Trakijski nakitni săkrovišta: VII - VI v. pr. Chr. 1
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Trakijski nakitni săkrovišta |b VII - VI v. pr. Chr. |n 1 |c Ivan Christov |
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| adam_text | Съдържание
Съдържание
Увод
....................................................5
Изложение
.........................................6
Символично погребение на
тракийски жрец от
с.Белиш
-
Троянско
...........................6
Бронзови накити от могилно
погребение открити в
Северозападна България
................14
Бронзови накити от могилно
погребение
при с
Лик
/Община Мездра/
............................17
Гробна находка от
с.
Бежаново,
Ловешка област
...............................20
Гробна находка от Северозападна
България
- 2.....................................21
Гробна находка
от с
Горни
Дъбник
.............................................21
Заключение
......................................25
Списък на илюстрациите към
текста
...............................................28
Литература
.......................................29
Каталог
.............................................32
Приложение
.....................................45
Резюме на английски език
............. 81
Introduction
........................................5
Exposition
...........................................6
Symbolic burial from
the village of Belish, Troyan
Region, of a Thracian priest
...............6
Bronze adornments from a
mound burial in
Northwestern Bulgaria
......................14
Bronze adornments from a mound
burial near the village
of
Lik (Mezdra
Municipality)
...........17
Funeral Offerings from a grave from
the village of Bezhanovo,
Lovech
Region
..................................20
Funeral Offerings from
North-western Bulgaria-
...................21
Funeral offerings from the village
of Gorni Dubnik,
Pleven Region
...................................21
Conclusion
........................................25
List of Illustrations
...........................28
Bibliography
.....................................29
Catalogue
..........................................32
Appendix
..........................................45
Summary
...........................................81
THRACIAN
HOARDS OF ADORNMENTS:
7th
-
6th CENTURIES B.C.
Ivan Hristov
INTRODUCTION
Many metal artifacts evidence the development oftoreutics and Thracian
jewelry art during the Early Iron Age. They are predominantly funeral offerings
in mound burials or chance finds from settlement or cult sites.
It is accepted that mainly bronze objects
-
used as body and garment adorn¬
ments for the aristocratic elite, and as decorations for horse trappings
-
were in
use at the end of the second and the beginning of the first millennia
ВС.
The first group of these metal artifacts consists of fibulae, bangles, belt
elements, strings of spiral elements, earrings, rings, amulets, torques and in
some cases
-
cult objects that illustrate the affiliation of their owner to a certain
priest community. All these are popular for the Mediterranean world and the
inner Balkans.
The archaeological survey of the finds of the past century includes a vast
bulle
of literature
-
articles, studies, and monographs. They elucidate to a greater
extent the typology, dating and spread of the more significant exemplars of the
Thracian jewelry art.
On the other hand, the development of the Bulgarian archaeological sci¬
ence, and in particular, the enhanced interest in the tomb installations and fu¬
neral practices, supplemented the known so far notion of the Thracian jewelry
art and toreutics with new exemplars.
However, a large group of chance finds in the extensive geographic area
that concentrates the majority of the found so far bronze adornments from the
first millennium
ВС,
stay out of the scope of the specialists of the Bulgarian
Резюме на английски език
------------------------------------------------------------ ■-------------
Academy of Sciences
(BAS)
and the museum centers. We are speaking of the
present day northwestern Bulgarian lands, where the number of the more fa¬
mous finds reaches thirty.
The need of publishing the recent chance finds that are kept in museums and
private collections is obvious, as both the objects themselves and the informa¬
tion concerning the early Thracian history and culture they yield are significant.
Similar is the case of the six hoards of bronze Thracian adornments that
were found during the last three years in the area between the rovers of
Osam
and
Iskar.
Three of them were proposed to the National Museum of History, Sofia
(NMH), for purchase. The rest are in private possession. (III.
1)
The aim of the present study is to give precise description, typology and
interpretation of the finds. This will hopefully contribute to the study of the
Thracian Art during the early centuries of the first millennium
ВС.
Sofia, February
2002
The Author
Symbolic burial from the village of Belish, Troyan Region,
of a Thracian priest
The bronze adornments were found in the spring of
2000.
They came
from a mound burial in the area of
Manastirski
Talasan,
near the village of Belish,
Troyan Region (111.
2).
The objects were offered to the National Museum of
History, Sofia (NMH). After the study of the place of their origin, it was estab¬
lished that they come from a small mound, which was part of a mound necropolis
comprising
12
mounds of varying height
-
0.50-lm. The embankments of all
mounds were partly damaged by agricultural activities. Thus, they are reduced in
height and their shape is changed.
The objects that were purchased for the NMH collections may by grouped
in nine basic-groups (See Catalogue):
•
ТРАКИЙСКИ НАКИТНИ СЪКРОВИЩА
VII-VI
в. пр. Хр.
1.
Richly decorated, massive, bronze bangles
-
4pcs
2.
Bronze fibulae
-
4pcs
3.
Bored pieces of amber
-
6pcs
4.
Bronze belt segments
-
4pcs
5.
Spiral-like arm rings
-
fragments
6.
Rock-crystal beads
-
2pcs
7.
Bronze spiral beads
8.
Iron ax
9.
Ceramic vessel
-
fragments
According to the man who found them, the objects listed were picked up
very carefully from a pit that had been situated
0.40
m
deep in the central part of
a mound
30
m
in diameter. The position of each funeral artifact had been pre¬
cisely marked, and thanks to that scheme, the objects were photographed as they
had been placed in the grave. No traces of tomb installation, bones or charred
human remains were noticed when the adornments were found.
The man who found them has taken much of the earth under the objects.
No evidence of the funeral ritual
-
cremation or burial
-
was found in the eventual
investigation of the place. We assume with a certain dose of caution that it might
be a Thracian symbolic burial.
The reconstruction of the arrangement of the artifacts in question shows
that they were originally set to illustrate their position on the body and clothes of
their owner. Namely: an iron ax and a small ceramic vessel in the upper part,
slightly aside; strings of bronze spiral elements and rock crystal, and a string of
bored amber pieces around the neck ; bronze fibulae and bangles next to the
shoulders ; bronze belt segments on the waist ; two piles of fragmented multi-
spiral bracelets
-
symbolizing perhaps the legs.
The most representative part of the bronze adornments in the hoard from
the Troyan village is certainly the group of belt segments (111.
3)
The group comprises three rectangular plates and a longer one that ends in
a ring, which surely have been intended for fastening. All four plates must have
РезюмЕ на английски език
--------------------------------------------______________
been strung on a leather belt. Alternating closed bronze rhombs and opened tri¬
angles formed by the former render the openwork effect.
The finds from
Vidin,
Gradets, Traykovo, Mikhailovo,
Ruska Byala,
Gumoshtnik, Debnevo, Gradnitsa
(Vidin
Region), etc. are among the many simi¬
lar finds from the Northwestern Thrace, so far (Gergova
1987).
One isolated fmd
that comes from a place outside that geographic area should be noted, namely,
the one from Sozopol (Ills.
4
and
5)
(Mikov
1933,143).
Similar finds are to be
seen not only from the present day Bulgarian lands but also from Greece,
Macedonia, Yugoslavia and Romania. Closest typological analogue of the belt
segments from the village of Belish present those from the village of Gumoshtnik
(Troyan Region). The latter is
15
km by air in the south of the village of Belish
(111.
6).
The objects of the Belish hoard may be dated to the 7th century
ВС.
Two kinds of bracelets
Ц
massive bangles and of the so-called spiral type
-
are preserved in the hoard.
The massive bronze bangles with overlapping ends are well known from
sites allover the present Bulgarian lands and the adjacent Balkan territories. They
date from the period between the
б 1
-
б* 1
centuries B.C. Their number in the
Belish hoard is four (111.
7).
They are embellished with incised decoration, situ¬
ated around the overlapping ends. Two of the latter are shaped like flat buttons.
The bracelets bear exceptionally rich geometric decoration of incised triangles,
rhombs and lines.
It can be figured out that the spiral bracelets, although fragmented, are two
of many loops. Judging by the diameter and the number of loops, it can be as¬
sumed that each of them embraced a whole arm (111.
8)
Another group of bronze adornments in the hoard is that of the four fibulae
(111.
9).
They represent the characteristic Thracian bi-spiral type, a type of orna¬
ment that was also popular in Thrace during the Early Iron Age.
It is accepted that this adornment type is one of the most popular objects in
bronze at the end of the Bronze Age, and thus
-
the best studied and differenti¬
ated by type. The fibulae of the hoard described belong to the
AHI
type in accor¬
dance with D. Gergova. They are dated to the Vh century
ВС
(Gergova
1987).
ТРАКИЙСКИ НАКИТНИ СЪКРОВИЩА
VII-VI
в. пр.
Xp.
Like the massive bronze bangles, they are richly decorated with incised
latitudinal lines, triangles and rhombs along the whole length of the bow.
The hoard from the village of Belish presents strings of fragmented spiral
elements. The latter had probably been strung on a cord and worn on the chest
like necklaces of several winds around the neck.
The last object in the hoard is a small iron ax. It is highly corroded but its
shape is discernible (111.
11)
and shows that it is rather small for more practical
usage.
As a cult object, the ax stood out in ancient Thrace in the mid second
millennium
ВС,
and was very popular in the lands to the north of the Haemus
Mountain
(Фол
1993,105-106).
It is accepted that the labrys is the archetype of
the ax. Most probably it supplemented the status of the ruler-priest that was
evidenced by various in both shape and metal insignia as early as the Early Iron
Age
(іг- 1
-
б 1
centuries
B.C).
The small ceramic vessel, which was found near to the ax, had probably
been intended for cult purposes, too.
The six amber pieces that compose an adornment, most probably for the
neck, are of great interest (111.
12).
Ambers are fossilized resins and they occur in several locations. However,
the shores of the Baltic Sea proved to be the major source of amber in Europe.
The chemistry of all types of amber is not perfectly clear yet, but the Baltic
amber has been fully studied. Differences in the composition between ambers of
different sources give means for their provenancing. Infrared spectroscopy is
one of the most reliable analytical methods that distinguish between the ambers
from different sources. The infrared specters of both referent samples of Baltic
amber and of a small sample from the Belish pieces were taken and their infrared
specters compared. The results proved that the pieces in the Belish hoard are
amber of Baltic origin (111.
13). 1
The discovery of the amber pieces described poses two important ques¬
tions related to preliminary analysis. The first one
conceras
the routes by which
the objects came to Thrace.
Резюме на английски език
It is accepted that the so-called western, central Danube and eastern steppe
roads played active role on the Balkans (Palavestra
1993, 10-15)
(111.
14).
Close analogues of the amber pieces are the objects from the village of
Nin
on the Adriatic coast of Bosnia, dated about the
800
ВС
(Palavestra
1993,190),
the necropolis of Lisichi Dol-Marvintsi (Videnski
1999,98),
the necropoleis near
Rogovo, Kaldria, Kosovo, Rhomaya; Metokhia. The necklace of amphora-shaped
amber pieces and rock crystal from the necropolis near the village of Iglarevo,
Kosovo, dated to the Bronze Age, is the most exact analogue of the amber adorn¬
ment from Belish
(Археолошко благо Косово и Метохие
1998,116-207).
It should be emphasized that the amber from the village of Belish marks
the ancient road from the Carpathian Mountains through the pass of Troyan and
the Rhodopes, to the Aegean Sea that had been called Amber Road, as well. The
amber that was found in a mound burial near Pamporovo (Sveticata Area) and in
the village of
Gela
had probably come by that road, too
(Райчев
1973;
Спири¬
донов
1999, 62).
These are some of the earliest data for the use of that route through the
central part of the Haemus Mt. for trade. The road through the
pres.
Troyan Pass
had been conditionally marked by the abundance of Thracian strongholds on
both sides of the Azamus (Ossam) River, of traces of Thracian settlements cult
sites that were spotted during research rounds, and of coin hoards of the times of
the Macedonian rulers of the
Φ*
century B.C.
(Христов
1999,108 -109).
Amber was known quite well in the Antiquity. It had been used and we
receive information about it by both archaeological excavation and written evi¬
dence by ancient Greek and Roman authors (Halt, III; Tacit.,
Germania,
45;
Plin.
Hist. Nat,
XXXVII,
32-53).
Ancient people regarded amber as something used for healing and magic
purposes. It had probably been an obligatory attribute in the ritual actions of both
priests and healers (Palavestra
1999, 4 - 10).
All this turned it into expensive
import commodity, and its wearing in an adornment should had been a privilege
of the members of the Thracian aristocracy.
_______________________
ТРАКИЙСКИ НАКИТНИ СЪКРОВИЩА
VII-VI
в. пр. Хр.
The two beads of rock crystal (SiO,) should be added to the amber pieces.
The gas-liquid inclusions are characteristic for the natural high-temperature rock
crystal.
2
Mineral inclusions
-
biotite (black mica) and
fluorite - are
also noted in
this case. Traces of the tool that had been use in the make of the beads are dis¬
cernible both on the outer surface and in the threading opening.
The preliminary observations suggest that both beads are import goods. They are
probably part of the amber necklace described above.
Bronze adornments from a mound burial in Northwestern Bulgaria
In the beginning of
2000
a group of bronze objects entered the collections
of the NHM seemingly to the find from the village of Belish, Troyan Region.
They were discovered accidentally in a mound burial of the Early Iron Age.
The lack of any information neither of the place of their origin nor of the
situation on discovery, forces us to describe them only
-
briefly here and in more
details in the catalogue of the study (111.
15).
The objects should be grouped as follows:
1.
Fibulae-7pcs
2.
Massive bronze bangles
-
7pcs
3.
Bronze belt segments
-
5pcs
4.
Torque
5.
Fragments of a string of spiral elements.
The bi-spiral fibulae with a pin-holder plate in the shape of Boeotian shield
Ц
rectangular with deep side cuts
-
are the best-preserved objects in the find (111.
16).
The bow of all seven fibulae is gently curved and broadened in the middle.
A ring in relief is discernible at both its ends. The decoration is on the pin-holder
■i
plate and is of incised lines.
By shape and ornament the fibulae belong to
В
II Type in accordance with
D. Gergova. The items from the villages of
Bogoslov,
Dolna
Kremeňa, Nevestino
Резюме на английски
език
--------------------------------------———------------—
and Varbitsa present a reasonably exact analogue of the fibulae
(Торбов
1993,
27-30;
Кузманов
1999, 3-8).
The fibulae may be dated to the late 7th or early 6th centuries
ВС.
The fact
that they are of different dimensions (lengths from
10
to
3
cm) remains of great
interest for us, as proportions can be sought in the decrease of their dimensions
of approximately
10-8-7-5-3
cm. The proportions between the dimensions of the
fibulae were probably intentionally sought in the choice of the set of fibulae.
Their number was probably symbolic, too. The fibulae in the find described are
exceptionally well preserved and present a good example of the Thracian toreutics
and jewelry of the Early Iron Age.
The bronze bangles are also seven and represent the known type of mas¬
sive adornments with overlapping ends (111.
17).
Unlike the objects from the village of Belish, they are less decorated, thin¬
ner and irregular.
We may conditionally add to them a bronze spiral-shaped finger-ring that
is made of flattened bronze wire.
Only parts of a string of spiral elements from the find from Northwestern
Bulgaria reached us. However, they illustrate unambiguously that this type of
adornment had been inseparable part of the integral decoration of the buried
Thracian aristocrats of the Early Iron Age.
The bronze torque is also worth mentioning. It is decorated with oblique
notches that give the impression of a twisted wire. The decorated space on the
torqueTs wire is of circular cross-section while the wire of ends is of rectangular
cross-section.
The find also contains five openwork belt segments. The buckle consists
of a bronze plate with decorative openwork cuts and stamped ornamentation on
the front surface. The sides of the plate are bent inwards and two rectangular
projections are shaped sideward. The latter were intended probably to fasten
additional straps.
The integral dating of the funeral adornments should be to the 7th
- 6*
centuries
ВС.
They were probably from a burial of a woman.
-----------------------------------------------
ТРАКИЙСКИ
НАКИПНІ
СЪКРОВИЩА
VII-VI
в. пр. Хр.
Bronze
adornments from a mound burial near the village of
Lik
(Mezdra Municipality)
The collection of adornments that was discovered in the village from the
region of Vratsa is private. However, it is preserved in its integrity. Unlike the
two other cases described, we are faced with an exceptional abundance of ob¬
jects from the Early Iron Age. They are miscellaneous in both type and function.
The adornments, which will be considered below, come from a mound burial, as
well. It was discovered in the 90s of the last century (111.
19).
Again, they are grouped as follows: torques, various kinds of fibulae, fin¬
ger-rings,
appliqui^,
axes, belt segments and fully preserved string of spirals.
The torques in the find are seven. They are of almost equal diameter and
make. No doubt, the placement of the fibulae in the unstudied grave had had
symbolic meaning, as they could not have been used all together as body adorn¬
ments. The situation reminds of the Gumoshtnik, Troyan Region, find where a
belt segment and seven bracelets were buried under a mound embankment and
there were no traces of a burial (Gergova
1989,231-240).
According to V.
Fol a
ritual interpretation could be presumed, in which the semantics of the objects
and most of all of their number would suggest a cenotaph of an initiated in the
mysteries of the Thracian religion deceased
(Фол
1993,190).
The bracelets in the find from the village of
Lik
are four. They are all with
overlapping ends. Three of them have a bigger inner diameter
-
б
cm, 5.5cm and
3.5
cm. The inner diameter of the fourth is
2.3
cm. All of them are decorated
with incised lines at their ends.
There are eight fibulae in this find, representing tree types of adornments.
Four of them are of the so-called spectacled fibulae . They are made of wire
with a circular cross-section. It is wound in six coins for each of the two discs of
the fibula. One of the wire ends is tapering on the back to form a pin, while the
other is bent as a pin-holder.
Резюме
на английски
език
------------------------------------------------------———
Fibulae
of similar shape are known from a broad territory that embraces
the lands on both sides of the Haemus Mountain (Mid and Lower Danube, the
Dnepr-Dniester basin),
pres.
Serbia and Macedonia (the lands along the lower
course of the
Vardar
River). They are dated basically to the period between the
8th and the
б 1
centuries
ВС (Николов
1981, 32;
Gergova
1987;
Митрвски
1991).
Closest analogue of the here presented fibulae are those from Darzhanitsa
(Vidin
Region), which are dated by V. Mikov to the 6 th
- 5^
centuries
ВС (Ми-
ков
1938, 343).
The remaining two types of fibulae belong to the well-known two-sided ones
from late 7~th
-
early and mid
б *
centuries B.C. Three of them belong to the BII2
Type after D. Gergova (Gergova
1987, 47-51).
Their closest analogues are the
items from
Nevestino (Kyustendil
Region). The last, eighth fibula, is different. It
is characteristic of the BI2 Type, also after D. Gergova (D. Gergova
1987,39-43).
The belt segments are four. They are quite close in shape and type to those from
the village of Debnevo, Troyan Region, as well as to those from the second
collection described in this study that was brought to NMH, Sofia.
One curious fact relates this buckle with the one from the village of Belish.
Namely, that the circular end of the buckle had split and had been eventually
broken and carefully repaired by riveting and reinforcement with a lamella from
the inner side of the adornment. The lamella in this case proved to be plate from
a bi-spiral fibula of the BII2 Type after D. Gergova. Both the belt segment and
the fibula plate may be dated to the late 7th and the beginning of the 6th centuries
ВС
(111.
20).
Three-coiled and single loops (reminding of bracelets) of wire with circu¬
lar cross-section, single-coiled bracelets of flattened wire that terminate at one
end in circular cross-section, form a large group in the hoard from the village of
Lik.
The flat area of the bracelets is decorated with geometrical ornament (See
Catalogue).
■
Fragmented flat plates that are ribbed along the front side represent the
other interesting bracelet type. The fragments form more than four coils.
_________________________
ТРАКИЙСКИ НАКИТНИ СЪКРОВИЩА
VII-VI
в. пр. Хр.
The items from the surroundings of the town of
Vidin
present a close analogue of
these bracelets. They are dated to the
7-*
century
ВС (Попов
1918,105-117).
It is obvious that the arms are stressed in the decoration of the deceased.
A fully preserved string of spiral elements with a total length of
3.20
m
should be added to the adornments of the body and garments from the village
mentioned above, The situation in which the string had been placed around the
neck and on the chest can be restored by the arrangement of the elements. It
should have been of
4-5
loops if the man was tall about
1.70
m.
A round bronze
appliqua (Gulterhaken)
is of special interest among the
adornments intended to embellish the garment. It is slightly convex and deco¬
rated with incised, oblique, parallel lines. An iron attachment pin had been fixed
on the back of the
appliqua.
This object can be dated on the basis of already
known earrings of the type to the end of the 7 th century
ВС.
The last group of objects that decorated the garment of the deceased com¬
prises four bronze
labres
3cm long. They have openings in the middle for their
attachment to the cloth. A relatively exact parallel of the
labres
from the village
of
Lik
is to be found among the funeral offerings of Mound No.
4
from the
necropolis near the village of Yagodina (Central Rhodopes)
(Кисьов
1988, 24-
26).
They are close in shape to the
labres
of the Semchinovo Type, as well as to
the Mycenaean exemplars (Popov
1989,57-58;
Bouzek
1990,41).
The cult axes
of this type had been widely spread in the lands to the north of the Haemus
Mountain since the end of the second millennium
ВС,
and their usage is evi¬
denced archaeologically to the
б *
century
ВС
(Panajotov
1986,148-150;
Apxe-
0Л0ШК0
благо Косова и
Метохсје...1998,
195).
The labres
from the village of
Lik
had probably been sewn to the garment
and might be considered as
insignias
of power
(Бонев
1998, 67-69).
Резюме на английски
език
Funeral
Offerings from a grave from the village of Bezhanovo,
Lovech
Region
Six bronze adornments were found in the periphery of a low stone mound,
situated in the lands of the village of Bezhanovo. They were discovered scat¬
tered after agricultural activities by means of a track machine.
The adornments discovered were: four fibulae and two massive bracelets
(See Catalogue).
The fibulae are bi-spiral of the so-called
В
1
Type, after D. Gergova, and
are dated to the 7th
-
б 1
centuries
ВС.
The bracelets preserved are two, and one of them is plain of overlapping
ends. The ends of the second bracelet are parted as a result of deformation.
There is no other information about any other objects from this mound.
Funeral Offerings from North-western Bulgaria-2
Five bronze objects have survived to present day, and all of them come
from a mound burial like the finds described so far.
They could be divided in groups as follows:
1.
Bronze belt buckle;
2.
Three massive bracelets with overlapping ends and of various size;
3.
Round bronze
appliqua
that should have been sewn on a cloth.
Most probably, there had been other objects in the grave, too. The adorn¬
ments are private possession, and are dated most generally to the period between
the 7th and the 6th centuries
ВС.
ТРАКИЙСКИ НАКИТНИ СЪКРОВИЩА
VII-VI
в. пр. Хр.
Funeral
offerings from the village of
Dolni Dubnik,
Pleven Region
The find was discovered during ploughing of the fields in the village
surroundings. It comprises of many bronze adornments from the Early Iron Age.
Their exact place of origin is not known.
According the man who brought them, there were not any traces of mound
heights. Scattered in the fields, the bronze adornments were probably part of the
funeral offerings of several mound burials. They were eventually given to the
National Museum of History.
The find consists of:
1.
Belt segments
-
4pcs;
2.
Bi-spiral fibulae
-
Зрсѕ;
3.
Bracelets with overlapping ends
-
14pcs;
4.
Fragmented spiral-like bracelet with a triangular cross-section;
5.
Fragments of a string of spiral elements;
6.
Treated freshwater shells.
The belt segments are from different sets (111.
21).
A rectangular buckle
with a circular end is among them. It is close in shape and decoration to the well-
known bronze buckle from the village of Mikhailovo (D. Gergova
1986, 62).
There are traces of additional reinforcement and riveting on its circular end like
in the cases already described in the study.
A bronze buckle with geometric decoration in relief (See Catalogue) is
also worth noting. The adornment is smaller, and should have been fixed to the
belt by means of cord or by sewing. Miniature round openings are seen in the
front plate and along the sides. The buckle described is of a relatively rare type
due to the lack of front cut openings.
Two of the bi-spiral fibulae are of the BI2 Type after D. Gergova, and are
dated to the period between
Τ 1
and 6th centuries
ВС.
Резюме на английски
език
The third fibula is well preserved and belongs to the known AIII4 Type.
The fibula from Devetaki
(Миков, Джамбазов
1960)
may be considered as its
parallel. It is dated to the 6th century
ВС.
Most numerous are the bracelets with a circular cross-section and over¬
lapping ends
(111.22).
They lack any decoration but the thickened ends. All four¬
teen of them are of one and the same type and well preserved.
There are fragments of a spiral-like bracelet with a triangular cross-section
in the find from the village of Gorni Dubnik, except for the already mentioned
fragments of a string of spiral-like elements. The bracelets that were found near
the village of Khlyabovo, Tsarevets,
Kochan
Village, (D. Gergova
1986, 65)
may be pointed out as an analogue. They are characteristic for the first period of
the Early Iron Age in Thrace.
The five fresh water shells that had been abraded to form an opening, and
which were probably strung on a filament
(111.23),
should be also considered as
parts of an adornment in the find from the village in the region of Pleven.
Unfortunately, all objects described are from different burials, for which
we do not have any more information. The necropolis near the village of Gorni
Dubnik falls into a rich settlement micro-region. The latter is approximately bor¬
dered by the hills of Veslets, Dragoitsa and the
Stara
Planina
from the south.
Conclusions
The adornments presented in the study were chance finds that came to us
without detailed and precise observations about the in situ situation and their
position in the mound burials. The find from the village of Belish is an exception
to a certain extent as the man who found it sketched and described the position¬
ing of the object in the grave. We are able to present an approximate reconstruc¬
tion of the outlook of the adornment owner
-
supposedly local Thracian priest
-
based on that and some other research on the Thracian garments of the Early Iron
Age (Ills.
24,25;
cf.
Митревски
1999, 69-91).
.
ТРАКИЙСКИ НАКИТНИ СЪКРОВИЩА
VII-VI
в. пр. Хр.
As a whole the five collections of adornments are found
iii
the zone of the
most abundant spread of specific bronze adornments in Thrace
-
to the east of
Yantra River, to the west of
Morava
River and the northern slopes of
Stara
Planina
(Гергова
1978, 123-138;
D. Gergova
1980,
97-III).
Most probably the adornments had been made in jewellery workshops situ¬
ated near in the mountain or in the centres of settlement life.
The need for making them known to the broad scientific community is of
no doubt, as some of them present a full set of funeral offerings and expand the
general notion about the development of the Thracian toreutics during the Early
Iron Age. Thus, they are described in detail in the Catalogue of this study.
All the objects considered are parts of ceremonial, representative garments.
The presence of numerous bronze adornments to the garment of the buried
that look as if not quite comfortable to have been worn during life time, prove
that the deceased were buried in a festal clothes
(Георгиева
1999,128-130).
However, the sewing of certain objects to the garment as
labres, appliquas,
etc., as well as the attachment of an iron axe to some of the funeral adornments,
was ritual features. The presence of richly decorated bronze belt segments in
four of the cases described is of special value.
No doubt, the belt had special place in the system of symbols of the cos¬
tume of men (warriors, priests) and women. It was a sigh of the social status
achieved and in the same time
-
symbol of the direct dependence of the giver of
the belt.
The belt buckles with the circular end in three of the finds described
-
those
from the villages of Belish, Gorni Dubnik and
Lik
-
show additional reinforce¬
ment with bronze lamellae from the back. This was probably a consequence of a
long use. On the other hand, it may be assumed that the belt in the Early Iron Age
in Thrace had been handed down from fatlier to son/daughter when the latter
took over his the social status in the lifetime of their noble parent.
For example, the analysis on the Iranian records concerning the belt lead,
in Ivan Marazov opinion, to the conclusion that this attribute indicates the mys¬
tic relations that bound the members of one and the same society
(Маразов
1992).
Резюме
на английски език
----------------:-----------------------------------------------
In a broader sense in Thrace, the belt may be accepted as a sign of certain matu¬
rity and social position among the people of the tribe.
Another element among the grave goods of the Early Iron Age is the cup or
the smaller ceramic vessel. Of the five tangible cases it is present in the hoard
from the village of Belish only, but it is known from numerous burials on the
Balkans.
There is no doubt that the small ceramic vessels could not have been used
to keep the remains of cremated bodies. The vessels were probably used for cult
purposes or, in the described case of the cup from the village of Belish, it had
been an element of the sacred items of the priest.
The presence of the amber beads in the find from the village of Belish
illustrates the trade contacts of the highlander Thracians of Haemus and the tribes
of the Far North and the Baltic. The import routes of the rare and expensive raw
material spanned over hundreds of kilometres, and the find from the village in
the Troyan Region marks just a point of the road of spread of the amber in Thrace.
Although single, the finds from the village of Belish, Pamporovo and of the
village of
Gela in
the Rhodopes, prove the existence of a major meridional road
from the Baltic area via the Carpathes
-
Troyan Pass
-
Philippopolis
-
Western
Rhodopes to the Aegean coast
(Спиридонов
1999, 62;
Bouzek
1990, 52-54).
The problems concerning the search of the chance finds from mound buri¬
als, the protection of the mound necropoleis of the Early Iron Age and the quick
excavation of those in immediate danger by archaeologists are among the impor¬
tant ones that place before us the finds.
y
Staatsbibliothek
München
-^sj
------------------------------------------
ТРАКИЙСКИ НЛКИТИИ СЪКРОВИЩА
VII-VI
п. пр. Хр.
|
| adam_txt |
Съдържание
Съдържание
Увод
.5
Изложение
.6
Символично погребение на
тракийски жрец от
с.Белиш
-
Троянско
.6
Бронзови накити от могилно
погребение открити в
Северозападна България
.14
Бронзови накити от могилно
погребение
при с
Лик
/Община Мездра/
.17
Гробна находка от
с.
Бежаново,
Ловешка област
.20
Гробна находка от Северозападна
България
- 2.21
Гробна находка
от с
Горни
Дъбник
.21
Заключение
.25
Списък на илюстрациите към
текста
.28
Литература
.29
Каталог
.32
Приложение
.45
Резюме на английски език
. 81
Introduction
.5
Exposition
.6
Symbolic burial from
the village of Belish, Troyan
Region, of a Thracian priest
.6
Bronze adornments from a
mound burial in
Northwestern Bulgaria
.14
Bronze adornments from a mound
burial near the village
of
Lik (Mezdra
Municipality)
.17
Funeral Offerings from a grave from
the village of Bezhanovo,
Lovech
Region
.20
Funeral Offerings from
North-western Bulgaria-
.21
Funeral offerings from the village
of Gorni Dubnik,
Pleven Region
.21
Conclusion
.25
List of Illustrations
.28
Bibliography
.29
Catalogue
.32
Appendix
.45
Summary
.81
THRACIAN
HOARDS OF ADORNMENTS:
7th
-
6th CENTURIES B.C.
Ivan Hristov
INTRODUCTION
Many metal artifacts evidence the development oftoreutics and Thracian
jewelry art during the Early Iron Age. They are predominantly funeral offerings
in mound burials or chance finds from settlement or cult sites.
It is accepted that mainly bronze objects
-
used as body and garment adorn¬
ments for the aristocratic elite, and as decorations for horse trappings
-
were in
use at the end of the second and the beginning of the first millennia
ВС.
The first group of these metal artifacts consists of fibulae, bangles, belt
elements, strings of spiral elements, earrings, rings, amulets, torques and in
some cases
-
cult objects that illustrate the affiliation of their owner to a certain
priest community. All these are popular for the Mediterranean world and the
inner Balkans.
'
The archaeological survey of the finds of the past century includes a vast
bulle
of literature
-
articles, studies, and monographs. They elucidate to a greater
extent the typology, dating and spread of the more significant exemplars of the
Thracian jewelry art.
On the other hand, the development of the Bulgarian archaeological sci¬
ence, and in particular, the enhanced interest in the tomb installations and fu¬
neral practices, supplemented the known so far notion of the Thracian jewelry
art and toreutics with new exemplars.
However, a large group of chance finds in the extensive geographic area
that concentrates the majority of the found so far bronze adornments from the
first millennium
ВС,
stay out of the scope of the specialists of the Bulgarian
Резюме на английски език
------------------------------------------------------------ ■-------------
Academy of Sciences
(BAS)
and the museum centers. We are speaking of the
present day northwestern Bulgarian lands, where the number of the more fa¬
mous finds reaches thirty.
The need of publishing the recent chance finds that are kept in museums and
private collections is obvious, as both the objects themselves and the informa¬
tion concerning the early Thracian history and culture they yield are significant.
Similar is the case of the six hoards of bronze Thracian adornments that
were found during the last three years in the area between the rovers of
Osam
and
Iskar.
Three of them were proposed to the National Museum of History, Sofia
(NMH), for purchase. The rest are in private possession. (III.
1)
The aim of the present study is to give precise description, typology and
interpretation of the finds. This will hopefully contribute to the study of the
Thracian Art during the early centuries of the first millennium
ВС.
Sofia, February
2002
The Author
Symbolic burial from the village of Belish, Troyan Region,
of a Thracian priest
The bronze adornments were found in the spring of
2000.
They came
from a mound burial in the area of
Manastirski
Talasan,
near the village of Belish,
Troyan Region (111.
2).
The objects were offered to the National Museum of
History, Sofia (NMH). After the study of the place of their origin, it was estab¬
lished that they come from a small mound, which was part of a mound necropolis
comprising
12
mounds of varying height
-
0.50-lm. The embankments of all
mounds were partly damaged by agricultural activities. Thus, they are reduced in
height and their shape is changed.
The objects that were purchased for the NMH collections may by grouped
in nine basic-groups (See Catalogue):
•
ТРАКИЙСКИ НАКИТНИ СЪКРОВИЩА
VII-VI
в. пр. Хр.
1.
Richly decorated, massive, bronze bangles
-
4pcs
2.
Bronze fibulae
-
4pcs
3.
Bored pieces of amber
-
6pcs
4.
Bronze belt segments
-
4pcs
5.
Spiral-like arm rings
-
fragments
6.
Rock-crystal beads
-
2pcs
7.
Bronze spiral "beads"
8.
Iron ax
9.
Ceramic vessel
-
fragments
According to the man who found them, the objects listed were picked up
very carefully from a pit that had been situated
0.40
m
deep in the central part of
a mound
30
m
in diameter. The position of each funeral artifact had been pre¬
cisely marked, and thanks to that scheme, the objects were photographed as they
had been placed in the grave. No traces of tomb installation, bones or charred
human remains were noticed when the adornments were found.
The man who found them has taken much of the earth under the objects.
No evidence of the funeral ritual
-
cremation or burial
-
was found in the eventual
investigation of the place. We assume with a certain dose of caution that it might
be a Thracian symbolic burial.
The reconstruction of the arrangement of the artifacts in question shows
that they were originally set to illustrate their position on the body and clothes of
their owner. Namely: an iron ax and a small ceramic vessel in the "upper" part,
slightly aside; strings of bronze spiral elements and rock crystal, and a string of
bored amber pieces around the "neck"; bronze fibulae and bangles next to the
"shoulders"; bronze belt segments on the "waist"; two piles of fragmented multi-
spiral bracelets
-
symbolizing perhaps the legs.
The most representative part of the bronze adornments in the hoard from
the Troyan village is certainly the group of belt segments (111.
3)
The group comprises three rectangular plates and a longer one that ends in
a ring, which surely have been intended for fastening. All four plates must have
РезюмЕ на английски език
--------------------------------------------_
been strung on a leather belt. Alternating closed bronze rhombs and opened tri¬
angles formed by the former render the openwork effect.
The finds from
Vidin,
Gradets, Traykovo, Mikhailovo,
Ruska Byala,
Gumoshtnik, Debnevo, Gradnitsa
(Vidin
Region), etc. are among the many simi¬
lar finds from the Northwestern Thrace, so far (Gergova
1987).
One isolated fmd
that comes from a place outside that geographic area should be noted, namely,
the one from Sozopol (Ills.
4
and
5)
(Mikov
1933,143).
Similar finds are to be
seen not only from the present day Bulgarian lands but also from Greece,
Macedonia, Yugoslavia and Romania. Closest typological analogue of the belt
segments from the village of Belish present those from the village of Gumoshtnik
(Troyan Region). The latter is
15
km by air in the south of the village of Belish
(111.
6).
The objects of the Belish hoard may be dated to the 7th century
ВС.
Two kinds of bracelets
Ц
massive bangles and of the so-called spiral type
-
are preserved in the hoard.
The massive bronze bangles with overlapping ends are well known from
sites allover the present Bulgarian lands and the adjacent Balkan territories. They
date from the period between the
б'"1
-
б*"1
centuries B.C. Their number in the
Belish hoard is four (111.
7).
They are embellished with incised decoration, situ¬
ated around the overlapping ends. Two of the latter are shaped like flat buttons.
The bracelets bear exceptionally rich geometric decoration of incised triangles,
rhombs and lines.
It can be figured out that the spiral bracelets, although fragmented, are two
of many loops. Judging by the diameter and the number of loops, it can be as¬
sumed that each of them embraced a whole arm (111.
8)
Another group of bronze adornments in the hoard is that of the four fibulae
(111.
9).
They represent the characteristic Thracian bi-spiral type, a type of orna¬
ment that was also popular in Thrace during the Early Iron Age.
It is accepted that this adornment type is one of the most popular objects in
bronze at the end of the Bronze Age, and thus
-
the best studied and differenti¬
ated by type. The fibulae of the hoard described belong to the
AHI
type in accor¬
dance with D. Gergova. They are dated to the Vh century
ВС
(Gergova
1987).
ТРАКИЙСКИ НАКИТНИ СЪКРОВИЩА
VII-VI
в. пр.
Xp.
Like the massive bronze bangles, they are richly decorated with incised
latitudinal lines, triangles and rhombs along the whole length of the bow.
The hoard from the village of Belish presents strings of fragmented spiral
elements. The latter had probably been strung on a cord and worn on the chest
like necklaces of several winds around the neck.
The last object in the hoard is a small iron ax. It is highly corroded but its
shape is discernible (111.
11)
and shows that it is rather small for more practical
usage.
As a cult object, the ax stood out in ancient Thrace in the mid second
millennium
ВС,
and was very popular in the lands to the north of the Haemus
Mountain
(Фол
1993,105-106).
It is accepted that the labrys is the archetype of
the ax. Most probably it supplemented the status of the ruler-priest that was
evidenced by various in both shape and metal insignia as early as the Early Iron
Age
(іг-"1
-
б""1
centuries
B.C).
The small ceramic vessel, which was found near to the ax, had probably
been intended for cult purposes, too.
The six amber pieces that compose an adornment, most probably for the
neck, are of great interest (111.
12).
Ambers are fossilized resins and they occur in several locations. However,
the shores of the Baltic Sea proved to be the major source of amber in Europe.
The chemistry of all types of amber is not perfectly clear yet, but the Baltic
amber has been fully studied. Differences in the composition between ambers of
different sources give means for their provenancing. Infrared spectroscopy is
one of the most reliable analytical methods that distinguish between the ambers
from different sources. The infrared specters of both referent samples of Baltic
amber and of a small sample from the Belish pieces were taken and their infrared
specters compared. The results proved that the pieces in the Belish hoard are
amber of Baltic origin (111.
13). 1
The discovery of the amber pieces described poses two important ques¬
tions related to preliminary analysis. The first one
conceras
the routes by which
the objects came to Thrace.
Резюме на английски език
It is accepted that the so-called western, central Danube and eastern steppe
roads played active role on the Balkans (Palavestra
1993, 10-15)
(111.
14).
Close analogues of the amber pieces are the objects from the village of
Nin
on the Adriatic coast of Bosnia, dated about the
800
ВС
(Palavestra
1993,190),
the necropolis of Lisichi Dol-Marvintsi (Videnski
1999,98),
the necropoleis near
Rogovo, Kaldria, Kosovo, Rhomaya; Metokhia. The necklace of amphora-shaped
amber pieces and rock crystal from the necropolis near the village of Iglarevo,
Kosovo, dated to the Bronze Age, is the most exact analogue of the amber adorn¬
ment from Belish
(Археолошко благо Косово и Метохие
1998,116-207).
It should be emphasized that the amber from the village of Belish marks
the ancient road from the Carpathian Mountains through the pass of Troyan and
the Rhodopes, to the Aegean Sea that had been called Amber Road, as well. The
amber that was found in a mound burial near Pamporovo (Sveticata Area) and in
the village of
Gela
had probably come by that road, too
(Райчев
1973;
Спири¬
донов
1999, 62).
These are some of the earliest data for the use of that route through the
central part of the Haemus Mt. for trade. The road through the
pres.
Troyan Pass
had been conditionally marked by the abundance of Thracian strongholds on
both sides of the Azamus (Ossam) River, of traces of Thracian settlements cult
sites that were spotted during research rounds, and of coin hoards of the times of
the Macedonian rulers of the
Φ*
century B.C.
(Христов
1999,108 -109).
Amber was known quite well in the Antiquity. It had been used and we
receive information about it by both archaeological excavation and written evi¬
dence by ancient Greek and Roman authors (Halt, III; Tacit.,
Germania,
45;
Plin.
Hist. Nat,
XXXVII,
32-53).
Ancient people regarded amber as something used for healing and magic
purposes. It had probably been an obligatory attribute in the ritual actions of both
priests and healers (Palavestra
1999, 4 - 10).
All this turned it into expensive
import commodity, and its wearing in an adornment should had been a privilege
of the members of the Thracian aristocracy.
_
ТРАКИЙСКИ НАКИТНИ СЪКРОВИЩА
VII-VI
в. пр. Хр.
The two beads of rock crystal (SiO,) should be added to the amber pieces.
The gas-liquid inclusions are characteristic for the natural high-temperature rock
crystal.
2
Mineral inclusions
-
biotite (black mica) and
fluorite - are
also noted in
this case. Traces of the tool that had been use in the make of the beads are dis¬
cernible both on the outer surface and in the threading opening.
The preliminary observations suggest that both beads are import goods. They are
probably part of the amber necklace described above.
Bronze adornments from a mound burial in Northwestern Bulgaria
In the beginning of
2000
a group of bronze objects entered the collections
of the NHM seemingly to the find from the village of Belish, Troyan Region.
They were discovered accidentally in a mound burial of the Early Iron Age.
The lack of any information neither of the place of their origin nor of the
situation on discovery, forces us to describe them only
-
briefly here and in more
details in the catalogue of the study (111.
15).
The objects should be grouped as follows:
1.
Fibulae-7pcs
2.
Massive bronze bangles
-
7pcs
3.
Bronze belt segments
-
5pcs
4.
Torque
5.
Fragments of a string of spiral elements.
The bi-spiral fibulae with a pin-holder plate in the shape of Boeotian shield
Ц
rectangular with deep side cuts
-
are the best-preserved objects in the find (111.
16).
The bow of all seven fibulae is gently curved and broadened in the middle.
A ring in relief is discernible at both its ends. The decoration is on the pin-holder
■i
plate and is of incised lines.
By shape and ornament the fibulae belong to
В
II Type in accordance with
D. Gergova. The items from the villages of
Bogoslov,
Dolna
Kremeňa, Nevestino
Резюме на английски
език
--------------------------------------———------------—
and Varbitsa present a reasonably exact analogue of the fibulae
(Торбов
1993,
27-30;
Кузманов
1999, 3-8).
The fibulae may be dated to the late 7th or early 6th centuries
ВС.
The fact
that they are of different dimensions (lengths from
10
to
3
cm) remains of great
interest for us, as proportions can be sought in the decrease of their dimensions
of approximately
10-8-7-5-3
cm. The proportions between the dimensions of the
fibulae were probably intentionally sought in the choice of the set of fibulae.
Their number was probably symbolic, too. The fibulae in the find described are
exceptionally well preserved and present a good example of the Thracian toreutics
and jewelry of the Early Iron Age.
The bronze bangles are also seven and represent the known type of mas¬
sive adornments with overlapping ends (111.
17).
Unlike the objects from the village of Belish, they are less decorated, thin¬
ner and irregular.
We may conditionally add to them a bronze spiral-shaped finger-ring that
is made of flattened bronze wire.
Only parts of a string of spiral elements from the find from Northwestern
Bulgaria reached us. However, they illustrate unambiguously that this type of
adornment had been inseparable part of the integral decoration of the buried
Thracian aristocrats of the Early Iron Age.
The bronze torque is also worth mentioning. It is decorated with oblique
notches that give the impression of a twisted wire. The decorated space on the
torqueTs wire is of circular cross-section while the wire of ends is of rectangular
cross-section.
The find also contains five openwork belt segments. The buckle consists
of a bronze plate with decorative openwork cuts and stamped ornamentation on
the front surface. The sides of the plate are bent inwards and two rectangular
projections are shaped sideward. The latter were intended probably to fasten
additional straps.
The integral dating of the funeral adornments should be to the 7th
- 6*
centuries
ВС.
They were probably from a burial of a woman.
-----------------------------------------------
ТРАКИЙСКИ
НАКИПНІ
СЪКРОВИЩА
VII-VI
в. пр. Хр.
Bronze
adornments from a mound burial near the village of
Lik
(Mezdra Municipality)
The collection of adornments that was discovered in the village from the
region of Vratsa is private. However, it is preserved in its integrity. Unlike the
two other cases described, we are faced with an exceptional abundance of ob¬
jects from the Early Iron Age. They are miscellaneous in both type and function.
The adornments, which will be considered below, come from a mound burial, as
well. It was discovered in the 90s of the last century (111.
19).
Again, they are grouped as follows: torques, various kinds of fibulae, fin¬
ger-rings,
appliqui^,
axes, belt segments and fully preserved string of spirals.
The torques in the find are seven. They are of almost equal diameter and
make. No doubt, the placement of the fibulae in the unstudied grave had had
symbolic meaning, as they could not have been used all together as body adorn¬
ments. The situation reminds of the Gumoshtnik, Troyan Region, find where a
belt segment and seven bracelets were "buried" under a mound embankment and
there were no traces of a burial (Gergova
1989,231-240).
According to V.
Fol "a
ritual interpretation" could be presumed, in which the semantics of the objects
and most of all of their number would suggest a cenotaph of an initiated in the
mysteries of the Thracian religion deceased
(Фол
1993,190).
The bracelets in the find from the village of
Lik
are four. They are all with
overlapping ends. Three of them have a bigger inner diameter
-
б
cm, 5.5cm and
3.5
cm. The inner diameter of the fourth is
2.3
cm. All of them are decorated
with incised lines at their ends.
There are eight fibulae in this find, representing tree types of adornments.
Four of them are of the so-called "spectacled fibulae". They are made of wire
with a circular cross-section. It is wound in six coins for each of the two discs of
the fibula. One of the wire ends is tapering on the back to form a pin, while the
other is bent as a pin-holder.
Резюме
на английски
език
------------------------------------------------------———
Fibulae
of similar shape are known from a broad territory that embraces
the lands on both sides of the Haemus Mountain (Mid and Lower Danube, the
Dnepr-Dniester basin),
pres.
Serbia and Macedonia (the lands along the lower
course of the
Vardar
River). They are dated basically to the period between the
8th and the
б'"1
centuries
ВС (Николов
1981, 32;
Gergova
1987;
Митрвски
1991).
Closest analogue of the here presented fibulae are those from Darzhanitsa
(Vidin
Region), which are dated by V. Mikov to the 6'th
- 5^
centuries
ВС (Ми-
ков
1938, 343).
The remaining two types of fibulae belong to the well-known two-sided ones
from late 7~th
-
early and mid
б"*
centuries B.C. Three of them belong to the BII2
Type after D. Gergova (Gergova
1987, 47-51).
Their closest analogues are the
items from
Nevestino (Kyustendil
Region). The last, eighth fibula, is different. It
is characteristic of the BI2 Type, also after D. Gergova (D. Gergova
1987,39-43).
The belt segments are four. They are quite close in shape and type to those from
the village of Debnevo, Troyan Region, as well as to those from the second
collection described in this study that was brought to NMH, Sofia.
One curious fact relates this buckle with the one from the village of Belish.
Namely, that the circular end of the buckle had split and had been eventually
broken and carefully repaired by riveting and reinforcement with a lamella from
the inner side of the adornment. The lamella in this case proved to be plate from
a bi-spiral fibula of the BII2 Type after D. Gergova. Both the belt segment and
the fibula plate may be dated to the late 7th and the beginning of the 6th centuries
ВС
(111.
20).
Three-coiled and single loops (reminding of bracelets) of wire with circu¬
lar cross-section, single-coiled bracelets of flattened wire that terminate at one
end in circular cross-section, form a large group in the hoard from the village of
Lik.
The flat area of the bracelets is decorated with geometrical ornament (See
Catalogue).
■
Fragmented flat plates that are ribbed along the front side represent the
other interesting bracelet type. The fragments form more than four coils.
_
ТРАКИЙСКИ НАКИТНИ СЪКРОВИЩА
VII-VI
в. пр. Хр.
The items from the surroundings of the town of
Vidin
present a close analogue of
these bracelets. They are dated to the
7-*
century
ВС (Попов
1918,105-117).
It is obvious that the arms are stressed in the decoration of the deceased.
A fully preserved string of spiral elements with a total length of
3.20
m
should be added to the adornments of the body and garments from the village
mentioned above, The situation in which the string had been placed around the
neck and on the chest can be restored by the arrangement of the elements. It
should have been of
4-5
loops if the man was tall about
1.70
m.
A round bronze
appliqua (Gulterhaken)
is of special interest among the
adornments intended to embellish the garment. It is slightly convex and deco¬
rated with incised, oblique, parallel lines. An iron attachment pin had been fixed
on the back of the
appliqua.
This object can be dated on the basis of already
known earrings of the type to the end of the 7'th century
ВС.
The last group of objects that decorated the garment of the deceased com¬
prises four bronze
labres
3cm long. They have openings in the middle for their
attachment to the cloth. A relatively exact parallel of the
labres
from the village
of
Lik
is to be found among the funeral offerings of Mound No.
4
from the
necropolis near the village of Yagodina (Central Rhodopes)
(Кисьов
1988, 24-
26).
They are close in shape to the
labres
of the Semchinovo Type, as well as to
the Mycenaean exemplars (Popov
1989,57-58;
Bouzek
1990,41).
The cult axes
of this type had been widely spread in the lands to the north of the Haemus
Mountain since the end of the second millennium
ВС,
and their usage is evi¬
denced archaeologically to the
б"*
century
ВС
(Panajotov
1986,148-150;
Apxe-
0Л0ШК0
благо Косова и
Метохсје.1998,
195).
The labres
from the village of
Lik
had probably been sewn to the garment
and might be considered as
insignias
of power
(Бонев
1998, 67-69).
Резюме на английски
език
Funeral
Offerings from a grave from the village of Bezhanovo,
Lovech
Region
Six bronze adornments were found in the periphery of a low stone mound,
situated in the lands of the village of Bezhanovo. They were discovered scat¬
tered after agricultural activities by means of a track machine.
The adornments discovered were: four fibulae and two massive bracelets
(See Catalogue).
The fibulae are bi-spiral of the so-called
В
1
Type, after D. Gergova, and
are dated to the 7th
-
б"1
centuries
ВС.
The bracelets preserved are two, and one of them is plain of overlapping
ends. The ends of the second bracelet are parted as a result of deformation.
There is no other information about any other objects from this mound.
Funeral Offerings from North-western Bulgaria-2
Five bronze objects have survived to present day, and all of them come
from a mound burial like the finds described so far.
They could be divided in groups as follows:
1.
Bronze belt buckle;
2.
Three massive bracelets with overlapping ends and of various size;
3.
Round bronze
appliqua
that should have been sewn on a cloth.
Most probably, there had been other objects in the grave, too. The adorn¬
ments are private possession, and are dated most generally to the period between
the 7th and the 6th centuries
ВС.
ТРАКИЙСКИ НАКИТНИ СЪКРОВИЩА
VII-VI
в. пр. Хр.
Funeral
offerings from the village of
Dolni Dubnik,
Pleven Region
The find was discovered during ploughing of the fields in the village
surroundings. It comprises of many bronze adornments from the Early Iron Age.
Their exact place of origin is not known.
According the man who brought them, there were not any traces of mound
heights. Scattered in the fields, the bronze adornments were probably part of the
funeral offerings of several mound burials. They were eventually given to the
National Museum of History.
The find consists of:
1.
Belt segments
-
4pcs;
2.
Bi-spiral fibulae
-
Зрсѕ;
3.
Bracelets with overlapping ends
-
14pcs;
4.
Fragmented spiral-like bracelet with a triangular cross-section;
5.
Fragments of a string of spiral elements;
6.
Treated freshwater shells.
The belt segments are from different sets (111.
21).
A rectangular buckle
with a circular end is among them. It is close in shape and decoration to the well-
known bronze buckle from the village of Mikhailovo (D. Gergova
1986, 62).
There are traces of additional reinforcement and riveting on its circular end like
in the cases already described in the study.
A bronze buckle with geometric decoration in relief (See Catalogue) is
also worth noting. The adornment is smaller, and should have been fixed to the
belt by means of cord or by sewing. Miniature round openings are seen in the
front plate and along the sides. The buckle described is of a relatively rare type
due to the lack of front cut openings.
Two of the bi-spiral fibulae are of the BI2 Type after D. Gergova, and are
dated to the period between
Τ""1
and 6th centuries
ВС.
Резюме на английски
език
The third fibula is well preserved and belongs to the known AIII4 Type.
The fibula from Devetaki
(Миков, Джамбазов
1960)
may be considered as its
parallel. It is dated to the 6th century
ВС.
Most numerous are the bracelets with a circular cross-section and over¬
lapping ends
(111.22).
They lack any decoration but the thickened ends. All four¬
teen of them are of one and the same type and well preserved.
There are fragments of a spiral-like bracelet with a triangular cross-section
in the find from the village of Gorni Dubnik, except for the already mentioned
fragments of a string of spiral-like elements. The bracelets that were found near
the village of Khlyabovo, Tsarevets,
Kochan
Village, (D. Gergova
1986, 65)
may be pointed out as an analogue. They are characteristic for the first period of
the Early Iron Age in Thrace.
The five fresh water shells that had been abraded to form an opening, and
which were probably strung on a filament
(111.23),
should be also considered as
parts of an adornment in the find from the village in the region of Pleven.
Unfortunately, all objects described are from different burials, for which
we do not have any more information. The necropolis near the village of Gorni
Dubnik falls into a rich settlement micro-region. The latter is approximately bor¬
dered by the hills of Veslets, Dragoitsa and the
Stara
Planina
from the south.
Conclusions
The adornments presented in the study were chance finds that came to us
without detailed and precise observations about the in situ situation and their
position in the mound burials. The find from the village of Belish is an exception
to a certain extent as the man who found it sketched and described the position¬
ing of the object in the grave. We are able to present an approximate reconstruc¬
tion of the outlook of the adornment owner
-
supposedly local Thracian priest
-
based on that and some other research on the Thracian garments of the Early Iron
Age (Ills.
24,25;
cf.
Митревски
1999, 69-91).
.
ТРАКИЙСКИ НАКИТНИ СЪКРОВИЩА
VII-VI
в. пр. Хр.
As a whole the five collections of adornments are found
iii
the zone of the
most abundant spread of specific bronze adornments in Thrace
-
to the east of
Yantra River, to the west of
Morava
River and the northern slopes of
Stara
Planina
(Гергова
1978, 123-138;
D. Gergova
1980,
97-III).
Most probably the adornments had been made in jewellery workshops situ¬
ated near in the mountain or in the centres of settlement life.
The need for making them known to the broad scientific community is of
no doubt, as some of them present a full set of funeral offerings and expand the
general notion about the development of the Thracian toreutics during the Early
Iron Age. Thus, they are described in detail in the Catalogue of this study.
All the objects considered are parts of ceremonial, representative garments.
The presence of numerous bronze adornments to the garment of the buried
that look as if not quite comfortable to have been worn during life time, prove
that the deceased were buried in a festal clothes
(Георгиева
1999,128-130).
However, the sewing of certain objects to the garment as
labres, appliquas,
etc., as well as the attachment of an iron axe to some of the funeral adornments,
was ritual features. The presence of richly decorated bronze belt segments in
four of the cases described is of special value.
No doubt, the belt had special place in the system of symbols of the cos¬
tume of men (warriors, priests) and women. It was a sigh of the social status
achieved and in the same time
-
symbol of the direct dependence of the giver of
the belt.
The belt buckles with the circular end in three of the finds described
-
those
from the villages of Belish, Gorni Dubnik and
Lik
-
show additional reinforce¬
ment with bronze lamellae from the back. This was probably a consequence of a
long use. On the other hand, it may be assumed that the belt in the Early Iron Age
in Thrace had been handed down from fatlier to son/daughter when the latter
took over his the social status in the lifetime of their noble parent.
For example, the analysis on the Iranian records concerning the belt lead,
in Ivan Marazov opinion, to the conclusion that this attribute indicates the mys¬
tic relations that bound the members of one and the same society
(Маразов
1992).
Резюме
на английски език
----------------:-----------------------------------------------
In a broader sense in Thrace, the belt may be accepted as a sign of certain matu¬
rity and social position among the people of the tribe.
Another element among the grave goods of the Early Iron Age is the cup or
the smaller ceramic vessel. Of the five tangible cases it is present in the hoard
from the village of Belish only, but it is known from numerous burials on the
Balkans.
There is no doubt that the small ceramic vessels could not have been used
to keep the remains of cremated bodies. The vessels were probably used for cult
purposes or, in the described case of the cup from the village of Belish, it had
been an element of the sacred items of the priest.
The presence of the amber beads in the find from the village of Belish
illustrates the trade contacts of the highlander Thracians of Haemus and the tribes
of the Far North and the Baltic. The import routes of the rare and expensive raw
material spanned over hundreds of kilometres, and the find from the village in
the Troyan Region marks just a point of the road of spread of the amber in Thrace.
Although single, the finds from the village of Belish, Pamporovo and of the
village of
Gela in
the Rhodopes, prove the existence of a major meridional road
from the Baltic area via the Carpathes
-
Troyan Pass
-
Philippopolis
-
Western
Rhodopes to the Aegean coast
(Спиридонов
1999, 62;
Bouzek
1990, 52-54).
The problems concerning the search of the chance finds from mound buri¬
als, the protection of the mound necropoleis of the Early Iron Age and the quick
excavation of those in immediate danger by archaeologists are among the impor¬
tant ones that place before us the finds.
y
Staatsbibliothek
München
-^sj
------------------------------------------
ТРАКИЙСКИ НЛКИТИИ СЪКРОВИЩА
VII-VI
п. пр. Хр. |
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| spelling | Christov, Ivan 1970- Verfasser (DE-588)133090280 aut Trakijski nakitni săkrovišta VII - VI v. pr. Chr. 1 Ivan Christov Sofija [u.a.] Izdat. "Faber" (2002) 96 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier (DE-604)BV021658144 1 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014872680&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014872680&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Christov, Ivan 1970- Trakijski nakitni săkrovišta VII - VI v. pr. Chr. |
| title | Trakijski nakitni săkrovišta VII - VI v. pr. Chr. |
| title_auth | Trakijski nakitni săkrovišta VII - VI v. pr. Chr. |
| title_exact_search | Trakijski nakitni săkrovišta VII - VI v. pr. Chr. |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Trakijski nakitni săkrovišta VII - VI v. pr. Chr. |
| title_full | Trakijski nakitni săkrovišta VII - VI v. pr. Chr. 1 Ivan Christov |
| title_fullStr | Trakijski nakitni săkrovišta VII - VI v. pr. Chr. 1 Ivan Christov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trakijski nakitni săkrovišta VII - VI v. pr. Chr. 1 Ivan Christov |
| title_short | Trakijski nakitni săkrovišta |
| title_sort | trakijski nakitni sakrovista vii vi v pr chr |
| title_sub | VII - VI v. pr. Chr. |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014872680&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014872680&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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