Software estimation: demystifying the black art
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Redmond, Wash.
Microsoft Press
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Best practices
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Publisher description Table of contents only Contributor biographical information Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIX, 308 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0735605351 9780735605350 |
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MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Table
of Contents
Welcome
.....................................................................xv
Acknowledgments
............................................................xxi
List of Equations
.............................................................xxiii
List of Figures
................................................................xxv
What Is an Estimate ?
..........................................3
1.1
Estimates, Targets, and Commitments
.....................................3
1.2
Relationship Between Estimates and Plans
.................................4
1.3
Communicating about Estimates, Targets, and Commitments
.................5
1.4
Estimates as Probability Statements
.......................................6
1.5
Common Definitions of a Good Estimate
.................................9
1.6
Estimates and Project Control
...........................................11
1.7
Estimation s Real Purpose
...............................................13
1.8
A Working Definition of a Good Estimate
................................14
Additional Resources
......................................................14
How Good an Estimator Are You?
...............................15
2.1
A Simple Estimation Quiz
...............................................15
2.2
Discussion of Quiz Results
...............................................16
How Confident Is
90%
Confident ?
...................................16
How Wide Should You Make Your Ranges?
.............................18
Where Does Pressure to Use Narrow Ranges Come From?
................18
How Representative Is This Quiz of Real Software Estimates?
..............19
Value of Accurate Estimates
....................................21
3.1
Is It Better to Overestimate or Underestimate?
.............................21
Arguments Against Overestimation
...................................21
Arguments Against Underestimation
..................................22
Weighing the Arguments
............................................23
Table
of Contents
3.2
Details on the Software Industry s Estimation Track Record
..................24
How Late Are the Late Projects?
......................................26
One Company s Experience
..........................................26
The Software Industry s Systemic Problem
.............................27
3.3
Benefits of Accurate Estimates
..........................................27
3.4
Value of Predictability Compared with Other Desirable Project Attributes
.....29
3.5
Problems with Common Estimation Techniques
...........................30
Additional Resources
..................................................31
Where Does Estimation Error Come From?
.......................33
4.1
Sources of Estimation Uncertainty
.......................................34
4.2
The Cone of Uncertainty
...............................................35
Can You Beat the Cone?
.............................................37
The Cone Doesn t Narrow Itself
.......................................38
Accounting for the Cone of Uncertainty in Software Estimates
............39
Relationship Between the Cone of Uncertainty and Commitment
.........40
The Cone of Uncertainty and Iterative Development
....................40
4.3
Chaotic Development Processes
.........................................41
4.4
Unstable Requirements
.................................................42
Estimating Requirements Growth
.....................................43
4.5
Omitted Activities
.....................................................44
4.6
Unfounded Optimism
..................................................46
4.7
Subjectivity and Bias
...................................................47
4.8
Off-the-Cuff Estimates
.................................................49
4.9
Unwarranted Precision
.................................................51
4.10
Other Sources of Error
................................................52
Additional Resources
......................................................53
Estimate Influences
...........................................55
5.1
Project Size
...........................................................55
Why Is This Book Discussing Size In Lines of Code?
......................56
Diseconomies of Scale
..............................................56
When You Can Safely Ignore Diseconomies of Scale
.....................60
Importance of Diseconomy of Scale In Software Estimation
..............61
5.2
Kind of Software Being Developed
.......................................61
5.3
Personnel Factors
......................................................63
5.4
Programming Language
...............................................64
5.5
Other Project Influences
................................................65
5.6
Diseconomies of Scale Revisited
.........................................70
Additional Resources
......................................................72
Part
її
Fundamental Estimation Techniques
6
Introduction to Estimation Techniques
..........................77
6.1
Considerations in Choosing Estimation Techniques
.........................77
What s Being Estimated
..............................................77
Project Size
........................................................78
Software Development Style
.........................................78
Development Stage
.................................................80
Accuracy Possible
...................................................80
6.2
Technique Applicability Tables
...........................................81
7
Count, Compute, Judge
.........___.......................... 83
7.1
Count First
............................................................84
7.2
What to Count
........................................................85
7.3
Use Computation to Convert Counts to Estimates
..........................86
7.4
Use Judgment Only as a Last Resort
......................................88
Additional Resources
......................................................89
8
Calibration and Historical Data
.................................91
8.1
Improved Accuracy and Other Benefits of Historical Data
...................91
Accounts for Organizational Influences
................................92
Avoids Subjectivity and Unfounded Optimism
..........................93
Reduces Estimation Politics
...........................................93
8.2
Data to Collect
........................................................95
Issues Related to Size Measures
.......................................95
Issues Related to Effort Measures
.....................................96
Issues Related to Calendar Time Measures
.............................97
Issues Related to Defect Measures
.....................................97
Other Data Collection Issues
.........................................98
8.3
How to Calibrate
...................................................... 98
8.4
Using Project Data to Refine Your Estimates
............................... 99
8.5
Calibration with Industry Average Data
..................................100
8.6
Summary
............................................................102
Additional Resources
.....................................................102
9
Individual
Expert
Judgment
...................................105
9.1
Structured Expert Judgment
...........................................106
Who Creates the Estimates?
.........................................106
Granularity
.......................................................106
Use of Ranges
.....................................................107
Formulas
.........................................................108
Checklists
........................................................110
9.2
Compare Estimates to Actuals
..........................................110
Additional Resources
.....................................................112
10
Decomposition and
Recomposition
............................ 113
10.1
Calculating an Accurate Overall Expected Case
..........................113
The Law of Large Numbers
.........................................115
How Small Should the Estimated Pieces Be?
...........................116
10.2
Decomposition via an Activity-Based Work Breakdown Structure
..........117
10.3
Hazards of Adding Up Best Case and Worst Case Estimates
...............118
Warning: Math Ahead!
.............................................119
What Went Wrong?
................................................119
10.4
Creating Meaningful Overall Best Case and Worst Case Estimates
..........120
Computing Aggregate Best and Worst Cases for Small Numbers of Tasks
(Simple Standard Deviation Formula)
.................................121
Computing Aggregate Best and Worst Cases for Large Numbers of Tasks
(Complex Standard Deviation Formula)
...............................122
Creating the Aggregate Best and Worst Case Estimates
.................124
Cautions About Percentage Confident Estimates
.......................126
Additional Resources
.....................................................126
11
Estimation by Analogy
.......................................127
11.1
Basic Approach to Estimating by Analogy
..............................127
Step
1:
Get Detailed Size, Effort, and Cost Results
for a Similar Previous Project
........................................128
Step
2:
Compare the Size of the New Project to a Similar Past Project
.....129
Step
3:
Build Up the Estimate for the New Project s Size as a Percentage
of the Old Project s Size
............................................130
Step
4:
Create an Effort Estimate from the Size of the New Project
Compared to the Previous Project
...................................131
Step
5:
Check for Consistent Assumptions Across the Old and New
Projects
..........................................................131
11.2
Comments on Uncertainty in the Triad Estimate
.........................132
Estimation Uncertainty, Plans, and Commitments
......................133
12
Proxy-Based Estimates
.......................................135
12.1
Fuzzy Logic
.........................................................136
How to Get the Average Size Numbers
...............................136
How to Classify New Functionality
...................................137
How Not to Use Fuzzy Logic
........................................137
Extensions of Fuzzy Logic
...........................................138
12.2
Standard Components
...............................................138
Using Standard Components with Percentiles
..........................140
Limitations of Standard Components
................................. 141
12.3
Story Points
.........................................................142
Cautions About Ratings Scales
.......................................143
12.4 T-Shirt
Sizing
.......................................................145
12.5
Other Uses of Proxy-Based Techniques
.................................147
12.6
Additional Resources
.................................................147
13
Expert Judgment in Groups
................................... 149
13.1
Group Reviews
......................................................149
13.2
Wideband Delphi
....................................................150
Effectiveness of Wideband Delphi
....................................152
The Truth Is Out There
............................................154
When to Use Wideband Delphi
......................................154
Additional Resources
.....................................................155
14
Software Estimation Tools
.....................................157
14.1
Things You Can Do with Tools That You Can t Do Manually
................157
14.2
Data You ll Need to Calibrate the Tools
.................................162
14.3
One Thing You Shouldn t Do with a Tool Any More than
You Should Do Otherwise
............................................162
14.4
Summary of Available Tools
...........................................163
Additional Resources
.....................................................164
15
Use of Multiple Approaches.
.................................. 165
Additional Resources
.....................................................169
Flow of Software Estimates on a Wei
I-Esti
mated Project
..........171
16.1
Flow of an Individual Estimate on a Poorly Estimated Project
..............171
16.2
Flow of an Individual Estimate on a Well-Estimated Project
...............172
16.3
Chronological Estimation Flow for an Entire Project
......................173
Estimation Flow for Large Projects
...................................174
Estimation Flow for Small Projects
...................................175
16.4
Estimate Refinement
.................................................175
16.5
How to Present
Reestimation
to
Other Project Stakeholders
...............176
When to Present the Reestimates
....................................177
What If Your Management Won t Let You
Reestimate?
..................178
16.6
A View of a Well-Estimated Project
....................................179
Standardized Estimation Procedures
...........................181
17.1
Usual Elements of a Standardized Procedure
............................181
17.2
Fitting Estimation into a Stage-Gate Process
............................182
17.3
An Example of a Standardized Estimation Procedure
for Sequential Projects
...............................................185
17.4
An Example of a Standardized Estimation Procedure for Iterative Projects.
.. 188
17.5
An Example of a Standardized Estimation Procedure
from an Advanced Organization
......................................190
17.6
Improving Your Standardized Procedure
................................192
Additional Resources
.....................................................193
Special Issues in Estimating Size
...............................197
18.1
Challenges with Estimating Size
.......................................197
Role of Lines of Code in Size Estimation
..............................198
18.2
Function-Point Estimation
............................................200
Converting from Function Points to Lines of Code
.....................202
18.3
Simplified Function-Point Techniques
..................................203
The Dutch Method
................................................203
GUI Elements
.....................................................204
18.4
Summary of Techniques for Estimating Size
.............................205
Additional Resources
.....................................................206
19
Special
Issues
in
Estimating Effort
..............................207
19.1
Influences on Effort
..................................................207
19.2
Computing Effort from Size
...........................................209
Computing Effort Estimates by Using Informal Comparison
to Past Projects
....................................................209
What Kinds of Effort Are Included in This Estimate?
....................210
19.3
Computing Effort Estimates by Using the Science of Estimation
............210
19.4
Industry-Average Effort Graphs
........................................210
19.5
ISBSG Method
.......................................................216
19.6
Comparing Effort Estimates
...........................................218
Additional Resources
.....................................................219
20
Special Issues in Estimating Schedule.
.......................... 221
20.1
The Basic Schedule Equation
..........................................221
20.2
Computing Schedule by Using Informal Comparisons to Past Projects
......223
20.3
Jones s First-Order Estimation Practice
..................................224
20.4
Computing a Schedule Estimate by Using the Science of Estimation
........225
20.5
Schedule Compression and the Shortest Possible Schedule
................226
20.6
Tradeoffs Between Schedule and Effort
.................................228
Schedule Compression and Team Size
................................229
20.7
Schedule Estimation and Staffing Constraints
............................230
20.8
Comparison of Results from Different Methods
..........................231
Additional Resources
.....................................................232
21
Estimating Planning Parameters
...............................233
21.1
Estimating Activity Breakdown on a Project
.............................233
Estimating Allocation of Effort to Different Technical Activities
...........233
Estimating Requirements Effort
......................................234
Estimating Management Effort
......................................235
Estimating Total Activity
............................................ 235
Adjustments Due to Project Type
.................................... 236
Example of Allocating Effort to Activities
..............................237
Developer-to-Tester Ratios
..........................................237
21.2
Estimating Schedule for Different Activities
.............................238
21.3
Converting Estimated Effort (Ideal Effort) to Planned Effort
...............239
21.4
Cost Estimates
.......................................................241
Overtime
.........................................................241
кіі
Table
of Contents
Is the Project Cost Based on Direct Cost, Fully Burdened Cost,
or Some Other Variation?
...........................................241
Other Direct Costs
.................................................241
21.5
Estimating Defect Production and Removal
.............................241
Estimating Defect Removal
.........................................242
An Example of Estimating Defect-Removal Efficiency
...................243
21.6
Estimating Risk and Contingency Buffers
...............................245
21.7
Other Rules of Thumb
...............................................247
21.8
Additional Resources
................................................247
22
Estimate Presentation Styles
..............................___249
22.1
Communicating Estimate Assumptions
.................................249
22.2
Expressing Uncertainty
...............................................251
Plus-or-Minus Qualifiers
............................................251
Risk Quantification
................................................251
Confidence Factors
................................................252
Case-Based Estimates
..............................................254
Coarse Dates and Time Periods
......................................255
22.3
Using Ranges (of Any Kind)
...........................................256
Usefulness of Estimates Presented as Ranges
..........................256
Ranges and Commitments
..........................................257
Additional Resources
.....................................................257
23
Politics, Negotiation, and Problem Solving
......................259
23.1
Attributes of Executives
..............................................259
23.2
Political Influences on Estimates
.......................................260
External Constraints
................................................260
Budgeting and Dates
..............................................261
Negotiating an Estimate vs. Negotiating a Commitment
................261
What to Do if Your Estimate Doesn t Get Accepted
.....................262
Responsibility of Technical Staff to Educate Nontechnical Stakeholders
... 262
23.3
Problem Solving and Principled Negotiation
............................263
A Problem-Solving Approach to Negotiation
..........................264
Separate the People from the Problem
...............................264
Focus on Interests, Not Positions
....................................265
Invent Options for Mutual Gain
.....................................266
Insist on Using Objective Criteria
....................................268
Additional Resources
.....................................................270
A Estimation Sanity Check
......................................271
В
Answers to Chapter
2
Quiz, How Good an Estimator Are You?
___273
С
Software Estimation Tips
.....................................275
Bibliography
.......................................___.___....___..... 287
Index
....................................................................295
|
| adam_txt |
Table
of Contents
Welcome
.xv
Acknowledgments
.xxi
List of Equations
.xxiii
List of Figures
.xxv
What Is an "Estimate"?
.3
1.1
Estimates, Targets, and Commitments
.3
1.2
Relationship Between Estimates and Plans
.4
1.3
Communicating about Estimates, Targets, and Commitments
.5
1.4
Estimates as Probability Statements
.6
1.5
Common Definitions of a "Good" Estimate
.9
1.6
Estimates and Project Control
.11
1.7
Estimation's Real Purpose
.13
1.8
A Working Definition of a "Good Estimate"
.14
Additional Resources
.14
How Good an Estimator Are You?
.15
2.1
A Simple Estimation Quiz
.15
2.2
Discussion of Quiz Results
.16
How Confident Is
"90%
Confident"?
.16
How Wide Should You Make Your Ranges?
.18
Where Does Pressure to Use Narrow Ranges Come From?
.18
How Representative Is This Quiz of Real Software Estimates?
.19
Value of Accurate Estimates
.21
3.1
Is It Better to Overestimate or Underestimate?
.21
Arguments Against Overestimation
.21
Arguments Against Underestimation
.22
Weighing the Arguments
.23
Table
of Contents
3.2
Details on the Software Industry's Estimation Track Record
.24
How Late Are the Late Projects?
.26
One Company's Experience
.26
The Software Industry's Systemic Problem
.27
3.3
Benefits of Accurate Estimates
.27
3.4
Value of Predictability Compared with Other Desirable Project Attributes
.29
3.5
Problems with Common Estimation Techniques
.30
Additional Resources
.31
Where Does Estimation Error Come From?
.33
4.1
Sources of Estimation Uncertainty
.34
4.2
The Cone of Uncertainty
.35
Can You Beat the Cone?
.37
The Cone Doesn't Narrow Itself
.38
Accounting for the Cone of Uncertainty in Software Estimates
.39
Relationship Between the Cone of Uncertainty and Commitment
.40
The Cone of Uncertainty and Iterative Development
.40
4.3
Chaotic Development Processes
.41
4.4
Unstable Requirements
.42
Estimating Requirements Growth
.43
4.5
Omitted Activities
.44
4.6
Unfounded Optimism
.46
4.7
Subjectivity and Bias
.47
4.8
Off-the-Cuff Estimates
.49
4.9
Unwarranted Precision
.51
4.10
Other Sources of Error
.52
Additional Resources
.53
Estimate Influences
.55
5.1
Project Size
.55
Why Is This Book Discussing Size In Lines of Code?
.56
Diseconomies of Scale
.56
When You Can Safely Ignore Diseconomies of Scale
.60
Importance of Diseconomy of Scale In Software Estimation
.61
5.2
Kind of Software Being Developed
.61
5.3
Personnel Factors
.63
5.4
Programming Language
.64
5.5
Other Project Influences
.65
5.6
Diseconomies of Scale Revisited
.70
Additional Resources
.72
Part
її
Fundamental Estimation Techniques
6
Introduction to Estimation Techniques
.77
6.1
Considerations in Choosing Estimation Techniques
.77
What's Being Estimated
.77
Project Size
.78
Software Development Style
.78
Development Stage
.80
Accuracy Possible
.80
6.2
Technique Applicability Tables
.81
7
Count, Compute, Judge
._. 83
7.1
Count First
.84
7.2
What to Count
.85
7.3
Use Computation to Convert Counts to Estimates
.86
7.4
Use Judgment Only as a Last Resort
.88
Additional Resources
.89
8
Calibration and Historical Data
.91
8.1
Improved Accuracy and Other Benefits of Historical Data
.91
Accounts for Organizational Influences
.92
Avoids Subjectivity and Unfounded Optimism
.93
Reduces Estimation Politics
.93
8.2
Data to Collect
.95
Issues Related to Size Measures
.95
Issues Related to Effort Measures
.96
Issues Related to Calendar Time Measures
.97
Issues Related to Defect Measures
.97
Other Data Collection Issues
.98
8.3
How to Calibrate
. 98
8.4
Using Project Data to Refine Your Estimates
. 99
8.5
Calibration with Industry Average Data
.100
8.6
Summary
.102
Additional Resources
.102
9
Individual
Expert
Judgment
.105
9.1
Structured Expert Judgment
.106
Who Creates the Estimates?
.106
Granularity
.106
Use of Ranges
.107
Formulas
.108
Checklists
.110
9.2
Compare Estimates to Actuals
.110
Additional Resources
.112
10
Decomposition and
Recomposition
. 113
10.1
Calculating an Accurate Overall Expected Case
.113
The Law of Large Numbers
.115
How Small Should the Estimated Pieces Be?
.116
10.2
Decomposition via an Activity-Based Work Breakdown Structure
.117
10.3
Hazards of Adding Up Best Case and Worst Case Estimates
.118
Warning: Math Ahead!
.119
What Went Wrong?
.119
10.4
Creating Meaningful Overall Best Case and Worst Case Estimates
.120
Computing Aggregate Best and Worst Cases for Small Numbers of Tasks
(Simple Standard Deviation Formula)
.121
Computing Aggregate Best and Worst Cases for Large Numbers of Tasks
(Complex Standard Deviation Formula)
.122
Creating the Aggregate Best and Worst Case Estimates
.124
Cautions About Percentage Confident Estimates
.126
Additional Resources
.126
11
Estimation by Analogy
.127
11.1
Basic Approach to Estimating by Analogy
.127
Step
1:
Get Detailed Size, Effort, and Cost Results
for a Similar Previous Project
.128
Step
2:
Compare the Size of the New Project to a Similar Past Project
.129
Step
3:
Build Up the Estimate for the New Project's Size as a Percentage
of the Old Project's Size
.130
Step
4:
Create an Effort Estimate from the Size of the New Project
Compared to the Previous Project
.131
Step
5:
Check for Consistent Assumptions Across the Old and New
Projects
.131
11.2
Comments on Uncertainty in the Triad Estimate
.132
Estimation Uncertainty, Plans, and Commitments
.133
12
Proxy-Based Estimates
.135
12.1
Fuzzy Logic
.136
How to Get the Average Size Numbers
.136
How to Classify New Functionality
.137
How Not to Use Fuzzy Logic
.137
Extensions of Fuzzy Logic
.138
12.2
Standard Components
.138
Using Standard Components with Percentiles
.140
Limitations of Standard Components
. 141
12.3
Story Points
.142
Cautions About Ratings Scales
.143
12.4 T-Shirt
Sizing
.145
12.5
Other Uses of Proxy-Based Techniques
.147
12.6
Additional Resources
.147
13
Expert Judgment in Groups
. 149
13.1
Group Reviews
.149
13.2
Wideband Delphi
.150
Effectiveness of Wideband Delphi
.152
"The Truth Is Out There"
.154
When to Use Wideband Delphi
.154
Additional Resources
.155
14
Software Estimation Tools
.157
14.1
Things You Can Do with Tools That You Can't Do Manually
.157
14.2
Data You'll Need to Calibrate the Tools
.162
14.3
One Thing You Shouldn't Do with a Tool Any More than
You Should Do Otherwise
.162
14.4
Summary of Available Tools
.163
Additional Resources
.164
15
Use of Multiple Approaches.
. 165
Additional Resources
.169
Flow of Software Estimates on a Wei
I-Esti
mated Project
.171
16.1
Flow of an Individual Estimate on a Poorly Estimated Project
.171
16.2
Flow of an Individual Estimate on a Well-Estimated Project
.172
16.3
Chronological Estimation Flow for an Entire Project
.173
Estimation Flow for Large Projects
.174
Estimation Flow for Small Projects
.175
16.4
Estimate Refinement
.175
16.5
How to Present
Reestimation
to
Other Project Stakeholders
.176
When to Present the Reestimates
.177
What If Your Management Won't Let You
Reestimate?
.178
16.6
A View of a Well-Estimated Project
.179
Standardized Estimation Procedures
.181
17.1
Usual Elements of a Standardized Procedure
.181
17.2
Fitting Estimation into a Stage-Gate Process
.182
17.3
An Example of a Standardized Estimation Procedure
for Sequential Projects
.185
17.4
An Example of a Standardized Estimation Procedure for Iterative Projects.
. 188
17.5
An Example of a Standardized Estimation Procedure
from an Advanced Organization
.190
17.6
Improving Your Standardized Procedure
.192
Additional Resources
.193
Special Issues in Estimating Size
.197
18.1
Challenges with Estimating Size
.197
Role of Lines of Code in Size Estimation
.198
18.2
Function-Point Estimation
.200
Converting from Function Points to Lines of Code
.202
18.3
Simplified Function-Point Techniques
.203
The Dutch Method
.203
GUI Elements
.204
18.4
Summary of Techniques for Estimating Size
.205
Additional Resources
.206
19
Special
Issues
in
Estimating Effort
.207
19.1
Influences on Effort
.207
19.2
Computing Effort from Size
.209
Computing Effort Estimates by Using Informal Comparison
to Past Projects
.209
What Kinds of Effort Are Included in This Estimate?
.210
19.3
Computing Effort Estimates by Using the Science of Estimation
.210
19.4
Industry-Average Effort Graphs
.210
19.5
ISBSG Method
.216
19.6
Comparing Effort Estimates
.218
Additional Resources
.219
20
Special Issues in Estimating Schedule.
. 221
20.1
The Basic Schedule Equation
.221
20.2
Computing Schedule by Using Informal Comparisons to Past Projects
.223
20.3
Jones's First-Order Estimation Practice
.224
20.4
Computing a Schedule Estimate by Using the Science of Estimation
.225
20.5
Schedule Compression and the Shortest Possible Schedule
.226
20.6
Tradeoffs Between Schedule and Effort
.228
Schedule Compression and Team Size
.229
20.7
Schedule Estimation and Staffing Constraints
.230
20.8
Comparison of Results from Different Methods
.231
Additional Resources
.232
21
Estimating Planning Parameters
.233
21.1
Estimating Activity Breakdown on a Project
.233
Estimating Allocation of Effort to Different Technical Activities
.233
Estimating Requirements Effort
.234
Estimating Management Effort
.235
Estimating Total Activity
. 235
Adjustments Due to Project Type
. 236
Example of Allocating Effort to Activities
.237
Developer-to-Tester Ratios
.237
21.2
Estimating Schedule for Different Activities
.238
21.3
Converting Estimated Effort (Ideal Effort) to Planned Effort
.239
21.4
Cost Estimates
.241
Overtime
.241
кіі
Table
of Contents
Is the Project Cost Based on Direct Cost, Fully Burdened Cost,
or Some Other Variation?
.241
Other Direct Costs
.241
21.5
Estimating Defect Production and Removal
.241
Estimating Defect Removal
.242
An Example of Estimating Defect-Removal Efficiency
.243
21.6
Estimating Risk and Contingency Buffers
.245
21.7
Other Rules of Thumb
.247
21.8
Additional Resources
.247
22
Estimate Presentation Styles
._249
22.1
Communicating Estimate Assumptions
.249
22.2
Expressing Uncertainty
.251
Plus-or-Minus Qualifiers
.251
Risk Quantification
.251
Confidence Factors
.252
Case-Based Estimates
.254
Coarse Dates and Time Periods
.255
22.3
Using Ranges (of Any Kind)
.256
Usefulness of Estimates Presented as Ranges
.256
Ranges and Commitments
.257
Additional Resources
.257
23
Politics, Negotiation, and Problem Solving
.259
23.1
Attributes of Executives
.259
23.2
Political Influences on Estimates
.260
External Constraints
.260
Budgeting and Dates
.261
Negotiating an Estimate vs. Negotiating a Commitment
.261
What to Do if Your Estimate Doesn't Get Accepted
.262
Responsibility of Technical Staff to Educate Nontechnical Stakeholders
. 262
23.3
Problem Solving and Principled Negotiation
.263
A Problem-Solving Approach to Negotiation
.264
Separate the People from the Problem
.264
Focus on Interests, Not Positions
.265
Invent Options for Mutual Gain
.266
Insist on Using Objective Criteria
.268
Additional Resources
.270
A Estimation Sanity Check
.271
В
Answers to Chapter
2
Quiz, "How Good an Estimator Are You?"
_273
С
Software Estimation Tips
.275
Bibliography
._._._. 287
Index
.295 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:55:09Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:40:13Z |
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| spelling | McConnell, Steve 1962- Verfasser (DE-588)129940798 aut Software estimation demystifying the black art Steve McConnell Redmond, Wash. Microsoft Press 2006 XXIX, 308 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Best practices Engenharia de software larpcal Softwares (desenvolvimento;custos) larpcal estimation / logiciel - développement / projet informatique / rero Softwareentwicklung / Aufwandsschätzung / Zeitaufwand / Kostenplanung swd Computer software Development Computer software Development Estimates Softwareentwicklung (DE-588)4116522-6 gnd rswk-swf Aufwandsschätzung (DE-588)4739189-3 gnd rswk-swf Softwareentwicklung (DE-588)4116522-6 s Aufwandsschätzung (DE-588)4739189-3 s DE-604 text/html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1004/2005936847-d.html Publisher description text/html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1010/2005936847-t.html Table of contents only text/html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1106/2005936847-b.html Contributor biographical information Digitalisierung UB Passau application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014840711&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | McConnell, Steve 1962- Software estimation demystifying the black art Engenharia de software larpcal Softwares (desenvolvimento;custos) larpcal estimation / logiciel - développement / projet informatique / rero Softwareentwicklung / Aufwandsschätzung / Zeitaufwand / Kostenplanung swd Computer software Development Computer software Development Estimates Softwareentwicklung (DE-588)4116522-6 gnd Aufwandsschätzung (DE-588)4739189-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4116522-6 (DE-588)4739189-3 |
| title | Software estimation demystifying the black art |
| title_auth | Software estimation demystifying the black art |
| title_exact_search | Software estimation demystifying the black art |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Software estimation demystifying the black art |
| title_full | Software estimation demystifying the black art Steve McConnell |
| title_fullStr | Software estimation demystifying the black art Steve McConnell |
| title_full_unstemmed | Software estimation demystifying the black art Steve McConnell |
| title_short | Software estimation |
| title_sort | software estimation demystifying the black art |
| title_sub | demystifying the black art |
| topic | Engenharia de software larpcal Softwares (desenvolvimento;custos) larpcal estimation / logiciel - développement / projet informatique / rero Softwareentwicklung / Aufwandsschätzung / Zeitaufwand / Kostenplanung swd Computer software Development Computer software Development Estimates Softwareentwicklung (DE-588)4116522-6 gnd Aufwandsschätzung (DE-588)4739189-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Engenharia de software Softwares (desenvolvimento;custos) estimation / logiciel - développement / projet informatique / Softwareentwicklung / Aufwandsschätzung / Zeitaufwand / Kostenplanung Computer software Development Computer software Development Estimates Softwareentwicklung Aufwandsschätzung |
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