and one (III-
th) in the next
-
the gray layer.
The two following years
(1990-1991)
the excavations continued in a new trench
(№ 2)
with an
area of
160
sq. meters. The cultural layer is
1,40-1,60
m's thick and there had been recognized seven
building horizons, distributed in three layers.
For the period
1992-1995
the excavations continued in the trench
№ 3
on an area of
640
sq.
meters. The maximal thickness of the cultural layer in this trench is
2,20
m. The stratigraphical conclu¬
sions, drawn from trench
№ 2
were completely confirmed here.
The total excavated area of this site is
824
sq. meters. Seven building horizons are distributed in
the three recognized layers: two (I-th and
П
-th)
in the lower (the brown) layer are from the Early
Neolithic, characterized by the white painted pottery; two
(ΙΠ
-th
and IV-th) in the middle (gray) layer
are from the final of the Early Neolithic, characterized by the brown painted pottery and from the
Middle Neolithic, characterized by the black polished pottery; three horizons (V-th, Vl-th and Vll-th),
respectively from the Late Chalkolithic, the final of the Late Chalkolithic and from Early Bronze Age,
in the upper (gray-brown)layer. There have to be at least one more horizon from the
EBA
(completely
destroyed) in the plugging zone. Despite the agricultural activities in present days, the prehistoric
layers are interrupted by activities during the Late Antiquity and the Early Medieval (DC-X century).
Traces from these sometimes reach
1
meter deep.
Chapter
П.
The discovered Early Neolithic houses are constructed by planted in the ground posts and a wattle
plastered with clay. The houses have NW/SE orientation. The walls are comparatively wide
-
from
0,45-0,84
m.
In the eastern profile of trench
№ 2
was discovered a "S" profiled deposit vessel grounded in the
floor.
The ovens are made from piled to
0,10
m
river stones, and the plaster is about
0,02
m
thick.
It had been discovered a kind of defensive construction, studied in substructure. Two almost
parallel ditches respectively
5
and
10
m
long and
0,30-0,40
m
wide compose it. The ditches are
0,30
m
deep and a meter apart each other. Certainly some thick posts were planted in them and afterwards
a wattle was made, and the space between the two fences was filled with clay.
250
A burned house from Vl-th horizon had also been studied. It has rectangular plan and its size is
7,25/5,50.
Its orientation is NE/SW. It is constructed by piles and wattle plastered with clay. In the
southern half there were the quern and the loom, and in the northern
-
the extraterrestrial hearth with
the shape of a square.
Chapter
Ш.
In this chapter is done a typological description and use-ware analysis of the discovered
67
flint
artifacts.
Marija
Gürova
does all the analyses of the flint assemblage. The following typological groups
were defined: end-scrapers, piercers, straight truncated blade, combined tool, retouched blades (this
group is the most numerous) etc. In the functional aspect the following tools were identified as; sickle
elements, knives for vegetal material (cane), tools for scraping wood and leather, knives for cutting
meat and fresh hide, tools for pottery making.
16
flintstone raw materials are described.
206
stone tools were discovered in the site. They are distributed in the following groups; adzes
(65,17 %
from the total number) chisels
(23,03 %),
hoes
(1,45 %),
wedges
(1,45%),
pestles
(6,37 %),
^indefinable and weights. It is done a typology of each group and for every type is given its percentage
distribution in horizons.
There had been studied
80
loom-weights. Besides the common typology, a special attention is
paid to the collective finds. The weight of the loom-weights varies between
340-900
gr. Some data
about
24
of so called "sling bullets", weighting between
50-65
gr., is also included.
A copper wedge had been discovered in the V-th horizon. The almost foil coincidence with the
size and shape of the wedge from Djakovo, chronologically earlier, is impressing. The strong corrosion
of the Vaxevo wedge is reducing its weight
(235
gr.) and because of this the difference in the weight of
the two wedges is about
20
gr. The similarities in the two wedges, discovered in asynchronous settle¬
ments, gives a reason to suppose that in the region there had been a certain standardization of the
production of copper wedges. The high content of arsenic in the copper very probably is a result of the
exhaustion of the pure copper on the surface and need occurred to extract the copper in depth.
Tzvetana
Popova
does the paleobothanic survey. Some carbonized corns were investigated. Bar¬
ley (Hordeum
vulgare var. vulgare)
is predominant. There also had been found some wheat
(Trìtìkum
monococcum; Tritihum dicoccum;
Trìtìkum
compactom), rye
(Secale cereale).
In one of the speci¬
mens had been found two pieces of carbonized oak.
German-Bulgarian team including H.-P. Uerpmann, M. Uerpmann and L. Ninov does the
arhchaeolozoological survey. Their investigation identifies the following five domesticated spices;
cattle, sheep, pig, goat and dog. The wild animals are represented by the following nine spices: au¬
rochs, deer, roe, wild swine, fox, badger, otter, beaver and hare. The correlation between the bones of
wild and domesticated animals is well represented in detailed tables fore every layer, as the preferred
bones for tool production. During the Early Neolithic me amount of the bones of domesticated and
wild mammals in percentage is
69,8 %
and
28,4 %,
during the Middle Neolithic
- 74,6 %
and
24,9 %,
during the Late Chalkolithic
- 86,8 %
and
13 %.
The correlation between the bones of domesticated
and wild animals used in tool making is about
5:1.
Chapter IV.
It is done a detailed characteristic of the pottery (technology, shape and decoration) from each
horizon.
The earlyest two horizons are characterized only by white painted decoration. It is pointed to
numerous analogies of the shapes and the decoration from the early neolithic sites from the Strouma
river basin and the neighbour regions
-
from the Carpathian to the
Vardar
basin and the Eastern Alba¬
nia. It is proved with very concrete materials the hypotheticaly supposed by M.
Cohadžiev
phase la of
the Early Neolithic in the Strouma basin.
251
The next (Ill-th) horizon is characterized only by the brown painted decoration. During this phase,
the area of Western Bulgaria completely felt under the influence of the
Starčevo
culture. The research
of a "clean" horizon with brown painted pottery is a contribution to the subdivision of the early Neolithic
stage with dark painted decoration.
The pottery from the next (IV-th) horizon didn't know the painted decoration. Its characteristic
outlook gives the black or gray-black pottery with polished surface. In the ware from the horizon it can
be discovered early Neolithic shapes together with decorations, marking the tendencies for the late
Neolithic stages. After a precise analysis and giving analogies, the possibility for establishing of Middle
Neolithic period is arguemented. A period synchronous to the polychrome decoration stage in north¬
western Bulgaria and Karanovo
П-Ш
stage in Trace.
Having in mind the pottery from the V-th horizon and its analogies, it can be pointed that the
horizon has chronological position later than the sites in
Slatino
and Djakovo, but earlier than Vaxevo
"Skaleto". This means that its place is in the first phase of the Late Chalkolithic in the Strouma basin.
The pottery, discovered in the Vt-th horizon is new, unknown for the Strouma basin phenomenon.
Part of this pottery was discovered in a burned house, i.e. closed complex. An innovation for the region
is the adding to the clay of pounded mollusk shells. The ware is not well backed, the surface is rough
and easy turns to powder. Vertical handles starting from the rim are missing. There is a complete
deficiency of the painted decoration. Only the relief decoration is used
-
pricked, incised and scratched.
All these features give the chance to suppose that this horizon is marking the
Ш
phase of the Late
Chalkolithic in the Strouma
basm.
The characteristic of this phase is the degradation and decline of the
late Chalkolithic culture. This phase is the last stage of the existing of the Chalkolithic tradition. The
results of the research at present point that the phase is followed by the earliest Early Bronze Age
horizons.
The pottery from Vll-th horizon could be divided into two basic groups, probably having different
chronological position within the frames of the
ЕВА
-
the later one is from a completely destroyed
horizon. The two phases of
ЕВА
have their analogies in the stages
Boleráz
(Baden I)
-
Cernavoda
Ш
-
Sitagroi IV and Baden
ПІ
-IV
-
Coţofeni
Π
-
Bubanj
Hum
її
-
Sitagroi
Val
.
Chapter
V.
Special attention is paid to one three fingered anthropomorphic depiction incised on the bottom of
a vessel from V-th horizon. Analogies are given, mainly from the Strouma basin
-
from the Early
Neolithic and from the Early Chalkolithic, and from the areas of the prehistoric cultures Tripolie,
Lengiel and Scakalhad. Some comments on the relief three fingered hand and of hands from clay
anthropomorphic figurines from the Early Neolithic.
Several clay figurines are discovered in Vaxevo. The earliest of them originate from the levels
with the white painted pottery. They are characterized by stheatopigy, flat upper half, incised or pricked
(with nail or instrument) decoration. For the period with dark painted pottery are typical the "long
headed" figurines, which have a tendency of depicting a flat pate. With the appearance of the black and
gray-black polished pottery (IV-th horizon) begins the production of the "beak-like" figurines, sculp¬
tures with flat head and hands aside along with their derivative
-
the "bell-like" hollow figurines. The
last group has its own development, but not represented in Vaxevo. The late Chalkolithic figurine from
V-th horizon has incised decoration, which is similar to the decoration typical for the Early Chalkolithic.
In the Vl-th horizon are discovered two figurines which are very summary and without decoration.
The animal figurines are, in comparison with the other sites in the region; very weak represented
-
in quantity as in typology.
In the site are discovered
75
pieces of so-called tripods ("altars") and only one completely pre¬
served. Under this circumstances more attention is paid to the typical for each horizon decorating
patterns.
252
Attention
is paid also on the so-called "small finds"
-
two clay "labrets" (amulets, tokens), clay
ring, clay stamp seal and a bone bead
-
all from the white painted pottery horizons.
In the late Chalkolithic horizon was excavated a piece of large "altar", made from clay with
considerable amount of plant adding.
Several objects with unknown utility were also discovered in Vaxevo.
In the trenches
1
and
3
were discovered bones from totally
10
human individuals, all from the
Early Neolithic. In the funeral customs it can be pointed two groups of tendencies
-
individual inhumation
in a grave pit with inventory and group partial inhumation
intra muram.
The generalized taxonomi-
cally analysis of the preserved skeleton presents its belonging to the rude Mediterranean racial type.
Chapter VI.
About
200
m
southwest from
tlie
site in
"Studena voda"
was discovered another prehistoric
settlement, named
"Slánetz"
after the gulch next to it. The site is situated on a little height on the
terrace and has an altitude of
553
m
above the sea level. The area over prehistoric materials is discov¬
ered is about
2
DKr. The cultural layer is about
0,80
m
thick. The small quantity of discovered pottery
gives a chance to date the site in the first stage of the Early Chalkolithic in the Strouma basin.
Chapter
VU.
In the lands of the village of Vaxevo was excavated one more site. It is situated in the locality
"Skaleto"
-
2,2-krn southwest from the today's village center. Its altitude is
609
m
above the sea level
and its are is about
2
DKr, from them-
66
sq. meters excavated. The settlement is placed on the slope
of a hill on the left bank of the
Elešnitza
River. The prehistoric cultural layer is
0,30-0,50
m
thick. It
consists one building horizon, in which are not found any structures. Above this layer there is Late
Medieval necropolis (XV-XVII century).
Chapter VET.
It is presented a typology of the shapes and decorations of the
"Skaléto"
pottery. Analogies are
found in the sites Rabarkovo I, Galatin
I, Teliš
Ш,
Krivodol
Ш
-IV
and
Kolárovo
I (in Bulgaria);
Šuplevac
I and Crnobuki
I
-П
(in Pelagonija- Macedonia). Obviously the site belongs to the end of the
Late Chalkolithic (II stage), chronologically it is later than V-th horizon and earlier than the Vl-th
horizon of the site in
"Studena voda".
Chapter IX.
The discovered four anthropomorphic figurines from this site are straight with hands aside, they
have tight legs and faces are depicted schematically. The figurines have incised decoration. Exact
analogies are found in the sites
Šuplevac
and Crnobuki.
Except the several zoomorphic figurines, interest provokes the large amount of so called "handles"
with two or three drilled holes. This finds are typical for the Late Chalkolithic in Western Bulgaria and
probably they are distributive loom weights or some device for tightening bundles.
The permitting natural conditions in the studied valley gave chance for
continuos
inhabiting dur¬
ing the prehistoric time. So there are well illustrated the cultural processes and changes. At the same
time, these sites represent the connection between the areas of the synchronous prehistoric cultures
from the Strouma and
Vardar
basins.
This unique for the region combination offers to the prehistoric archaeology a new cultural and
chronological orientation mark, which I do hope, this publication will turn into one of the standard
prehistoric sites at the Balkans.
253
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
ВЪВЕДЕНИЕ
.7
ВАКСЕВО-
"СТУДЕНА ВОДА"
.9
Глава
I.
МЕСТОПОЛОЖЕНИЕ, ИСТОРИЯ НА ПРОУЧВАНИЯТА,
СТРАТИГРАФИЯ, ПЕРИОДИЗАЦИЯ И
ХРОНОЛОГИЯ
.9
Глава
II.
АРХИТЕКТУРА И ОТБРАНИТЕЛНИ СЪОРЪЖЕНИЯ
. 14
Глава Ш. СТОПАНСТВО
.22
1.
Кремъчна колекция от Ваксево
-
типологическо описание
и трасологически анализ. Мария Гюрова
.22
2.
Каменни изделия
.27
3.
Керамични изделия
.30
4.
Меден клин
.31
5.
Анализ на овъглени растителни останки. Цветана Попова
.31
6.
Животните от праисторическото селище
край с. Ваксево,
биотопът им
и изработените от техните останки
артефакти.
Лазар Нинов
.32
Глава
IV.
ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА НА КЕРАМИКАТА
.51
1.
Ранен
неолит
-I
и
II
хоризонт
.51
2.
Ранен
неолит
-
Ш хоризонт
.59
3.
Среден
неолит
-
IV
хоризонт
.63
4.
Късен енеолит
-
V
хоризонт
.68
5.
Финал на енеолита
-
VI
хоризонт
.72
6.
Ранна бронзова епоха
-
VU
хоризонт. Венета Генадиева
.75
Глава
V.
ДУХОВЕН ЖИВОТ
. 160
1.
Антропоморфни изображения
. 160
2.
Зооморфна
пластика
. 164
3.
Култови масички
. 165
4.
Дребни предмети
. 168
5.
Неясни предмети
.
ПО
6.
Погребални обреди
.'■. 170
7.
Антропологическа характеристика
. 172
BAKCEBO
-
"СЛАНЕЦ"
.193
Глава
VI.
МЕСТОПОЛОЖЕНИЕ, СТРАТИГРАФИЯ, ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА
НА
КЕРАМИКАТА И ОТНОСИТЕЛНА
ХРОНОЛОГИЯ
.193
ВАКСЕВО
-
"СКАЛЕТО"
.195
Глава
VII.
МЕСТОПОЛОЖЕНИЕ, ИСТОРИЯ НА
ПРОУЧВАНИЯТА
И СТРАТИГРАФИЯ
.195
Глава
VUL
ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА НА
КЕРАМИКАТА
.197
Глава
IX.
АНТРОПОМОРФНА
,
ЗООМОРФНА
ПЛАСТИКА И
ДРУГИ
ДРЕБНИ ПРЕДМЕТИ.
.209
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
.211
ФИГУРИ
.213
ИЗПОЛЗВАНИ СЪКРАЩЕНИЯ
.238
ИЗПОЛЗВАНА ЛИТЕРАТУРА
.239
VAXEVO-PREHISTORIC
SETTLEMENTS (Summary)
.250 |
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| author | Čochadžiev, Stefan 1953- |
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| author_sort | Čochadžiev, Stefan 1953- |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T15:05:06Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:40:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9547750674 |
| language | Bulgarian |
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| publishDateSearch | 2001 |
| publishDateSort | 2001 |
| publisher | Faber |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Čochadžiev, Stefan 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)1053778392 aut Vaksevo - praistoričeski selišta Stefan Čochadžiev ... Veliko Tărnovo Faber 2001 253 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Vaxevo - prehistoric settlements Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd rswk-swf Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd rswk-swf Chalkolithikum (DE-588)4138001-0 gnd rswk-swf Vaksevo (DE-588)7616104-3 gnd rswk-swf Vaksevo (DE-588)7616104-3 g Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Chalkolithikum (DE-588)4138001-0 s Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 s Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014872688&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014872688&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Čochadžiev, Stefan 1953- Vaksevo - praistoričeski selišta Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd Chalkolithikum (DE-588)4138001-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4008357-3 (DE-588)4075272-0 (DE-588)4138001-0 (DE-588)7616104-3 |
| title | Vaksevo - praistoričeski selišta |
| title_auth | Vaksevo - praistoričeski selišta |
| title_exact_search | Vaksevo - praistoričeski selišta |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Vaksevo - praistoričeski selišta |
| title_full | Vaksevo - praistoričeski selišta Stefan Čochadžiev ... |
| title_fullStr | Vaksevo - praistoričeski selišta Stefan Čochadžiev ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vaksevo - praistoričeski selišta Stefan Čochadžiev ... |
| title_short | Vaksevo - praistoričeski selišta |
| title_sort | vaksevo praistoriceski selista |
| topic | Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Bronzezeit (DE-588)4008357-3 gnd Neolithikum (DE-588)4075272-0 gnd Chalkolithikum (DE-588)4138001-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Bronzezeit Neolithikum Chalkolithikum Vaksevo |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014872688&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014872688&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cochadžievstefan vaksevopraistoriceskiselista |