Vlade Srbije: 1805 - 2005
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
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| Veröffentlicht: |
Beograd
Zavod za Udžbenike i Nastavna Sredstva
2005
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| Ausgabe: | 1. izd. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Abstract Register // Personenregister Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Government as a state organ |
| Beschreibung: | 595 S. Ill. 31 x 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 861713111X |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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THE GOVERNMENTS OF SERBIA 1805-2005
GOVERNMENT AS A STATE ORGAN
Although most constitutions define a government as the bearer of executive authority, in constitutional reality the government is the bearer of real power. That the real state authority is centred in the government is evident because the most important political men in an epoch have always gone through the government, and because political careers are as a rule crowned and vindicated in government. All the great statesmen have become great as prime ministers.
As a state organ, a government may be organized as presidential or parliamentarian. Presidential government is a system of authority organized on the principle of separation and isolation of one authority from another. The entire executive authority is delegated to the directly elected president of the republic and his administration. Here the head of the state is at the same time the government, and that is why the system is called presidential government (presidential system). Parliamentary government is a system of reigning, organized on the principle of integration and cooperation of power. Executive power in a parliamentary government is bicephal (two-headed) and is exercised by the head of the state and the government. In an organic and formal sense, government is a state organ linked to the system of authority which is described as parliamentary government or parliamentarism, parliamentary system. It is the state organ which is elected by the parliament which therefore has behind it a parliamentary majority and which exists for as long as this majority stands behind it. As soon as it loses it, it ceases to be a government, and within the parliament a new parliamentary majority is formed for a new government, and when that is not possible, new parliamentary elections are called. Because of such links for the parliamentary majority which, especially when it is a coalition one, is changeable, it is said that the government in the system of parliamentary government is a changeable part in the executive. Otherwise, the source and reason for dualism or bicephality of executive government in parliamentarism is historical and not doctrinaire.
Government is the state organ of executive authority which constitutes the union of the highest functionaries (ministers) who, as a rule, head various individual domains of administration. It has a pyramidal organization, i.e. a leader structure. At its head is the prime minister, who is the head of the government responsible for all the administrative areas in the government and behind and below him are ministers, responsible for policy and development in different administrative areas (resorts).
Government as an organ of executive power is formed by the parliament. Here the government is formed according to political criteria - by the representatives of the political majority in the parliament. From the standpoint of whether government members may or may not be in the parliament, government may be assembly-mustered (when government members have to be members of parliament), non-assembly-mustered (when membership in the government precludes membership in the parliament) and mixed (when in
forming a government there is no obligation for its members to be members of parliament, or vice-versa, when membership in the government does not preclude membership in the parliament). At any rate, a government always originates in the parliament, even if it is not elected from among its members. Of symbolic significance is the fact that the mandatary for formation of a government is nominated by the head of the state, because he has no freedom of selection. He may entrust the mandate only to the person that is wanted by the parliamentary majority who is, as a rule, leader of the political party which has parliamentary majority; in the case of a parliamentary majority composed by a coalition of political parties, he is the leader of the political party which has most members in the parliamentary majority.
The strength of the government stems from its basic function - to determine and conduct policy, both internal and external. Policy is created and conducted by the government, which therefore is said to be “governing”. The determination and conduct of internal policy is legally operationalized as proposal of statutes in the parliament and implementation of the laws adopted in the parliament (government decrees). The second basic function of the government is to direct and coordinate state administration, i.e. the bureaucratic state apparatus.
Since the state authority is seated in the government, the basic question for each democracy - control of state
power - is reduced to the question of control and restriction of the government’s authority, i.e. government’s responsibility. This responsibility must be adapted to the government’s authority. Government must be controlled by those who gave it authorization to govern, and these are the parliament and the electorate. The government bears political responsibleness before them. Beside the collective responsibleness of the government, there is also individual responsibleness of its members or ministerial responsibleness. Ministerial responsibleness may be political, material or criminal. Political responsibleness of ministers means loss of parliamentary confidence in the minister, i.e. it exists when parliament gives a minister a vote of non-confidence. Material responsibleness of the minister is responsibility for the prejudice arisen during the exercise of his official duties, caused by his illegal work. Prejudice to individuals is compensated by the government, which then has the right to lay charges against the minister and demand restitution of everything that it has had to pay to the individual. Criminal responsibleness of the minister exists when in the performance of his official duties, the minister commits an offence punishable under criminal law. For the criminal offences committed during the exercise of the minister’s official duties, he will answer before a special state tribunal, upon accusation by the parliament which is, as a rule, adopted by a special majority.
IN THE PRINCIPALITY AND THE KINGDOM OF SERBIA 1805-1918
Introduction. In Serbia in the 19th and 20th centuries, no one seems to have been seriously interested in the A- establishment of a government, or executive power. All that was done was to publish, with the constitutions or independently, the compositions of the Serbian governments from 1805 to 2001. The first attempt was made by Vuk Karadzic in his important work Serbian government in Karadjordje’s time (1860). With the exception of the works dealing with the history of the Serbian people as a whole, or for certain time periods, only four of those were devoted to individual governments - by Djordje S. Simic, Jovan Dj. Avakumovic, Nikola Pasic and Nikola Hristic, and one to the governments in the First World War. We can add to them several biographies of Serbian politicians and statesmen who acted as prime ministers: Ilija Garasanin, Djordje Simic, Vladan Djor-djevic, Nikola Pasic and several studies on the institution of a government (e.g. Milovan Dj. Milovanovic). Not much was done in regard to the publication of archive documents about the work of the Serbian governments, but two books are worthy of mention: The Minutes of the Sessions of the Ministerial Council of Serbia 1862-1898,
and The Minutes of the Sessions of the Ministerial Council of Serbia 1915-1918.
The period between the two World Wars was also covered with two books of Protocols of the Ministerial Council(1929-1931 and 1941-1945).
One of the reasons for it is the fact that Serbia as an independent state existed until 1918, and from then onwards as a constituent part of the monarchic and socialist Yugoslavia, and today in the dualistic community with Montenegro. Its development during the 19th century was slow and gradual. If we take February 14, 1804 as the day of the resurrection of the Serbian state, and the restoration of its medieval statehood, its effort to achieve internationally recognized independence is seen to have lasted more than seven decades. In the new-age period Serbia went through several stages:
1.1804-1833 - struggle to gain a state 2.1833-1878 - the vassal state 3.1878-1918 - independent state.
In the first stage, Serbia of the Belgrade pashalic was in fact independent throughout the First Uprising gaining its autonomy after the Second Uprising (1815). In
J
the course of time it strengthened its autonomous status: with the Hattisherifs (Turkey’s imperial edict) of 1830 and 1833, Turkey and Russia, and later other states as well, especially Austria, recognized its autonomy; under the Paris peace treaty (1856) the autonomy was somewhat enlarged, and finally, under the decree of 1867, the Turkish troops left Serbia. After two wars against Turkey, the Berlin Congress (1878) recognized for Serbia the status of an independent state. Throughout the development of Serbian statehood in the new age, 1804 (restoration) and 1878 (independence) were the two most significant events. Executive power in Serbia developed in accordance with this development of statehood.
On several occasions Serbia changed the official name of the state. No agreed opinion was reached about its appellation in the first period of its existence; three appellations were suggested: “Serbia of the Belgrade Pa-shalic”, “Karadjordje’s Serbia”, “Milos's Serbia”. I believe that its proper name should be “The Revolutionary Serbia”. Since the Hattisherif of 1830, it bears the official name of the Principality of Serbia, and after 1882, The Kingdom of Serbia.
Since the executive authority also belonged to the ruler, it should be pointed out that two dynasties were ruling in Serbia - the Karadjordjevics and the Obrenovics; the former had three and the latter five rulers in this period. The Obrenovics ruled longer than the Karadjordjevics although they descended from the stage of history in 1903, while the Karadjordjevics continued to reign in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia until 1945.
The capital city of the new-age Serbian state was changed several times. The insurrectionary state officially did not have a capital city but this honour seems to have been given to Topola, a place where Kara-djordje lived and spent most time. At the end of the uprising he erected in Topola a city which was at the same time Karadjordje’s court, the capital city of the country and the military centre of the insurrectionists. Later on, the honour of being the capital city was given to Gornja Crnuca, a small village on the southern slopes of Rudnik mountain, where Milos Obrenovic lived from 1815 to 1818. Topola and Gornja Crnuca can only conditionally be said to have been capital cities, since there were residences of the leaders of both the First and the Second Uprisings, without there being also other supreme insurrectionary organs of authority, which was an essential condition for a place to be described as the capital city. Prince Milos, who no longer feared the Turks or needed to hide from them, selected Kragujevac for his capital city and moved into that town in 1818. At the time Kragujevac had 193 houses and about 1,300 inhabitants, mainly Serbs, but also a few Turks and Muslims.
However, Kragujevac was losing its significance after foreign powers began opening their consulates in Bel-
grade, from 1836 to 1839. The Obrenovics were fond of Kragujevac, being far away from foreign diplomatic-envoys, while the constitution-defender opposition preferred Belgrade, where they needed their protection. The State Council managed to install the capital city in Belgrade in 1839, but Prince Mihailo and the followers of the Obrenovics returned it to Kragujevac. In the end Prince Mihailo had to give in to the stubborn constitution-defenders who were supported by the Turks and the Russians, and permitted on 7th May 1841 the transfer of the central government to Belgrade. Thus finally Belgrade prevailed over Kragujevac and remained the capital of Serbia, and later of all the Yugoslavias and Serbia and Montenegro, to the present day. With a few exceptions at the very beginning, the central state organs including the government itself were situated in the capital city.
The notion of Popechitel (minister) first appeared in 1805 in Bozidar Grujovic’s draft law on the government. There is no doubt that with Grujovic this notion meant the same as a minister. Popechitel is mentioned again at the end of 1808 in Rodofinikin’s note about the organization of Serbia. The Russian consul was not clear as to how ministers in Serbia, namely the executive power which was vested in the Senate, were to be called, but two out of the five ministers he called popechitels. This expression was approved by Mihailo Grujovic, Bozidar’s brother, and was introduced into the 1811 constitutional law, and it remained long in use. In Russia popechitel is not the same as minister; it was a description given to the district school inspector. While the Serbs fought for their state and afterwards while they were an autonomous province of Turkey, Russians believed that they were not entitled to have ministries, because those could only be had by independent states. The Russians, and subsequently also the Serbs, since the idea of the Council was Russian, accepted the appellation of lesser significance in order not to upset Turkey’s sensibilities, and as such it entered all our constitutions and laws until the great reform by Prince Mihailo in 1862.
Throughout the existence of the Principality and the Kingdom of Serbia, the word vlada (government) was not in official use. This term was variously called Pravitelstvujusci Soviet (Governing sovjet) or Coejeiu (Council), Razmotriliste popecitelstva, Zakotioizvr-sitelna cast Drzavnog Sovjeta (Executive Section of the State Council), Central Government (Central Government) and Ministarski savet (Ministerial Council). The notion of vlada (government) was in currency on the eve of the Serbo-Turkish wars, and the action ministry (ad hoc ministry) was also called “ad hoc government , “Ristic’s government”, “the government of pure constitutionality”, “the government of the royal regency”, and
similar. Since that time the notion of cabinet came increasingly into use. “This cabinet had the disadvantage for being not much liked by the prince”, wrote Milan Pirocanac in his Notes at the time when he became chairman of the Ministerial Council (1880). Later it was used more, even more than the word vlada.
The Ministerial Council officially remained operational until 1945.
Thereafter this designation was frequently changed: The Executive Committee of AVNOJ, The National Committee of Liberation of Yugoslavia, The People’s Government of Serbia, The Executive Council of the Assembly of SRS, Republican Executive Council, and finally The Government of the Republic of Serbia. Therefore, the style ‘Government’ has been in official use only since 1991.
Pravitelstvujusci Soviet (1805-1813). Russia suggested to Reverend Mateja Nenadovic during his stay at St. Petersburg, at the end of 1804, to help to set up a government. For the realization of this idea he engaged Bozidar Grujovic, who had drafted several official acts, of which only two have been preserved: “Za pamjat” (To Remember) and “Slovo” (Letter) (mid-August 1805). These two legal acts relate to two institutions - the Pravitelstvujusci soviet and the ruler of the country (Vozd). They served as a basis for all the subsequent constitutional laws: of 1805, 1808 and 1811.
According to Grujovic’s thinking, the Council would be divided into two entities: the first to be made up of the vlada, composed of six popechitels: army, finances, justice, education and church matters, foreign affairs and interna] affairs. According to need, some of these ministries could be joined - army with internal affairs and justice with education. The duties of the ministers were suggested rather than prescribed but, it should be pointed out, they were held responsible for their work.
Because of the momentous war operations - Karano-vac, Uzice, Ivankovac - Karadjordje was unable to constitute a Sovjet. After the end of the war operations around Uzice and having obtained support from Milan Obrenovid and Sima Markovic, the Nenadovics returned to Brankovina with the intention of preparing an Assembly at Bogovadja. During that time Vozd, Milenko Stojkovic and Petar Dobrnjac were fighting Hafis-pasha at Ivankovac. When he received the invitation from the Nenadovics to come to Bogovadja monastery for the Assembly, Vozd realized that trouble was in the offing, so he decided to assume initiative and called up the Assembly at Borak, inviting to it the Nenadovics and all those assembled at Bogovadja. These did not have the courage to fail to respond to the invitation and the Assembly was held at Borak on the Assumption Day, in August 1805. It seems that the Assembly did not discuss
the setting up of a government council, since such a decision had already been taken, so Karadjordje permitted Reverend Mateja to select councilors and to reside with them at Voljavca monastery, rather than at Bogovadja as was previously suggested. Thus Serbia had received its first Government, in a shape which was still rather primitive.
The Council did not stay long at Voljavca but, after one Karadjordje’s visit end September or early in October 1805, it was moved to Bogovadja. After working for two months at Bogovadja, it moved to liberated Smeder-evo, probably end of November 1805. The third seat of the Council was Belgrade, from the summer of 1807, and remained there to the collapse of the First Uprising.
A few legal regulations systematized relationships in the government of the new state. The Decree on the Council was adopted at the joint session of the Assembly and the Council, on 7th December 1805. The Council was adjudged the supreme authority: “On behalf of the entire people we want to accord supreme power to the People’s Assembly which has received the name of the People’s Council and which is made up of the village heads of all districts, attended with a secretary.” There was no doubt that the Council was accorded the supreme authority, the executive power, but it was not clearly defined, nor was it clear to the legislator, and certainly not to the participants in these stormy events, as to who holds legislative power. This dilemma lasted throughout the entire insurrection. “This People’s Council shall wield every authority including courts of justice, internal affairs, the army and other matters.” It should be pointed out that the councilors themselves believed that they had been granted the supreme authority and they behaved that way. Such a belief resulted from the following paragraph in the Government Act: “We are giving the Council the supreme authority to issue orders to every secular and ecclesiastic person, village head, voivoda, and all the Serbs in general, as well as to all the clergy”. They all had to obey the Council, since it had been conferred “every land authority”. It alone was entitled to pronounce a death sentence. The Council’s provisional chairman was Reverend Mateja (above whom was the Vozd), while all other councilors “have an equal authority and have the duty to consult one another”.
Not only during the Uprising but also during the entire first half of the 19th century, the insurgent rebels did not know how nor were they able to mark out a clear division of power. At the same Assembly Karadjordje was given unlimited power in military affairs, as a supreme commander and not as a supreme president of the Council. At the end of 1805, Serbia had obtained full political, judicial, financial and military organization.
At the People’s Assembly, held on St. Nikola’s Day in Belgrade in 1808, the Constitution Act was promul-
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gated which set up the supreme and local authority in Serbia. Under mutual pledges, validated by oath, the Vozd and the senior heads passed the following decisions: 1) the Council, commanders, voivodas, village heads and the entire nation recognized Karadjordje and his descendants as the supreme leader of Serbia. The Vozd promised to take a fatherly care of the people, and to recognize the Council as the supreme court of justice. 2) A strict subordination of authority was established. All the orders should be adopted by the Vozd and the Council “upon mutual understanding”, and they are passed on in this manner: the Vozd to the Council, the Council to the regional commanders, and those again to the lower authorities.
With this constitutional law the Vozd assumed supreme power, additionally assured by heritage. Although he was duty bound to collaborate with the Council, whose judicial competences were reasserted, Karadjordje considerably strengthened his position and was above all other national institutions. The institution of the Vozd was legally superior to the Council, whereas the Assembly, although it had voted this act, was not even mentioned.
Reform of the supreme authority was carried out again in 1811, in undoubtedly the most representative National Assembly. All the decisions were adopted unanimously. The constitutional acts of 1811 had a contractual form. The Council members “reiteratively confirm” the constitutional law of 1808 and swear to it an oath of allegiance. Next the military commanders gave another oath to “the supreme overlord George and fatherland”.
Next was issued the Decree on the Sovjet, under which this institution was completely reformed, becoming executive authority in the true sense of the word. The relationship between the Vozd and the Council was the same as in 1805, which was because the constitutional laws were written by two brothers - Bozidar and Mi-hailo Grujovid. The Vozd shared the legislative power with the Assembly, and the executive power with the Council, and was at the same time the military leader of the people. With this reform, especially after the replacement of two new ministers in the place of Milenko Stojkovic and Petar Dobrnjac, the Vozd had finally broken down the opposition and grabbed all the power into his hands. The Council was under his unrestricted control.
Under the reform the complete subordination of power was carried out, from the Vozd to the village head, according to the principle of Ivan Jugovic: “You cannot teach everyone how to do something, but you can force them to do it”. The constitutional reform put the Vozd at the peak of his power, making him an absolute master, and since then the rule was - “either you listen to Karadjordje or you move out of the country”.
Taken as a whole, throughout the Insurrection, the Council was the central organ of power, which, depending on the time and circumstances, performed all the three types of authority - legislative, executive and judicial. At the beginning of its activity, judicial power had the advantage but at the end it was seen as more of an executive organ of authority.
Razmotriliste popecitelstva (1834-1835) (Ministerial Deliberation). The Prince’s chancellery was one of the rare institutions which subsisted throughout the prince’s first rule (1815-1839). It was formed during the Second Uprising, for practical needs, as the personal chancellery of Prince Milos, but it was soon so overcharged with duties that the Prince in 1820 transferred some of the business to the Narodna kancelarija (Popular Chancellery). During the 1830s, the Prince’s chancellery changed its names three times: Prince’s Cabinet (1835), Court Chancellery (1837) and Prince’s Chancellery (1839). Through his chancellery, Prince Milos administered all other institutions until his downfall. It was staffed by several scribes, one of whom was called the prince’s secretary, with whom the prince attended to the most important matters. This duty was successfully carried out until 1835 by Dimitrije Davidovic, and from then to 1839 by Jakov Zivanovic, who signed himself “Director of the Prince’s Chancellery”.
Division of the Prince’s Chancellery into two sections - foreign and internal - was performed in 1833, and business in it was divided up in this sense. The chancellery thus divided left the impression of an institution of the prince’s executive power, the beginning of the future Prince’s Government with two major domains - external and internal affairs.
The need for the setting up of an executive authority was felt immediately after the 1830 Hattisherif, according to the provisions of which Prince and the Council shared the executive power, while the Prince held the legislative power. After the 1833 Hattisherif was obtained, Prince Milos permitted the first issue of the “Serbian News” (5th January 1834) to publish that the ruler will set up various ministries so that the following year would not find Serbia “in the old clothes”. The Triphonian Assembly (February 1834) thanked the sultan and the Russian emperor for the legal acts which had set up the autonomy of the Principality of Serbia, and Prince Milos was proclaimed the “Saviour and Father ot Serbia”. It was then decided to set up the Razmotriliste popcchitcl-stva, imagined to be the true organ of executive power, in which the ministers had the freedom of independent action within their competence, whereas the cases when the competences of two or several other ministries overlap, as well as the cases of a general significance, even though it was not emphasized, were decided on in joint
sessions. That would already be a considerable stride towards a better organization of government s work. This may have been the idea of Dimitrije Davidovic, the prince’s secretary, who at that time was interested in the organization of the state administration and directed the prince’s chancellery, and was able to deprive it of some rights of the prince’s executive organ and transfer them to Razmotriliste.
The year 1835 was replete with important events: abolition of feudalism, the Mileta Rebellion, adoption and abolition of the Sretenje Constitution, the Prince’s visit to Istanbul. The Sretenje Constitution, even though it was in force for a short time, only 55 days, left a visible trace in Serbia’s constitutional history, and even in the development of executive power. The Constitution proclaimed the division of authority into legislative, executive and judicial, but this was not realized because the writer of the Constitution, Dimitrije Davidovid, was not a lawyer and did not know how to carry out this idea. The Prince and the State Council were the most important institutions in the country. The Prince appoints the councilors, among whom ministers are selected. The executive power was exercised by six ministers - minister of foreign affairs, of internal affairs, of justice, of finances, of the army, and church and education. They were responsible for everything they did. Ministers had the duty to submit annual reports on their work to the Prince and the Council, while the finance minister also reported to the National Assembly, since its duty was to make up the budget and himself to gather in the taxes. The ministers had the right of legislative initiative. The Prince appoints and dismisses ministers, but these still remain in the Council exercising legislative power.
More details about ministries were introduced into the State Council Act (26th February 1835). The Council had two departments: legislative and executive (government). Duties and rights of ministers were then spelled out in detail.
The prince and the opposition, above all Dimitrije Davidovid, believed that Serbia, even though a vassal state of the Turkish empire, according to a provision of the 1830 Hatttisherif, which was not particularly precise, is entitled to adopt the highest legislative act. They were wrong in it, and Prince Milos had to suspend the constitution under the pressure of the suzerain and patronizing courts of Turkey and Russia, supported also by Austria.
Centralno pravlenije (1839-1862) (Central Administration). The 1838 constitution, unlike the Sretenje constitution, did not stress the principle of the division of power (into legislative, executive, judicial), but it did adhere to this principle. The Prince was given executive, the Council legislative, and the court judicial power.
Division between the legislative and executive power was not consistently observed. A minimal entitlement to participation in legislation was given to the Prince, because through ministers, as members of the Council, he was able to influence the framing of the laws. On the other hand, neither was executive power fully insulated from the Council, since the ministers were under its supervision (submitting annual reports on their work and accounts about income and expenditure). The Council’s interference into the executive, and that of the Prince into the legislative authority, was not so much in evidence as to be able to upset the principle on the division of power.
The prince exercised executive authority through the government composed of four ministers. The constitution had assured stability for the executive authority and prescribed its competences. The constitution divided executive power into two parts without giving them names, which was done under separate laws. Both laws were adopted on the same day, 10th June 1839, and represent our first real law on government - Organization of the Prince’s Chancellery and Organization of the Central Administration of the Principality of Serbia. The constitution prescribed that the prince has a right to set up a Prince’s Chancellery, to be managed by his deputy who at the same time performs the duty of the minister of foreign affairs. By the intermediary of the Prince’s Chancellery, or rather ministry of foreign affairs, the prince manages foreign affairs and controls the work of all other ministers, so it can be said that he performed the duty of the prime minister.
The Constitution and the Law on Central Administration prescribed the duties to remaining ministers - of internal affairs, finances, justice and education. A minister could only be a Serb or a foreign person if he had become naturalised. All the ministers are duty bound to send annual reports on their work to the Council in March and April of each year, and on demand of the Council also to respond for their work to the Council. Thus the ministers were dually responsible - both to the Prince and to the Council. The ministers are independent, equal and manage their own budgets, but they also must communicate among them, consult each other, help and remain constantly “in a union”. Only Article 11 of the Law mildly suggests the unity of the Prince, Prince’s deputy and minister of foreign affairs with other ministers (“in terms of their duties and appointment they must stay in a constant union”).
Provisions of the 1838 Constitution and the Law on Prince’s Chancellery and the Central Functions remained long in force, until 1862.
Ministerial Council (1862-1918). Prince Milos's changes in the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1859 were continued by Prince Mihailo with a real reform of the
state administration. With two laws the status of executive power was resolved - with the State Council Act (1861) and the Law on the Organization of the Central State Administration (1862). Under this law the Council lost its former political role and had become an administrative body. Since the Organization had detached ministers from the Council and placed them under the exclusive supervision of the Prince, the basic precondition was created for Serbia to obtain a more up-to-date government and in this spirit for the first time the word popecitel was officially replaced with the word minister.
Under the provision of the Organization, state administration was conducted “on behalf of the Prince” by ministers of whom there were seven: of foreign affairs, internal affairs, justice, education and church, finances, army, construction. The Prince was able to entrust two ministries to one minister. “Ministers are direct organs of the Prince and equal among them, however one among them, appointed by the Prince, is the President of the Ministerial Council,” In the matters financial they are responsible to the Principal Control which is a part of the State Council. Ministers perform duties within their competence independently, but they may not transmit laws and other acts individually to the Council, but must previously all meet, thus forming “the union of government”. This “union of government” which means “union and uniformity in matters of government and administration”, beside a direct subjection to the Prince, is the most important provision which made executive power a collective organ, for which a great need had been felt. “The unity of government” is synonymous with the Ministerial Council, which is managed by its chairman unless the Prince attends the meeting. President of the Ministerial Council is the “head of the ministry”, together with the Prince a factor of executive power who countersigns all the Prince’s acts. He has taken over the role of the Prince’s deputy but now as a somewhat stronger unifying factor of all the ministries. Since he had always held a ministerial post, especially the one of foreign affairs, he was regarded as the most important person in executive power and the only intermediary between the Prince and the government. From 1888, a minister without portfolio could also be the chairman. After all the important acts go through the Ministerial Council, only then can the competent minister follow them up to the State Council. The ministers may
attend the sittings of the Council when their own draft law is being discussed, but only for the “explaining vote”.
Ministers are responsible to the Council and the Prince for the non-execution of the law. There is no further regulation of ministerial responsibility and it may be said that the latter is proclaimed as a matter of principle. Only the ruler has the right to appoint and
dismiss ministers and after a hearing in the Ministerial Council he may hand them over to a court. In contrast to the time before the return of the Obrenovics into power, now the law has given the right to the ruler to appoint ministers outside the narrow circle of councilors, which is a third essential change. Thereby executive power is completely separated from the Council, so the government had separate sittings and separate presidency. The State Council and the Ministerial Council had become two independent and separate state organs.
Ministries were divided into several departments. The ministerial duties were as follows: to see to the execution of the laws and decrees, to submit to the Prince countersigned acts which must have his sanction, prepare draft laws from their competences, propose to the Prince the officials from that service, form supervision and control over the subordinate institutions and prepare the ministerial budget. Every ministry has a number of officials of whom the closest to the minister are his assistants and heads of sections, whose opinion he is not bound to accept during the adoption of decisions. The mentioned duties suggest that the entire state administration is concentrated in the hands of the ministers. The Ministerial Council keeps its own protocol of work which is signed by all the ministers present.
Next the duties of each ministry are prescribed individually. It should also be pointed out that the minister of justice is also the keeper of the state seal. He affixes the state seal, on behalf of the Prince, upon all the legal acts. This law remained in force until the end of the existence of the Principality and the Kingdom of Serbia. In some ministries certain major changes were made, or new laws or supplements to various provisions were made, but a law on the government was not adopted again.
Up to the 1869 Constitution, governments were weak, executive power in a somewhat better position in the collective body and joint activities (from 1862), but very dependent on the ruler. Among some Serbian statesmen and politicians there was a need for strong governments. The 1869 Constitution was adopted during the Second Regency (1868-1872) for the minor Prince Milan, and prominent in its framing were Radivoje Milojkovic and Jovan Ristic. The Constitution strengthened the ruler’s rights, heritage of the throne was proclaimed to be a constitutional principle, and the right of inheritance was enlarged. The National Assembly (unicameral, yet there were proposals for it to be bicameral), shared the legislative power with the prince, but in legislature the prince was a more powerful factor than the Assembly. The legislative procedure was in the hands of the government who with the Prince had the right, in the event of national security being threatened either from outside or
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inside, to issue laws. These ’’decree laws were in force until the next meeting of the Assembly. In other words, in the event of emergency, the government was able to suspend “for the time being” the articles of the Constitution about personal freedoms, inviolability of the dwelling, freedom of speech and the press and court jurisdiction, in other words, civil and political freedoms.
The government’s draft of the budget could not be rejected by the Assembly as a whole, nor could it make its approval subject to the fall of the government, because the budget could be carried to the following year. The Constitution did not seek to introduce a parliamentary regime, because the ministers were not deputies nor were politically responsible to the Assembly but to the Prince, their responsibility being entirely on criminal matters. “The political responsibility of the ministers, which is the essence of the parliamentary regime, did not exist in the 1869 Constitution”, concludes Slobodan Jovanovic. This is supported by the fact that the Assembly did not enjoy budgetary right with which it could force the government to resign.
The Constitution did retain the institution of the Ministerial Council that would be directly subjected to the Prince. Ministers were responsible to the Prince and the Assembly for their official work. It enumerates four offences for which a minister can be charged: “when he commits treason against the fatherland and the ruler, when he violates the Constitution, when he engages in corruption and when he causes prejudice to the state for personal gain”. A minister must be accused by no less than 20 deputies, and two-thirds of votes is necessary before the charge is approved and the procedure on responsibility is begun. The State Court is competent to try the minister, but the Prince has no right to amnesty the minister without the Assembly’s approval.
No references to ministerial responsibilities were made in the 1835 and 1838 Constitutions. It was only the Law on the Alterations and Amendments to the Organization Council (1858) that for the first time introduces ministerial responsibility before the Council, but not also political responsibility before Parliament. This important problem was only resolved in 1869 Constitution and the Law on Ministerial Responsibleness (1870).
The Law was drafted according to the principles of German theories on ministerial responsibleness. The idea of the constitution makers of 1869 and the regent was not to introduce political answerability of ministers to the Parliament, but criminal responsibility before the State Court. (There is an opinion that ministers were politically responsible before the Prince, because of his right of appointment and dismissal.) Additional to the previously mentioned constitutional provisions about
ministerial responsibleness, the Law prescribes that ministers can be tried by the State Court of twelve judges selected by lot from the ranks of the Court of Appeals and the Assembly, who render an oath before the trial. After the charges have been made in the Assembly, the Prince temporarily dismisses the minister from his post. The minister is entitled to defense and the trial is public and oral. The State Court judges “according to its fair conviction and evidence obtained through examination”. The State Court may pronounce two sanctions: 1) dismissal from his post, which means that he can never again be a minister; and 2) to be proclaimed incapable for service, which means that he will temporarily or never again obtain a public post. If the State Court found that the minister also committed another offence prescribed under the Criminal Law, it handed him over to a regular court. Unless the Assembly desists its charges against the minister prior to the main hearing, the latter cannot appeal against the decision of the State Court. The weakness of this Law is seen in the statute of limitation laid on the charges within a short term. The minister’s answerability ceases if the first Assembly after the act does not lay the charges and if the Assembly approves of the said act by the minister. The legal theoreticians believe that the short term prescription of ministerial responsibility makes it pointless.
The one case of the correctly understood responsibleness and with a concrete consequence is worthy of note. When the Assembly, during the government of Jovan Marinovic (1873-1874), dealt with an Assembly petition, the matter came to a vote. The petition of the majority received 58 votes and the minority petition, supported by the government, received the votes of 61 deputies. Which means that the Government received three votes more. At the time the Constitution of 1869 was in force and the Law on Ministerial Responsibleness of 1870, so the Government did not depend on the National Assembly and therefore the question of confidence of the Government before the Assembly did not have to be raised. But the high sentiment of political responsibility of Jovan Marinovic made him submit resignation of his Government to Prince Milan, although the Constitution and the Law did not force him to do it. He justified his resignation with the fact that the majority of three votes gave an illusory hope of the success of his Government.
Serbia obtained its eighth ministry in 1882 - the Ministry of National Economy. It came into being after some competences were taken from the Ministry of Finances and Ministry of Internal Affairs and handed over to it. Its domain included forestry, mining, crafts, industry, trade, communications, folk arts and crafts, banking, river navigation, post office, telegraph and the railways which were then only being built. The Ministry
was divided into four sections: agriculture and animal husbandry; forestry; communications, commerce and crafts; mining; post office and telegraph; statistics. In 1891, under a separate law the Economic Council was established, “which will help with its advice the Ministry of National Economy in questions concerning national economy”.
The acquisition of independence made the greatest contribution to a swifter development of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Principality and the Kingdom of Serbia. Arrangements were made about diplomatic representatives, of whom there were three kinds - envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, minister--resident and chargé d’affaires (1878). Since it had diplomatic representatives in Istanbul (kapucehaja 1833, diplomatic agent 1839, representative 1869, envoy 1878), in Bucharest (agent 1836, representative 1863, envoy 1879) and in Vienna (representative 1874, envoy 1878), Serbia opened new representative offices in Paris in 1879 (it had had a secret agent since 1854), St. Petersburg (1879), Sofia (agent 1879, delegation 1910), Berlin (1880), London (1880), Rome (1881), Athens (1882), Cetinje (1897), Brussels (1889), Washington (1916), Madrid (1916), Stockholm (1917). In 1879 Serbia passed a provision about consular services which it enlarged in 1882 and amended in 1886 and 1914. The consulates were subordinated to delegations in the given country. There were three types of consuls (general consul, consul and vice-consul), and there was also an honorary consul in two cities - in Trieste and Budapest. These provisions marked in detail all their duties and rights. The most consuls were maintained in Turkey where they had most business, protecting the interests of Serbia and the Serbian people in those lands - Salonica, Skopje, Bitola, Pristina, Serez, Prizren and Skadar, as well as in a few cities in Europe - Prague, Vienna, Berlin and Istanbul. Subsequently Serbia concluded several consular conventions with: Italy (1879), Austria-Hungary (1881), USA (1881), Germany (1883), France (1883), Switzerland (1888), and with Turkey only in 1896. Under these treaties the foreign states had waived capitulations (protection of their citizens) based upon the treaties with Turkey.
Assembly adopted only one law applying exclusively to this ministry - the Law on the Organization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Diplomatic Representations and Consulates of Serbia (1886), which remained in force until the Unification. Because business of the Ministry was of a “dual nature”, it was split into two departments - political and administrative. The departments were managed by heads who were in fact minister’s deputies and secretaries. The Political Department dealt in: minister’s correspondence, confidential matters, scrutiny of the press, safekeeping and translation of the
cipher, diplomatic correspondence, negotiations, conventions, declarations, political questions of the Serbs outside Serbia, audiences to foreign envoys, decorations for foreign envoys, confidential archives, ceremonial protocol, etc. The Administrative Department dealt with matters concerning the work of the consulates, giving aid to our and foreign persons, issuance of passports, extradition, execution of treaties and conventions, expedition of official mail, accountancy and the Ministry’s archives. The Departments were divided into sections, of which there were six. The Press Bureau was within the Political Department. The Law prescribed numerous details, even the salaries of all the Ministry officials.
Worthy of note is another organizational change within this Ministry. In 1899, the Section for Serbian Schools and Churches outside Serbia as a part of the Ministry of Education was abolished and transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Department started working in the following year and was of a confidential and intelligence significance, known as the PP Section (secret propaganda).
The 1888 Constitution (according to the new calendar 3rd January 1889) was the first constitution since Serbia had become an independent state, adopted without any external restrictions and obligations. The Constitution gave the people democratic rights, introduced parliamentary rule and was one of the most progressive constitutions in Europe.
The ruler is conferred executive power which he exercises through the intermediary of the Government, whereas he shares the legislative power with the Assembly. The King appoints and dismisses ministers, they operate directly under him. No special qualifications were prescribed for the ministers, but the rule was that ministers may not be members of the Royal House. The Constitution does not say how many ministries the Government has, therefore the earlier provision about eight ministries remained in force. The King could not create new or abolish old ministries. On assuming their posts ministers must swear an oath. Ministerial functions are double. The minister manages independently his own ministry, his assistants and advisers have only an advisory voice, therefore the minister adopts his decisions independently. Neither the King nor the Assembly may directly communicate with the Government officials, but do that through the intermediary of competent ministers. The ministers countersign every Royal Act, without which the act is invalid, and thereby the minister becomes responsible in the place of the ruler. Harmony at the top of the state administration is made possible by the Ministerial Council, assembly of all the ministers. The Ministerial Council may be headed by a president, who may be without portfolio. Prime Minister may only be that, but he can also assume any oth-
er ministry. It was also possible to have a ministry without portfolio. The sessions of the Ministerial Council are presided by the King, or by the chairman in his absence.
Ministerial responsibility, of which more shall be said presently, may be civil, criminal and political. The introduction of political responsibility before the King and before the Assembly, created conditions for the introduction of the parliamentary regime in Serbia. Ministerial responsibility before the Assembly was seen in the following: through an interpellation the Government is forced to submit explanations about its work; with a resolution the Parliament can condemn the Government policy. More important than this is the Assembly’s right to bring the Government down by failing to vote. It is obvious that a state cannot function one single day without a budget, which actually could be extended by four months. In favour of the introduction of the parliamentary regime was the fact that from then onwards deputies could also become ministers. If there is a misunderstanding between the King and the Assembly about the downfall of a Government, the last word, nevertheless, belonged to the Parliament. In contrast to the 1869 Constitution, a ministerial offence did not obsolesce for four years and deputies of two convocations could debate about it. Ministers responded for their trespasses before the State Court.
The Ministerial Council had another special kind of obligation. If the throne were to become void, the Ministerial Council would assume the king’s power. In that event it must call up the Great National Assembly within a month which would decide who is to assume the throne. It is interesting that the 1901 Constitution did not have such a provision.
The Law on Ministerial Responsibility was adopted “by God’s mercy and the people’s will” in 1891. Ministers were responsible to the King and the National Assembly. Both institutions are entitled to bring charges against ministers for: 1) treason of the country and the ruler; 2) violation of the Constitution and constitutional rights of the Serbian citizens; 3) acceptance of bribes; 4) prejudice caused to the state for personal gain; 5) violation of the freedom of vote according to the provisions of the electoral law; 6) deliberate prevention, through a misuse of power, of the execution of laws, legal solutions and judicial verdicts; 7) malicious submission of untrue reports to the King and the National Assembly at the time of the adoption of legislative decisions which are prejudicial for the state.
Charges against the minister must be done in writing. Indictment must be presented by the King or at least 20 deputies of the National Assembly. The charges are immediately placed on the agenda and the Assembly must rule upon it within less than five days of its submission
to the Assembly president. Incriminated minister, at the invitation of the Assembly, will submit his oral or written defense, and the Assembly may not pass any decisions before the hearing. After the debate, the Assembly puts the matter to secret vote and if rejected, it cannot be brought up at the same Assembly session. Otherwise a 12-member investigation commission shall be elected, with its chairman and a rapporteur. “He will hear the accused minister, obtain all the necessary information about the trespass and perform all the rights and duties of an investigating judge.” At the proposal of the investigating commission, subject to two-thirds approving it, the minister may be detained without a right to appeal. The investigating commission submits a report to the Assembly, and after the debate a vote is taken on every point of the accusation. If there is cause for accusation, the Assembly shall hand over the minister to the State Court, and the ruler will dismiss him from his ministerial duty. If two-thirds of deputies fail to accept the accusation of the investigating commission, it will be rejected and may not be repeated at the same Assembly session. In the event of the dissolution of the Assembly, or if it is disbanded before the investigating commission finishes its job, the next Assembly shall elect a new investigating commission and immediately resume its work. If the Assembly does not succeed to consider the charges made by the investigating commission because of its dissolution, the next Assembly shall immediately resume the debate on the report.
The minister is tried by the State Court selected by lot - eight members of the State Council and the Court of Appeals, with six deputies. This 16-member court is presided by the president or vice-president of the State Council, if they were elected into this body, or the oldest councilor. The court must meet within three days of the raising of the charges. Judges may not be persons related to the accused minister or are inimical to him. The minister may defend himself but he must have an attorney. The public prosecutor is a member of the Court of Appeals, if he is indicted by the King, or if he is accused by the Assembly, the prosecutor is the rapporteur of the investigating commission. The investigating judge is one of the members of the Court of Appeals who is not member of the State Court. The hearing before the State Court is public and oral. The court decides by the majority of votes. The judgment of the State Court is enforceable immediately, since it is not subject to appeal. The sentenced minister may not be amnestied nor his sentence may be reduced without the approval of the Assembly. The State Court is dismissed immediately after passing the verdict.
Ministers shall be punished in accordance with the Criminal Law. The following punishments are prescribed: for the violation of citizens’ electoral rights - from 2 to
5 years of imprisonment; for violation of the Constitution as a whole or parts thereof, when he has gathered taxes which had not been approved by the Assembly or are larger than approved; when he concludes a prejudicial loan; when he places the army in the service of a foreign state; when he executes the ruler’s decree which has not been countersigned by the competent minister from 5 to 10 years of imprisonment, loss of employment and loss of civil rights. In all other cases punishment shall be from 4 to 8 years of imprisonment, and for criminal offences also loss of civil rights.
The 1869 Constitution prescribed ministerial responsibility for four offences, and the 1888 Constitution prescribed a broader ministerial responsibility for seven offences. In the meantime the constitution was changed and laws on ministerial responsibility were not altered at the same time nor formally terminated (in 1894, the 1869 Constitution was returned). When the 1901 Constitution was promulgated, the law on ministerial responsibility older by an entire decade remained in force.
The 1901 Constitution, which lasted for a short time, was not very different from the previous constitution in so far as the Ministerial Council and ministers were concerned. For this reason we shall only point out to the differences prescribed by it. Under this Constitution the minister will be sworn before the King whereas the previous one did not specify before whom this solemn act would be performed. Since the Parliament consisted of two houses - the Assembly and the Senate -ministers obtained access to both houses. If someone is appointed minister, he shall lose his mandate as deputy or senator. Ministers are responsible before the King and the Parliament. Ministerial responsibility is the same as in the previous constitution, but the statute of limitation of an offence was extended to five years. Indictment of a minister shall be submitted by at least 20 deputies, and the accusation is approved if the proposal is voted by two-thirds of the deputies. Once a charge has been rejected, it cannot be raised again. The ministers are tried by the Senate. The King has no right of amnesty or reduction of punishment to a minister without the Assembly’s approval. This shows that the provisions on ministerial responsibility were incomplete and as such remained in force for as long as the constitution was valid, because it was not followed by a new and harmonized Law on Ministerial Responsibility. The Constitution prescribed criminal, civil and political responsibility of ministers, but the last-mentioned one was illusory.
The Constitution and the Statute differed in the following: The Statute does not see as an offence the prejudice to the state for personal gain; ministers are tried according to the Constitution by the Senate, and the State Court according to Statute; the King may not
amnesty a minister according to Statute, nor amnesty according to Constitution; the statute of limitations for a ministerial offence lasts four years according to Statute, and five years according to Constitution. Only one minister was tried while this Constitution was in force
- Vukasin Petrovic, minister of finances, for making a payment to a foreign creditor, made in 1899, but the minister was acquitted.
Following the return into force of the 1888 Constitution, after the coup d’état in 1903 and until the end of the Kingdom of Serbia, harmony was established between the two highest legislative acts on ministerial responsibility. In this period there were several cases of ministerial responsibility.
Activities of the Government. The Praviteljstvujusci Soviet worked as a collective body in view of the fact that councilors, later popecitels (ministers) did not have separate premises and ministries organized for independent work, nor did they have special officials. Available sources do not suggest that the councilors and popecitels wanted it, but that their convictions and circumstances in which they worked directed them to joint work in sessions and in one single chamber. Vuk Karadzic noted: “In the largest room councilors and secretaries gathered to debate and make judgments, while the smaller rooms were reserved for the scribes”.
There are many records about the work of the Serbian Governments, most of all in memorial journals. In the following text we are referring to a few characteristic examples.
When Prince Aleksandar appointed some officials without the Government’s knowledge, ministers, unhappy about such action, made objections to him at a “sitting” (1852). “I appreciate everything that the ministers said, but I still want it my way”, said the Prince. In order to avoid misunderstandings of this kind, ministers proposed to the Prince “to establish a state system according to which the ministers would be obliged to perform their jobs, but only if the ministers infringed on this system would they be responsible to the Prince”. The Prince replied to them as follows: “You are not ministers, you are only directors”. “Even if this is what we are, we still have some duties towards the Prince, and towards the state, and towards the people”, they replied. As several important issues were raised in this manner
- on the method of the Government’s work, on relations with the ruler, on ministerial responsibility - the Government of Ilija Garasanin did not want conflict with him in order to preserve the Prince’s dignity for the sake of the general Serbian idea. Increasingly frequent misunderstandings between the Prince and not only the Council but also the Government, needed the solution of this question but despite numerous indications, the
solution was not in sight. Here is what Prime Minister Garasanin thought about it: “The least and the easiest duty is to please a ruler. Approve everything he says and you will always be received by him with greatest sympathy. But I cannot agree with this.” There were few consistent princely representatives and ministers such as was Ilija Garasanin.
Prince Milos's ministers were obedient, quiet and peaceable. For each job they completed, they had the same answer: “The master wants it this way!”. The Prince, advanced in years, continually interfered with the work of the ministers. He used to enter through a door into a room where the ministers were in session, throw them a handful of acts and say: “Here, do your work, I am not going to interfere”. After a while, impatient and to be on the safe side, he entered another door asking “How much have you done already!”.
How far Serbia was from forming a homogeneous government or government of “comrades on principle”, or “ministry of like-thinking men”, as expressed by Jevrem Grujic, is shown by the following example. Prince Milos early in 1859 offered Grujic to accept the post of the Prince’s representative and minister of foreign affairs, as he was dead against Garasanin. Here is how the dialogue between Prince Milos and the candidate for the Prime Minister Jevrem Grujic went on.
“If Your Highness insists on appointing me as Representative and Minister of Foreign Affairs, I beg you to appoint as ministers my friends: Ilic for justice and education; Milovan for finances and Ranko for internal affairs.”
“The Prince then roused and quickly said: ‘Well, if you insist on appointing ministers, are you the Prince or am I?’ When I told him: ‘I am not the Prince but you are’, the old man asked: ‘What am I then if you are speaking through my mouth’ and without waiting for an answer: ‘You are not a man for me’.”
Then he asked me ‘Do you want to be what I say or do you not? You tell me this’.”
I said that that ‘I cannot do it without my like-minded colleagues’.” (italics R.Lj.)
“Then he blew up. That is when I saw the Milos whose frightful anger I was told about. In a terrible wrath he shouted at me: ‘Get out, you are not a man for me’.” The younger generation, schooled in the west, was no longer prepared to give in to the old unde Milos and to acquiesce to his famous declaration: “I am above everybody!”.
It was not easy to form a Government just because of the Prince’s demands but also because in Serbia “not only is it difficult from a small number of politically schooled people to choose ministers, but also because the long-enduring internal dissensions had divided the people into parties, which differed among them not on
political principles but in their antagonistic passions”, wrote Djordje Stojakovic. The Princes Aleksandar and Milos did not like the Prince’s representative to be a strong personality, fearing that he might take away a part of their power, since some of them, like Avram Petronijevic and Ilija Garasanin, were strong and popular persons in the country.
An important change in the organization and work of the executive power was made by Prince Mihailo. One of the novelties was the introduction of the protocol in which all the Government’s decisions were written down. There were two protocols - the ordinary and the secret one. The former has been preserved for the periods from 1862 to 1897, and from 1915 to 1918, whereas the other, in which all the important decisions were recorded, above all those of a political nature, has not been preserved excepting one period of the Government of Stevca Mi-hailovic (1876-1878).
Vladimir Jovanovic writes that the governments in which he was finance minister (1876) heard the reports of various ministers and then went on to the debate. They debated all the important issues. Beside the regular meetings they also had extraordinary sessions.
The formation of party governments which were then described as homogeneous governments, often placed the rulers before insoluble problems. The Prince found it difficult to replace a minister, since he was protected by the entire cabinet. When misunderstandings arose between King Milan and Prime Minister Milan Pirocanac, and the ruler only meant to replace the Premier, Stojan Novakovic, one of the Government ministers, told Obre-novic that the entire cabinet would resign.
During one period of the rule of King Aleksandar Obrenovic, the formation, work and downfall of a government was influenced by the King, the King’s father and the King’s mother. It caused big headaches to the Prime Minister as well as to ministers. “Mr. Nikola Hristic, this time, almost overnight, formed a ministry. It is obvious that the combination was formulated by someone before him, most likely by King Milan”, although in this year 1894 the king was his son Aleksandar.
Stojan Novakovic, the reliable chronicler of his time, left us a description of how one of the short-lived cabinets, that of Djordje Simic (1894-1895), worked. “Everything was being done in utmost seriousness, as if the ‘new situation’ was to last for centuries. Few were those who thought that all this, given the changeable nature of both the principal and the lesser bosses, would be short-lived and that everything will go down as soon as the bosses lose their will to play the game,” Simic was a rare Serbian politician who described the work of his two governments (My Ministry, 1894,1896-1897). Efforts in the court to persuade candidates to form a government and the men to accept ministerial respon-
sibilities have also been left in the records of other actors.
Vladan Djordjevic formed a government (1897) by anonymous party-men which some radicals did not want to enter, and others were not wanted by King Aleksandar and particularly King Milan. It was hard to maintain such a gathering of individuals. “One is too much of a radical, the other is not sympathetic to Your Majesty, the third is scorned by King Milan, the fourth is disliked by the liberal majority in the Assembly, the fifth cannot be taken because we will then be abandoned by the progressives”, lamented the mandatary of this Cabinet. Devotion to the dynasty was an essential condition for anybody to become a minister, never mind prime minister!
In the beginning some prime ministers submitted their programmes orally, and after the acquisition of independence they went over to the system of submitting written programmes of the future government. About this programme they reported, in addition to the ruler, also to the ministers. Jovan Ristic, having formed his second government in 1873, opened the first session by explaining his programme to the ministers. The protocol of the government session contained the principle of its future work: “Permanent rule is that the strength of the government is achieved by the solidarity of its individual members. However, this solidarity lies mainly in the mutual responsibility and discretion in regard to everything that is commonly being debated in the ministerial sessions”. The next time he formed the government (1878), the first session was presided by the Prince, the explanation of programmes did not take place.
The government programme was also made by Sto-jan Novakovic in 1895 and published by himself. Vladan Djordjevic formed the Government programme at the proposal of King Aleksandar, which served the ministers “for the direction of their work” (1897). At the very first Government meeting a decision was taken that the programme must be made available to all our representatives abroad, so that “this Government programme should help them choose the direction of their official work”.
The government meetings were most frequently presided by the Prince’s representative or the chairman of the Ministerial Council, then by the ruler (the Prince, the King) and in the periods when the ruler was minor or absent, the Prince’s or the King’s regents.
The Serbian governments had a special privilege based upon Article 9 of the Constitution of 1869, that they can assume the performance of governing during the absences of the ruler from the country. According to the Constitution the ruler was entitled to transfer power on his deputy, which mainly was the Ministerial Council. All such sovereign decisions were of a similar content: “Since there has arisen a need for Us to spend a few days
in foreign countries, as We have informed the people with Our today’s proclamation, We empower Our Ministerial Council that during Our absence it may represent Us in the performance of power in all emergency cases, especially those where need arises for order and peace and safety of Our country to be secured. We recommend Our Ministerial Council to respect this decree and everyone else to obey it” (13th June 1877). Since the visits of the Serbian rulers abroad were frequent, many governments during that time were named King’s representatives and exercised a portion of his prerogatives which was transferred to them by decrees. These were also the most responsible moments in the work of each such Government.
The range of issues, problems and themes debated at the Government’s sessions was very broad, from debates about the entry into war with Turkey, proclamation of independence, changes on the throne down to the most banal dismissals of government officials. Their decisions were mostly unanimous, whether they be positive or negative. When at a meeting of Vladan Djordjevic’s Government (1897) the debate was whether to return into force the old law on the press, it was decided: “Since no customary unanimity was attained on this question, this issue has been taken off the agenda”. In the course of time the government sessions were more filled with discussions on important questions, but only scant information about it was entered into protocol. Because of its closeness to the rulers and collaboration in performing executive power, much account was taken of the dynastic interests, both of Obrenovics and of Karadjordjevics. The birth of the heir to the throne, the erection of monuments to the deceased rulers, celebrations of the 50th anniversary of the Second and 100th anniversary of the First Uprising, the humanitarian work of the rulers’ wives, etc., were subjects on which the Government had seriously meditated and took decisions on, mostly to the glory of the dynasty. When King Milan abdicated the throne in favour of his son Aleksandar, the government begged him to change his mind about his fatal intention for the dynasty; and when it did not succeed in it, it resigned.
The government sessions were held in Belgrade, less often in Kragujevac and Nis. Government sessions were held in the premises of the Prince’s Representative and President of the Ministerial Council, or in the Court House when the ruler presided.
The Ministerial Council of the Kingdom of Serbia shared the fate of the people, having previously provoked it, during the First World War. The government withdrew to Nis, then to Krusevac, Kraljevo, Raska, Kosovska Mitrovica, Prizren, Skadar, Brindizi and Corfu, where it remained until the end of the war (1916-1918). Nis was the lieu where the famous Nis Declaration was adopted
- the programme of the unification of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1914) and at the Corfu Conference the declaration on unification (1917) was adopted. War circumstances dictated the work of the Government which had more frequent contacts with the Regent Aleksandar than with the Parliament. The Government had to resolve the problem of Black-Hand rebels, to care about the survival of the army, the opening of the Salonica front and conduct an active foreign policy. A decisive role was also given to the Supreme Command.
The customary Government work during the First World War was as follows: first, reports were read which were sent by envoys abroad or telegrammes which sometimes arrived during the meeting itself, then it went down to the solving of various issues. Debates, which undoubtedly did take place, were not recorded in the protocols of the meetings. Few were the meetings at which all the ministers were present (44), while there were more sessions which were presided over by the Regent Aleksandar (55). The Government sessions debating various important military questions were also attended by the representatives of the Supreme Command.
Governments were fairly unstable and were often changed. This period accouted for 85 governments, including the four governments during the First Serbian Uprising although their number is difficult to determine. There were no governments in Serbia in the period
between 1813 and 1834. If we subtract these years from the period 1805-1918, we will see that the governments lasted on an average 13 months. The longest was the Government of Avram Petronijevic (1844-1852), then the government of Ilija Garasanin (1861-1867). In their significance they also were the topmost governments of the Principality and Kingdom of Serbia. A notable fact is that certain personalities formed governments several times, in which excelled Nikola Pasic. Up to the Unification in 1918, he formed 12, and in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes another 10 governments
- a total of 22, establishing an unsurpassed record. They were all short-lived, the longest being three years, and the shortest two months.
This book is dedicated to the Governments and Prime Ministers and not to the Ministries and ministers. All the same, we will end this section with a critical observance by a foreigner, Karl von Schletzer, who spent time in Serbia (1889-1890), about the ministers of the Kingdom of Serbia: “As a matter of fact, apart from peasants you can only see here three layers of population: the dismissed ministers, active ministers and those who wish to become ministers. Once they reach their goal, they buy a cylinder for themselves. Other people here do not wear this kind of headgear. When they lose their ministerial post, then the ominous cylinder is usually sold
- maybe even to the direct inheritor”.
IN THE KINGDOM SHS AND YUGOSLAVIA 1919-1945
* institutions - the crown, “the parliamentary government” and “one popular representation”. But in the final act of unification and the moment of the proclamation of the newly created state there was essentially only one institution - the crown - personified in regent Aleksandar Karadjordjevic. Parliamentary principles called for the institution of the “one national representation” to be formed “prior to the one parliamentary government”, but this in the case of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (SHS) was not done. A decision by the National Council of 3rd December 1918 for the “common state government” should be formed “prior to the composition of the state council”, was justified by foreign political, security and organizational reasons. The act of 1st December recognized the monarch’s authority throughout the territory of the Kingdom SHS and with this act it received its executive organ.
By the decree of the regent Aleksandar Karadjordjevic of 7/20 December 1918 on nomination ofministers, Ministerial Council of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was established. According to the regent’s proclamation, the government had the obligation to call up as soon as possible the Provisional National Representation, govern the country, deal with the questions of internal and foreign policy, propose electoral law for the Constitutional Assembly, abolish all the privileges, guarantee freedom and right of religion, take care of concluding peace and drawing up state borders which would faithfully reflect ethnographic boundaries. The first government of the new state, composed of the representatives of “all three tribes”, “all three faiths”, “almost all the provinces” and all the leading Yugoslav civil parties, was formed on 7/20 December 1918 by the Serbian radical leader Stojan Protic (1918). The birth of a coalition cabinet intent on organizing the country, signified an important step towards the centralization of state administration and suppression of autonomy for the historical provinces.
The Ministerial Council of the Kingdom SHS until its promulgation of the Constitution of 28th June 1921, performed all its work in accordance with the Law on the organization of the central state administration of the Principality of Serbia of 1862. In the decrees, which during 1919 and 1920 were adopted for each ministry separately, it was stressed that these were parts of the central state authority which had the supreme and supervisory management over all public and private jobs within its resort. Under a special decree, the Cabinet of the Ministerial Council was formed (1919), Department for the Execution of International Treaties (1919) and the Pressbureau (1920). Thus was established the organizational structure of the Presidency of the Ministerial Council. Among the ingérences of the Presidency of the Ministerial Council there were several important institutions - the State Council, the Main Control, the Direction of the Plan, the Royal Chancellery, the Court Administration, the Chancellery of Royal Decorations.
Competences in the executive and legislative spheres which the Ministerial Council had, and which were seen in its promulgation of numerous regulations and ordinances having the strength of law, directly narrowed down already modest competences of the provisional parliament. During the existence of the provisional arrangement, the government, relying upon the executive apparatus which it controlled and on the competences it had, adopted as many as 800 different ordinances, regulations, subsidiary legislations, etc. There is no doubt that there was a dislocation of relationships between the legislative and executive power which, in the conditions of a provisional state, directly affected political power held by those forces which control the state apparatus. The entire activity was justified as a need for a more efficient action in the conditions of provisional-ity. Basically the building of the Yugoslav statehood and its consolidation were in the hands of the government. In the “stage of the revolution which is not yet terminated”, as the government of the democrats viewed the processes of consolidation of the Yugoslav state, neglect for the Provisional National Representation and opinions of the people “of old-fashioned political opinions”, were regarded as a “formality” which could well be ignored. In this manner “treason of the laws paled” and society was getting used to “living under a government of regulations” which was responsible for the “legal order to lose its permanence”, and the state to exist in a state of “eternal provisorium”.
The voting for the Constitution of 1921 revealed a deep division between political parties in regard to the basic questions of the future socio-political, economic and cultural development of the country and revealed undemocratic methods in reaching majority and ensuring “parliamentarism”. The National Assembly’s entitle-
ment to control executive power was restricted by the fact that the ministers were nominated by the monarch and that they were directly responsible to the King. Basically speaking, the category of parliamentary governments, i.e. governments of the assembly majority which would rise within the parliament and “fall” in the parliament when they lose the majority confidence, the parliamentary practice of the Kingdom of SHS virtually was unknown. Thereby this accounted for the occurrence, characteristic for parliamentary regimes, for the assembly to have priority over the government, and monarch to be obliged to respect the views of the assembly majority. It is only on 31st March 1929 that the Law on the organization of supreme state administration was promulgated.
Competence of the Ministerial Council was not precisely prescribed by the 1921 Constitution either. The Constitution provided for the Ministerial Council to have a president, and in Article 78 “that draft laws must be submitted on the King’s authority by the Ministerial Council or individual ministers”. Those ministers were designed as administrating officers who are directly under the King and who are appointed for various branches of state administration. The Constitution did not prescribe their number leaving it to be done by the Law on the central state administration. The functions of ministers were twofold - to manage their ministries and to “collaborate in all the king’s acts”. Although the Constitution wanted the ministers to represent the highest power in the ministries, political practice of the Kingdom SHS denied this. The King frequently intervened in the ministers’ work, directly issued orders to his officials, most directly influenced the work of the government. The Constitution provided that “no act of King’s power has the strength nor can it be executed unless signed by the competent minister” (Article 54), but political practice invalidated this letter ot the Constitution whether it concerned the acts of legislative, judicial or administrative power. Ministerial responsibility covered all the acts of the King and it was not only political but also criminal. Their collaboration in the government was punishable under the Constitution even when, due to the personal nature of the monarch, this collaboration did not happen. In the constitutional sense ministers participated in all the royal acts and not only those which had an administrative character. This meant that they, in their function and responsibility, were not only heads of different sectors of state administration, but at the same time King’s advisers in all the affairs which affected his competence, even those which
were not limited by administrative power. In daily practice this was not applicable and ministers’ influence on the monarch, as advisers, was not decisive and most frequently was not even available. Thus the political prac-
tice of King Aleksandar I Karadjordjevic thoroughly
derogated the provisions of the Constitution. The 1921
Constitution did not explicitly call for a government of parliamentary majority. The government’s dependence on National Assembly derived from provisions on the government’s political responsibility.
The regulation on the division of the country into regions, which the government adopted in 1922 without consulting the Parliament, had the strength of law which the National Assembly was unable to invalidate. The decree provided for the existence of 33 regions. Each region had its autonomous organs and bodies - assemblies and governments with special and autonomous economic, financial, communicational and educational competences. The regulation provided for a vertical centralization of administering. The process, begun in 1922, in its first phase determined the emoluments of the Ministerial Council and concrete ministries, and only after the liquidation of the provincial administrations (for Bosnia and Herzegovina (1923), Dalmatia (1924), Slovenia (1924), Croatia and Slavonia (1925), a large portion of competences was passed on great zupans. This was a definite end to the “internal departments” of provincial administrations, and administering was concentrated within the Ministerial Council and its ministries.
The integral Yugoslav ideology was brought to the peak by the introduction of King’s personal rule on 6th January 1929. After eight years of parliamentary life, filled with numerous restrictions and difficulties, the country stepped into an open monarcho-dictatorship. The Ministerial Council was given special tasks. The king demanded from the ministers responsible to him to represent “each in his resort the greatest state authority”, pointing out that this authority would be preserved only if they “strictly stuck to the national laws, not permitting any transgression of laws nor the slightest infraction of them”.
The normative building of the state gained a burst of energy after the introduction of the monarch’s personal power. Beside the Ministerial Council, an important contribution to the unification of legislation was given to the Supreme Legislative Council, composed of the most eminent legal experts. With the abolition of parliamentarism, the Ministerial Council had become only responsible to the monarch. In its competence it was to issue and promulgate laws, nominate state officials, distribute decorations, command the army, etc. The King nominated prime minister and ministers who managed state administration according to his authority and orders. The judicial power was performed in King’s name. Legal acts of 27th January 1929 reduced the Ministerial Council to an ordinary institution without any real administrative functions. The law changed all the
earlier legal acts which provided “for some decisions to be taken after hearing the Ministerial Council, and others to be promulgated by the Ministerial Council itself’. President of the Ministerial Council, appointed by the King, with this legal act ceased to be a middleman between the monarch and ministers in various spheres and received authority to give agreement to ministerial acts from the competence of individual ministers. Basically, having lost administrative and advisory competence, the Ministerial Council ceased to function as a collective body.
The Law on the organization of the state administration, passed on 31st March 1929, fully regulated the question of the organization and competences of the ministries. The supreme state administration was divided into 12 ministries who were competent to work on the organization of state power, managing entire state administration, supervision over administrative powers and officers, preparation of draft laws. At the head of the entire state administration was the Presidency of the Ministerial Council whose President was nominated by the King. The King also nominated all the ministers. Decrees on the nomination of the President of the Ministerial Council, ministers and their deputies, as well as acceptance of resignations were “countersigned” by the President of the Ministerial Council. A part of the jurisdiction of the President of the Ministerial Council was the “maintenance of unity or uniform government and administration”. Ministers were responsible to the King, and the monarch had the right to accuse them of infraction on national laws committed in the performance of their official duties. The entire legislation strengthened the position of the President of the Ministerial Council who took over the mediating role in the communication between ministers and the King. Those were “extraordinary attributions” which gave the Prime Minister great authorities.
Closely tied with the laws which signified the introduction of personal power was also the decision on the administrative division of the country into banovinas. It was based on the illusion that after ten years of common life it was possible with decrees and laws, in carefully planned delays, to form the Yugoslav nation. This intention of regime was confirmed with the promulgation of the “Law on the name and division of the Kingdom into administrative areas” (1929).
The period of monarcho-dictatorship was formally ended with the gift of the 1931 Constitution. Under the provisions of the Constitution, the Government did not depend on the Parliament but in its work stood “directly under the King”. Before taking up their duties, ministers were committed to swear an oath to the King which bound them to fidelity, respect for the Constitution and state laws. The Constitution provided that
every writ of “King’s power” should be signed by the competent minister or the Ministerial Council. Also responsible for all “writ of King’s power” was the competent minister or Ministerial Council and for the monarch’s acts as “supreme commander of the army” the minister of army and navy. The King “nominates and dismisses President of the Ministerial Council and ministers”. The King, just as the National Assembly, has the possibility of indicting a minister for the infliction against the Constitution and laws “during his official duties”, as well as for the prejudices made to the citizens through illegal and unscrupulous performance of public services. Legal acts of 1931 partly reduced the competences of the President of the Ministerial Council, and made it incumbent on the entire government to take care of the unity and uniformity in the affairs of all the ministries.
Certain changes in the work of the Ministerial Council were brought into the Law on the abolition, amendments and supplements to the statutes which refer to the supreme state administration of 3rd December 1931. This act established the administering competence of the Ministerial Council in respect of ministers. The Ministerial Council must also retain unity and uniformity in all the ministries.
Internal tensions and the crisis of the international order brought about an immediate reshuffle of the Yugoslav state. The legal basis for the agreement between Cvetkovic and Macek was found in Article 116 of the 1931 Constitution, which offered the crown the possibility in special circumstances, regardless of law and constitutional provisions, with the approval of the National Assembly, to find a possible solution. The final
solution was agreed upon on 26th August 1929. Within the jurisdiction of the Banovina Hrvatska were matters in the field of agriculture, trade, industry, forestry and mines, buildings, social policy, national health, physical education, justice, education and internal policies. The sensitive question of the financial independence of the Banovina Hrvatska has not been finally resolved. The central government in Belgrade remained with the joint resorts - foreign affairs, army, railways, post office and partly finances. Thus the Ministerial Council of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in a considerable portion lost its competence on the territory of the Banovina Hrvatska. The changes were seen in the composition of the new government in which V. Macek received the post of vice-prime minister, and the posts of ministers four members of the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS). Immediately after the formation of the Banovina Hrvatska (1939), it had become clear that legally speaking the new territorial entity represents only a fragment of the future state order of the Kingdom. The decree on the Banovina Hrvatska created the nucleus of the future federal unit. State centralism was basically abandoned and the earlier state organization of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia changed.
The military putsch and anti-German demonstrations of 27th March 1941 turned the fate of the Yugoslav state. The risk assumed by the putsch and demonstrations in the conditions of war, unbearable internal crises and confrontations of the great powers in the Balkans were outside control of the new government. In the short April war the Kingdom of Yugoslavia received its judgment. In the plans of the German new order there was no room for either Yugoslavia or for Serbia.
GOVERNMENTS OF THE KINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA 1941-1945
f""¥"T he Yugoslav Royal Government, having gone abroad, I was accepted by the Allies as the only constitu-* tional representative of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
The reputation acquired by the events of 27th March additionally helped for the Government and King Petar to be regarded as the holders of the national continuity of the Yugoslav state. With the recognition of the Government, the integrity of the territory of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was acknowledged. The Royal Government was in favour of continuing the struggle against the occupying forces and was therefore accepted as a government of an Allied state. In a statement made at the end of June 1941, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill confirmed that the Government of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia retained all the attributes of the sovereign power.
The Government performed its duties according to the valid Constitution of 1931. In its statement of 4th May (the Jerusalem Declaration) it confirmed that it was continuing the war against the occupying forces. It explained the leaving of the national territory with the need to preserve the threatened state sovereignty of the country, and the agreement Cvetkovic-Macek was confirmed as one of the fundamentals of the state policy. The territorial dismemberment of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was contrary to the valid international law which had forbidden the breaking up of the territory by temporary military victors.
The Government’s war aims were: the recovery of the territorial integrity, independence of the state and full freedom of all Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It con-
demned the creation of the Independent State of Croatia, and the annexation of the Yugoslav territories by the neighbouring countries was declared to be unacceptable. During September 1941 the war aims of the Allied countries were reiterated in the Atlantic Charter.
Many factors determined the position and behaviour of the émigré Government. The full occupation of the territory of Yugoslavia and the Government’s inability, as a central state organ, to exercise its power did not signify the end of the state subjectivity. In the new situation the Government pursued its activity as the supreme organ of power. Parallel with the decision on the continuation of the war, the work began on the formation of the Yugoslav armed units outside the country.
The signing of the United Nations Declaration ( 1st January 1942), which confirmed its resolve to fight the occupying forces to the end, contributed to Yugoslavia’s international prestige and symbolized respect for its state integrity. The Government endeavoured to reaffirm the identity of the Kingdom consistently by reminding the Allies of its international rights. It also displayed its care for the people and territories and stressed the sovereignty of its own authority.
When leaving the country, the Yugoslav Government endeavoured, in collaboration with the Allies and with the support from the world democratic public, to represent the interests of the Yugoslav state. Its first political moves showed its intention to be representative and defender of its state sovereignty and international
continuity. Nevertheless, although in the new circumstances, the Yugoslav émigré Government immediately began to break up along nationalist seams, in which the Croats led the way.
Any interpretation of the conditions in the Yugoslav political emigration must begin from the consideration of relations among the great powers, which decided on the outcome of the civil war in the country, which at the end of the Second World War also resolved the fate of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The British wanted to turn Yugoslavia into a federal community. Insistence on the federal form of internal arrangement, in order to “disable the Serbian hegemony”, led the British policy into conflict with the views of the Serbian part of the Government. Next, from the second half of 1942, the Croatian model of reorganization of the state gained the upper hand. At the very end of the war, Josip Broz and the communist model of the Yugoslav federation became the British favourites.
In the emigration during the Second World War a total of seven royal governments were formed, with five prime ministers: General Dusan Simovic (1941-1942), Slobodan Jovanovic (formed two governments during 1942-1943), Milos Trifunovic (1943), Bozidar Puric (1943-1944) and Ivan Subasic who also formally set up two governments (1944-1945). Subasic, following his agreement with the government of Josip Broz Tito, brought about the transfer of power to the revolutionary forces in Yugoslavia.
SERBIAN GOVERNMENTS UNDER THE OCCUPATION 1941-1944
rrr he work of Milan Acimovic’s Commissar Admin-! istration and of the Serbian Government of Gen-
A eral Milan Nedic was dependent on Serbia’s position within the German occupational order, after the breakdown of the royal army in the April war of 1941. All the German plans made provision for the wiping out of Yugoslavia as a single state and its reduction to a small Serbian nucleus”, cut off from the other members of the former Yugoslav community.
The zone of Serbia under military occupation extended to about 51,000 square kilometres. This territory was inhabited by a little under four million people. Serbia was obliged to pay contributions to the occupying force and to support the German occupational administration. A part of Serbia was Banat, where the entire government was in the hands of the German Volksdeu-tcher minority. Eastern Srem, with a pronounced Serbian majority, was handed over at the beginning of
October 1941, to the administration of the Independent State of Croatia.
The main idea in the occupation of Serbia was to make it as small as possible. During the occupation there were no political directives about the future of the occupied Serbian territory, but there was a visible German fear of any form of Serbian statehood. In the German--occupied area the main concern was Germany’s strategical interest: peace in the rearguard of the front in the east of Europe, safe communication and untrammeled exploitation of Serbia’s economic sources.
One of the first moves by the occupational authorities was the formation of a Serbian Administration, and by 30th April 1941, the Commissar Administration was organized under the leadership of Milan Acimovic. The German military administration retained its entitlement to adopt laws and issue instructions to the local official organs at all levels. All the organs of power were under the obli-
gation to execute the orders from the occupational forces. The Commissar Administration did not last long. During the summer of 1941, the German institutions estimated that it is “no longer reliable”, mainly because of its failure to eliminate resistance and the breakdown of the barely established communal and district apparatus of power. Next they formed the “Serbian government under occupation", whose leader was General Milan Nedic (1941). This was calculated to disavow the Royal émigré Government as well as functions in the home country which suggested the continuity of the Yugoslav state.
The work of Nedic’s Government was concentrated on feeding the population of Serbia, taking care of the families of war prisoners and providing shelter and care for 420,000 Serbian and several thousand Slovenian refugees. The Serbian government succeeded in freeing from German POW camps a large number of Serbian officers. The government also had its armed formation - the Serbian National Guard.
The German authorities never showed readiness to support any territorial changes to the benefit of the
Serbian people. They persisted in the view that the “Serbian Government” must remain degraded and subordinated to the occupational order. The approved utilization of old symbols (the flag, the coat-of-arms and display of King Petar’s photographs) were designed to show that in the “new Serbia” the Serbian people were returning to themselves and to their roots. In accordance with it they also introduced administrative division into 14 districts with autonomous authorities.
On the political plane, the most characteristic moments in the work of Nedic’s Government were consistent anticommunism and “antiplutocracy”, i.e. struggle against both resistance movements - communist and royalist. The policy of support for the family, cooperatives and the advancement of agriculture permitted Serbia not to go hungry, despite its heavy obligations towards Germany. Furthermore, the Serbian Government, the only one within the German occupational system, managed to see that not one single Serbian soldier went to the Eastern Front.
THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENTS 1942-1944
TT he leadership of the Communist Party of Yugosla-I via did not recognize the legitimacy of the Yugoslav
A émigré government and the continuity of the monarchy, and ever since the beginning of the Second World War it systematically undermined the pre-war administration of the country. From the earliest days of the Uprising it formed new organs of government in the liberated territories whose introduction directly meant the destruction of the bourgeois Yugoslavia. The new government was established through National Liberation Committees. From the very beginning of the war they acted as organs of state authority and were said to have been designed in order to “abolish the old authority”.
In accordance with the revolutionary conception, the leadership of the National Liberation Movement built its authority at all levels, from provincial antifascist councils formed in all the republics except in Serbia, to the highest executive. There were two revolutionary governments in the Second World War. On account of international circumstances, one of them was not referred
to as government but was called Executive Council of AVNOJ. It was formed after the first session of the partisan assembly
(1942) and its president was Ivan Ribar, speaker of the first Yugoslav Assembly after the Unification (1918).
The National Committee of Liberation of Yugoslavia (NKOJ) was set up following the Second Session of AVNOJ (1943) and had all the distinctions of a real government. It existed until the creation of the government DFJ
(1945) when the war victories of the National Liberation Movement and the Communist Party were officially confirmed. The president of this government was partisan supreme commander and CPY secretary Josip Broz Tito. The principal task of NKOJ was the struggle for international recognition of communist Yugoslavia, which was successfully realized by a series of international treaties, when the royal emigré government lost its ligitimacy.
IN THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 1945-1991
ince 1944, Serbia as well as the other six federal entities received certain forms of statehood and kA' accordingly also a government. Although governments, also known as executive councils, did not have a particularly high degree of independence in decisionmaking, within their jurisdictions they did take important decisions for the development of the Serbian society according to the tasks of party and executive organs at federal level. The Serbian government was not a sovereign organ but depended on the will of the Federal Government, closely knitted with the Communist Party being the only organized party, which furthermore depended on Josip Broz Tito.
The Government of Serbia in this period did not have the same constitutional position, rights and duties, nor the same basic function. They changed, widened or narrowed down, depending on political moves in the society and the distribution of competences and authorities between the republics and the federation. What seems to be a constant in the work of the Government of Serbia are authorities to promulgate regulations, orders, decisions, and other acts which served to regulate social, economic, cultural and political problems in the Republic. A large number of ordinances have regulated the issues which had far-reaching consequences on Serbia’s overall development and its population.
In the period between 1944 and 1991, there are two which determine the position and role of both the federal and the republican governments. The former is from 1944 to January 1953, when the federal government had the executive and at the same time administrative function in the federation and more or less corresponded to the classical form of government in the parliamentary system; in this period the republican government only elaborates and implements the decisions taken by the federal government; and the second from January 1953, when the executive function in the political-executive sense is given to the Federal Executive Council (SIV) and at the republican level the Republican Executive Council (RIV). From that moment SIV was not a government in the classical sense, although in some internal and external circumstances it played the role of a government. SIV was designed to be the place where the republics and provinces sought to come to an agreement.
At the federal level there were the following governments: National Committee of Liberation of Yugoslavia NKOJ (1943-1945) which operated through Commissioners; Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (DFJ) (1945), composed of the representatives of two wings - NKOJ at home and Émigré Government in
London on the basis of the Tito-Subasic Agreement of 1944. The communists immediately named it provisional. It did not pass any important decisions since they were agreed upon in the Politbureau of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. It acted through ministries and several councils - economic, legislative and agrarian. It was superseded by the Government of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia (FNRJ), of 30th November 1945. Namely, the DFJ Government continued working as the FNRJ Government. It was the central organ of state power in view of the fact that the National Assembly sat infrequently, only twice a year. President of this, as well as the previous two governments, was Josip Broz Tito, the highest political person in the country. It existed seven years, until 14th January 1953, when it was replaced by Federal Executive Council (SIV), again headed by Tito. The SIV was given political-executive function, whereas the administrative function was given to the federal administration. President of the Republic was at the same time President of SIV. In the 1963 Constitution, SIV was defined as the executive organ of the Assembly, where the functions of the President of the Republic and that of the President of SIV were separate. Even though some minor changes were made in the following period, SIV retained its basic function of the executive organ of the Assembly of SFRJ.
The 1974 Constitution provided for SIV, together with competent republican and provincial organs, to set up inter-republican committees for special regions following the principle of an equitable representation of the republics and provinces. Members of these committees were delegated by the competent republican and provincial organs, whereas president was nominated by SIV from among its members. Subservient to these executive organs established at the federal level, were the executive organs at the republican level.
Serbian governments in the period 1944-1991 were only a part of the system established at the federal level. When NKOJ operated on federal level, the role of government was acted by the Commissariat for Serbia within the framework of the Presidency of the Antifascist Assembly of National Liberation of Serbia (ASNOS). The First real government in Serbia was the National Government of Serbia headed by Blagoje Neskovic, formed on 9th April 1945. It passed on the decisions of the DFJ government, later the government of FNRJ. Flowever, since all political power was concentrated in the party, or rather in its summit, the Government of Serbia only performed or operationalized the decisions of the party summit. There was no question of any
demarcation between the competences of the FNRJ and the people’s republics. Principles for the delimitation of competences of the executive power were only laid down in the Constitution of FNRJ. Although centralism mellowed after the passing of the Constitution, the governments of the federal units which dealt with numerous questions of the state, economic and cultural life of the republic only rubber-stamped the decisions taken at the federal level. The initiative was not on the republican government but on the Government of FNRJ, which is to say, on Politbureau of the Communist Party’s Central Committee, or rather on Josip Broz Tito.
After 1950 state administration started being reorganized - from federal, through republican all the way down to local organs. With this reorganization all the earlier economic branches of the so-called federal-republican character were transferred to the operative leaderships of the republics and its governments. All the economic ministries of the federal-republican character were abolished. Other than the Ministry of Finances, Ministry of Communications and Ministry of Labour remaining within the government of FNRJ, there were no more federal-economic ministries.
Flow this reorganization looked in practice is shown by the example of the Second Government of PR Serbia (1948-1951). Already in 1951, following the reorganization of the state administration, this government had a somewhat changed structure and distribution of competences among various ministers. This government counted over 40 ministers. This Serbian government was a dynamic government with numerous ministers who received new resorts and new duties, but remained in the same government. A particular characteristic of this government was the fact that it contained husband and wife Milos and Milka Minic. It is a unique example in the history of Serbian governments.
After SIV was formed at the federal level, executive councils were set up at the republican level (1953-1963) which had a political-executive function. Executive council was established in 1953 on the strength of the federal and republican constitutional statutes. An executive council could adopt normative acts which had the strength of by-laws - ordinances, decisions, orders. Furthermore, the executive council had the duty of directing and coordinating work of administration organs to ensure performance of policy and execution of laws and other acts, lay down principles and directives for the work of administration organs in regard to the execution of policies and laws and other general acts, etc., and to abolish their unconstitutional and illegal regulations.
According to 1963 Constitution, republican executive councils (1963-1974) were established. This organ of republican assembly (RIV) which had political-executive functions did not differ much from SIV except that RIV
was a permanent and the only body of the assembly. In contrast to the other republics only RIV in Serbia had representatives of provincial executive councils. The Serbian Constitution provided for RIV to last only four years in the same composition.
What distinguishes RIV from the earlier period is that they are constituted more as a political-executive organs and less as a government. They should rather have been turned towards the assembly and its work and to directing administrative organs and carrying out the laws and decisions of the assembly.
In line with the Constitution of Serbia of 1974, the Executive Council of the Assembly of the Republic of Serbia (1974-1991) was set up as the executive organ of the Assembly of SR Serbia. Its tasks were: to follow the position and performance of the policy of the Assembly SRS and propose to the Assembly SRS laying down of policies; proposes laws and other regulations; gives opinion about the draft laws which are submitted to the Assembly by authorized proposers; lays down the draft social plan of the republic; proposal of the budget and the republican final account and sees to their execution; promulgates acts for the execution of laws; follows the policy of national defense; coordinates and directs the work of republican administrative organs; supervises the work of republican organs; lays down the principles of the general organization of republican administration; forms expert and other services for its own needs; appoints and dismisses in accordance with law; submits reports on its work, etc.
Executive Council of the Assembly was made up by president, members of the Council elected by the Assembly SRS and republican secretaries who directed the republican organs of administration. The Assembly SRS, on the proposal from the Commission for Elections and Nominations, appointed a candidate who with this Commission submitted to the Assembly SRS a joint proposal for the election of Council members. If the president or a member of the Council were elected by the Assembly delegates, they automatically lost their seat in the Assembly. The Executive Council had one or more vice-presidents and secretaries of the Council.
President and Council members were elected tor four years, and a person could not be elected president more than twice in succession. Resignation or dismissal of the Council president led to the resignation or dismissal of the entire Council.
President and Council members were granted immunity.
For its work Executive Council was responsible to the Assembly which it had duty to report to about its work. Any Council of the Assembly SRS was able, at the proposal of no less than 10 delegates, to raise the question of confidence in Executive Council.
The Assembly was able to cancel a Council regulation if it was contrary to the Constitution and law.
Executive Council had the duty to apply federal laws.
In terms of the organization and method of work of the Executive Council of the Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Serbia of 14th September 1989, Executive Council of the Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Serbia consisted of: president, vice-presidents, members of the Executive Council elected by the Assembly SRS, republican secretaries heading the republican organs of administration, presidents of the republican committees and secretaries of the Executive Council. Vice-presidents and secretary of the Executive Council are elected from among its members.
Every Executive Council member has the right and duty to propose to the Council debate on various questions within the Council’s competence, to give initiatives for the preparation of laws and other statutes for which it is competent. Every Executive Council member was able to demand for the Council to take a position having a bearing on the performance of a fixed policy and the execution of laws and other regulations. The Executive Council member is personally responsible for his work and decisions, i.e. for the performance of the tasks entrusted to him by the Executive Council, defense and execution of its policies, a timely raising of initiatives from among his own competence. Another duty of the Executive Council members was for them to inform one another about their work and to be themselves informed about the activities of the other Executive Council members, about the questions being debated in the Assembly SRS, Presidency, republican organs of administration, Chamber of Commerce, etc.
Executive Council has formed permanent working bodies or temporary working bodies. Decision-making of the Executive Council was done at sessions following the method laid down by the Protocol. The sessions were called up by the President at his own initiative, at the initiative of the Presidency of SRS, demand by a chamber in the Serbian Assembly, President of the Assembly or at the proposal of no less than five members of Executive Council, or one of its working bodies. It
decided by public vote and majority vote of the members present at the session.
Executive Council had the duty to set up a programme of work establishing the basic and priority tasks in various domains, for one year. The programme of work was based on the initiatives, suggestions and proposals of delegates and delegations of DPO, organs of Socialist Autonomous Provinces (SAP), municipalities, the City of Belgrade, republican organs of administration and working bodies of the Executive Council.
For the performance of given tasks, Executive Council formed expert and other services for its needs and common services for the requirements of the republican administration. These services were managed by the secretary of the Executive Council who was responsible for their work.
It was possible to nominate in the Executive Council republican councilors for the performance of the most complex tasks which called for a special independence and expertise in work and which related to the question of the building and development of socio-economic and political system and the laying down of policy in various domains. They were nominated and dismissed by the Assembly of the Executive Council for a period of four years, not more than twice for the same function. It was also possible to nominate in the Executive Council undersecretaries, assistant secretaries and councilors who were nominated by Executive Council for a period of four years.
Functionaries and workers in the expert services of the Executive Council were not able to perform their activities in another organ, organization of associated labour or another self-managing organization. Under the law of the Republic of Serbia in 1991, Executive Council has been replaced by the Government of the Republic of Serbia.
In the period between 1944 and 1991, there were in Serbia 18 governments and 13 presidents. The longest in the post of president was Petar Stambolic, who headed three governments at the republican and one in the Federal Executive Council, then Dragi Stamenkovic, two, etc. There was an unwritten law that the President of the Assembly SRS should be President of the Executive Council and also vice-versa.
GOVERNMENTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 1991-2000
Political regime in Serbia in the period between 1990 and October 2000 was a type of authoritarian regime which did have democratic and parliamentary institutions but not also true democracy. The regime’s institutions, notwithstanding their democratic form, were only a façade for the personal power of Slobodan Milosevic. He was not only an autocrat like in the classical systems of tyranny or dictatorship, but enjoyed great support among the people, particularly at the beginning of his rule, and respected the democratic procedure which he created himself. Milosevic made good use of his democratic matrix, not in order to fully democratize society but in order to maintain his personal power. He introduced what looked like democratic institutions behind which his personal reign was concealed. Once again an authoritarian government was created, but this time it had the people’s support.
Milosevic reorganized the political system; thus Serbia, under the Constitution adopted on 28th September 1990, received the institution of a mighty President of the Republic. He “represented the Republic of Serbia” and “expressed its national unity”, while foreign policy was in his own hands. Political actions of the President of the Republic were not subject to any subsequent ratification by the Assembly, and his acts were not subject to either the Constitutional Court or approval of the Government. The pyramid of power rested upon an “unbreakable unity” of the President of the Republic, the National Assembly and the Government which sourced from the power of a single party and its untouchable leader. Only after bringing under absolute control the party, Government and the Assembly, was Milosevic able to secure his power.
Thus the political life in Serbia received but not also adopted some of the formal attributes of democracy. The cult of the new leader had strengthened the autocratic government. His “long shadow” gradually overshadowed the entire political and social life. The presence of autocratic structures in the institutions which for decades served only as decoration, denied their democratic essence. Elections were held according to the rules laid down by the ruling party and did not strengthen democratic processes in society.
The detailed provisions about the work of the Government were stated precisely in the Government Act, which was adopted on 28lh January 1991, at the First session of the new Assembly. In addition to the general obligations defined by the Constitution, the Government’s duties were to “conduct the policy of the Republic” and to represent it as a legal subject. The Prime Minister was to represent the Government, direct
the Government’s conduct of policy, secure a balanced action of the Government and ministries, ensure cooperation with other republican organs and submit opinion to the President of the Republic about the advent of an imminent war danger and state of war.
Procedure for the election of the Government implied several steps. According to the Constitution, the mandatary of the Assembly was proposed by the President of the Republic. The proposal had to be followed by the written agreement of the candidate for premiership to accept his candidacy. In the following stage, the candidate had to present his programme at an Assembly meeting and propose the formation of the Government. Next followed Assembly debate. At the end of the debate, the matter was taken to a vote which was public (“unless the majority of the present number of deputies does not decide otherwise”). For the election of a Government a majority was needed of the total number of Assembly deputies (126 votes).
The political regime in Serbia was characterized by an absolute control of the President over the Assembly, which fully confirmed the constitutional basis for a personal reign. Having the most important post in the political system, Milosevic had a firm control both over the Government and the Assembly. The most important task of the Serbian governments was to move the state machine in the direction which Milosevic desired. The Assembly voted everything that was needed, without interference into “high policy” which was conducted by Milosevic. Thus instead of the Parliament, the key political decisions were taken by the President of the Republic. In simplified terms, Milosevic communicated his wishes to the Prime Minister, who then transmitted them to the Government, and the Government to the Assembly, which never did anything independently. Of the laws adopted in the period up to 1996, as many as 95% of proposals came from the Government, and the rate of adoption of Government’s draft laws was 100%. The Assembly very frequently adopted the Government’s proposals without a debate.
The last stage in Milosevic’s reign over Serbia, from his election for President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1997) to his final fall (5th October 2000), was marked by an accelerated constitutional and legislative centralization of power, concentrating decision--making in the hand of one person, and by the development of a personality cult and family reign. By illegal expansion of competences, Milosevic turned the post of the President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia into a true seat of government power. Although without a basis in the Constitution, he began to independently command the army, appoint and replace generals and appoint federal ministers. The strengthening of the
repressive nature of the regime was shown in the republic’s administration organs, mostly in the period of the second mandate of Mirko Marjanovic. Particularly significant were the changes in the Law on Misdemeanors (1998) according to which even in the most banal causes the judicial councils were so formed that at least one judge in them was member of some of the ruling parties, also a new Law on Public Information.
The Governments of the Republic of Serbia in this period were under the powerful influence of the author-
ity and personal power of Slobodan Milosevic. It considerably trammeled the work of the executive power and development of parliamentarism in general. During that ten-year period five governments were formed. One of them was minority and two coalition governments. All the prime ministers (four of them) were from the ranks of the Socialist Party of Serbia: Dragutin Zelenovic (1991), Radoman Bozovic (1991-1993), Nikola Sainovic (1993-1994), and Mirko Marjanovic who formed two governments (1994-2000).
GOVERNMENTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 2000-2005
Tn contrast to the 1990s, when Serbia was dominated by the personal rule of Slobodan Milosevic, which -A completely overshadowed the institutional power of the Government of Serbia, after Milosevic’s deposition on 5th October 2000, the time came for institutional rule, expressed in the Government of Serbia. Thus the Serbian Government, neglected during the 1990s and even more during socialist Yugoslavia, was reaffirmed as a key state institution. That is how this period clearly stands apart from the previous period of the Government’s functioning. In this period all the four governments were formed by several parties, regardless of whether they were pre- or post-electoral coalitions and they were all expert crews in their composition.
The coalition of eighteen political parties, called Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) was formed in the first half of 2000 following the idea of creating a broad coalition to beat Milosevic at the elections. After several unsuccessful initiatives in the summer of 2000, it was decided that the presidential candidate of the DOS should be the leader of the Democratic Party of Serbia, Dr. Vojislav Kostunica. The technical and operative prime mover of the coalition was the Democratic Party leader, Dr. Zoran Djindjic. Elections for the President and Parliament of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Assembly of Vojvodina, municipal and communal authorities in the Republic of Serbia, were held on 24th September. Response to the elections was 69.7% of voters. International observers had no objections to the regularity of the voting procedure. Milosevic refused to admit the opposition’s victory and his collaborators undertook to drag out the procedure of the proclamation of electoral results which smelled of theft. This course of events raised the temperature throughout Serbia, protest developed to unexpected proportions.
The wave of opposition struck Belgrade on 5th October. The masses broke down the police resistance,
entered the Parliament, state television and other institutions. The most important decision by DOS leaders was to go to the end and in reply to police violence to apply the same means. The revolution succeeded -Milosevic unwillingly admitted electoral defeat and backed down.
On 7th October the session of the new federal Parliament was held in the Sava Centre in Belgrade. The new federal government was formed for Serbia by the Democratic Opposition of Serbia, and for Montenegro by the Socialist People’s Party. At the same time after negotiations at the republican level, discussions began how to resolve the newly arisen political situation. An agreement was signed by three political groups - SPS (Socialist Party of Serbia), DOS (Democratic Opposition of Serbia) and SPO (Movement of Serbian Renewal) about the formation of a transient government of Serbia and organization of extraordinary parliamentary elections for 23rd December 2000. A new transient government was voted, with president from SPS and co-presidents from DOS and SPO.
This period saw a defrosting of the international community’s relationship vis-a-vis Serbia. Relations were knotted again, and an exchange of visits between President Kostunica and foreign political dignitaries became intensive. Thus on 26th October, at the extraordinary regional meeting at Bucharest, SR Yugoslavia was officially admitted as a full-fledged member of the Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe. On 1st November, SR Yugoslavia was admitted into the OUN as the 190th state. The Permanent Council of the Organization for European Security and Cooperation (OESC) admitted on 10th November SR Yugoslavia into its membership as the 55th country. The federal government in November decided to restore diplomatic relations with France, Germany, Great Britain and the USA. In December the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was received in Wash-
ington, again, into the membership of the International Monetary Fund (MMF). All these were preconditions, with international support, for a process of reforms to be set in motion in Serbia once the new Government steps on the scene.
In this same period the main lever of Milosevic’s power, the Department of State Security, undertook to destroy evidence on its activity in the struggle against the opponents of Milosevic’s regime. Dossiers of secret operations, assassinations, the network of informers and other behind-the-scenes activities vanished in flames, leaving the new Government in a lasting dilemma as to the entanglement of state security, criminal groups, finances and high policy.
Finally, following the agreement of October, on 23rd December premature republican parliamentary elections were held in Serbia. Of the 250 seats in the Parliament, the DOS coalition won 176 seats, socialists 37, radicals 23 and the Serbian Unity Party 14 seats. These elections marked the definitive fall of Milosevic’s regime.
The Government that was formed thereafter, headed by Dr. Zoran Djindjic (2001-2003), which can be described as the first non-communist government in Serbia after the Second World War, was formed on 25th January 2001. The two main points of Djindjic’s political activity as Prime Minister were: to prevent problems in Serbia from being demagogically emotionalized and to grant priority to the economy, living standards, daily needs and family. Djindjic rejected populist approach, pointing out the need for reality and for the entire system to be set on its feet. The sequence of moves was: opening of international channels for the Serbian economy, change of laws and institutions and restructuring of enterprises. Parallel with this the need was to build public services and state administration. Because of all this Djindjic insisted on social consensus, development of ability to harmonize priorities to which everyone would then invest his energy.
This Government had more unresolved and complicated issues than any other before it: unresolved status of the Yugoslav Federation - which prevented the conclusion of long-range international agreements and the adoption of a new Constitution; the unresolved status of Kosovo and Metohija, which prevented the completion of the system and impeded the adoption of Serbian Constitution. It was necessary to replace one socio--economic system with another. Industrial and infrastructural capacities were destroyed in NATO’s war against Serbia in 1999. Particular difficulty was international financial isolation which followed ten years of sanctions and failure to service debts to international creditors. Collaboration with the Hague Tribunal was a firm condition of the international community, and
in Belgrade there was no strategy of cooperation with this institution.
By year 2001, Serbia achieved more than anybody expected, and more than in any other country in the early years of transition. The citizens of Serbia directly experienced this through a stable dinar exchange rate and lowered inflation and through the breakdown of international isolation.
Probably the most dramatic test for Prime Minister Djindjic and the Government of Serbia was Slobodan Milosevic. The former President on the loose meant a latent threat for the stability of the new Government, and after being arrested on 31st March, he was sent to the Hague on 28th June 2001.
Next came the question of reframing relations with Montenegro. In mid-2001, Djindjic and the Serbian Government took up the position of distance from Montenegrin events. The re-definition of relations between the two republics was achieved in 2003 with the arbitrage of the European Union and its High Representative Xavier Solana.
The new year 2003 saw a Prime Minister’s turnabout in relation to Kosovo. His statement that he would ask for “new Dayton” unless the international community prevents the breakaway of Kosovo and Metohija from Serbia caused a real storm among the public.
At the time when the Prime Minister’s thoughts were preoccupied with the reform and escalation of the Kosovo question, a conspiracy was building up in the underground of criminal groups which engaged in tobacco, oil and other illegal business. After an attempt at his assassination on 21st February, the assassins succeeded in realizing their diabolical intent. On 12th March, before the very entrance into the Government’s building, the Prime Minister was shot dead. A statement by the Serbian Government said that the assassination was organized by a criminal clan from Zemun which used as its striking fist the Ministry of Internal Affairs Unit for Special Operations.
The Serbian Government began a dynamic action to apprehend the killers of Prime Minister Djindjic. During this action, wide proportions of conspiracy in the judiciary and police were revealed. The state ot emergency in the Republic was abolished on 22nd April.
Immediately after Djindjic’s murder, the Ministerial Council (first government) of the new State Community of Serbia and Montenegro was elected on 17th March. On the following day the National Assembly of Serbia elected Zoran Zivkovic, Deputy President of the Democratic Party, for Serbia’s Prime Minister.
After the assassination of the Serbian Prime Minister, the international community sent some encouraging signals. Thus on 3rd April the State Community of Serbia and Montenegro became the 45th member of the
Council of Europe. Belgrade was visited by several prominent political personalities among whom, on 2nd April the US Secretary of State, Colin Powell, and on 10th April High Representative of European Union for Foreign Policy and Security, Xavier Solana. On the other hand, representatives of Serbia and the State Community also developed a lively diplomatic activity in world political centres, in efforts to maintain the course of reforms started by Dr. Djindjic.
Later in the course of the autumn, DOS Assembly majority was drastically reduced so that the Government lost the ability for some real work. Therefore, on the proposal of Prime Minister Zoran Zivkovic, on 11th November the Serbian Assembly was dismissed and parliamentary elections were called for 28th December. On 18th November the last session of the DOS governing coalition was held, which proclaimed the termination of this coalition after almost four years of activity on the Serbian political scene.
After the parliamentary elections of 28th November 2003 and several weeks of negotiation early in March 2004, a government of Serbia was formed by the coalition between Democratic Party of Serbia, G-17, New Serbia and Movement of Serbian Renewal, whose representatives formed a government headed by Dr. Vojislav Kostunica.
The first months of the new Government were marked by riots in Kosovo and Metohija which suddenly broke out on 17th March 2004. The escalation of violence against various Serbian enclaves brought about a new wave of migrations of the Serbian population into Serbia, and the destruction of a large number of buildings, economic facilities, and monuments of cultural and spiritual heritage.
In the first one hundred days of its work the Serbian Government with Prime Minister Dr. Kostunica proposed 31 laws which were adopted in the Serbian Assembly. In the domain of justice and struggle against corruption 10 laws, and that of the economy and finances 19 laws were adopted. One number of the adopted statutes in their content and scope were very significant for the
reestablishment of a democratic society and rule of law, such as the Law on the Prevention of Conflicts of Interests in the Performance of Public Functions. After a holdup in the construction of a new Constitution of Serbia, the Serbian Government laid down a draft Constitution and sent it to the Serbian Assembly, in the hope of encouraging a final adoption of a modern Constitution as a basis for the building of a democratic society.
After the changes in the Law on the Election of the President of Serbia, the National Assembly decided to hold presidential elections in Serbia on 13th June. This electoral race revealed an increased interest of citizens in presidential elections, and these were held on 27th June resulting in the victory of the Democratic Party’s candidate, Boris Tadic, and in his election for the President of Serbia.
In confirmation of the Government’s intent to seek admission into the European Union, the Assembly of Serbia on 13th October 2004 adopted a resolution on joining the European Union. Finally, in April 2005, the State Community received the green light for the feasibility study which is regarded as a success of this Government. One of the main barriers to Serbia’s integration into the international community remained the problem of collaboration with the Hague Tribunal, although considerable advance had been made in this respect.
The political moment in Serbia at the beginning of 2005 is characterized by cohabitation between President Tadic and Prime Minister Kostunica, and confusion in relations in republican, national and local parliaments. The political course in hindered by dilemmas about the speed of the reforms and difficulties in economic situation, as well as with relations at the level of the State Community. The question of the survival of Kosovo and Metohija within the framework of Serbia, and the expectation of the referendum on Montenegrin independence, have left many issues unresolved. The Government of Vojislav Kostunica regained the country’s prestige abroad and encouraged economic development and returned prestige for some state institutions.
PEn-lCTAP JIHHHMX HMEHA
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AjiaynoBHÍi TyroMHp 278, 281, 283, 328
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ApaH^e^OBHh /jparojbyó 226, 228 ApaHÍ)e^OBHh 3opaH 494, 494 ApceHHjeBnh JIa3ap - EaiajiaKa 51, 83, 85, 88, 90
AiaHauKOBHfi EopuoiaB 466, 469 ATaHapKOBHh JoBaH 188, 203, 204 AhnMOBnh MmiaH 350, 386, 389, 390, 391,395
AyrycTHHMHh AmyH 402 Ayep JbyfleBHT 345, 348 A(¡)H3-nama VII
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BoraheBHh Muxanjio 153, 158, 160 EorocaBJbeBirh AnaM 136 Bo*aHOBHh Mhaoiu 233 Eownh KocTaflHH 475 BovKOBnh PaaoMaH 474, 492, 493, 494 Boj PlHTep 370 Eojamih BnanaH 452, 455 Bojamih MimeHKO 447, 450, 452, 455, 456,458,460,468 Eojuh MH^OBaH 504 Bojuh Fleiap 472 EojoBiih PamiBoje 233, 236 BoHTyo 197
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ByjHh flHMHipuje 345 ByjHHuh MHflopafl 295, 298, 311, 314, 315, 316,321,324 ByjHOBwh PaTKO 463, 466, 472 ByjoBHh BflaflHOiaB 100 ByKajaoBHh BpaHKO 450 ByKaiiiKHOBHh ByflHMHp 463 ByKHheBHh BeflHMiip 260, 261, 294, 297, 298, 300, 301, 305, 307, 308, 309, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 333, 335
ByKocaBJBeBHh CpeieH 379, 381, 444 ByKcaHOBwh OioóoflaH 533 ByKHeBHh Bojuc/iaB 521, 533 ByjioBHh Be^HCaB 224, 241, 278, 281, 283
BynoBuh flaHHflo 355 Bypennh Boja 457,460 Bynnh AjieKcaHflap 505 ByHHh-riepHiHHh ToMa 71, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 80,81,83, 86, 87, 90,91,94, 103, 110, 120 ByHKOBHh flparoMHp 188
TaBpHHOBHh Jobbh 52, 103, 105, 106, 121
IaBpHJioBHh Mh;mh 368, 372, 374, 375, 376,379
raBpHHOBHh MoMHp 513 ra*H Opasbo 407 Taj JBya,eBHT 120 TajoBHh MwiaH 488 rapamaHHH, 6paha 36 rapamaHHH Hjmja 15,41, 52, 53, 54, 77, 80,81,83,84, 85, 86,87, 88, 89, 90, 93,95,97,100,101,103,104,105,106, 109, 110,114, 130, 134 rapamaHHH MrayTHH 42,128,145,146, 148,149,150,151,152,153,156,181, 182
rapiiameBHh BpaHKO 469 rahHHOBHh 353 Taum AayiH 457 rB03flHh CBeT03ap 171 EeHHHh Tjoplje 188, 202, 203, 204 repHHr XepMaH 385
TepMaH, naTpwjapx 467 Tepmuh Diurna 156, 162, 167 DiaBHHHh Kocra 220 rjiHropHjeBHh flymaH Cama 457 DmropHjeBHh OioóoflaH 460 Diyxnh IIIeijiKHja 277 roBeflapMpa Baama 487 TojKOBuh Wnw)a 50, 223, 224 TojKOBuh Maja 505 To;iy6oBHh Pajona 402 Tocap AHflpej 317, 318 rocTHHHiap Jocnn 278 rpHCOHoro ripBHC^iaB 300, 301,305,306, 307
TpaHHh Ky3MaH 460, 462 rpaH(j)HB ToMa 441, 455 rpKOBHh PaflOBaH 438, 441, 444, 447, 450
Tpofl MroiaH 321,324, 359,368,369,373, 374,376, 379,413
rpyrnh JeBpeM 39, 52,53, 88,97,98,100, Í01,103,115,118,124,130,132,134, 135,139, 141 rpyjnh PaflOBaH 417 TpyjHh Casa 50, 57, 140, 141, 154, 155, 156,161, 162,163,164,174,175, 205, 206, 207,214, 215, 275, 286 Tpyjnh OnjiHn 472, 475 TpyjoBwh Bownflap BHH, 17,18,19, 21, 24, 62
TpyjoBHh MHxaHBO 17, 23, 24, 65, 66, 69
I'pyjiOBHh HnKoaa 398 TyflOBHh n. jcBpeM 146, 150 TyjKOBHh Tjypnpa 450
R
flaBHfloBHh fliiMHipuje 25, 26, 27, 30, 70,71,73
flaBHflOBHh JByóoMHp 207, 236, 241,246, 251,259,260, 261, 276, 277, 278,279, 280,281,282, 287, 293,301,302, 303,
313,318,323,333 flaKOBuh Mapno 365, 368 flaMjaHOBHh PanoBaH 83, 85, 91, 93 flaHHHiih Tjypa 186 /jaHKejiMaH XajHpitx 386, 387 flaHHh PlBima 520 fle Toa Illapji 4 fleBa Bean 464 fleBa KeMaa 455
fleMeipoBiih Jypaj 327, 331, 334, 336, 338,339,341,342 fleHnh riaBfle 201 flHBepwe M. 10 AHMHTpHjeBuh BojaH 520, 533 flHMHTpujeBHh flHMHTpHje 491 flHMHTpujeBHh )KHBaH 438 flHMHTpoB Teoprn 405 flHHHh Tanacnje 395 AkhkhIi M/ialjaH 533 flnpHHr 193
flo6pH.au neTap ToaopoBHh 19, 24, 67, 68,69
floópocaB/beBnh Ctohmhp 395 floKuh Tjypa 395 floKnh flasap 172, 173, 174 floMa3eT flparaH 526, 529 floHOBaH BrninjaM 380 flopomcKH CieBaH, 444, 452, 455 flparoBMh KpuyH 472 flparoBHh MHflaii 466 flparojflOBHh flparaH 492, 495, 497, 501
flpawa flparofl y6 MHxaHflOBHh 361,362, 364, 368,369,370, 371,372,373,374, 376,376,377,378, 379, 394,404,449, 450
flpaxca flparooiaB MapKOBHh 438, 441, 447, 456,459 flpauiKMh FlaHTa 395 flpauiKOBJih ByK 467, 489, 495, 509 flpamKOBuh MuflHBoj 469 flpaiiiKOBHh Mnaopafl 213,214,236,281,
283,289,290,292,333 flpuHKOBHh Maie 284, 287, 289, 304, 306, 327, 328 flyflnh flparojuo 398 flyunh BojHGiaB 434 flynnh HHhH(j)op 46 flyiiiMaHHh MflHja 168
1)
Tjaja Jobbh 163, 167 Tjeunh Bo)KHflap 525, 529 TjepMaHOBuh TKHBOia 434, 437, 438, 441
TjHHfjHh 3opaH 488, 509, 510, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 522, 523, 524, 525, 527, 528
TjOHOBHh Mbko 500 IjopljeBHh AfleKcaHflap TjopljeBHh AHflpa 177, 179, 188 TjopfyeBHh Boro;by6 469 IjopljeBHh BaaflaH 15,45,55,56,57,157, 158, 160, 185, 186, 187, 188 IjopljeBHh BojHciaB 351 TjoptjeBiih flymaH 395 IjopljeBHh TKuBopau 472 IjopljeBHh Jobah 171 IjopljeBHh Kp. Muxaiiflo 163, 167, 168, 180, 184
IjopljeBHh JByÓHHKO 463 ’IjopljeBHh Mnaopafl 329, 331, 333, 336, 338,339,341,342 IjopljeBHh MnaocaB 472 IjopljeBHh HiiKOfla 35 T)opljeBHh Paflnma 497 TjoptjeBiih CojKa 475 TjoptjeBuh Thxomhp VIII TjyKaHOBuh Mhao 487, 488, 514 TTyKnh-flejaHOBiih OiaBima 521 TjyKnh Mnoflpar 495 TjyKuh Panoje 501 TjypljeBHh JaHKo 65 Tjypnh fluMHTpHje 162, 168 Tjypnh Tjopt e 327, 329 TjypHh-3aMo;io flHBHa 37
Tiypnh Mnxanjio 459 TjypHHHh Bojhh 353 TiypHTOh C. MapKO 228, 230, 233, 236, 238,239,290,292, 305, 306, 307, 309, 311,313
T)ypoBHh MHxaj;io 434, 437, 438
F
EflBapA, Kpa/b 213 EieM-nama 89, 94
K
JKepjaB Iperop 294, 305, 307 TKHBaHOBiih BnaAHMHp 497 IKHBaHOBHh ®HBaH 188, 201 IKHBaHOBHh JaKOB 26 JKhbkobhÍi JJyiuaH 35 JKhbkobhJí 3opaH 516, 517, 523, 526, 527, 528,529
HÍMBKOBHh JbyóoMHp 203, 204, 211 JKhbkobhB Mman/io 220, 222 JKhbkobhJí IleTap 261,263,311,322,323, 325, 326, 327, 329, 330, 331, 333, 334, 341, 342, 344, 345, 346, 348, 359, 376 JKhbkobhB XajjH HnKona 34, 35 )Kn Knh 3opaH 510 IKyjoBnh JoBaH 34, 211, 213, 223, 224 )KyjoBHh MiiafleH 96 TKyjoBnh CpeTeH 407 IKymih PafleHKo 472
3
3ApaBKOBHh Mwmja 65 3ApaBKOBHh MH/iocaB 80 3ApaBKOBHh CTeBaH 138,143,177, 179, 180
3e6nh JoBaH 472, 475, 491, 494 3ejienoBHh flparyTHH 489, 490, 491, 496
3eneBnh Bjiana 395, 402, 407, 443 3eHeBiih Mhjwh 466 3eneBHh MwiHBoje 292, 293, 294 3eHeBHh OiaBKo 462 3opwh Mn/iopafl 441, 443
MBamih CieBaH 391 HBaHOB Hrop 510 HBaHOBiih JbyóoMHp 126, 127, 129 lÍBaiKOBnh CBeT03ap 37 HBeKOBHh MAafleH 402 HBKOBHh BpaHHCAaB 500, 505 Hah Ahtohh 359, 376 llKOHnh EpaHHCJiaB 460, 462, 467, 468, 469
HkohhIí /JparoMnp 355 Hjiwh Boro/by6 368, 369, 370 M/mh B. MHxajno 226, 228, 230 J4/mh Be/iHMnp 533 JoBaH 119
Hnnh MmacsB 53, 65, 116 M/mh ToMHCBaB 497 HhhB CaoóoflaH 465 J'IcaKOB Mno^par 525, 529
Jar/iaH TypójepH 510 JaMÓpHinaK Mhbhboj 407 JaHKe OpaHq 35
JaHKOBwh A/iexca 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 89, 90,91,92,94 JaHKOBHh Bobo 194 JaHKOBHh /Jparo/byó 487, 504 JaHKOBHh JJparyTHH 345 JaHKOBHh T^ypa 348, 351 JaHKOBHh MjianeH 167 JaHKOBHh Momhh/io 393, 397, 391, 395 JaHKOBHh C. Be/nmp 233,238,239,241, 284, 287, 289, 290, 292, 297, 299 JaHKOBHh T. MHAOBaH 135, 138 JaHKOBHh IJayH Eaha 73, 81, 83, 85, 88, 90
JaHKOBHh OpaHe 285 JafBHh BojHoiaB 299, 300, 301 JaitHh Mno«par 491 JeaHHeay B. 8
JeBTnh Boro/by6 267, 311, 336,337, 339, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 359, 368, 369, 373
JeBTnh JJecHMHp 470, 471, 472 JeBTnh CrojaH 529 JeKHh Ypoui 437, 438 JepMa30Bnh JlajHo 438 Jeiimh BpaHKa 491, 494 JoBaHOBHh A;ieKca 190, 191, 194 JOBaHOBHh AHflpeja 191 JOBBHOBHh E0)K0 472 JoBaHOBHh BpaHKo 284, 287, 289, 290, 292, 463
JoBaHOBHh BnaAHMHp 53, 54,141, 143 JoBaHOBHh B/iaflHC/iaB 491, 494, 497 JoBanoBnh /Jparn 385 JoBaHOBHh /JparociaB 497 JoBaHOBHh JJymaH 469, 472 JoBaHOBHh )K. Mn/ioje 278 JoBaHOBHh 3Be3flaH 516 JoBaHOBHh H. BacH/mje 309, 311, 312, 314,315,316,317 JoBaHOBHh Hca 447, 450 JoBaHOBHh KocTa 121, 135 JoBaHOBHh Kpcra 463, 466 JoBaHOBHh JbyÓHiua 520 JoBaHOBHh JbyóoMHp 222, 223, 224, 226, 228, 230, 233, 236, 238, 239, 297, 299, 308, 316
JoBaHOBHh MuHHBoje 96, 97, 100, 290, 291,292
JoBaHOBHh Mn/iopan 462 JoBaHOBHh n. Job3h 216, 217, 230, 233, 284, 287,289,291,292 JoBaHOBHh II. Muxamio 204, 209 JoBaHOBHh IlaHTa 111, 113, 116, 119, 121, 122, 139, 351 JoBaHOBHh IleTap 463 JoBaHOBHh P. JIa3ap 179 JoBaHOBHh Paflom 438 JoBaHOBHh PncTa 457, 460 JoBaHOBHh CaoóoflaH 38,41,42, 46, 354, 360, 365, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371,372,
373, 374, 375, 375, 376, 377, 379, 467
JoBaHOBnh CTeBaH 469
JoBaHOBHh OrojaH JleiujamiH 96, 97
JoBaHOBHh HeflOMnp 529
JOBnh EopucaB 460
JoBnh Bacn/inje 65
JoBnheBnh MaB/ie 450
JoBHHnh BnaAHMHp 463
JOBHHHh M.4
JoBKOBnh By«HMHp 475
Jojnh Mn/iaH 388
Jojnh Phcto 287, 289, 391
JojKHh TJypima 441, 456, 457
JokhB Apenca 500
JoKHh MHOflpar 475, 491
JokhB Mnxaj.no 521
JoKCHMOBHh OópeH 526
JoHnh Be/ni6op 391, 395
JOCHMOBHh MHJIHBOje 163
JocHnoBnh Cp6on y6 447
JochcJ) PpaH,o 178
JOCH(j)OBHh CTaHHCTiaB 391
JohhIí flparaH 533
JyroBnh MBaH 23, 67, 69
JyKHh M/inja 375
K
Ka6a/MH JlHKo/ia KaflHjeBnh Be/bKO 482 KajTen Bn/ixe/iM 387 Kanaj 117
KanyhepHnh BpaHKo 348, 351 Ka/beBnh JbyóoMHp 127, 128, 129, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138,203,204 KaH33np JJyuiaH 501 KaneTaHOBHh Mn/iaH 226, 228, 230, 241, 277
Kapal)opl)e 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 60, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 206 Kapat)opt)eBHhH 16, 57, 79, 96, 166, 237, 238, 246, 251, 291, 305, 326, 435 KapafjopheBnh AneKcaHnap, KHe3 35, 38, 51, 53, 61, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 89, 90, 91, 94, 95, 99, 120, 131, 134, 176, 216
KapahopheBiih A/ieKcaH/iap I (npa/i,, pereHT) 36, 37, 57, 58, 167, 228, 232, 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 255, 260, 261,262, 265, 273, 274, 276, 279, 282, 284, 290, 291,299, 301, 302, 306, 311,312, 317, 319, 320, 321,322, 326, 332, 333, 334, 335, 338, 339, 340, 341, 344, 346 Kapat)opheBnh Tjophe 94, 221 KapahopJjeBnh Je/iemi 176 Kapat)opheBiih llaB/ie, KHe.a 268, 311, 340, 341, 342, 343, 345, 350, 353, 354, 380 Kapaí)opt)eBHh MeTap I, Kpa/b 137, 197, 202, 203, 206, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214,217, 231,291
KapahoptjeBnh IleTap II, Kpa/b 356,359, 366, 367, 370, 373, 375, 378, 379, 391, 400, 404
582
KapajoBHh ^paroMHp 438 KapaMexMenoBHh XaM^nja 292,294,336, 338
Rapaiinh ByK OreijjaHOBHh VIII, 15, 21, 22, 24, 37,51,62,63,211,450 KapaijHh PajioBaH 495, 524 Kapaex? EflBap/j 407, 437 Kapnh Boro^yó 503, 505, 517 Kapno I Xa636ypuiKH 291 Kaca Jo*e(j) 525, 529 Ka™h KapKO 494, 497 Ka™h Jbhko 65 Ke;bMeHflH A3hc 470 KepH HBaH 378 Kepiec MnxajB 497
KeaiKO HaTa;iHja, KpajBHpa 137, 146, 162, 164, 175, 177, 180, 189 KiihaHOBHh flparaH 492, 495 KniureuH JaH 494, 497 Kaepnh JbyóoMHp 180, 184 KHerHíia JyaHj'a 37, 102, 105 KHeweBHh Tamo 521, 525, 529 KHeKeBHh )KHBaH 370, 379 KHeweBnh IleTap 65 KoBan OcKap 521 KoBa'ieBHh ¿,ejaH 501, 504, 521 KoBaHeBHh HBaH 285, 287, 289 KoBaneBHh JbyóoMHp 183, 194 Kowy/b MapKO 345, 348, 350 KojaamioBHh RparaH IX, 533 Kojuh C. ííparyTHH 298, 299, 300, 301, 327,329,331,333,336,338,339,341, 342, 345
Kojiapau, Hanja Mn;iocaBJi eBnh 129 KoMHeHiih Mh;mh 521 KoMHeHOBHh Mhpko 348 KoHCTaH BeHmaMeH 176 KoHcraHTHHOBHh KaTapHHa 106, 121 KoHeraHTHHOBHh MHxaH.no 355 KohthIí Panoje 486
Kopah Bhtomhp 246, 247, 278, 281, 283
Kopah KapKO 525, 529 Kopomeu Ahtoh 246,273,277,278,285, 287, 289, 303, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 327, 328, 333, 345, 347, 348, 350, 353, 355
KocaHOBHh JocjkJ) 47 KocaHOBiih CaBa 359, 368, 369, 370, 373, 381
KoCTaflHHOBHh CBeTOJIHK 500 Kocmh flparaH 500 Kocrah JochcJ) 395 Kocrah JIa3ap 391 KocTnh Hafla 521 KocTHh IleTap 457, 460, 462 KocTpeHHHh MapKO 328, 330 KopóeK EflBapA 402, 407 KopHh BnajKO 319, 320, 321 Kona 62, 82
KoiHTyHHpa BojHcjiaB VIII, IX, 488,509, 510,511,513,514,517,518,530, 531, 532, 533
Komyrah AyrycT 314, 315
KomyTHh EyflHMnp 491 Kpajan Hbbh 309, 311, 315 KpaaeBHh flparaH 331, 334, 336 KpajLHpa Mapnja 377 KpaMep AjióepT 277, 278, 281, 283, 327, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336, 338, 339 Kpacnh 3opaH 504
KpeK Mnxa 348, 351, 353, 355, 366, 368, 369, 372, 374, 376 KpacHniHHK Ahtoh 407 KpHHHap Mapiija 457 KpH3MaH Xhhko 283, 287, 289, 291, 292, 300, 301,306 KpHCTaH Ahtoh 281, 283 KpHHu, HBaH 285
KpH.eBnh Jypaj 359, 360, 366, 368, 369, 372, 374, 375, 376 KpcMaHOBuhji 240 KpcrejB HBaH 294 KpcTHh Bohiko 442, 444, 447 KpcTiih Mh;iohi 469 KpcTuh HHKO.na 53 KpcTuh CBeT03ap 434, 500 Kpyib Yporn 278, 328 KpyHHh Cnacoje 520 KpnyH CxioóoflaH üeHe3Hh 438,441,443, 444, 447, 448, 450, 451, 452 KpijHh Mn^OBaH 434 Ky3MaHOBnh B. OriteH 341, 342, 395 KyjyHHnh Boron y6 320, 321, 324, 350, 351,395
KyjyHijHh MraaH 153 KyKOBen BjeKOCMB 287, 289, 290, 291, 292
KyjieHOBHh Hacj)ep 351, 354, 355, 368 Ky/iOBeu; OpaH 303, 316, 355, 365, 368 KyManyflH Kocra 290,292,294,318,319, 327, 328, 330 KyHflOBHh BejiH3ap 171 KyHHÓepT 286 KynaH MHJiaH 468
JI
Jlaóyc Mupojbyó 510, 514,532, 533 JIa3apeBHh Jlyxa 65, 201 JIa3apeBHh MapKO 119, 121, 122 JIa3apeBnh Cbcto-thk 451 JIa3nh T)ypa 501, 505 JIa3Hh XÍHBojuH 336, 337, 339, 341, 342
JIa3nh MHBHBoje 497 XajiOBHh CBeTOMiip 469, 472 JlanoBHh GioóonaH 533 JlaHUom HeHan 388 JleKOBnh Boja 437, 438, 441, 443, 444, 447
JleCKHH 211
Jlerapa flyuiaH 348, 350, 391, 395 JleHHh EpaHHCJiaB 526, 529 JlemjaHHH Muhojko 122, 146, 203 JlemjaHHH PajKO 106, 109, 111 JlHjrHh JbyÓHcaB 472 JIo3aHHh Chm3 177, 179, 180, 188, 201 JIo3iíh Mno/tpar 370
JIoHHap 3opaH 533
TImbch HnKO^a 79
JIhct BHJixeaM 385, 387
JIhct OpaHu, 286
JlyrahH Tecj)HK 491
JlyKHHHh EflO 277, 281, 283, 305, 307
JlyKnh ABpaM 65
JlyKHh Boj'hh 450
JlyKOBHh Mn;ie 516
Jb
JtajHh PacHM 516 JBo™h HMHTpiije 269, 327, 386 JbyÓHHHh B^aflHMHp 501 JbyjHh BeKHÓop 455, 457 fbyuiah Paflorn IX
M
Mara3HHOBHh Kocia 126 Mara3HHOBHh CTe(|)aH 87,89, 90,95, 96, 97, 123
MarapameBHh ^HMHTpHje 350 MaroBan Bo;KHflap 407 Ma)KypaHHh )Ke;iHMHp 327 MajcHep AyrycT J)oh 387 MajCTOpOBHh AHTOHHje 105 MaKCHMOBHh Bojmh 322, 332 MaKCHMOBnh K. BoíKHuap 304,305, 307, 309, 311,313, 315,316,327, 329, 331, 333, 336, 337, 339, 341,342,355 MaKCHMOBHh nepa 174, 175 Ma;bKOBHh Heóojma 494 MaHflirh AHTa 379 MaHHh BowHflap 466, 469 MapreTHh HnHja 143 MapiiHKOBnh BojucjiaB 233, 235, 236, 241, 293, 294, 303, 319, 320, 321, 324, 327, 329, 331, 332, 333, 341, 342 MapnHKOBnh flHMHTpnje 40, 150, 151, 153, 183
MapnHKOBnh MiuiOBaH 201 MapnHKOBnh naBJie 191,194, 278, 281, 283,287, 289
MapHHOBnh Job3h 42,43, 93,94,95, 100, 101, 102, 105,115, 123,124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 133,139, 140 MapnHOBnh n. Mhhvthh 224 Mapnh JbyóoMHp 350 Mapnh MaHojno 130, 132 MapjaHOBtih JoBaH 456 MapjaHOBnh MnpKO 486, 487, 488, 498, 499, 500,502,503,504,510 MapjaHOBnh HejioMnp 395 MapKnheBnh ApaHheJi 500 MapKOBnh Ahtc 473 MapKOBnh Bownaap 368, 369, 373 MapKOBnh BejbKo 462, 466 MapKOBiih flparyTHH 469, 472 MapKOBuh-jly^Hh IlBaHa 533 MapKOBHh )K. flameo 472, 491, 495, 497
MapKOBHh IIjinja 65, 69 MapKOBHh JeBpeM 128, 140 MapKOBHh Kona 71, 72, 73
MapKOBHh JIa3ap 288,289,294,295,298, 355
MapKOBHh MwiaH 211,213 MapKOBHh Mhjichko 198 MapKOBHh MmiOBaH 466 MapKOBHh MnpjaHa 488 MapKOBHh Momhhjio 438 MapKOBHh H. üeTap 303, 320, 321 MapKOBHh HeMaBa 441 MapKOBHh PanHBoje 460 MapKOBHh PaflOMHp 487 MapKOBHh PaTKO 500, 503, 504 MapKOBHh CBeT03ap 117,124,125,155, 165, 193, 197
MapKOBHh Chmb 19, 66, 69 MapKOBHh Ct. Bor«aH 314, 315, 316, 319, 321
MapKOBHh CiecjaaH 89,90,91,92,93,94, 95
MapKOBHh T. ÜeTap 324 MapoBnh CBeT03ap 515 MapTHHOBnh MnjiaH 378 Mapymnh JJparo 345, 379, 381 MapmnhaHHH flparaH 517, 533 MacapoBnh Ahtc 351, 354 Mac.nema BecejiHH 402 MaTBej, npoTojepej 61 Marapa IlaBao 328, 330, 338 Mainh ^HMHTpnje 100, 107, 112, 114, 116, 119, 139, 143 MaTKOBnh TopflaHa 520, 526, 529 MaTKOBnh /JyrnaH 491 ManeK Bjmtko 268, 269, 270, 280, 324, 337, 343, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 365,368,375,380 ManKHh JlyKa 469, 472, 469, 472 MauiHH AaeKcaHflap 203, 204 MauiHH /Jpara 36, 185, 188, 189, 192, 199,202,205
MnjaHaoBHh CBeT03ap 521 MnjaTOBHh HeaoMHB 55, 122, 123, 124, 126,130,132,145, 146, 153, 157, 158, 160, 176, 177
MnjoBHh AaeKcaHaap 319, 321 MHjoBHh Mmiopap 469 MHjyiHKOBHh Job3h 395 MiiKauiHHOBHh BpaHKO 491 MiiKiih JbyÓHUia 395 Mnaa/iHHOBHh )KapKO 294 MnaaHOBHh BaaflHMiip 359 MHnaTOBHh MHaopaa 444 MnaaHHh BopncaaB 504, 520 MuaeHKOBHh CTojaH 452, 455 MHaeHKOBHh ToMiicaaB 505, 521 MuaeHTHjeBHh PapMHJia 501 Miuierah BjeKocnaB 351 Miuierah Jb. Kpcia 292, 294, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 305, 307, 309, 312, 316
Mmierah PaaoBaH 167 Miuierah C. OiaBKO 285, 290, 292, 297, 298, 300, 301, 305, 308, 309, 311,314, 315,317
MHHHBojeBHh CaoóonaH 466, 469
MnaHheBHh Baaneia 378 MHjmheBHh JlenocaBa 501, 505 MnaoBaHOBHh BojHCJiaB 526, 529 MnaoBaHOBHh flparaH 526, 529 MHaoBaHOBHh T opl)e Tjoiua 100, 130, 132
MHJiOBaHOBHh Tj. MnaoBaH 15, 47, 53, 166,184,191, 193, 194, 220, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 276 MHJiOBaHOBHh K. MnjiaH 341 MnjiOBaHOBHh Momhhjio 450, 452, 455 MHJiOBaHOBHh MjianeH 23, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69
MnjiojeBHh /JparoMHp 463 MnjiojKOBHh /JyrnaH 388 MnjiojKOBHh PaflHBoje 40,107,112,113, 114, 116,118, 119,121, 135,139,141, 143, 154
MnjiopajiOBHh MnpKO 466 MHJiocaBJteBHh AHflpeja 501 MHaocaBJbeBHh KaTapHHa 457 MHJiocaBJbeBnh Mhjioih 463, 469 MHJiocaBJbeBHh CBeracjiaB 314,315,317, 320, 321,341
MHjiocaBJbeBHh CBeT03ap 154,156,162, 163, 168, 174, 175, 220, 222 MnjiocaBjbeBHh CaoóoaaH 526, 529 MHjiocaBjteBHh ToMHCJiaB 526, 529, 533
MHjiomeBHh BpaHiicaaB 472 MHjiomeBHh MHayTHH 472 MHjiomeBHh Pama 147, 174, 175 MHjiomeBHh Chm3 402 MnaomeBHh CjioóopaH 470, 471, 474, 479, 480,481, 482, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 490,495, 498, 499, 502, 503, 504, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 519, 522, 523
MmiyTHHOBHh AjieKcaHjiap 521 MmiyTHHOBHh ÜBaH 402, 407 MmiyniHOBnh MiuiaH 466, 514 MnjbKOBHh Mina 441 MnjbKOBHh HeaoMHp 194 Mujbym BpaHKO 354 MhhhB Mmma 424, 438, 442, 447 MhhhB Mhjiomhp 510, 519, 520 MhhhB Mhjioiju 424, 443, 444, 446, 447, 449, 450
MnpKOBiih BopiiBoje 355, 370 MupomeBiih-Copro Hhko 378 MnpHHh MnpooiaB 505 MniepaH OpaHeoa Mimih flparojbyó 469, 472 MiiTHh T3ophe 466, 469, 472 MlITOBHh fllIMHTpHje 460 MHTpoBiih TJiuiac Mmpa 398, 434, 437, 438, 441,443 MiiTpoBHh KiiKa 452 MHTpoBwh JlyKa 504 MinpoBiih HiiKoaa 492, 495 MHTpoBiih PajiHBoje 521 MiiTpoBHh PapooiaB 497 MhBhB JoBaH 79 Mnhuh MiuieH 137
Muhnh HaTama 514 MnhoBHh BojucaaB 466, 469 MHhyHOBiih /Jparojbyó 571, 524 Miixanjio, MiiTpoiiojuiT 145 MuxaHjiOBHh Jama 35 MuxaHaoBiih C/reBMa 52, 53, 57, 79, 95, 96, 100, 107, 118, 124, 126, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 141 MuxajjioB AHhenKa 526, 529 MnxajjioBHh BejniMHp 494, 497 MnxajjioBHh /JyuiaH 475, 498, 525, 529 MnxajjioBHh He^oMHp 324 MnxaaiiHh CiaHoje 355 MHHOTaKHC KoHCTaHTHH 495 MnmeBHh MnjiOBaH 469 MhihkobhIi JoBaH 143, 184, 189 MHiuKOBHh Jobo 472 MnmKOBHh Mmiopap 521 MnmKOBHh MnpocaaB 475 MHHiKyjiHH Mnjie 348 MaaaeHOBHh JJparocjiaB 501 MjianeHOBHh ToMHCJiaB 472 MaaflHh PaTKO 516 MohphhhIi 3opaH 501 MojcHJioBHh Mhjichko 466, 469 Momhhjiob naja 505 MopHHa BparacjiaBa 501 MocKOBjBeBHh Mhjioih 437, 438 Moxopnh HBaH 336 MyMHHH Oa/iHJb 469, 472 MyH«pHh ÜeTap 434 Myca-eiJieHjiHja 76 MyTaBiinh JJparocjiaB 450 MyTanoBHh /JparocjiaB 438, 441, 442, 444, 447
üah Jo*e4) 450, 452, 455 Hajjiopijiep MnpKO 327, 328, 330 HacTiih 3opaH 463, 466 HayMOB PajioMiip 533 üeaejbKOBiih Mmiopaji 395 HeaejbKOBiih PajincaB 438, 441,442 Heanh T . MiuiaH 355, 361, 362, 386, 387, 390, 391,393, 394, 395 üemih Tj. MiniyTHH 353 Heao6a Teo/iop 30 HeroBaHOBiih Mapxo 494, 497 HeHaaoBHhii 63 HeHajiOBiih J. Ajiexca 61, 63, 88 HeHajiOBiih J. AaeKcaHjiap 61,88, 89, 90, 91,93,94
HeHanoBnh JaKOB 23, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69
HeHaAOBiih JenpeM 61 HeHanoBnh JByóoMiip 100 HeHaAOBiih üpoTa MaTiija VII, 18, 19, 20,21,22, 59, 60,61,62,64,65,67 HeHaflOBiih CiiMa 61 üemiih BopiiBoje 188 üeuinh fliiMiiTpiije 177 HemKOBiih Bjiaroje 419, 435, 436, 437, 438
ÜHKe3iih Mapxo 459
HhkhtobhÏi HacJiaB 355 HHKHh ÜHKOJia 309, 311, 312, 314 ÜHKOJiajeBHh KoHCTatmiH 87, 93, 94, 95
HHKCUiajeBuh Cbctomhp 177, 178,179 HHKCwiHh AHflpa 163,167,168,174,174, 184,206, 209,216,217,219,220 HnKOJiJih flparaH 475 HhkojihÎï flparocriaB 472 HmkohhIi 3opaH 520 HhkojihIí J. Tjoica 196,198 ÜHKormh Ojira 462 ÜHKormh n. Hmcom 206, 211 Hw o/mh Cpl)aH 500 ÜHKormh Thxomhjb 135,138, 141,146 Hhkojihîï ToMHC/iaB 504, 517 ÜHKormh TpH(J)yH 450, 452, 455 HHKHeBHh CieBaH 520 HhhhhIï A. Momhhjio 236,238,239,247, 272, 277, 284, 287, 289, 294,295, 298, 300, 301, 305,307,309,311,313,359, 368, 369, 372, 373 HhhhhIí ApoH 183, 196, 198 HoBaK OpaH 341, 342 HoBaKOBMhH 50 HoBaKOBiih TopaH 526 HoBaKOBnh flparocjiaB 469 HOBaKOBHh J. JbyôoMHp 201 HoBaKOBnh MmiaH 203 HoBaKOBHh Hhko 351 HoBaKOBnh rieiap HapflaïuiHja 65 HoBaKOBHh CrojaH VII, VIII, 46, 50, 54, 55, 122,128, 129, 130, 132, 146, 148, 149, 150,181,182,183,184, 221,222, 275, 333
Hoj6axep XepMaH, 383, 394 Hojxay3eH OpaHU, 385 HyiuH Cajiiix 460
Ü
OôpaAOBHh flocHTej 65, 67, 69 OôpaflOBHh HparoMnp 319 OôpeHOBHhH 16, 36, 43, 50, 55, 57, 63, 76, 79, 134, 165, 166, 204, 225 OôpeHOBHh A;ieKcaHflap, Kpajb 36, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57,107,108,110,137,155, 158,159,160,161,164,165,166,170, 171,172,173,174,175,177,178,180, 184,185,188,189,190,191,192,195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205
OôpeHOBHh JeBpeM 64, 73, 99 OôpeHOBHh JoBaH 73, 82,120 OôpeHOBHh MraaH, Kpan. 19,23,36, 37, 40, 43, 44, 54, 55, 56, 57, 64, 65, 73, 74, 107, 108, 110, 114, 118, 119, 120, 121,124,126,127,130,132,133,135, 136,137,139,140,143,145,146, 147, 151,152,153,156,157,159,160,162, 164,165,166,173,174,175,177,178, 179, 180, 187, 189, 200, 275, 286 OôpeHOBHh Mhjioih VIII, 16,25,26,27, 30,31,33, 35, 36, 37, 38,41,51,52! 53, 61, 64, 69, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 82,
87,91,92,95,96,97,98,99,102,103, 105,110,120,121,130,131,133,134, 286
OôpeHOBHh MnxaHHO 16,17, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38,40, 52, 53,61,73, 74, 76, 78, 79,82,86, 87,91,97, 98,99,100,101, 102,103,104,105,106,107,109,110, 112,114,115,118,121,125,127,133, 134, 137,142, 146, 158, 159, 161 OseH J\e) BHfl, nopp, 495 Or 6
OflanoBHh Be/bKO 520 Ojaannh HparoÆyô 487 OnÔHHaIKHBaHa 466,469 OnhaH MHxaHHO 395 OMepoBHh flepBHiH 294, 297
n
naBe;mh Ame 361, 370 üaBHheBHh ÜBaH 211, 213, 214 IlaBKOBHh Heôojma 486 IlaBHHheBHh MoMHp 497 üaBHOBHh ^parama 465, 470,471 üaBHOBHh HparoÆyô 279 FlaBJioBMh T)opl)e 128, 135, 138, 150, 151
IlaBJioBHh MHHHBoje 495, 497 riaBTOBHh C. MHJiOBaH 177, 179, 180, 198, 199, 201 naBHOBnh Crojan 65 riaBJiOBHh Teoaop 92 IlajKOBHh TjoKO 444, 447, 450 nananeK ÜBaH 283, 328, 330 riaHHh MnjiaH 486, 488, 496 riaHKOB PaflOBaH 501 IlaHTejiHh P. Tjopije 148, 158,160 riaHTHh flymaH 355, 391 IlaHTHh JLyôoMHp 354 üaHTOBHh AHTOHHje 201 llaHHHh JOCHtj) 173 üanaHflpey Joproc 510 Ilannh IKapno 469 Ilape3aHOBHh MnancaB 472 PlapHBOflHh MHJiaH 533 IlaTpHorHh KaiapnHa 452, 455 riayeji Ko/ihh 516 üaim 127
IlauiHh HHKoaa 15, 57,86,147,154,162, 164, 165,166, 167, 168,189,194,195, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229,230,232, 233, 234,235,236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 246, 253, 256, 257,
258,259, 260, 275, 276,279,285, 286, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294,295,298, 299, 300, 301,303, 305, 306,307,308,309, 310, 313, 319, 333, 335, 347, 375, 378
IlaiHHh Pafle 308
üany JIa3ap 166, 206, 207, 209,216, 217, 219,230, 233,236,275 IlejHHh BoroÆyô 520 IleKe30BHh AjieKcaH^ap 388 üenarah Baca 128
üeaem flymaH 284 IlenHBaHOBHh AjieKcaH,qap 388 IleHe3Hh CpeTeH 462 IleHem jjyrnaH 298 üepnh BermcaB 65
IlepHh Hhhko 297, 298, 299, 311, 314,
315,316,318,319, 320 ITepHiHHh Momhhho 487, 525 IlepoBHh Hbo 340 IlepoBHh JlaTHHKa 459 üepoBHh MHHHBoje 434, 437, 438 üepyHHHHh Mane 402, 407 üeTKOBHh HparoMHp 475 üeTKOBHh HßaH 388 rieTKOBHh MHxaHJio 183 IleTKOBHh Toflop 206 lleTpamHHOBHh üeTpauiHH 475 üeTpHHHh IKhbko 277, 278 IleTpoBJih flnoH HCfije 181 IleTpoBHh J. ByKauiHH 42, 50,151,179, 180,188
rieTpoBHh Fojiyó 78 IleTpoBHh JoBaH 146,148,150, 151 IleTpoBHh JbyôoMHp MHHrej 457, 460 IleTpoBHh MHJiHBoje Baa3HaBaq 107, 109,111,112,114,117,119,120,121, 122,126, 134
IleTpoBHh Mhjiomhp 469, 472 IleTpoBHh Mn;iyTHH 472 IleTpoBHh MnpKo, npnHir 199 IleTpoBHh HacTac 50, 216, 217, 303 IleTpoBHh Hhkojm 407 IleTpoBHh OreBaH KHnhaHHH 84,86, 89, 90, 96, 120
üeTpoHHjeBHh AßpaM 53,73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 99, 103
ÜeTpoHHjeBHh Mhmh 111 üehnh jjparyTHH 213, 214, 303 üernnh EpaHKO 450 üeuiHh Mnae 491
üeuiHh üeTap 294, 295, 298, 300, 301, 355
ÜHjaffe Moma 402 ÜHJieTHh Cnacoje 282, 283 ünpohaHap MmiaH 17, 54, 57,127,128, 129,130,143,144,145,146, 147, 149, 151
ÜHTHh TopaH 521, 526, 529 üaaHHHH MuHKa 467 ünaHojeBuh MnneBa 450 üoraHHHK BnKTop 334, 336 Ü03jiepau Hypnja 402 üoaaK Opafto 278, 281, 283 üoanheBHh C. MHxanao 207, 232, 233 üoHTe Kapna aen 516 Üon-Jla3Hh TopaaHa 504 üonoBHh AaeKcaHaap 533 ÜonoBHh Iep. HoôpHBoje 321 ÜonoBHh M. BeaHMHp 320, 345 ÜonoBiih H. CTeBaH 150, 151,156,162, 180, 181, 183, 188, 193 ÜonoBHh /jaiea 324 ÜonoBHh JoBaH 398
nonoBwh Kona 459 rionoBHh Jla3ap 191 rionOBHh M. MHxaHao 191, 194, 196, 220
ilonoBuh MmiaH 438,442,443,444,447, 450
rionoBHh Mmiemiije 398, 434, 437, 438
rionoBHh MmmjaH 463, 466 rionoBHh MwpKO 455, 457 rionoBHh Mnha 461 rionoBHh IlaBae 65 nonoBuh-riepHuiHh Haaa 501, 505 IlonoBuh CBeTHCJiaB 294, 300, 301, 345
npaBflnh AaexcaHaap 525 npaBHLia riexap 472 ripaiiopBieTOBHh JoBaH 167 ripeKa HHKoaa 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 348
üpeaeBHh Bohío 520 npn6nheBnh Pafle 407 IIpHÓHheBHh CBeT03ap 246, 251, 257, 259, 260, 274, 277,280, 281, 282, 287, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 299, 300, 301, 303, 304, 305, 307, 333 np;ba AaeKcaHflap 475 ripoflaHOBHh M. Jama 222, 223, 224 üporah Ama 78
IJporah TjopJje 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78 Elporah JepeMHja 391 flpoTHh JoBaH 59, 65 riporah Rocía 123, 126, 127, 129, 130, 132,147,148,151,157,158,159,160, 165, 168, 169
riporah M. OrojaH 203, 204, 206, 207, 209, 216, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 230,233,236, 238,239,241, 245, 246, 251, 252, 273, 274,275, 276, 277, 278, 279,283,284,285,287,301,375 riporah Ct. MwiaH 355 nporah-Cynnh 3opa 460 ripoxacKa CaoóoaaH 491 ily/ba Hiwep 457, 460 Ilypnh Boamaap 376, 377, 378 FlyTHHK PaflOMHp 50,206,207,209, 216, 217, 228,230, 233
riyuen, Hb3h 292, 294, 314, 328, 330, 331, 334, 336, 338, 339
PaflHBojeBuh BpaHKo 469 PaflHBojeBHh BeaHMHp 491 PaAHBojeBuh JIa3ap 327, 328, 330, 331, 334,336,338,339 Paflnh JoBaH 494, 497, 501 Paanh IJaBae 305, 309, 312, 314, 315, 321
Paanh CijenaH 258, 259, 260, 295, 302, 304, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312,
313,314,319, 320, 321,322,323 PaflimeBiih CreBaH 78 PaflMHBOBHh Ct3hko 473, 474, 475 PaaoBaHOBHh MapHHKO 100
PaflOBaHOBHh Mn/iaH 505 PaflOBaHOBiih MmiHBoje 442, 443, 444 PaflOBaHOBiah Mnanja 444, 455 PaflOBaHOBHh Mnanh 198, 206 PaflOBaHOBHh PlaBae 112 Pa^OBaHOBHh Cbctoahk 207, 209 PaflOBaHHeB JKnBaHKO 520 PaflOBHh T. JjHMHTpHje 132, 146 PaflOBwh PaaocaaB 472 PaflOBHh HeaoMup 319, 321 PaaojeBnh AHTa 308, 309 PaflojHBHh Bacnanje 65 PaflojHHHh JJparoMaH 463, 466 PaflojKOBMh Mnaeia 16, 73, 74 PaflojaOBHh JKmca 460 PaflOHnh Mhh ko 69 PaflocaBJbeBiih /JoópHBoje 438 PaflocaBa eBHh Mnaorn 395 PanyjiOBHh MnaaH 533 PaayaoBHh CaoóoaaH 500 Pajaral) Manja 452, 455 PajKOBuh Mnaoje 354 PajoBHh JJparoMHp 150, 151 PajoBHh LJbctko 52, 78, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 178
PajaeBHh MnancaB 278 PaKnh Mma 157, 158 PaHKO 53
PaHKOBHh AaexcaHAap 417, 454, 467 PaHKOBHh MnaaH 472 Pac^ajaoBiih JKnBojHH 287, 289, 294 Parah riyHHma 321
Pameia ByKOcaBH eBHh Mapnja 526, 529
Paurah Mnxanao 238, 239, 241, 247, 277
Parnnh CBeT03ap 378 PamKOBHh CaaBoa y6 460, 462 Peawh rieiap 438, 441 PeHaea IJopn 359 Pwóap I4b3h 399, 401, 402 Pnóapan CrojaH 171, 221, 222, 247, 277, 278, 284
PHÓempon JoaKHM tj)OH 396, 394 PwÓHHKap BaaflHcaaB 407 PwBHep286
PHKaHOBHh CBeT03ap 469 PucTHBojeBHh HHKoaa 497 Pncrah BopHcaaB 381 Pncrah JoBaH 17, 40, 41,42, 53, 55, 56, 86, 106, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 116, 1 17, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 125, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 159, 164, 165, 168, 170, 171 Pornh Jocirn 351
PoflOijmHHKMH KoHCTaHTMH KoHCTaH-
thhobhh 17, 20, 22, 23, 30, 62 PoMaHuh KoBna Ka 472 Pocnh Tjophe 475 Pocuh Mnaa 521 Pomep 193 PouiKap I4b3H 284 Pywnh Bhktop 353
Pyamh /Joópa 204 Py3BeaTfl. OpamianH 373 Pyc JocHn 402
C
CaBwh AaencaHaap 319 CaBwh FlaBae 402, 433, 434 CaBHh CphaH 494 CaBHh-MoTpHh JeBTO 65 CaBKOBuh CieBaH 327 CaB mh Mhhoui 220 CaoBnh IleTpoHHje 457 CBHaaHOBHh TopaH 516 CeaaaK MBaH 501, 505 Cerah JJymaH 450 CeKyawh JKapxo 472 CepHeq JJymaH 316, 327, 379, 407 Cmmhh Bea Ko 475, 491 ChmhB Aaexca 71, 73, 75, 81, 82, 83,85, 86, 88,89, 90,93,94, 125 ChmhB Encemija 82 ChmhB )Kea KO 503, 505 Cmrah Maraja 100
Cmvmh C. TJoplje 15, 54, 55, 82,175, 176, 177,179,184 Cmvmh CraHoje 417 ChmhJ) CrajaH 35, 82, 176 ChmobhI) JJymaH 344, 355, 359, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 375, 386 CHMOBuh ToMHCaaB 491 CnMOHOBuh MwaaH 299, 300, 301, 308, 309,311,314,315,317, 321,350 CMHa aHHh MnaaH 434, 437, 438 CMoaaaKa Jocnn 284, 407 CMoa,aH Eapmna 355, 368 Choj t paHH 351, 354, 368, 373 CoKoaoBHh 3opaH 491, 494, 497, 500 CoaaHa XaBiijep 503, 514, 516 CoaapeBHh JleoHHaa 204 Copom IJopp 498 CnaaajKOBHh MnpocaaB 285 Cnaciih M. /JymaH 191 CnacHh H. Aaexca 148 CnacojeBHh flymaH 516 CnacojeBHh-Marah BncepKa 520 Cnaxo MexMea 247, 278, 292, 294, 303, 319, 321, 323, 324, 345, 347, 348, 350, 351,354
CnaxoBuh Ceaa 520 CneKTopcKH E. 3 Cpeópuh Bopwc 462 Cpeópuh BopHcaB 466 CpejoBith /Jparocaan 455 CpeMeu 3aaiaH 407 Cpxya, CijenaH 333, 336, 338, 339, 341, 342
Cpmxnh Mhhhh 297, 298, 300, 301,306,
308,309,311,312,314,315,316,319, 327, 328, 330, 331,333, 334, 335,336, 337,338,341,342 CiajKOBiih MnaHBoje 463 CiaamH Jochí}) BncapnoHOBHH 374, 405
CiaMaTOBiih Mnaimoje 501
586
CiaMÓcwiHjcKH A;ieKcaHflap 293 CiaMÓoaHh HBaH 463,465,466,467,468, 471, 516
CTaM6o;mh IleTap 395, 417, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 456, 459
CiaMeHKOBnh fl para 443,451,452,453, 454,455
CTaMeHKOBnh flparyTHH 194, 196 CTaHMcaBJbeBHh Mma 434 CiaHHh AHapa 233, 294, 306, 324, 328, 330
CTaHJih Hmccwia 469, 491 CiaHHh OiaBo;by6 497 CiaHHiuHh AneKcaHnap 285 CraHHmHh JoBHpa 487, 503 CTaHHUinh TlaBne 78, 81, 83, 85 CiaHKOBiih BojHcnaB 466 CiaHKOBnh IOB3H 216 CTaHKOBnh MnpjaHa 501 CraHKOBHh PaneHKo 337, 340 CraHKOBHh CBeT03ap 174,175, 319, 321, 348, 351
CraHKOBHh CHHHiua 417 CraHKOBHh Cp6o;hy6 500 CraHojeBHh Aqa 195, 322, 345, 346, 375
CraHojeBHh BnoópaH 460, 463, 466 CraHojeBHh JepeMHja 94, 95 CTaHojnOBnh BenncaB 65 CreBaHOBHh Bepon y6 520 CTeBaHOBHh B;iaflHMHp 463 CreBaHOBHh/R HnKona 191, 194, 196 CrenaHOBHh HnKona 463, 466 CTenaHOBHh CTenaH (CTena) 50, 218, 219, 220, 223,224, 226,228 Crec[)aH AyrnaH, u,ap 20 CTecjjaHOBHh 42, 130, 131, 132
CTenaHOBHh ítparoMHp 46 CTeñaHOBnh TjopRe 180 CTe(J)aHOBHh KHBaflHH 475 CTe(j)aHOBHh HntaT 348 CreñaHOBHh JoBaH 8, 9 CreñaHOBHh n. JJymaH 233 CTecj)aHOBHh Panoje 466 CreñaHOBHh CTecjjaH TeHKa 72, 73, 75, 80, 83,85,99, 131
CTojaHOBHh Eoron y6 441, 450, 452, 455
CTojaHOBHh BpaHa 444 CTojaHOBHh BpaHHcnaB 447 CTojaHOBHh )R. flparoMHp 327,329,331, 333, 336, 337, 339 CTojaHOBHh IdBaH 471 CTojaHOBHh MnxaHiio 437, 438 CTojaflHHOBHh MmaH 267,268,269,297, 298, 300,301, 305, 307, 309, 310, 323, 324, 327,343, 344, 345, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 353, 386, 390 CrojaKOBHh T)opí)e 53 CTojaHOBHh ByHKo 183 CTojaHOBHh flHMHTpnje 171,188 CTojaHOBHh Roerá 216, 217, 219, 232 233, 283, 287, 289, 290
CTojaHOBHh JbyóoMHp 50,203,204,206, 210,211,212,213,214,222,279 CTojaHOBHh MnxaHHO CrojHJbKOBHh BnajKo 504 CTOjHJBKOBHh CTojaH 462 CTOjHHHh T)OKO 497 CTojKOBnh 3opaH 533 CrojKOBHh MnneHKO 19, 23, 24, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69
CrojKOBHh MHHHBoje 466 CrojKOBHh MHJiyTHH 500 CTOHnh Tjypnpa 65 CTomoBHh ^oópHBoje 348, 350, 351
CTpaTHMHpOBHh 19 CyóaiHHh Aparan 520 Cyóorah flymaH 319 Cyóorah Hhko 324 CyóoTiih HnKona 350 Cynnno 1)HBO 297 CymHHK Ahtoh 303
T
TaóaKOBHh JoproBaHKa 505 Taanh Bopnc 516, 517, 518 TaHa3eBHh BpaHKO 37 TaymaHOBnh Roerá 162, 163, 167 TaHH XaniHM 503 Tep3nh Boacnnap 236, 238, 239 Terniih flparyTHH 462 TnjaHHh AneKcaHnap 501 Thkbhhkh Te3a 438, 441, 444, 447, 450 THMOTHjeBHh JI. RocTa 220, 224, 281, 282, 283, 294, 328, 330 Thto Jocnn Bpo3 344, 361, 364,368, 377, 378, 379, 399, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 411, 412, 413, 414, 417, 422, 442, 445, 455, 459, 461,463,480 ToflopoBHh BnaflHMHp 206, 207, 211, 213,214
ToAopoBnh JJparaH 504 ToflopoBnh Jobo 501, 505 ToaopoBHh JIa3ap 70, 71, 73, 76, 78, 80 ToAopoBHh M. Be/iHMHp 198, 201 ToAopoBHh Mapuja 466, 469 ToAopoBHh üaBjie 492, 495, 497 ToaopoBHh Plepa 147, 165, 275 ToAopoBnh Ilpenpar 466, 469, 491 ToMameBHh JByóoMHp 338 TomhB AneKca 438, 441, 444 TomhÍi flparaH 501 TomhB XJparoMHp 504 TomhB JeBpeM 353, 355 ToMnh MnpKO 398 ToMOBnh CnoóonaH 505, 520 TonanoBHh PleTap 153 TomaHH EcaA-nama 286 Topóap Jocnn 355, 368 TpajKOBHh /JuBHa, 495 TpajKOBnh 3bohhmhp 484 TpajKOBHh Momhhao 475 TpajKOBnh Pana 505 TpHBaH TopaH 492 TpHByHau Mnnom 395
Tpncj)KOBHh H. MapKO 216, 217, 218, 219,226, 228,229, 230,241, 277,279, 284, 287, 289,290,292,294,297,299, 300, 301,306,318 TpH(f yHOBHh BorAaH 463, 466 TpH f yHOBHh ymaH 305, 307, 308,309, 310,311,313
TpH(j)yHOBHh J. ¡ HAHn 327 TpnñyHOBHh Mhaoui 238,239,284,297, 298,300, 301,305,308,309,312,313, 314, 315,317,327, 368, 370, 373,374, 375, 376
TpH j yHOBHh MnoApar 463, 466 TpyMÓnh Ahtc 246, 277, 281, 282, 284, 287, 289
TypHep Xapann 386 TypaKOBnh JaKOB 122,143
H
TieTKOBHh 3opaH 494 'RHpnh CTeBaH 345, 353 TiHpoBHh JJparaH 469 'Rocnh /JoópHqa 456, 467, 495 Trocnh flparoayó 469, 472 TioCHh IKHBOTa 500, 504 TiyaHÓpK CnaBKO 494
y
YrpHHHh JeBTHMHje 95, 96, 97,100 Yaobhhkh Ropn 526, 528, 529 Y3yHOBHh T. HnKona 260,267,291,292, 297,298,300, 301, 305,307, 309,310, 311,312,313,315,316,319,327,328, 330, 333, 335,338, 339,340,341, 342, 375
YaMaHCKH MnjiaH 341, 342 YHKOBHh CnoóoAaH 497, 500, 501
¡
OapKamHh 268 Oenóep XaHC 388 OepcTep XenMyT 384, 385 t H/iHMOHOBnh flparnuia 472 $HAHnOBHh JoB3H 100, 103 OHAHiioBnh RpcTa 443 OnAHnoBHh CTeBaH 65, 69 OnjiHnoBHh CynejMaH 407 OoAop OcKap 500 Oohtoh OenHKC 89 Oorah RoHCTaHTHH 370, 375, 379 OnpMHAHjaH, BAaAHKa 192, 193 OpaHacoBnh flparyTHH 151, 153, 154, 156, 174, 181, 183 OpaHrem Oto 327, 328 Opon OpaHe 407 Oyaa-nama 200 OypnaH BopHc 376
\
Xaflcon AyejH 362 XaHHeK JlaBocnaB 338, 339 XacaHÓeroBnh Abao 328, 330, 345 Xa(| HC-naiua 19 XaijH ToMa 113
XaqHTOMHhH 113 Xaynh JoBaH 81 Xapnh MwiaH 317
Xaqnh CTeßaH 277, 281, 282, 292, 302, 303, 315, 316, 319, 321, 322, 324, 327
XauiHMÖeroBHh CeAMO 444, 450 XeöpaHr AHftpiija 407 Xep6e3 Teoflop 73, 96, 97, 98, 100 XerepHja 69
XHTBep Aflojnj) 360, 383, 385, 387 Xol)epa CßeTHC^aB 351 XoßöpyK PH^apfl 503 XopBâTOBnh Tjypa 153 XopßaTCKM MHAaH 388 Xoya MexMefl 438, 441, 442, 443, 444, 447
Xoya Î aflHÆ, 450, 470 XpacHHpa XaMHfl 303 XpHcrah HHKOiia 15, 54, 55, 93,98,100, 103,104,106, 109,110,111,140, 147, 148, 154,157, 158,159, 180, 181, 186, 188
XpMCTHh Owmn 41, 100,101, 102, 103, 105, 113, 115, 123, 126, 139
U
Uana CnaceHHja EaóoBnh 438,441, 443, 444, 447, 450 U,aHKap M3Hflop 381 UapcBHh Mhaoih 437, 438, 441, 443 I^BeTnh Boca 444, 450 l^BCTKOBHh BaajiHMHp 495, 497, 501 HßeTKOBHh ^parama 269, 270,280, 324, 324,348, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 363, 365, 375, 380, 386 LlßCTKOBuh Mn;iyTHH 466, 469 UßHjaH CraHKO 492, 495 UßHjaHOBHh ByflHMHp 388, 391 UeHwhfl. T)opl)e 103,105,106,112,115, 116, 123, 126, 140
U,HHuapMapKOBHh A^eKcaHflap 353, 355
U,HHuapMapKOBnh flHMH'rpHje 196, 198, 199, 200,201
UpHoóapap AMMHTpnje 93, 95, 97, 100 LJ,pHo6pita MHxaj/io 472 liyKHh Koera 106, 109, 111
HaBouiKH Koera 532 HapuKOB 195 MaymecKy HiiKO/iae 461 MßpKHh Bojko 351, 354 HeÓHHau 177 HejoBuh "Çypo 354 HepitajeB 139, 155 HepoBHh OioóoflaH 504 McpßHji Bhhctoh 356,359, 364, 371, 373, 376, 377, 379, 404, 405 HKpeówh ÆyiuaH 461, 462 HoBíih Heóojma 520, 525, 529 Ho^aKOBwh PoflOÆyô 402 HojiJifr JtHÆaHa 533 Hojinh Paae 462, 466, 472 MyôpMOBHh BpaHKO 355, 368, 369, 373, 376
HyMHh AIîhm 42,117, 123, 124, 126,127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 137, 140, 146 HyHKOÔ MaHe 407
IJaÔHpH IJaÔHp 462, 466 IJopu I 2
IJyBepoBHh HHKOBa 442, 444
II]
UIa6nh PoflOÆyô 526, 529 IIIaHHOBHh HHKOBa 475, 485, 491, 494, 495, 496, 497 UlaaHnyp BpaHKO 472
IUaHe flyuiaH PleTpoBHh 441, 443, 444, 448, 450
HlanoH,nh /iparaH 472 IIlapaHOBnh PaflOMiip 492 UlBaÖMh Muxanao 441, 443, 447, 450 UlBeni HßaH 328 IÜBpjbyra CiaHKo 327, 330 UleKHÖ-ecJjeHAnja 76 IUep 179
IIlep6aHOBnh PlayH 455 LUepirh AxMea 297 Illecjrep MHxapio 457 IIIemeÆ BojHaiaB 485, 487, 488, 504 IllMÔeHMK CraHKo 312, 314, 327, 328, 330, 331,332,334 IlInnoBau HeAeÆKO 500 IIlnpoKa Koæ 452, 455, 470 Mhiukhh 114 UlKpeÔHh MiMopaß 472 HLaeuep Kap/i ({)OH 58 IIIoATec Jo»e(J) 455 IIIoth naß 444 IIIomeBHh BjeKOCAaB 501 Ulpeaep Janom 457, 460 Ulpeßep JlyflBHr ({)oh 387, 385 IIIpcnjiOBHh Kocîa 37 IIItok ]och4 388 IlIhenaiioBuh Mmixa 469 UlyôaniHh Hb3h 344,359,363,364,370,373, 379, 380, 381,403, 404, 405,412,413 UlyKpnja A/ih 452, 455 UlyMapau flparooiaB 526, 529 IllyMeHKOBHh Hanja 303, 319,320, 321, 324,336,338,339,341,342 IllyMeHKOBHh Hhko/13 466, 469 IIIynepuHa BerbaMHH 309, 311, 314, 315
IüypMaH T3ypo 285, 303, 305 UJyTej JocHn 359
lUyrej Jypaj 355, 366,368, 369, 373,374, 375,376, 379, 381,413
CAAP KAJ
/ÍBa BeKa cpncKHX Baaaa • Bojucnae Komuiymiga . VII Baaaa Kao apacaBHH opraH • PamKO Mapuoeuh _1
Y KHEJKEBHHH H KPAJLEBHHH CPBMJH 1805-1918
0/1 nPABHTEJtCTBYjyilIHEr COBJETA flO MHHHCTAPCKOr CABETA • Pagom Jbyuiuh . .15
IIpaBHTe;bCTByjyiiiHH coßjeT 1805-1811 •
Pagoui Jbyiuuh.59
IlpoTa MaTeja HeHaflOBHh.61
MnaaeH MmiOBaHOBHh.62
JaKOB HeHaßOBüh .63
CaeraB Baaae.65
ripaBHTejhCTByjyiirffl coßjeT 1811-1813 •
Pagom Jbyiuuh.66
Kapaí)opí)e ITeTpoBHh.68
CaeraB Baaae.69
Pa3MOTproffliHTe nonenHTen CTBa 1834-1835 •
Pagoui Jbymuh.70
CacTaB Baaae.71
3aKOHOH3BpuiHTe^Ha nacT /IpjKaBHOr coßjeTa
1835-1839 • Pagom Jbymuh.71
Koua MapKOBHh .72
CaeraB Baaae.72
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1839-1840,
Baaaa AßpaMa neTpoHnjeBnha • Pagom Jbymuh. 73
AßpaM IleTpoHHjeBHh.73
CacTaB Baaae.75
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1840-1842,
Baaaa T)opi}a npoTnha • Pagom Jbymuh.76
Tjopí)e ITpoTnh .77
CacTaB Baaae.78
IlpHBpeMeHO npaßaeHHje 1842, Baaaa AßpaMa
rieTpoHHjeBHha • PagoMup J. Tloüoeuh.78
CacTaB Baaae.79
I/eHrpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1842-1843, Baaaa AßpaMa rieTpoHHjeBHha • Pagouup ]. Iloüoeuh. 79 CaeraB Baaae.81
IlpMBpeMeHO ueHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1843-1844,
Baaaa Aaexce CHMnha • Pagouup J. Tloüoeuh.81
Aaexca ChmhÍí.82
CacTaB Baaae.83
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1844-1852, Baaaa AßpaMa rieTpoHHjeBHha • Pagouup J. Tloüoeuh. 83 CacTaB Baaae.85
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1852-1853,
Baaaa Hanje rapauiaHHHa • Pagom Jbymuh.86
Hanja PapamaHHH.87
CaeraB Baaae.88
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1853-1855,
Baaaa AaeKce CHMnha • PagoMup J. Tloüoeuh.89
CaeraB Baaae. 90
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1855-1856,
Baaaa Aaexce JaHKOBnha • PagoMup /. Tloüoeuh . . 90
Aaexca JaHKOBnh.91
CacTaB Baaae.91
IlpHBpeMeHO ueHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1856, Baaaa
CiecjjaHa MapKOBnha • PagoMup /. Tloüoeuh.92
CrerjjaH MapxoBnh.92
CacTaB Baaae.93
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1856-1857,
Baaaa Aaexce CHMnha • PagoMup ). Tloüoeuh.93
CaeraB Baaae.94
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1857-1858, Baaaa
CrecjraHa MapKOBnha • PagoMup ]. Tloüoeuh.94
CacTaB Baaae.95
npHBpeMeHo ueHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1858-1859, Baaaa CreBaHa Mara3HHOBiiha •
Pagouup /. Tloüoeuh.95
CTeBaH Mara3HHOBnh.96
CaeraB Baaae.97
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1859-1860,
Baaaa UßeTKa Pajoßnha • Jacuuua Munauoeuh. .97
I 59°
i
fr;
l_I,BeTKo PajoBuh .99
CacTaB Bjiane.100
UeHTpauHO upaBBeHHje 1860-1861,
Baaaa (pHanna XpHcmha • JacMum Munanoeuh. .ioo
(Pnann XpHcrah .102
CacTaB Baaae.I03
MHHHcrapcKH caBeT 1861-1867,
Baaaa Hanje IapamaHHHa • Pagotu Jbyumh.103
CacTaB Baaae.106
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1867,
Baaaa JoBaHa Pucraha • Gyiam Pajuh .106
JoBaH PhcthK.107
CacTaB Baaae.109
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1867-1868,
Baaaa HHKoae XpncTHha • Cy3ana Pajuh.109
HnKOJia XpucTnh .no
CacTaB Baaae.in
MHHHCTapcKM caBeT 1868-1869,
Baaaa T)Opl)a IleHnha • Jacmim Munanoeuh . 112
T)opl)e U,eHHh.115
CacTaB Baaae.116
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1869-1872, Baaaa Paamoja
MHaojKOBHha • Jacuuna Mmanoeuh.116
PaflHBoje MnaojKOBHh .n8
CacraB Baaae.119
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1872-1873, Baaaa MnaHBoja rieTpoBHha Baa3HaBqa • Jacuuna Mmanoeuh. 119
MnaHBoje rieTpoBHh Baa3HaBaij.120
CacTaB Baaae.121
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1873,
Baaaa JoBaHa Pncraha • Cyeana Pajuh.122
CacTaB Baaae.122
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1873-1874, Baaaa JoBana
MapHHOBnha • JacMuna Mmanoeuh.123
JoBaH MapHHOBHh.125
CacTaB Baaae.126
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1874-1875,
Baaaa ABhmb HyMnha • Jacuuna Munanoeuh . .127 ABhm HyMHh.128
CacTaB Baaae .
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1875, Baaaa flaHHaa CTecJiaHOBHha • Jacuuna Munanoeuh .,
JJamvio CîecjiaHOBHh .
CacraB Baaae.
MHHHCTapCKH caBei 1875, Baaaa CreBae MHxaHKOBHha • Jacuuna Munanoeuh .
CïeBHa MnxaHaoBHh .
CacTaB Baaae .
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1875-1876, Baaaa JbyöoMHpa Kaa eBnha • Jacuuna Munanoeuh . 135
JbyóoMHp KaaeBHh.r37
CacTaB Baaae.r3^
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1876-1878, Baaaa OreBae
MnxaHHOBHha • JacMuna Munanoeuh.138
CacTaB Baaae.M1
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1878-1880, Baaaa JoBaHa
PwcTHha • Cyiana Pajuh.M2
CacTaB Baaae.M3
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1880-1883, Baaaa MnaaHa
rinpohamia • Munom Jaioguh.M3
MnaaH rinpohaHai;.m6
CacraB Baaae.M°
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1883-1884, Baaaa HHKoae
XpncTHha • Cyeana Pajuh.M7
CacTaB Baaae.M
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1884-1885, Baaaa
MnayTHHa TapamaHHHa • Munom Jaioguh.M$
MnnyTHH TapauiaHHH.M9
CacTaB Baaae.M°
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1885-1886, Baaaa
MnayTHHa rapamaHHHa • Munom Jaioguh.150
CacTaB Baaae.M1
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1886-1887, Baaaa
MnnyTHHa rapaiuaHHHa • Munom Jaioguh.152
CacTaB Baaae.M3
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1887,
Baaaa JoBaHa PHCrnha • Cy3ana Pajuh.153
CacTaB Baaae.154
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1887-1888,
Baaaa Caße Tpyjnha • Munom Jaioguh.154
CaBa rp yjnh.155
CacraB Baaae.156
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1888-1889,
Baaaa HiiKoae XpncTHha • Cyíana Pajuh.157
CacraB Baaae.158
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1889,
Baaaa Kocre IlpoTirha • Munoui Jaioguh.159
Kocra ripoTnh.159
CacTaB Baaae.160
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1889-1890,
Baaaa CaBe Tpyjnha • Munom Jaioguh.161
CacTaB Baaae.162
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1890-1891,
Baaaa CaBe rpyjnha • Munoui Jaioguh.162
CacTaB Baaae.163
i
i
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1891-1892,
Baaaa HnKoae naiimha • Munoiu Jaioguh.164
HnKcuia rianiMh.165
CacTaB Baaae.167
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1892,
Baaaa HnKoae naumha • Munoiu Jaioguh.168
CacTaB Bjiafle.168
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1892-1893,
Baaaa JoBaHa T . AßaKyMOBHha • Tjoptje Tjypuh. 169
JoBaH AßaKyMOBHh .170
CacTaB Baaae.171
MHHHCTapcKH C3BCT 1893,
Baaaa JIa3apa 1j. ßoKnha • Tjoptje Tjypuh.172
JIa3ap Tj. ffoKnh .173
CacraB Baaae.174
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1893-1894,
B;iaAa CaBe rpyjnha • Tjoptje Tjypuh.174
CacTaB Baaae.175
MHHHCTapcKH C3BCT 1894,
Baaaa Tjop^a C. CnMHha • Tjoptje Tjypuh.175
Tjopl)e C. ChmhIi.176
CacTaB Baaae.177
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1894, Baaaa CßeTOMHpa
HHKoaajeBHha • Tjoptje Tjypuh.177
CßeTOMHp HnKoaajeBiih.178
CacTaB Baaae.179
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1894-1895,
Baaaa ÜHKoae XpncTHha • Cy3am Pajuh.180
CacTaB Baaae.180
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1895-1896,
Baaaa CrojaHa HoBaKOBHha • Cy3aua Pajuh.181
CrojaH HoBaKOBHh.182
CacTae Baaae.183
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1896-1897,
Baaaa T opi)a CHMnha • Cy3am Pajuh.184
CacTaB Baaae.184
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1897-1900,
Baaaa BaaaaHa Tjopl)eBHha • Cy3aua Pajuh.185
BaaaaH Tjopheßnh.186
CacTaB Baaae.188
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1900-1901,
Baaaa AaeKce C. JoßaHOBHha • Tjoptje Tjypuh . 188
ArieKca JoBaHOBnh.190
CacTaB Baaae.191
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1901,
Baaaa AaeKce JoßaHOBHha • Tjoptje Tjypuh.191
CacTaB Baaae.191
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1901-1902,
Baaaa Mnxanaa B. Byjnha • Tjoptje Tjypuh.192
Mnxanao B. Byjnh.193
CacTaB Baaae.194
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1902,
Baaaa Mnxanaa B. Byjnha • Tjopfje Tjypuh.195
CacraB Baaae.196
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1902. roanHe,
Baaaa Fiepe BeanMHpoBnha • Tjoptje Tjypuh.196
Flepa BeaHMnpoBHh .197
CacraB Baaae.198
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1902-1903, Baaaa fl,HMHTpHja U,HHH,apMapKOBHha • Tjopfje Tjypuh . 198
JJiiMmpuje HHHpapMapKOBnh.200
CacraB Baaae.201
MHHHCTapcKH CaBCT 1903,
Baaaa JoBaHa Tj. AßaKyMOBHha • Tjoptje Tjypuh . 201 CacTaB Baaae.203
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1903,
Baaaa JoBaHa Tj. AßaKyMOBHha • Tjoptje Tjypuh. . 203 CacraB Baaae.204
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1903-1904,
Baaaa CaBe rpyjHha • Bnagimup Joeauoeuh.205
CacTaB Baaae.206
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1904,
Baaaa CaBe Tpyjnha • Bnagimup Joeauoeuh.206
CacraB Baaae.207
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1904-1905,
Baaaa HHKoae nauinha • Bnagimup Joeauoeuh. .208 CacraB Baaae.209
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1905,
Baaaa JbyöoMHpa CTojaHOBHha • Tjoptje Tjypuh . . 210
JbyöoMHp CTojaHOBnh.210
CacTaB Baaae.211
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1905-1906,
Baaaa JbyöoMHpa CrojaHOBnha • Tjoptje Tjypuh . 212
CacraB Baaae.2I3
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1906,
Baaaa CaBe rpyjnha • Bnagimup Joeauoeuh.214
CacTaB Baaae.2I4
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1906-1907,
Baaaa HnKoae nauinha • Bnagimup Joeauoeuh. . 215 CacTaB Baaae.2I^
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1907-1908,
Baaaa HnKoae nauinha • Bnagimup Joeauoeuh. 216 CacTaB Baaae.2I7
592
MHHHcrapcKH caBeT 1908,
ßjiafla HHKCwie ÜaniHha • Bnaguuup Joeanoeuh. 218 CacTaB B^afle.2I9
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1908-1909,
Bna.ua Efepe BenHMHpoBHhaa • TJoplje T ypuh . 219 CacTaB Bnaae.220
MHHHcrapcKH caßeT 1909,
Bnafla OojaHa HoBaKOBnfraä • JJoptje TJypuh . 221
CacTaB BaaAe.222
MHHHcrapcKH caßeT 1909-1911,
Bnana HnKone rTanmha • BnaguMUp Joeanoeuh. 222
CacTaB Bnafle.224
MHHHcrapcKH caßeT 1911-1912, Bnaßa MnnoBaHa
MnaoBaHOBHha • BnaguMUp Joeanoeuh.224
MHHOBaH T). MHAOBaHOBHh.225
CadaB Bjraae.226
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1912, Bnafla MnnoBaHa
MHHOBaHOBHha • BnaguMUp Joeanoeuh.227
CacTaB Bnafle.228
MHHHcrapcKH caßeT 1912, Bnasa Mapna
TpH(|)KOBHha • BnaguMUp Joeanoeuh.228
MapKO TpH(})KOBHh.229
CacTaB Bnafle.230
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1912-1914,
Bnaaa HHKone ílauinha • Bnagunup Joeanoeuh. 230 CacTaB Bnafle.233
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1914-1917,
Bna/ia HHKone IlauiHha • Bnaguuup Joeanoeuh. 233 CacTaB Bnafle.236
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1917-1918,
B/iaaa HnKone Ilauinha • Bnaguuup Joeanoeuh. 236 CacTaB Bnaae.238
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1918,
Bna/ia HnKone üauinha • BnaguMUp Joeanoeuh. 238 CacTaB Bnaae.239
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1918,
Bnafla Hhkohc üauinha • BjiaguMUp Joeanoeuh. . .240 CacTaB Bnafle.241
Y KPAJLEBHHH CXC H jyrOCJIABHJH 1918-1945
MHHHCTAPCKH CABETH KPAJBEBHHE jyrOCJIABHJE 1918-1941 • Jhyóogpal JJuuuh. 245
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1918-1919,
Bna«a OrojaHa riporaha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh . 273
CTojaH ripoTHh.275
CacTaB Bnaae.277
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1919, Bnafla JbyöoMHpa
flaBHflOBHha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh.278
JByôoMHp HaBHflOBHh.279
CacTaB Bjia^e.281
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1919-1920, Bnafla
JtyóoMHpa JJaBHflOBHha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh_281
CacTaB Bnane.282
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1920,
Bnaaa CTojaHa üpoTHha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh_283
CacTaB Bnaae.284
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1920,
Bnafla MnHeHKa Becimha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh . 285
MnneHKo P. BecHHh.286
CacTaB Bjiaße. 2g-,
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1920-1921,
Bjiajja MHHeHKa BecHnha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh . 288 CacTaB Bnafle. ,o0
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1921,
Bnafla Hhko/ic Flauinha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh.290
CacTaB Bnaae.290
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1921,
Bjiazia Hhkoac üauinha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh.291
CacTaB Bnafle.292
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1921-1922,
Bnafla HHKone ITauinha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh.293
CacTaB B/iaae.294
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1922-1923,
Briaga HnKone naumha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh.295
CacTaB Bnaae.295
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1923-1924,
Bnana Hnnone ITauiHha • Tlpegpal JlaMeüiuh.297
CacraB Baaae.298
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1924,
B;iafla HnKoae ITauinha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh.299
CacraB Bnafle.300
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1924,
Bnafla Hhko/ic ílauinha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh.300
CacraB Bnaae.301
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1924, Bna^a JLyöoMirpa
flaBHflOBHha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh.301
CacraB Briane.303
MnHHCTapcKH caBeT 1924-1925,
Bjiaja Hhkoac nauinha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.303
CacTaB B^afle.305
MwHHCTapcKH caBeT 1925,
B^ana HHKcwie IIainnha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.306
CaciaB B/iaae.307
MnHHCTapcKH caBd 1925-1926,
BjiaAa HnKO/ie nauinha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.308
CacTaB B^a^e.309
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1926, B;iaAa
Hhkoac T. Y3yHOBHha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.310
HnKOAa T. Y3yHOBHh .310
CacTaB B^a^e.311
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1926, BnaAa
Hm o;ie T. Y3yHOBHha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.312
CacTaB BnaAe.313
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1926-1927, Bjiafla
HnKO^e T. Y3yHOBHha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.314
CacTaB B^aae.315
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1927, Bnaaa
HHKone T. Y3yHOBHha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.316
CacTaB B/ta^e.316
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1927-1928, Bnafla
Be^HMHpa ByKHheBnha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.317
Be^HMHp ByKnheBHh .318
CacTaB Bnaae.319
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1928, B^a^a BenHMHpa
ByKHheBnha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.320
CacTaB Bnafle.321
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1928-1929,
B/iaAa ÁHTOHa Kopouiepa • npegpai JlaMeüiuh. 322
Ahtoh Kopouieu,.323
CacTaB B^afle.324
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1929-1931,
B^afla IleTpa JKnBKOBHha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh. 325
fleTap KHBKOBHh.326
CacTaB Bnafle.327
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1931-1932,
B^afla IleTpa IKHBKOBnha • Bjiaioje Hcaunoeuh. .329 CacTaB Bnajie.329
MHHHCTapcKH C3BCT 1932,
Bjiaja IleTpa IKnBKOBnha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh. .330 CacTaB Bnafle.331
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1932, B^ajia BojncAaBa
MapHHKOBiiha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh.332
BojHoiaB MapHHKOBHh.332
CacTaB Bnaae.333
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1932,
B^a/ia Mn/iaHa CpuiKHha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh . 334
Mn/iaH CpuiKHh .333
CacTaB B^afle.336
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1932-1934,
B^aAa Mn^ana CpuiKnha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh . . 336 CacTaB Brafle.337
MHHHCTapcKH caseT 1934,
Bjiaaa HHKOJie Y3yHOBHha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh ., 338
CacTaB Bjiaae.339
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1934,
B^aAa Hhkojic Y3yHOBnha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh . .340 CacTaB B^aAe.341
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1934,
B;iaAa HHKCwie Y3yHOBHha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh . 341 CacTaB BnaAe.342
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1934-1935,
B;iaAa BoroAy6a JeBTnha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh . 343
Boro;by6 JeBrah.344
CacTaB B;iaAe.345
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1935-1936, BnaAa Mn^aHa
CTojaAHHOBHha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh.345
MHJiaH CTojaAHHOBnh.347
CacTaB B^aAe.348
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1936-1939, BnaAa Mn^aHa
CTojaAHHOBHha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh.349
CacTaB BnaAe.350
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1939, BnaAa /íparniue
U,BeTKOBHha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh.351
^parama ll,BeTKOBHh .353
CacTaB B/iaAe.353
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1939-1941, BnaAa
l^BeTKOBHh-ManeK • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh.354
CacTaB BnaAe.355
BJ1A/1A KPAJBEBIIHE JYEOCJIABIIJE V EMIlEPAUIim 1941-1945 • Kociüa Huxonuh. , . . 357
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1941-1942, BAana reHepajia
flymaHa CuMOBuha • Rocina HtiKonuh.365
flyrnaH ChmobhB.3^7
CacTaB BjiaAe.3^
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1941-1942, B/iaAa reHepa/ia
CHMOBnha • Rocina HuKonuh.369
CacTaB B^aAe.3^9
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1942-1943, BAana
C/ioóoAaHa JoBaHOBuha • Rocina HuKonuh.369
CBOÓOAaH JOBaHOBHh .371
CacTaB B^aAe.3 72
MiiHHcrapcKH caBeT 1943, Baaaa
CaoóoaaHa JoBaHOBHha • Kociüa HuKomh.373
CacTaB Baaae.374
MMHHCTapcKH caßeT 1943, Baaaa Mnaoiua
TpH(J)yHOBnha • Kociüa HukoauH.375
Mmiom TpmjjyHOBuh.375
CacraB Baaae.37^
MuHHCiapcKH caßeT 1943-1944, Baaaa BoacHaapa
nypHha • Kociüa HukojiuH.376
Boauraap riypnh .377
CacTaB Baaae.37^
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1944-1945, Baaaa
HßaHa IllyóaiiJHha • Kociüa HukoauH.379
MßaH Myhaimth .380
CadaB Baaae.381
MHHHcrapcKH caßeT 1945, Baaaa
HßaHa IIIyBarnnha • Kociüa HukoauH.381
CacTaB Baaae.381
594
CPnCKE BilAÄE nOÄ OKyriAU,HJOM 1941-1944 •
Kocuia HukoauH.383
KoMecapcKa yupasa 1941, Baaaa Mnaana
AhHMOBHha • Kociüa HukoauH.389
MiiaaH AhHMOBHh.390
CacTaB Baaae.391
CpncKa Baaaa noa OKynauHjOM 1941-1944, Baaaa reHepaaa MnaaHa Heanha • Kociüa HukojiuH . 391
MnaaH Heanh.393
CactaB Baaae.395
PEBOJIYUHOHAPHE BJIAflE • Heóojiua Joeameuh 397
M3BpniHH oaöop ABHOJ-a 1942-1943,
Baaaa HßaHa Pw6apa • Heóojiua Joeauoeuh.401
HßaH PHÓap.401
CacTaB Baaae.402
HapHOHaaHH komhtct ocao6ot)ett a JyrocaaBHje 1943 -1945, Baaaa Jocana Bpo3a •
Heóojiua JoeaHoeuh.402
loom Bpo3.4°4
CadaB Baaae.4°7
Y COUMIAJIHCTMMKOJ PEnYBJIHUM CPBHJM 1945-1991
nOfl OKPHJBEM OEflEPAJIHHX BJIAflA 1944-1991 • Momhuao naenoeuH u npegpai MapKoeuh.411
rioBepeHHUiTBa npri IlpeaceaHHinTBy ACHOC-a 1944-1945. • Momhujio naenoeuH u
npegpai MapKoeuh.433
CacTaB Baaae.434
HapoaHa Baaaa Cpönje 1945-1948,
Baaaa Eaaroja HeniKOBiiha • Momhujio
naenoeuH u npegpai MapKoeuh.
Eaaroje H. HeuiKOBah.
CadaB Baaae.
HapoaHa Baaaa Cp6nje 1948-1951,
Baaaa IleTpa CTaMÓoarrha • Momhuao
naenoeuH u npegpai MapKoeuh.
Ilexap CraMÓoanh.
CacTaB Baaae .
HapoaHa Baaaa Cpönje 1951-1953,
Baaaa üeTpa CïaMÔoaHha • Momhujio
naenoeuH u npegpai MapKoeuh.
CadaB Baaae.
H3BpuiHO Behe CpÓHje 1953, Baaaa IleTpa CraMÖoaHha • Momhujio naenoeuH u
npegpai MapKoeuh.
CacTaB Baaae .
435
436
437
439
440
441
442
443
444
444
H3BpuiHO Behe CKynuiTHHe CPC 1953-1958. roaHHe, Baaaa loßaHa BeceaHHOBa • Momhuao
naenoeuH u npegpai MapKoeuh.445
JoBaH-)KapKO BeceaHHOB .446
CacraB Baaae.447
H.3BpujHO Behe CxyniiiTHHe CPC 1958-1963,
Baaaa ¡VÍHaoma MHHirha h CaoöoaaM neHe3Hha •
Momhuao IlaenoeuH u npegpai MapKoeuh.447
Mwaoui MHHHh.449
CadaB Baaae.450
PenyóaHHKO H3BpiuH0 Behe 1963-1964, Baaaa CaoóoaaHa neHe3Hha • Momhuao naenoeuH u
npegpai MapKoeuh.450
CaoöoaaH neHe3nh.451
CacraB Baaae.452
PenyóaHHKo H3BpuiHo Behe 1964-1965, Baaaa flparor CiaMeHKOBnha • Momhuao naenoeuH u
npegpai MapKoeuh.452
Upara H. CiaMeHKOBHh .453
CadaB Baaae.453
PenyóaHHKo H3BpiiiHo Behe 1965-1967, Baaaa Æparor CiaMeHKOBnha • Momhuao naenoeuH u
npegpai MapKoeuh.454
CactaB Baaae.455
MBaH CTa\i6ojiHh CacTaB Baane .
465
466
Peny6iiHHK0 H3BpniH0 Behe 1967-1969, Biia^a Bypupe JojKiiha • Momhutio naenoeuh u
npegpai Mapnoeuh.456
TjypHpa JojKnh .457
CacTaB B;iafle.457
PenyOmniKo H3BpniHO Behe 1969-1974, Bna/ja MKJieHKa EojaHHha • Momhmo naenoeuh u
npegpai MapKoeuh.458
MroieHKo Bojamih.460
CacTaB Bnafle.460
M3BpiiiHO Behe CKynniTHHe CPC 1974-1978,
B;iafla flymaHa HKpeOnha • Momhutio naenoauh
u npegpai MapKoeuh.461
flyrnaH HKpeBnh.462
CacTaB Bjiafle.462
M3BpniHo Behe CKyniimiHe CPC,
B;ra/ta HBaHa CxaMho/mha • Momhutio naenoeuh u npegpai MapKoeuh.463
Pl3BpmHo Behe CKynniTHHe CPC 1982-1986, Bnana BpaHucaaBa HKomaha • Momhutio naenoeuh u npegpai MapKoeuh.
BpaHHC^aB UKOHMh.46,8
CacTaB Baane.469
M3BpuiHO Behe CKynniTHHe CPC 1986-1989,
Bnajja flecHMHpa JeBTnha • Momhutio naenoeuh
u npegpai MapKoeuh.470
fleCHMHp JeBTHh .471
CacTaB Baane.472
H3BpniHo Behe CKynniTHHe CPC 1989-1991,
Bjiafla CraHKa PaflMHaoBHha • MoMHuno naenoeuh u npegpai MapKoeuh.473
CTaHKO PaftMHJIOBHh .474
CacTaB Bnafle.475
BJIAflE PEnYBJIHKE CPBHJE 1991-2000
I13BPU1HA BJIACT Y CEHLU4
J1IIHHE BJIACT11 • Kociua HuKonuh .479
Baatta PenyOanKe Cp6nje 1991, Baaaa
UparyTHHa 3e^eHOBHha • Kociua Huxonuh.489
flparyTHH 3eaeHOBHh .490
CacTaB Baaa,e.491
Baaaa PenyOaHKe CpOnje 1991-1993, Baaaa
PasoMaHa BoacoBHha • Kocuia HuKonuh.492
PanOMaH BoxcoBHh .493
CacTaB Bnafle.494
Baaaa Peny6jiHKe Cp6nje 1993-1994, Baaaa
HHKone IIlaHHOBHha • Kocuia HuKonuh.495
Hmcona UlaHHOBHh.496
CacTaB Baane.497
Baaaa PenyhaHKe Cp6Hje 1994-1998, Baaaa
MnpKa MapjaHOBHha • Kocuia HuKonuh.498
MnpKo MapjaHOBnh.499
CacTaB Baane.500
Baaaa Peny6jiHKe Cp6nje 1998-2000,
Baaaa MnpKa MapjaHOBHha • Kociua HuKonuh. . .502 CacTaB Baane.504
JlEMOKPATCKA BJIACT 2000-2005
IIETOOKTOBAPCKA PEBOJIYUIIJA • Eojau JJuMuiupujeeuh.509
Ilpena3Ha Baaaa 2000-2001, Baaaa
MnaoMnpa MHHHha • Bojau JJuMuuipujeeuh.519
Mhhomhp MhhhB.520
CacTaB Baane.520
Baaaa PenyOaHKe Cp6nje 2001 - 12. MapT 2003,
B/iajja 3opaHa T)HHl)Hha • Bojau JJuMuiupujeeuh .522 3opaH 524
CacTaB Baane.525
Baaaa PenybanKe Cp6nje 2003-2004, Baaaa
3opaHa IKHBKOBnha • Bojau JJimuiupujceuh.526
3opaH IKiiBKOBuh.528
CacTaB Baane.529
Baaaa Peny6aHKe CpOnje on 3. MapTa 2004 , Baaaa BojucaaBa KouiTyHnne • Bojau JjuMuiupujceuh . . 530
BojuciiaB KouiTyHHua.532
CacTaB Baane.533
npii.i03ii
IlpHJior OnOaHorpacjnijH 0 BaanaMa Cp6Hje h Kpaa,eBHHe CXC/JyrocaaBiije • Cnaeuga MepemiK . 537
The Governments of Serbia 1805-2005 . 553
PerncTap jihhhmx HMeHa.579 |
| adam_txt |
THE GOVERNMENTS OF SERBIA 1805-2005
GOVERNMENT AS A STATE ORGAN
Although most constitutions define a government as the bearer of executive authority, in constitutional reality the government is the bearer of real power. That the real state authority is centred in the government is evident because the most important political men in an epoch have always gone through the government, and because political careers are as a rule crowned and vindicated in government. All the great statesmen have become great as prime ministers.
As a state organ, a government may be organized as presidential or parliamentarian. Presidential government is a system of authority organized on the principle of separation and isolation of one authority from another. The entire executive authority is delegated to the directly elected president of the republic and his administration. Here the head of the state is at the same time the government, and that is why the system is called presidential government (presidential system). Parliamentary government is a system of reigning, organized on the principle of integration and cooperation of power. Executive power in a parliamentary government is bicephal (two-headed) and is exercised by the head of the state and the government. In an organic and formal sense, government is a state organ linked to the system of authority which is described as parliamentary government or parliamentarism, parliamentary system. It is the state organ which is elected by the parliament which therefore has behind it a parliamentary majority and which exists for as long as this majority stands behind it. As soon as it loses it, it ceases to be a government, and within the parliament a new parliamentary majority is formed for a new government, and when that is not possible, new parliamentary elections are called. Because of such links for the parliamentary majority which, especially when it is a coalition one, is changeable, it is said that the government in the system of parliamentary government is a changeable part in the executive. Otherwise, the source and reason for dualism or bicephality of executive government in parliamentarism is historical and not doctrinaire.
Government is the state organ of executive authority which constitutes the union of the highest functionaries (ministers) who, as a rule, head various individual domains of administration. It has a pyramidal organization, i.e. a leader structure. At its head is the prime minister, who is the head of the government responsible for all the administrative areas in the government and behind and below him are ministers, responsible for policy and development in different administrative areas (resorts).
Government as an organ of executive power is formed by the parliament. Here the government is formed according to political criteria - by the representatives of the political majority in the parliament. From the standpoint of whether government members may or may not be in the parliament, government may be assembly-mustered (when government members have to be members of parliament), non-assembly-mustered (when membership in the government precludes membership in the parliament) and mixed (when in
forming a government there is no obligation for its members to be members of parliament, or vice-versa, when membership in the government does not preclude membership in the parliament). At any rate, a government always originates in the parliament, even if it is not elected from among its members. Of symbolic significance is the fact that the mandatary for formation of a government is nominated by the head of the state, because he has no freedom of selection. He may entrust the mandate only to the person that is wanted by the parliamentary majority who is, as a rule, leader of the political party which has parliamentary majority; in the case of a parliamentary majority composed by a coalition of political parties, he is the leader of the political party which has most members in the parliamentary majority.
The strength of the government stems from its basic function - to determine and conduct policy, both internal and external. Policy is created and conducted by the government, which therefore is said to be “governing”. The determination and conduct of internal policy is legally operationalized as proposal of statutes in the parliament and implementation of the laws adopted in the parliament (government decrees). The second basic function of the government is to direct and coordinate state administration, i.e. the bureaucratic state apparatus.
Since the state authority is seated in the government, the basic question for each democracy - control of state
power - is reduced to the question of control and restriction of the government’s authority, i.e. government’s responsibility. This responsibility must be adapted to the government’s authority. Government must be controlled by those who gave it authorization to govern, and these are the parliament and the electorate. The government bears political responsibleness before them. Beside the collective responsibleness of the government, there is also individual responsibleness of its members or ministerial responsibleness. Ministerial responsibleness may be political, material or criminal. Political responsibleness of ministers means loss of parliamentary confidence in the minister, i.e. it exists when parliament gives a minister a vote of non-confidence. Material responsibleness of the minister is responsibility for the prejudice arisen during the exercise of his official duties, caused by his illegal work. Prejudice to individuals is compensated by the government, which then has the right to lay charges against the minister and demand restitution of everything that it has had to pay to the individual. Criminal responsibleness of the minister exists when in the performance of his official duties, the minister commits an offence punishable under criminal law. For the criminal offences committed during the exercise of the minister’s official duties, he will answer before a special state tribunal, upon accusation by the parliament which is, as a rule, adopted by a special majority.
IN THE PRINCIPALITY AND THE KINGDOM OF SERBIA 1805-1918
Introduction. In Serbia in the 19th and 20th centuries, no one seems to have been seriously interested in the A- establishment of a government, or executive power. All that was done was to publish, with the constitutions or independently, the compositions of the Serbian governments from 1805 to 2001. The first attempt was made by Vuk Karadzic in his important work Serbian government in Karadjordje’s time (1860). With the exception of the works dealing with the history of the Serbian people as a whole, or for certain time periods, only four of those were devoted to individual governments - by Djordje S. Simic, Jovan Dj. Avakumovic, Nikola Pasic and Nikola Hristic, and one to the governments in the First World War. We can add to them several biographies of Serbian politicians and statesmen who acted as prime ministers: Ilija Garasanin, Djordje Simic, Vladan Djor-djevic, Nikola Pasic and several studies on the institution of a government (e.g. Milovan Dj. Milovanovic). Not much was done in regard to the publication of archive documents about the work of the Serbian governments, but two books are worthy of mention: The Minutes of the Sessions of the Ministerial Council of Serbia 1862-1898,
and The Minutes of the Sessions of the Ministerial Council of Serbia 1915-1918.
The period between the two World Wars was also covered with two books of Protocols of the Ministerial Council(1929-1931 and 1941-1945).
One of the reasons for it is the fact that Serbia as an independent state existed until 1918, and from then onwards as a constituent part of the monarchic and socialist Yugoslavia, and today in the dualistic community with Montenegro. Its development during the 19th century was slow and gradual. If we take February 14, 1804 as the day of the resurrection of the Serbian state, and the restoration of its medieval statehood, its effort to achieve internationally recognized independence is seen to have lasted more than seven decades. In the new-age period Serbia went through several stages:
1.1804-1833 - struggle to gain a state 2.1833-1878 - the vassal state 3.1878-1918 - independent state.
In the first stage, Serbia of the Belgrade pashalic was in fact independent throughout the First Uprising gaining its autonomy after the Second Uprising (1815). In
J
the course of time it strengthened its autonomous status: with the Hattisherifs (Turkey’s imperial edict) of 1830 and 1833, Turkey and Russia, and later other states as well, especially Austria, recognized its autonomy; under the Paris peace treaty (1856) the autonomy was somewhat enlarged, and finally, under the decree of 1867, the Turkish troops left Serbia. After two wars against Turkey, the Berlin Congress (1878) recognized for Serbia the status of an independent state. Throughout the development of Serbian statehood in the new age, 1804 (restoration) and 1878 (independence) were the two most significant events. Executive power in Serbia developed in accordance with this development of statehood.
On several occasions Serbia changed the official name of the state. No agreed opinion was reached about its appellation in the first period of its existence; three appellations were suggested: “Serbia of the Belgrade Pa-shalic”, “Karadjordje’s Serbia”, “Milos's Serbia”. I believe that its proper name should be “The Revolutionary Serbia”. Since the Hattisherif of 1830, it bears the official name of the Principality of Serbia, and after 1882, The Kingdom of Serbia.
Since the executive authority also belonged to the ruler, it should be pointed out that two dynasties were ruling in Serbia - the Karadjordjevics and the Obrenovics; the former had three and the latter five rulers in this period. The Obrenovics ruled longer than the Karadjordjevics although they descended from the stage of history in 1903, while the Karadjordjevics continued to reign in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia until 1945.
The capital city of the new-age Serbian state was changed several times. The insurrectionary state officially did not have a capital city but this honour seems to have been given to Topola, a place where Kara-djordje lived and spent most time. At the end of the uprising he erected in Topola a city which was at the same time Karadjordje’s court, the capital city of the country and the military centre of the insurrectionists. Later on, the honour of being the capital city was given to Gornja Crnuca, a small village on the southern slopes of Rudnik mountain, where Milos Obrenovic lived from 1815 to 1818. Topola and Gornja Crnuca can only conditionally be said to have been capital cities, since there were residences of the leaders of both the First and the Second Uprisings, without there being also other supreme insurrectionary organs of authority, which was an essential condition for a place to be described as the capital city. Prince Milos, who no longer feared the Turks or needed to hide from them, selected Kragujevac for his capital city and moved into that town in 1818. At the time Kragujevac had 193 houses and about 1,300 inhabitants, mainly Serbs, but also a few Turks and Muslims.
However, Kragujevac was losing its significance after foreign powers began opening their consulates in Bel-
grade, from 1836 to 1839. The Obrenovics were fond of Kragujevac, being far away from foreign diplomatic-envoys, while the constitution-defender opposition preferred Belgrade, where they needed their protection. The State Council managed to install the capital city in Belgrade in 1839, but Prince Mihailo and the followers of the Obrenovics returned it to Kragujevac. In the end Prince Mihailo had to give in to the stubborn constitution-defenders who were supported by the Turks and the Russians, and permitted on 7th May 1841 the transfer of the central government to Belgrade. Thus finally Belgrade prevailed over Kragujevac and remained the capital of Serbia, and later of all the Yugoslavias and Serbia and Montenegro, to the present day. With a few exceptions at the very beginning, the central state organs including the government itself were situated in the capital city.
The notion of Popechitel (minister) first appeared in 1805 in Bozidar Grujovic’s draft law on the government. There is no doubt that with Grujovic this notion meant the same as a minister. Popechitel is mentioned again at the end of 1808 in Rodofinikin’s note about the organization of Serbia. The Russian consul was not clear as to how ministers in Serbia, namely the executive power which was vested in the Senate, were to be called, but two out of the five ministers he called popechitels. This expression was approved by Mihailo Grujovic, Bozidar’s brother, and was introduced into the 1811 constitutional law, and it remained long in use. In Russia popechitel is not the same as minister; it was a description given to the district school inspector. While the Serbs fought for their state and afterwards while they were an autonomous province of Turkey, Russians believed that they were not entitled to have ministries, because those could only be had by independent states. The Russians, and subsequently also the Serbs, since the idea of the Council was Russian, accepted the appellation of lesser significance in order not to upset Turkey’s sensibilities, and as such it entered all our constitutions and laws until the great reform by Prince Mihailo in 1862.
Throughout the existence of the Principality and the Kingdom of Serbia, the word vlada (government) was not in official use. This term was variously called Pravitelstvujusci Soviet (Governing sovjet) or Coejeiu (Council), Razmotriliste popecitelstva, Zakotioizvr-sitelna cast Drzavnog Sovjeta (Executive Section of the State Council), Central Government (Central Government) and Ministarski savet (Ministerial Council). The notion of vlada (government) was in currency on the eve of the Serbo-Turkish wars, and the action ministry (ad hoc ministry) was also called “ad hoc government , “Ristic’s government”, “the government of pure constitutionality”, “the government of the royal regency”, and
similar. Since that time the notion of cabinet came increasingly into use. “This cabinet had the disadvantage for being not much liked by the prince”, wrote Milan Pirocanac in his Notes at the time when he became chairman of the Ministerial Council (1880). Later it was used more, even more than the word vlada.
The Ministerial Council officially remained operational until 1945.
Thereafter this designation was frequently changed: The Executive Committee of AVNOJ, The National Committee of Liberation of Yugoslavia, The People’s Government of Serbia, The Executive Council of the Assembly of SRS, Republican Executive Council, and finally The Government of the Republic of Serbia. Therefore, the style ‘Government’ has been in official use only since 1991.
Pravitelstvujusci Soviet (1805-1813). Russia suggested to Reverend Mateja Nenadovic during his stay at St. Petersburg, at the end of 1804, to help to set up a government. For the realization of this idea he engaged Bozidar Grujovic, who had drafted several official acts, of which only two have been preserved: “Za pamjat” (To Remember) and “Slovo” (Letter) (mid-August 1805). These two legal acts relate to two institutions - the Pravitelstvujusci soviet and the ruler of the country (Vozd). They served as a basis for all the subsequent constitutional laws: of 1805, 1808 and 1811.
According to Grujovic’s thinking, the Council would be divided into two entities: the first to be made up of the vlada, composed of six popechitels: army, finances, justice, education and church matters, foreign affairs and interna] affairs. According to need, some of these ministries could be joined - army with internal affairs and justice with education. The duties of the ministers were suggested rather than prescribed but, it should be pointed out, they were held responsible for their work.
Because of the momentous war operations - Karano-vac, Uzice, Ivankovac - Karadjordje was unable to constitute a Sovjet. After the end of the war operations around Uzice and having obtained support from Milan Obrenovid and Sima Markovic, the Nenadovics returned to Brankovina with the intention of preparing an Assembly at Bogovadja. During that time Vozd, Milenko Stojkovic and Petar Dobrnjac were fighting Hafis-pasha at Ivankovac. When he received the invitation from the Nenadovics to come to Bogovadja monastery for the Assembly, Vozd realized that trouble was in the offing, so he decided to assume initiative and called up the Assembly at Borak, inviting to it the Nenadovics and all those assembled at Bogovadja. These did not have the courage to fail to respond to the invitation and the Assembly was held at Borak on the Assumption Day, in August 1805. It seems that the Assembly did not discuss
the setting up of a government council, since such a decision had already been taken, so Karadjordje permitted Reverend Mateja to select councilors and to reside with them at Voljavca monastery, rather than at Bogovadja as was previously suggested. Thus Serbia had received its first Government, in a shape which was still rather primitive.
The Council did not stay long at Voljavca but, after one Karadjordje’s visit end September or early in October 1805, it was moved to Bogovadja. After working for two months at Bogovadja, it moved to liberated Smeder-evo, probably end of November 1805. The third seat of the Council was Belgrade, from the summer of 1807, and remained there to the collapse of the First Uprising.
A few legal regulations systematized relationships in the government of the new state. The Decree on the Council was adopted at the joint session of the Assembly and the Council, on 7th December 1805. The Council was adjudged the supreme authority: “On behalf of the entire people we want to accord supreme power to the People’s Assembly which has received the name of the People’s Council and which is made up of the village heads of all districts, attended with a secretary.” There was no doubt that the Council was accorded the supreme authority, the executive power, but it was not clearly defined, nor was it clear to the legislator, and certainly not to the participants in these stormy events, as to who holds legislative power. This dilemma lasted throughout the entire insurrection. “This People’s Council shall wield every authority including courts of justice, internal affairs, the army and other matters.” It should be pointed out that the councilors themselves believed that they had been granted the supreme authority and they behaved that way. Such a belief resulted from the following paragraph in the Government Act: “We are giving the Council the supreme authority to issue orders to every secular and ecclesiastic person, village head, voivoda, and all the Serbs in general, as well as to all the clergy”. They all had to obey the Council, since it had been conferred “every land authority”. It alone was entitled to pronounce a death sentence. The Council’s provisional chairman was Reverend Mateja (above whom was the Vozd), while all other councilors “have an equal authority and have the duty to consult one another”.
Not only during the Uprising but also during the entire first half of the 19th century, the insurgent rebels did not know how nor were they able to mark out a clear division of power. At the same Assembly Karadjordje was given unlimited power in military affairs, as a supreme commander and not as a supreme president of the Council. At the end of 1805, Serbia had obtained full political, judicial, financial and military organization.
At the People’s Assembly, held on St. Nikola’s Day in Belgrade in 1808, the Constitution Act was promul-
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gated which set up the supreme and local authority in Serbia. Under mutual pledges, validated by oath, the Vozd and the senior heads passed the following decisions: 1) the Council, commanders, voivodas, village heads and the entire nation recognized Karadjordje and his descendants as the supreme leader of Serbia. The Vozd promised to take a fatherly care of the people, and to recognize the Council as the supreme court of justice. 2) A strict subordination of authority was established. All the orders should be adopted by the Vozd and the Council “upon mutual understanding”, and they are passed on in this manner: the Vozd to the Council, the Council to the regional commanders, and those again to the lower authorities.
With this constitutional law the Vozd assumed supreme power, additionally assured by heritage. Although he was duty bound to collaborate with the Council, whose judicial competences were reasserted, Karadjordje considerably strengthened his position and was above all other national institutions. The institution of the Vozd was legally superior to the Council, whereas the Assembly, although it had voted this act, was not even mentioned.
Reform of the supreme authority was carried out again in 1811, in undoubtedly the most representative National Assembly. All the decisions were adopted unanimously. The constitutional acts of 1811 had a contractual form. The Council members “reiteratively confirm” the constitutional law of 1808 and swear to it an oath of allegiance. Next the military commanders gave another oath to “the supreme overlord George and fatherland”.
Next was issued the Decree on the Sovjet, under which this institution was completely reformed, becoming executive authority in the true sense of the word. The relationship between the Vozd and the Council was the same as in 1805, which was because the constitutional laws were written by two brothers - Bozidar and Mi-hailo Grujovid. The Vozd shared the legislative power with the Assembly, and the executive power with the Council, and was at the same time the military leader of the people. With this reform, especially after the replacement of two new ministers in the place of Milenko Stojkovic and Petar Dobrnjac, the Vozd had finally broken down the opposition and grabbed all the power into his hands. The Council was under his unrestricted control.
Under the reform the complete subordination of power was carried out, from the Vozd to the village head, according to the principle of Ivan Jugovic: “You cannot teach everyone how to do something, but you can force them to do it”. The constitutional reform put the Vozd at the peak of his power, making him an absolute master, and since then the rule was - “either you listen to Karadjordje or you move out of the country”.
Taken as a whole, throughout the Insurrection, the Council was the central organ of power, which, depending on the time and circumstances, performed all the three types of authority - legislative, executive and judicial. At the beginning of its activity, judicial power had the advantage but at the end it was seen as more of an executive organ of authority.
Razmotriliste popecitelstva (1834-1835) (Ministerial Deliberation). The Prince’s chancellery was one of the rare institutions which subsisted throughout the prince’s first rule (1815-1839). It was formed during the Second Uprising, for practical needs, as the personal chancellery of Prince Milos, but it was soon so overcharged with duties that the Prince in 1820 transferred some of the business to the Narodna kancelarija (Popular Chancellery). During the 1830s, the Prince’s chancellery changed its names three times: Prince’s Cabinet (1835), Court Chancellery (1837) and Prince’s Chancellery (1839). Through his chancellery, Prince Milos administered all other institutions until his downfall. It was staffed by several scribes, one of whom was called the prince’s secretary, with whom the prince attended to the most important matters. This duty was successfully carried out until 1835 by Dimitrije Davidovic, and from then to 1839 by Jakov Zivanovic, who signed himself “Director of the Prince’s Chancellery”.
Division of the Prince’s Chancellery into two sections - foreign and internal - was performed in 1833, and business in it was divided up in this sense. The chancellery thus divided left the impression of an institution of the prince’s executive power, the beginning of the future Prince’s Government with two major domains - external and internal affairs.
The need for the setting up of an executive authority was felt immediately after the 1830 Hattisherif, according to the provisions of which Prince and the Council shared the executive power, while the Prince held the legislative power. After the 1833 Hattisherif was obtained, Prince Milos permitted the first issue of the “Serbian News” (5th January 1834) to publish that the ruler will set up various ministries so that the following year would not find Serbia “in the old clothes”. The Triphonian Assembly (February 1834) thanked the sultan and the Russian emperor for the legal acts which had set up the autonomy of the Principality of Serbia, and Prince Milos was proclaimed the “Saviour and Father ot Serbia”. It was then decided to set up the Razmotriliste popcchitcl-stva, imagined to be the true organ of executive power, in which the ministers had the freedom of independent action within their competence, whereas the cases when the competences of two or several other ministries overlap, as well as the cases of a general significance, even though it was not emphasized, were decided on in joint
sessions. That would already be a considerable stride towards a better organization of government s work. This may have been the idea of Dimitrije Davidovic, the prince’s secretary, who at that time was interested in the organization of the state administration and directed the prince’s chancellery, and was able to deprive it of some rights of the prince’s executive organ and transfer them to Razmotriliste.
The year 1835 was replete with important events: abolition of feudalism, the Mileta Rebellion, adoption and abolition of the Sretenje Constitution, the Prince’s visit to Istanbul. The Sretenje Constitution, even though it was in force for a short time, only 55 days, left a visible trace in Serbia’s constitutional history, and even in the development of executive power. The Constitution proclaimed the division of authority into legislative, executive and judicial, but this was not realized because the writer of the Constitution, Dimitrije Davidovid, was not a lawyer and did not know how to carry out this idea. The Prince and the State Council were the most important institutions in the country. The Prince appoints the councilors, among whom ministers are selected. The executive power was exercised by six ministers - minister of foreign affairs, of internal affairs, of justice, of finances, of the army, and church and education. They were responsible for everything they did. Ministers had the duty to submit annual reports on their work to the Prince and the Council, while the finance minister also reported to the National Assembly, since its duty was to make up the budget and himself to gather in the taxes. The ministers had the right of legislative initiative. The Prince appoints and dismisses ministers, but these still remain in the Council exercising legislative power.
More details about ministries were introduced into the State Council Act (26th February 1835). The Council had two departments: legislative and executive (government). Duties and rights of ministers were then spelled out in detail.
The prince and the opposition, above all Dimitrije Davidovid, believed that Serbia, even though a vassal state of the Turkish empire, according to a provision of the 1830 Hatttisherif, which was not particularly precise, is entitled to adopt the highest legislative act. They were wrong in it, and Prince Milos had to suspend the constitution under the pressure of the suzerain and patronizing courts of Turkey and Russia, supported also by Austria.
Centralno pravlenije (1839-1862) (Central Administration). The 1838 constitution, unlike the Sretenje constitution, did not stress the principle of the division of power (into legislative, executive, judicial), but it did adhere to this principle. The Prince was given executive, the Council legislative, and the court judicial power.
Division between the legislative and executive power was not consistently observed. A minimal entitlement to participation in legislation was given to the Prince, because through ministers, as members of the Council, he was able to influence the framing of the laws. On the other hand, neither was executive power fully insulated from the Council, since the ministers were under its supervision (submitting annual reports on their work and accounts about income and expenditure). The Council’s interference into the executive, and that of the Prince into the legislative authority, was not so much in evidence as to be able to upset the principle on the division of power.
The prince exercised executive authority through the government composed of four ministers. The constitution had assured stability for the executive authority and prescribed its competences. The constitution divided executive power into two parts without giving them names, which was done under separate laws. Both laws were adopted on the same day, 10th June 1839, and represent our first real law on government - Organization of the Prince’s Chancellery and Organization of the Central Administration of the Principality of Serbia. The constitution prescribed that the prince has a right to set up a Prince’s Chancellery, to be managed by his deputy who at the same time performs the duty of the minister of foreign affairs. By the intermediary of the Prince’s Chancellery, or rather ministry of foreign affairs, the prince manages foreign affairs and controls the work of all other ministers, so it can be said that he performed the duty of the prime minister.
The Constitution and the Law on Central Administration prescribed the duties to remaining ministers - of internal affairs, finances, justice and education. A minister could only be a Serb or a foreign person if he had become naturalised. All the ministers are duty bound to send annual reports on their work to the Council in March and April of each year, and on demand of the Council also to respond for their work to the Council. Thus the ministers were dually responsible - both to the Prince and to the Council. The ministers are independent, equal and manage their own budgets, but they also must communicate among them, consult each other, help and remain constantly “in a union”. Only Article 11 of the Law mildly suggests the unity of the Prince, Prince’s deputy and minister of foreign affairs with other ministers (“in terms of their duties and appointment they must stay in a constant union”).
Provisions of the 1838 Constitution and the Law on Prince’s Chancellery and the Central Functions remained long in force, until 1862.
Ministerial Council (1862-1918). Prince Milos's changes in the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1859 were continued by Prince Mihailo with a real reform of the
state administration. With two laws the status of executive power was resolved - with the State Council Act (1861) and the Law on the Organization of the Central State Administration (1862). Under this law the Council lost its former political role and had become an administrative body. Since the Organization had detached ministers from the Council and placed them under the exclusive supervision of the Prince, the basic precondition was created for Serbia to obtain a more up-to-date government and in this spirit for the first time the word popecitel was officially replaced with the word minister.
Under the provision of the Organization, state administration was conducted “on behalf of the Prince” by ministers of whom there were seven: of foreign affairs, internal affairs, justice, education and church, finances, army, construction. The Prince was able to entrust two ministries to one minister. “Ministers are direct organs of the Prince and equal among them, however one among them, appointed by the Prince, is the President of the Ministerial Council,” In the matters financial they are responsible to the Principal Control which is a part of the State Council. Ministers perform duties within their competence independently, but they may not transmit laws and other acts individually to the Council, but must previously all meet, thus forming “the union of government”. This “union of government” which means “union and uniformity in matters of government and administration”, beside a direct subjection to the Prince, is the most important provision which made executive power a collective organ, for which a great need had been felt. “The unity of government” is synonymous with the Ministerial Council, which is managed by its chairman unless the Prince attends the meeting. President of the Ministerial Council is the “head of the ministry”, together with the Prince a factor of executive power who countersigns all the Prince’s acts. He has taken over the role of the Prince’s deputy but now as a somewhat stronger unifying factor of all the ministries. Since he had always held a ministerial post, especially the one of foreign affairs, he was regarded as the most important person in executive power and the only intermediary between the Prince and the government. From 1888, a minister without portfolio could also be the chairman. After all the important acts go through the Ministerial Council, only then can the competent minister follow them up to the State Council. The ministers may
attend the sittings of the Council when their own draft law is being discussed, but only for the “explaining vote”.
Ministers are responsible to the Council and the Prince for the non-execution of the law. There is no further regulation of ministerial responsibility and it may be said that the latter is proclaimed as a matter of principle. Only the ruler has the right to appoint and
dismiss ministers and after a hearing in the Ministerial Council he may hand them over to a court. In contrast to the time before the return of the Obrenovics into power, now the law has given the right to the ruler to appoint ministers outside the narrow circle of councilors, which is a third essential change. Thereby executive power is completely separated from the Council, so the government had separate sittings and separate presidency. The State Council and the Ministerial Council had become two independent and separate state organs.
Ministries were divided into several departments. The ministerial duties were as follows: to see to the execution of the laws and decrees, to submit to the Prince countersigned acts which must have his sanction, prepare draft laws from their competences, propose to the Prince the officials from that service, form supervision and control over the subordinate institutions and prepare the ministerial budget. Every ministry has a number of officials of whom the closest to the minister are his assistants and heads of sections, whose opinion he is not bound to accept during the adoption of decisions. The mentioned duties suggest that the entire state administration is concentrated in the hands of the ministers. The Ministerial Council keeps its own protocol of work which is signed by all the ministers present.
Next the duties of each ministry are prescribed individually. It should also be pointed out that the minister of justice is also the keeper of the state seal. He affixes the state seal, on behalf of the Prince, upon all the legal acts. This law remained in force until the end of the existence of the Principality and the Kingdom of Serbia. In some ministries certain major changes were made, or new laws or supplements to various provisions were made, but a law on the government was not adopted again.
Up to the 1869 Constitution, governments were weak, executive power in a somewhat better position in the collective body and joint activities (from 1862), but very dependent on the ruler. Among some Serbian statesmen and politicians there was a need for strong governments. The 1869 Constitution was adopted during the Second Regency (1868-1872) for the minor Prince Milan, and prominent in its framing were Radivoje Milojkovic and Jovan Ristic. The Constitution strengthened the ruler’s rights, heritage of the throne was proclaimed to be a constitutional principle, and the right of inheritance was enlarged. The National Assembly (unicameral, yet there were proposals for it to be bicameral), shared the legislative power with the prince, but in legislature the prince was a more powerful factor than the Assembly. The legislative procedure was in the hands of the government who with the Prince had the right, in the event of national security being threatened either from outside or
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inside, to issue laws. These ’’decree laws were in force until the next meeting of the Assembly. In other words, in the event of emergency, the government was able to suspend “for the time being” the articles of the Constitution about personal freedoms, inviolability of the dwelling, freedom of speech and the press and court jurisdiction, in other words, civil and political freedoms.
The government’s draft of the budget could not be rejected by the Assembly as a whole, nor could it make its approval subject to the fall of the government, because the budget could be carried to the following year. The Constitution did not seek to introduce a parliamentary regime, because the ministers were not deputies nor were politically responsible to the Assembly but to the Prince, their responsibility being entirely on criminal matters. “The political responsibility of the ministers, which is the essence of the parliamentary regime, did not exist in the 1869 Constitution”, concludes Slobodan Jovanovic. This is supported by the fact that the Assembly did not enjoy budgetary right with which it could force the government to resign.
The Constitution did retain the institution of the Ministerial Council that would be directly subjected to the Prince. Ministers were responsible to the Prince and the Assembly for their official work. It enumerates four offences for which a minister can be charged: “when he commits treason against the fatherland and the ruler, when he violates the Constitution, when he engages in corruption and when he causes prejudice to the state for personal gain”. A minister must be accused by no less than 20 deputies, and two-thirds of votes is necessary before the charge is approved and the procedure on responsibility is begun. The State Court is competent to try the minister, but the Prince has no right to amnesty the minister without the Assembly’s approval.
No references to ministerial responsibilities were made in the 1835 and 1838 Constitutions. It was only the Law on the Alterations and Amendments to the Organization Council (1858) that for the first time introduces ministerial responsibility before the Council, but not also political responsibility before Parliament. This important problem was only resolved in 1869 Constitution and the Law on Ministerial Responsibleness (1870).
The Law was drafted according to the principles of German theories on ministerial responsibleness. The idea of the constitution makers of 1869 and the regent was not to introduce political answerability of ministers to the Parliament, but criminal responsibility before the State Court. (There is an opinion that ministers were politically responsible before the Prince, because of his right of appointment and dismissal.) Additional to the previously mentioned constitutional provisions about
ministerial responsibleness, the Law prescribes that ministers can be tried by the State Court of twelve judges selected by lot from the ranks of the Court of Appeals and the Assembly, who render an oath before the trial. After the charges have been made in the Assembly, the Prince temporarily dismisses the minister from his post. The minister is entitled to defense and the trial is public and oral. The State Court judges “according to its fair conviction and evidence obtained through examination”. The State Court may pronounce two sanctions: 1) dismissal from his post, which means that he can never again be a minister; and 2) to be proclaimed incapable for service, which means that he will temporarily or never again obtain a public post. If the State Court found that the minister also committed another offence prescribed under the Criminal Law, it handed him over to a regular court. Unless the Assembly desists its charges against the minister prior to the main hearing, the latter cannot appeal against the decision of the State Court. The weakness of this Law is seen in the statute of limitation laid on the charges within a short term. The minister’s answerability ceases if the first Assembly after the act does not lay the charges and if the Assembly approves of the said act by the minister. The legal theoreticians believe that the short term prescription of ministerial responsibility makes it pointless.
The one case of the correctly understood responsibleness and with a concrete consequence is worthy of note. When the Assembly, during the government of Jovan Marinovic (1873-1874), dealt with an Assembly petition, the matter came to a vote. The petition of the majority received 58 votes and the minority petition, supported by the government, received the votes of 61 deputies. Which means that the Government received three votes more. At the time the Constitution of 1869 was in force and the Law on Ministerial Responsibleness of 1870, so the Government did not depend on the National Assembly and therefore the question of confidence of the Government before the Assembly did not have to be raised. But the high sentiment of political responsibility of Jovan Marinovic made him submit resignation of his Government to Prince Milan, although the Constitution and the Law did not force him to do it. He justified his resignation with the fact that the majority of three votes gave an illusory hope of the success of his Government.
Serbia obtained its eighth ministry in 1882 - the Ministry of National Economy. It came into being after some competences were taken from the Ministry of Finances and Ministry of Internal Affairs and handed over to it. Its domain included forestry, mining, crafts, industry, trade, communications, folk arts and crafts, banking, river navigation, post office, telegraph and the railways which were then only being built. The Ministry
was divided into four sections: agriculture and animal husbandry; forestry; communications, commerce and crafts; mining; post office and telegraph; statistics. In 1891, under a separate law the Economic Council was established, “which will help with its advice the Ministry of National Economy in questions concerning national economy”.
The acquisition of independence made the greatest contribution to a swifter development of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Principality and the Kingdom of Serbia. Arrangements were made about diplomatic representatives, of whom there were three kinds - envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary, minister--resident and chargé d’affaires (1878). Since it had diplomatic representatives in Istanbul (kapucehaja 1833, diplomatic agent 1839, representative 1869, envoy 1878), in Bucharest (agent 1836, representative 1863, envoy 1879) and in Vienna (representative 1874, envoy 1878), Serbia opened new representative offices in Paris in 1879 (it had had a secret agent since 1854), St. Petersburg (1879), Sofia (agent 1879, delegation 1910), Berlin (1880), London (1880), Rome (1881), Athens (1882), Cetinje (1897), Brussels (1889), Washington (1916), Madrid (1916), Stockholm (1917). In 1879 Serbia passed a provision about consular services which it enlarged in 1882 and amended in 1886 and 1914. The consulates were subordinated to delegations in the given country. There were three types of consuls (general consul, consul and vice-consul), and there was also an honorary consul in two cities - in Trieste and Budapest. These provisions marked in detail all their duties and rights. The most consuls were maintained in Turkey where they had most business, protecting the interests of Serbia and the Serbian people in those lands - Salonica, Skopje, Bitola, Pristina, Serez, Prizren and Skadar, as well as in a few cities in Europe - Prague, Vienna, Berlin and Istanbul. Subsequently Serbia concluded several consular conventions with: Italy (1879), Austria-Hungary (1881), USA (1881), Germany (1883), France (1883), Switzerland (1888), and with Turkey only in 1896. Under these treaties the foreign states had waived capitulations (protection of their citizens) based upon the treaties with Turkey.
Assembly adopted only one law applying exclusively to this ministry - the Law on the Organization of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Diplomatic Representations and Consulates of Serbia (1886), which remained in force until the Unification. Because business of the Ministry was of a “dual nature”, it was split into two departments - political and administrative. The departments were managed by heads who were in fact minister’s deputies and secretaries. The Political Department dealt in: minister’s correspondence, confidential matters, scrutiny of the press, safekeeping and translation of the
cipher, diplomatic correspondence, negotiations, conventions, declarations, political questions of the Serbs outside Serbia, audiences to foreign envoys, decorations for foreign envoys, confidential archives, ceremonial protocol, etc. The Administrative Department dealt with matters concerning the work of the consulates, giving aid to our and foreign persons, issuance of passports, extradition, execution of treaties and conventions, expedition of official mail, accountancy and the Ministry’s archives. The Departments were divided into sections, of which there were six. The Press Bureau was within the Political Department. The Law prescribed numerous details, even the salaries of all the Ministry officials.
Worthy of note is another organizational change within this Ministry. In 1899, the Section for Serbian Schools and Churches outside Serbia as a part of the Ministry of Education was abolished and transferred to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Department started working in the following year and was of a confidential and intelligence significance, known as the PP Section (secret propaganda).
The 1888 Constitution (according to the new calendar 3rd January 1889) was the first constitution since Serbia had become an independent state, adopted without any external restrictions and obligations. The Constitution gave the people democratic rights, introduced parliamentary rule and was one of the most progressive constitutions in Europe.
The ruler is conferred executive power which he exercises through the intermediary of the Government, whereas he shares the legislative power with the Assembly. The King appoints and dismisses ministers, they operate directly under him. No special qualifications were prescribed for the ministers, but the rule was that ministers may not be members of the Royal House. The Constitution does not say how many ministries the Government has, therefore the earlier provision about eight ministries remained in force. The King could not create new or abolish old ministries. On assuming their posts ministers must swear an oath. Ministerial functions are double. The minister manages independently his own ministry, his assistants and advisers have only an advisory voice, therefore the minister adopts his decisions independently. Neither the King nor the Assembly may directly communicate with the Government officials, but do that through the intermediary of competent ministers. The ministers countersign every Royal Act, without which the act is invalid, and thereby the minister becomes responsible in the place of the ruler. Harmony at the top of the state administration is made possible by the Ministerial Council, assembly of all the ministers. The Ministerial Council may be headed by a president, who may be without portfolio. Prime Minister may only be that, but he can also assume any oth-
er ministry. It was also possible to have a ministry without portfolio. The sessions of the Ministerial Council are presided by the King, or by the chairman in his absence.
Ministerial responsibility, of which more shall be said presently, may be civil, criminal and political. The introduction of political responsibility before the King and before the Assembly, created conditions for the introduction of the parliamentary regime in Serbia. Ministerial responsibility before the Assembly was seen in the following: through an interpellation the Government is forced to submit explanations about its work; with a resolution the Parliament can condemn the Government policy. More important than this is the Assembly’s right to bring the Government down by failing to vote. It is obvious that a state cannot function one single day without a budget, which actually could be extended by four months. In favour of the introduction of the parliamentary regime was the fact that from then onwards deputies could also become ministers. If there is a misunderstanding between the King and the Assembly about the downfall of a Government, the last word, nevertheless, belonged to the Parliament. In contrast to the 1869 Constitution, a ministerial offence did not obsolesce for four years and deputies of two convocations could debate about it. Ministers responded for their trespasses before the State Court.
The Ministerial Council had another special kind of obligation. If the throne were to become void, the Ministerial Council would assume the king’s power. In that event it must call up the Great National Assembly within a month which would decide who is to assume the throne. It is interesting that the 1901 Constitution did not have such a provision.
The Law on Ministerial Responsibility was adopted “by God’s mercy and the people’s will” in 1891. Ministers were responsible to the King and the National Assembly. Both institutions are entitled to bring charges against ministers for: 1) treason of the country and the ruler; 2) violation of the Constitution and constitutional rights of the Serbian citizens; 3) acceptance of bribes; 4) prejudice caused to the state for personal gain; 5) violation of the freedom of vote according to the provisions of the electoral law; 6) deliberate prevention, through a misuse of power, of the execution of laws, legal solutions and judicial verdicts; 7) malicious submission of untrue reports to the King and the National Assembly at the time of the adoption of legislative decisions which are prejudicial for the state.
Charges against the minister must be done in writing. Indictment must be presented by the King or at least 20 deputies of the National Assembly. The charges are immediately placed on the agenda and the Assembly must rule upon it within less than five days of its submission
to the Assembly president. Incriminated minister, at the invitation of the Assembly, will submit his oral or written defense, and the Assembly may not pass any decisions before the hearing. After the debate, the Assembly puts the matter to secret vote and if rejected, it cannot be brought up at the same Assembly session. Otherwise a 12-member investigation commission shall be elected, with its chairman and a rapporteur. “He will hear the accused minister, obtain all the necessary information about the trespass and perform all the rights and duties of an investigating judge.” At the proposal of the investigating commission, subject to two-thirds approving it, the minister may be detained without a right to appeal. The investigating commission submits a report to the Assembly, and after the debate a vote is taken on every point of the accusation. If there is cause for accusation, the Assembly shall hand over the minister to the State Court, and the ruler will dismiss him from his ministerial duty. If two-thirds of deputies fail to accept the accusation of the investigating commission, it will be rejected and may not be repeated at the same Assembly session. In the event of the dissolution of the Assembly, or if it is disbanded before the investigating commission finishes its job, the next Assembly shall elect a new investigating commission and immediately resume its work. If the Assembly does not succeed to consider the charges made by the investigating commission because of its dissolution, the next Assembly shall immediately resume the debate on the report.
The minister is tried by the State Court selected by lot - eight members of the State Council and the Court of Appeals, with six deputies. This 16-member court is presided by the president or vice-president of the State Council, if they were elected into this body, or the oldest councilor. The court must meet within three days of the raising of the charges. Judges may not be persons related to the accused minister or are inimical to him. The minister may defend himself but he must have an attorney. The public prosecutor is a member of the Court of Appeals, if he is indicted by the King, or if he is accused by the Assembly, the prosecutor is the rapporteur of the investigating commission. The investigating judge is one of the members of the Court of Appeals who is not member of the State Court. The hearing before the State Court is public and oral. The court decides by the majority of votes. The judgment of the State Court is enforceable immediately, since it is not subject to appeal. The sentenced minister may not be amnestied nor his sentence may be reduced without the approval of the Assembly. The State Court is dismissed immediately after passing the verdict.
Ministers shall be punished in accordance with the Criminal Law. The following punishments are prescribed: for the violation of citizens’ electoral rights - from 2 to
5 years of imprisonment; for violation of the Constitution as a whole or parts thereof, when he has gathered taxes which had not been approved by the Assembly or are larger than approved; when he concludes a prejudicial loan; when he places the army in the service of a foreign state; when he executes the ruler’s decree which has not been countersigned by the competent minister from 5 to 10 years of imprisonment, loss of employment and loss of civil rights. In all other cases punishment shall be from 4 to 8 years of imprisonment, and for criminal offences also loss of civil rights.
The 1869 Constitution prescribed ministerial responsibility for four offences, and the 1888 Constitution prescribed a broader ministerial responsibility for seven offences. In the meantime the constitution was changed and laws on ministerial responsibility were not altered at the same time nor formally terminated (in 1894, the 1869 Constitution was returned). When the 1901 Constitution was promulgated, the law on ministerial responsibility older by an entire decade remained in force.
The 1901 Constitution, which lasted for a short time, was not very different from the previous constitution in so far as the Ministerial Council and ministers were concerned. For this reason we shall only point out to the differences prescribed by it. Under this Constitution the minister will be sworn before the King whereas the previous one did not specify before whom this solemn act would be performed. Since the Parliament consisted of two houses - the Assembly and the Senate -ministers obtained access to both houses. If someone is appointed minister, he shall lose his mandate as deputy or senator. Ministers are responsible before the King and the Parliament. Ministerial responsibility is the same as in the previous constitution, but the statute of limitation of an offence was extended to five years. Indictment of a minister shall be submitted by at least 20 deputies, and the accusation is approved if the proposal is voted by two-thirds of the deputies. Once a charge has been rejected, it cannot be raised again. The ministers are tried by the Senate. The King has no right of amnesty or reduction of punishment to a minister without the Assembly’s approval. This shows that the provisions on ministerial responsibility were incomplete and as such remained in force for as long as the constitution was valid, because it was not followed by a new and harmonized Law on Ministerial Responsibility. The Constitution prescribed criminal, civil and political responsibility of ministers, but the last-mentioned one was illusory.
The Constitution and the Statute differed in the following: The Statute does not see as an offence the prejudice to the state for personal gain; ministers are tried according to the Constitution by the Senate, and the State Court according to Statute; the King may not
amnesty a minister according to Statute, nor amnesty according to Constitution; the statute of limitations for a ministerial offence lasts four years according to Statute, and five years according to Constitution. Only one minister was tried while this Constitution was in force
- Vukasin Petrovic, minister of finances, for making a payment to a foreign creditor, made in 1899, but the minister was acquitted.
Following the return into force of the 1888 Constitution, after the coup d’état in 1903 and until the end of the Kingdom of Serbia, harmony was established between the two highest legislative acts on ministerial responsibility. In this period there were several cases of ministerial responsibility.
Activities of the Government. The Praviteljstvujusci Soviet worked as a collective body in view of the fact that councilors, later popecitels (ministers) did not have separate premises and ministries organized for independent work, nor did they have special officials. Available sources do not suggest that the councilors and popecitels wanted it, but that their convictions and circumstances in which they worked directed them to joint work in sessions and in one single chamber. Vuk Karadzic noted: “In the largest room councilors and secretaries gathered to debate and make judgments, while the smaller rooms were reserved for the scribes”.
There are many records about the work of the Serbian Governments, most of all in memorial journals. In the following text we are referring to a few characteristic examples.
When Prince Aleksandar appointed some officials without the Government’s knowledge, ministers, unhappy about such action, made objections to him at a “sitting” (1852). “I appreciate everything that the ministers said, but I still want it my way”, said the Prince. In order to avoid misunderstandings of this kind, ministers proposed to the Prince “to establish a state system according to which the ministers would be obliged to perform their jobs, but only if the ministers infringed on this system would they be responsible to the Prince”. The Prince replied to them as follows: “You are not ministers, you are only directors”. “Even if this is what we are, we still have some duties towards the Prince, and towards the state, and towards the people”, they replied. As several important issues were raised in this manner
- on the method of the Government’s work, on relations with the ruler, on ministerial responsibility - the Government of Ilija Garasanin did not want conflict with him in order to preserve the Prince’s dignity for the sake of the general Serbian idea. Increasingly frequent misunderstandings between the Prince and not only the Council but also the Government, needed the solution of this question but despite numerous indications, the
solution was not in sight. Here is what Prime Minister Garasanin thought about it: “The least and the easiest duty is to please a ruler. Approve everything he says and you will always be received by him with greatest sympathy. But I cannot agree with this.” There were few consistent princely representatives and ministers such as was Ilija Garasanin.
Prince Milos's ministers were obedient, quiet and peaceable. For each job they completed, they had the same answer: “The master wants it this way!”. The Prince, advanced in years, continually interfered with the work of the ministers. He used to enter through a door into a room where the ministers were in session, throw them a handful of acts and say: “Here, do your work, I am not going to interfere”. After a while, impatient and to be on the safe side, he entered another door asking “How much have you done already!”.
How far Serbia was from forming a homogeneous government or government of “comrades on principle”, or “ministry of like-thinking men”, as expressed by Jevrem Grujic, is shown by the following example. Prince Milos early in 1859 offered Grujic to accept the post of the Prince’s representative and minister of foreign affairs, as he was dead against Garasanin. Here is how the dialogue between Prince Milos and the candidate for the Prime Minister Jevrem Grujic went on.
“If Your Highness insists on appointing me as Representative and Minister of Foreign Affairs, I beg you to appoint as ministers my friends: Ilic for justice and education; Milovan for finances and Ranko for internal affairs.”
“The Prince then roused and quickly said: ‘Well, if you insist on appointing ministers, are you the Prince or am I?’ When I told him: ‘I am not the Prince but you are’, the old man asked: ‘What am I then if you are speaking through my mouth’ and without waiting for an answer: ‘You are not a man for me’.”
Then he asked me ‘Do you want to be what I say or do you not? You tell me this’.”
I said that that ‘I cannot do it without my like-minded colleagues’.” (italics R.Lj.)
“Then he blew up. That is when I saw the Milos whose frightful anger I was told about. In a terrible wrath he shouted at me: ‘Get out, you are not a man for me’.” The younger generation, schooled in the west, was no longer prepared to give in to the old unde Milos and to acquiesce to his famous declaration: “I am above everybody!”.
It was not easy to form a Government just because of the Prince’s demands but also because in Serbia “not only is it difficult from a small number of politically schooled people to choose ministers, but also because the long-enduring internal dissensions had divided the people into parties, which differed among them not on
political principles but in their antagonistic passions”, wrote Djordje Stojakovic. The Princes Aleksandar and Milos did not like the Prince’s representative to be a strong personality, fearing that he might take away a part of their power, since some of them, like Avram Petronijevic and Ilija Garasanin, were strong and popular persons in the country.
An important change in the organization and work of the executive power was made by Prince Mihailo. One of the novelties was the introduction of the protocol in which all the Government’s decisions were written down. There were two protocols - the ordinary and the secret one. The former has been preserved for the periods from 1862 to 1897, and from 1915 to 1918, whereas the other, in which all the important decisions were recorded, above all those of a political nature, has not been preserved excepting one period of the Government of Stevca Mi-hailovic (1876-1878).
Vladimir Jovanovic writes that the governments in which he was finance minister (1876) heard the reports of various ministers and then went on to the debate. They debated all the important issues. Beside the regular meetings they also had extraordinary sessions.
The formation of party governments which were then described as homogeneous governments, often placed the rulers before insoluble problems. The Prince found it difficult to replace a minister, since he was protected by the entire cabinet. When misunderstandings arose between King Milan and Prime Minister Milan Pirocanac, and the ruler only meant to replace the Premier, Stojan Novakovic, one of the Government ministers, told Obre-novic that the entire cabinet would resign.
During one period of the rule of King Aleksandar Obrenovic, the formation, work and downfall of a government was influenced by the King, the King’s father and the King’s mother. It caused big headaches to the Prime Minister as well as to ministers. “Mr. Nikola Hristic, this time, almost overnight, formed a ministry. It is obvious that the combination was formulated by someone before him, most likely by King Milan”, although in this year 1894 the king was his son Aleksandar.
Stojan Novakovic, the reliable chronicler of his time, left us a description of how one of the short-lived cabinets, that of Djordje Simic (1894-1895), worked. “Everything was being done in utmost seriousness, as if the ‘new situation’ was to last for centuries. Few were those who thought that all this, given the changeable nature of both the principal and the lesser bosses, would be short-lived and that everything will go down as soon as the bosses lose their will to play the game,” Simic was a rare Serbian politician who described the work of his two governments (My Ministry, 1894,1896-1897). Efforts in the court to persuade candidates to form a government and the men to accept ministerial respon-
sibilities have also been left in the records of other actors.
Vladan Djordjevic formed a government (1897) by anonymous party-men which some radicals did not want to enter, and others were not wanted by King Aleksandar and particularly King Milan. It was hard to maintain such a gathering of individuals. “One is too much of a radical, the other is not sympathetic to Your Majesty, the third is scorned by King Milan, the fourth is disliked by the liberal majority in the Assembly, the fifth cannot be taken because we will then be abandoned by the progressives”, lamented the mandatary of this Cabinet. Devotion to the dynasty was an essential condition for anybody to become a minister, never mind prime minister!
In the beginning some prime ministers submitted their programmes orally, and after the acquisition of independence they went over to the system of submitting written programmes of the future government. About this programme they reported, in addition to the ruler, also to the ministers. Jovan Ristic, having formed his second government in 1873, opened the first session by explaining his programme to the ministers. The protocol of the government session contained the principle of its future work: “Permanent rule is that the strength of the government is achieved by the solidarity of its individual members. However, this solidarity lies mainly in the mutual responsibility and discretion in regard to everything that is commonly being debated in the ministerial sessions”. The next time he formed the government (1878), the first session was presided by the Prince, the explanation of programmes did not take place.
The government programme was also made by Sto-jan Novakovic in 1895 and published by himself. Vladan Djordjevic formed the Government programme at the proposal of King Aleksandar, which served the ministers “for the direction of their work” (1897). At the very first Government meeting a decision was taken that the programme must be made available to all our representatives abroad, so that “this Government programme should help them choose the direction of their official work”.
The government meetings were most frequently presided by the Prince’s representative or the chairman of the Ministerial Council, then by the ruler (the Prince, the King) and in the periods when the ruler was minor or absent, the Prince’s or the King’s regents.
The Serbian governments had a special privilege based upon Article 9 of the Constitution of 1869, that they can assume the performance of governing during the absences of the ruler from the country. According to the Constitution the ruler was entitled to transfer power on his deputy, which mainly was the Ministerial Council. All such sovereign decisions were of a similar content: “Since there has arisen a need for Us to spend a few days
in foreign countries, as We have informed the people with Our today’s proclamation, We empower Our Ministerial Council that during Our absence it may represent Us in the performance of power in all emergency cases, especially those where need arises for order and peace and safety of Our country to be secured. We recommend Our Ministerial Council to respect this decree and everyone else to obey it” (13th June 1877). Since the visits of the Serbian rulers abroad were frequent, many governments during that time were named King’s representatives and exercised a portion of his prerogatives which was transferred to them by decrees. These were also the most responsible moments in the work of each such Government.
The range of issues, problems and themes debated at the Government’s sessions was very broad, from debates about the entry into war with Turkey, proclamation of independence, changes on the throne down to the most banal dismissals of government officials. Their decisions were mostly unanimous, whether they be positive or negative. When at a meeting of Vladan Djordjevic’s Government (1897) the debate was whether to return into force the old law on the press, it was decided: “Since no customary unanimity was attained on this question, this issue has been taken off the agenda”. In the course of time the government sessions were more filled with discussions on important questions, but only scant information about it was entered into protocol. Because of its closeness to the rulers and collaboration in performing executive power, much account was taken of the dynastic interests, both of Obrenovics and of Karadjordjevics. The birth of the heir to the throne, the erection of monuments to the deceased rulers, celebrations of the 50th anniversary of the Second and 100th anniversary of the First Uprising, the humanitarian work of the rulers’ wives, etc., were subjects on which the Government had seriously meditated and took decisions on, mostly to the glory of the dynasty. When King Milan abdicated the throne in favour of his son Aleksandar, the government begged him to change his mind about his fatal intention for the dynasty; and when it did not succeed in it, it resigned.
The government sessions were held in Belgrade, less often in Kragujevac and Nis. Government sessions were held in the premises of the Prince’s Representative and President of the Ministerial Council, or in the Court House when the ruler presided.
The Ministerial Council of the Kingdom of Serbia shared the fate of the people, having previously provoked it, during the First World War. The government withdrew to Nis, then to Krusevac, Kraljevo, Raska, Kosovska Mitrovica, Prizren, Skadar, Brindizi and Corfu, where it remained until the end of the war (1916-1918). Nis was the lieu where the famous Nis Declaration was adopted
- the programme of the unification of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1914) and at the Corfu Conference the declaration on unification (1917) was adopted. War circumstances dictated the work of the Government which had more frequent contacts with the Regent Aleksandar than with the Parliament. The Government had to resolve the problem of Black-Hand rebels, to care about the survival of the army, the opening of the Salonica front and conduct an active foreign policy. A decisive role was also given to the Supreme Command.
The customary Government work during the First World War was as follows: first, reports were read which were sent by envoys abroad or telegrammes which sometimes arrived during the meeting itself, then it went down to the solving of various issues. Debates, which undoubtedly did take place, were not recorded in the protocols of the meetings. Few were the meetings at which all the ministers were present (44), while there were more sessions which were presided over by the Regent Aleksandar (55). The Government sessions debating various important military questions were also attended by the representatives of the Supreme Command.
Governments were fairly unstable and were often changed. This period accouted for 85 governments, including the four governments during the First Serbian Uprising although their number is difficult to determine. There were no governments in Serbia in the period
between 1813 and 1834. If we subtract these years from the period 1805-1918, we will see that the governments lasted on an average 13 months. The longest was the Government of Avram Petronijevic (1844-1852), then the government of Ilija Garasanin (1861-1867). In their significance they also were the topmost governments of the Principality and Kingdom of Serbia. A notable fact is that certain personalities formed governments several times, in which excelled Nikola Pasic. Up to the Unification in 1918, he formed 12, and in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes another 10 governments
- a total of 22, establishing an unsurpassed record. They were all short-lived, the longest being three years, and the shortest two months.
This book is dedicated to the Governments and Prime Ministers and not to the Ministries and ministers. All the same, we will end this section with a critical observance by a foreigner, Karl von Schletzer, who spent time in Serbia (1889-1890), about the ministers of the Kingdom of Serbia: “As a matter of fact, apart from peasants you can only see here three layers of population: the dismissed ministers, active ministers and those who wish to become ministers. Once they reach their goal, they buy a cylinder for themselves. Other people here do not wear this kind of headgear. When they lose their ministerial post, then the ominous cylinder is usually sold
- maybe even to the direct inheritor”.
IN THE KINGDOM SHS AND YUGOSLAVIA 1919-1945
* institutions - the crown, “the parliamentary government” and “one popular representation”. But in the final act of unification and the moment of the proclamation of the newly created state there was essentially only one institution - the crown - personified in regent Aleksandar Karadjordjevic. Parliamentary principles called for the institution of the “one national representation” to be formed “prior to the one parliamentary government”, but this in the case of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (SHS) was not done. A decision by the National Council of 3rd December 1918 for the “common state government” should be formed “prior to the composition of the state council”, was justified by foreign political, security and organizational reasons. The act of 1st December recognized the monarch’s authority throughout the territory of the Kingdom SHS and with this act it received its executive organ.
By the decree of the regent Aleksandar Karadjordjevic of 7/20 December 1918 on nomination ofministers, Ministerial Council of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was established. According to the regent’s proclamation, the government had the obligation to call up as soon as possible the Provisional National Representation, govern the country, deal with the questions of internal and foreign policy, propose electoral law for the Constitutional Assembly, abolish all the privileges, guarantee freedom and right of religion, take care of concluding peace and drawing up state borders which would faithfully reflect ethnographic boundaries. The first government of the new state, composed of the representatives of “all three tribes”, “all three faiths”, “almost all the provinces” and all the leading Yugoslav civil parties, was formed on 7/20 December 1918 by the Serbian radical leader Stojan Protic (1918). The birth of a coalition cabinet intent on organizing the country, signified an important step towards the centralization of state administration and suppression of autonomy for the historical provinces.
The Ministerial Council of the Kingdom SHS until its promulgation of the Constitution of 28th June 1921, performed all its work in accordance with the Law on the organization of the central state administration of the Principality of Serbia of 1862. In the decrees, which during 1919 and 1920 were adopted for each ministry separately, it was stressed that these were parts of the central state authority which had the supreme and supervisory management over all public and private jobs within its resort. Under a special decree, the Cabinet of the Ministerial Council was formed (1919), Department for the Execution of International Treaties (1919) and the Pressbureau (1920). Thus was established the organizational structure of the Presidency of the Ministerial Council. Among the ingérences of the Presidency of the Ministerial Council there were several important institutions - the State Council, the Main Control, the Direction of the Plan, the Royal Chancellery, the Court Administration, the Chancellery of Royal Decorations.
Competences in the executive and legislative spheres which the Ministerial Council had, and which were seen in its promulgation of numerous regulations and ordinances having the strength of law, directly narrowed down already modest competences of the provisional parliament. During the existence of the provisional arrangement, the government, relying upon the executive apparatus which it controlled and on the competences it had, adopted as many as 800 different ordinances, regulations, subsidiary legislations, etc. There is no doubt that there was a dislocation of relationships between the legislative and executive power which, in the conditions of a provisional state, directly affected political power held by those forces which control the state apparatus. The entire activity was justified as a need for a more efficient action in the conditions of provisional-ity. Basically the building of the Yugoslav statehood and its consolidation were in the hands of the government. In the “stage of the revolution which is not yet terminated”, as the government of the democrats viewed the processes of consolidation of the Yugoslav state, neglect for the Provisional National Representation and opinions of the people “of old-fashioned political opinions”, were regarded as a “formality” which could well be ignored. In this manner “treason of the laws paled” and society was getting used to “living under a government of regulations” which was responsible for the “legal order to lose its permanence”, and the state to exist in a state of “eternal provisorium”.
The voting for the Constitution of 1921 revealed a deep division between political parties in regard to the basic questions of the future socio-political, economic and cultural development of the country and revealed undemocratic methods in reaching majority and ensuring “parliamentarism”. The National Assembly’s entitle-
ment to control executive power was restricted by the fact that the ministers were nominated by the monarch and that they were directly responsible to the King. Basically speaking, the category of parliamentary governments, i.e. governments of the assembly majority which would rise within the parliament and “fall” in the parliament when they lose the majority confidence, the parliamentary practice of the Kingdom of SHS virtually was unknown. Thereby this accounted for the occurrence, characteristic for parliamentary regimes, for the assembly to have priority over the government, and monarch to be obliged to respect the views of the assembly majority. It is only on 31st March 1929 that the Law on the organization of supreme state administration was promulgated.
Competence of the Ministerial Council was not precisely prescribed by the 1921 Constitution either. The Constitution provided for the Ministerial Council to have a president, and in Article 78 “that draft laws must be submitted on the King’s authority by the Ministerial Council or individual ministers”. Those ministers were designed as administrating officers who are directly under the King and who are appointed for various branches of state administration. The Constitution did not prescribe their number leaving it to be done by the Law on the central state administration. The functions of ministers were twofold - to manage their ministries and to “collaborate in all the king’s acts”. Although the Constitution wanted the ministers to represent the highest power in the ministries, political practice of the Kingdom SHS denied this. The King frequently intervened in the ministers’ work, directly issued orders to his officials, most directly influenced the work of the government. The Constitution provided that “no act of King’s power has the strength nor can it be executed unless signed by the competent minister” (Article 54), but political practice invalidated this letter ot the Constitution whether it concerned the acts of legislative, judicial or administrative power. Ministerial responsibility covered all the acts of the King and it was not only political but also criminal. Their collaboration in the government was punishable under the Constitution even when, due to the personal nature of the monarch, this collaboration did not happen. In the constitutional sense ministers participated in all the royal acts and not only those which had an administrative character. This meant that they, in their function and responsibility, were not only heads of different sectors of state administration, but at the same time King’s advisers in all the affairs which affected his competence, even those which
were not limited by administrative power. In daily practice this was not applicable and ministers’ influence on the monarch, as advisers, was not decisive and most frequently was not even available. Thus the political prac-
tice of King Aleksandar I Karadjordjevic thoroughly
derogated the provisions of the Constitution. The 1921
Constitution did not explicitly call for a government of parliamentary majority. The government’s dependence on National Assembly derived from provisions on the government’s political responsibility.
The regulation on the division of the country into regions, which the government adopted in 1922 without consulting the Parliament, had the strength of law which the National Assembly was unable to invalidate. The decree provided for the existence of 33 regions. Each region had its autonomous organs and bodies - assemblies and governments with special and autonomous economic, financial, communicational and educational competences. The regulation provided for a vertical centralization of administering. The process, begun in 1922, in its first phase determined the emoluments of the Ministerial Council and concrete ministries, and only after the liquidation of the provincial administrations (for Bosnia and Herzegovina (1923), Dalmatia (1924), Slovenia (1924), Croatia and Slavonia (1925), a large portion of competences was passed on great zupans. This was a definite end to the “internal departments” of provincial administrations, and administering was concentrated within the Ministerial Council and its ministries.
The integral Yugoslav ideology was brought to the peak by the introduction of King’s personal rule on 6th January 1929. After eight years of parliamentary life, filled with numerous restrictions and difficulties, the country stepped into an open monarcho-dictatorship. The Ministerial Council was given special tasks. The king demanded from the ministers responsible to him to represent “each in his resort the greatest state authority”, pointing out that this authority would be preserved only if they “strictly stuck to the national laws, not permitting any transgression of laws nor the slightest infraction of them”.
The normative building of the state gained a burst of energy after the introduction of the monarch’s personal power. Beside the Ministerial Council, an important contribution to the unification of legislation was given to the Supreme Legislative Council, composed of the most eminent legal experts. With the abolition of parliamentarism, the Ministerial Council had become only responsible to the monarch. In its competence it was to issue and promulgate laws, nominate state officials, distribute decorations, command the army, etc. The King nominated prime minister and ministers who managed state administration according to his authority and orders. The judicial power was performed in King’s name. Legal acts of 27th January 1929 reduced the Ministerial Council to an ordinary institution without any real administrative functions. The law changed all the
earlier legal acts which provided “for some decisions to be taken after hearing the Ministerial Council, and others to be promulgated by the Ministerial Council itself’. President of the Ministerial Council, appointed by the King, with this legal act ceased to be a middleman between the monarch and ministers in various spheres and received authority to give agreement to ministerial acts from the competence of individual ministers. Basically, having lost administrative and advisory competence, the Ministerial Council ceased to function as a collective body.
The Law on the organization of the state administration, passed on 31st March 1929, fully regulated the question of the organization and competences of the ministries. The supreme state administration was divided into 12 ministries who were competent to work on the organization of state power, managing entire state administration, supervision over administrative powers and officers, preparation of draft laws. At the head of the entire state administration was the Presidency of the Ministerial Council whose President was nominated by the King. The King also nominated all the ministers. Decrees on the nomination of the President of the Ministerial Council, ministers and their deputies, as well as acceptance of resignations were “countersigned” by the President of the Ministerial Council. A part of the jurisdiction of the President of the Ministerial Council was the “maintenance of unity or uniform government and administration”. Ministers were responsible to the King, and the monarch had the right to accuse them of infraction on national laws committed in the performance of their official duties. The entire legislation strengthened the position of the President of the Ministerial Council who took over the mediating role in the communication between ministers and the King. Those were “extraordinary attributions” which gave the Prime Minister great authorities.
Closely tied with the laws which signified the introduction of personal power was also the decision on the administrative division of the country into banovinas. It was based on the illusion that after ten years of common life it was possible with decrees and laws, in carefully planned delays, to form the Yugoslav nation. This intention of regime was confirmed with the promulgation of the “Law on the name and division of the Kingdom into administrative areas” (1929).
The period of monarcho-dictatorship was formally ended with the gift of the 1931 Constitution. Under the provisions of the Constitution, the Government did not depend on the Parliament but in its work stood “directly under the King”. Before taking up their duties, ministers were committed to swear an oath to the King which bound them to fidelity, respect for the Constitution and state laws. The Constitution provided that
every writ of “King’s power” should be signed by the competent minister or the Ministerial Council. Also responsible for all “writ of King’s power” was the competent minister or Ministerial Council and for the monarch’s acts as “supreme commander of the army” the minister of army and navy. The King “nominates and dismisses President of the Ministerial Council and ministers”. The King, just as the National Assembly, has the possibility of indicting a minister for the infliction against the Constitution and laws “during his official duties”, as well as for the prejudices made to the citizens through illegal and unscrupulous performance of public services. Legal acts of 1931 partly reduced the competences of the President of the Ministerial Council, and made it incumbent on the entire government to take care of the unity and uniformity in the affairs of all the ministries.
Certain changes in the work of the Ministerial Council were brought into the Law on the abolition, amendments and supplements to the statutes which refer to the supreme state administration of 3rd December 1931. This act established the administering competence of the Ministerial Council in respect of ministers. The Ministerial Council must also retain unity and uniformity in all the ministries.
Internal tensions and the crisis of the international order brought about an immediate reshuffle of the Yugoslav state. The legal basis for the agreement between Cvetkovic and Macek was found in Article 116 of the 1931 Constitution, which offered the crown the possibility in special circumstances, regardless of law and constitutional provisions, with the approval of the National Assembly, to find a possible solution. The final
solution was agreed upon on 26th August 1929. Within the jurisdiction of the Banovina Hrvatska were matters in the field of agriculture, trade, industry, forestry and mines, buildings, social policy, national health, physical education, justice, education and internal policies. The sensitive question of the financial independence of the Banovina Hrvatska has not been finally resolved. The central government in Belgrade remained with the joint resorts - foreign affairs, army, railways, post office and partly finances. Thus the Ministerial Council of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in a considerable portion lost its competence on the territory of the Banovina Hrvatska. The changes were seen in the composition of the new government in which V. Macek received the post of vice-prime minister, and the posts of ministers four members of the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS). Immediately after the formation of the Banovina Hrvatska (1939), it had become clear that legally speaking the new territorial entity represents only a fragment of the future state order of the Kingdom. The decree on the Banovina Hrvatska created the nucleus of the future federal unit. State centralism was basically abandoned and the earlier state organization of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia changed.
The military putsch and anti-German demonstrations of 27th March 1941 turned the fate of the Yugoslav state. The risk assumed by the putsch and demonstrations in the conditions of war, unbearable internal crises and confrontations of the great powers in the Balkans were outside control of the new government. In the short April war the Kingdom of Yugoslavia received its judgment. In the plans of the German new order there was no room for either Yugoslavia or for Serbia.
GOVERNMENTS OF THE KINGDOM OF YUGOSLAVIA 1941-1945
f""¥"T he Yugoslav Royal Government, having gone abroad, I was accepted by the Allies as the only constitu-* tional representative of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
The reputation acquired by the events of 27th March additionally helped for the Government and King Petar to be regarded as the holders of the national continuity of the Yugoslav state. With the recognition of the Government, the integrity of the territory of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was acknowledged. The Royal Government was in favour of continuing the struggle against the occupying forces and was therefore accepted as a government of an Allied state. In a statement made at the end of June 1941, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill confirmed that the Government of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia retained all the attributes of the sovereign power.
The Government performed its duties according to the valid Constitution of 1931. In its statement of 4th May (the Jerusalem Declaration) it confirmed that it was continuing the war against the occupying forces. It explained the leaving of the national territory with the need to preserve the threatened state sovereignty of the country, and the agreement Cvetkovic-Macek was confirmed as one of the fundamentals of the state policy. The territorial dismemberment of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was contrary to the valid international law which had forbidden the breaking up of the territory by temporary military victors.
The Government’s war aims were: the recovery of the territorial integrity, independence of the state and full freedom of all Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It con-
demned the creation of the Independent State of Croatia, and the annexation of the Yugoslav territories by the neighbouring countries was declared to be unacceptable. During September 1941 the war aims of the Allied countries were reiterated in the Atlantic Charter.
Many factors determined the position and behaviour of the émigré Government. The full occupation of the territory of Yugoslavia and the Government’s inability, as a central state organ, to exercise its power did not signify the end of the state subjectivity. In the new situation the Government pursued its activity as the supreme organ of power. Parallel with the decision on the continuation of the war, the work began on the formation of the Yugoslav armed units outside the country.
The signing of the United Nations Declaration ( 1st January 1942), which confirmed its resolve to fight the occupying forces to the end, contributed to Yugoslavia’s international prestige and symbolized respect for its state integrity. The Government endeavoured to reaffirm the identity of the Kingdom consistently by reminding the Allies of its international rights. It also displayed its care for the people and territories and stressed the sovereignty of its own authority.
When leaving the country, the Yugoslav Government endeavoured, in collaboration with the Allies and with the support from the world democratic public, to represent the interests of the Yugoslav state. Its first political moves showed its intention to be representative and defender of its state sovereignty and international
continuity. Nevertheless, although in the new circumstances, the Yugoslav émigré Government immediately began to break up along nationalist seams, in which the Croats led the way.
Any interpretation of the conditions in the Yugoslav political emigration must begin from the consideration of relations among the great powers, which decided on the outcome of the civil war in the country, which at the end of the Second World War also resolved the fate of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The British wanted to turn Yugoslavia into a federal community. Insistence on the federal form of internal arrangement, in order to “disable the Serbian hegemony”, led the British policy into conflict with the views of the Serbian part of the Government. Next, from the second half of 1942, the Croatian model of reorganization of the state gained the upper hand. At the very end of the war, Josip Broz and the communist model of the Yugoslav federation became the British favourites.
In the emigration during the Second World War a total of seven royal governments were formed, with five prime ministers: General Dusan Simovic (1941-1942), Slobodan Jovanovic (formed two governments during 1942-1943), Milos Trifunovic (1943), Bozidar Puric (1943-1944) and Ivan Subasic who also formally set up two governments (1944-1945). Subasic, following his agreement with the government of Josip Broz Tito, brought about the transfer of power to the revolutionary forces in Yugoslavia.
SERBIAN GOVERNMENTS UNDER THE OCCUPATION 1941-1944
rrr he work of Milan Acimovic’s Commissar Admin-! istration and of the Serbian Government of Gen-
A eral Milan Nedic was dependent on Serbia’s position within the German occupational order, after the breakdown of the royal army in the April war of 1941. All the German plans made provision for the wiping out of Yugoslavia as a single state and its reduction to a small Serbian nucleus”, cut off from the other members of the former Yugoslav community.
The zone of Serbia under military occupation extended to about 51,000 square kilometres. This territory was inhabited by a little under four million people. Serbia was obliged to pay contributions to the occupying force and to support the German occupational administration. A part of Serbia was Banat, where the entire government was in the hands of the German Volksdeu-tcher minority. Eastern Srem, with a pronounced Serbian majority, was handed over at the beginning of
October 1941, to the administration of the Independent State of Croatia.
The main idea in the occupation of Serbia was to make it as small as possible. During the occupation there were no political directives about the future of the occupied Serbian territory, but there was a visible German fear of any form of Serbian statehood. In the German--occupied area the main concern was Germany’s strategical interest: peace in the rearguard of the front in the east of Europe, safe communication and untrammeled exploitation of Serbia’s economic sources.
One of the first moves by the occupational authorities was the formation of a Serbian Administration, and by 30th April 1941, the Commissar Administration was organized under the leadership of Milan Acimovic. The German military administration retained its entitlement to adopt laws and issue instructions to the local official organs at all levels. All the organs of power were under the obli-
gation to execute the orders from the occupational forces. The Commissar Administration did not last long. During the summer of 1941, the German institutions estimated that it is “no longer reliable”, mainly because of its failure to eliminate resistance and the breakdown of the barely established communal and district apparatus of power. Next they formed the “Serbian government under occupation", whose leader was General Milan Nedic (1941). This was calculated to disavow the Royal émigré Government as well as functions in the home country which suggested the continuity of the Yugoslav state.
The work of Nedic’s Government was concentrated on feeding the population of Serbia, taking care of the families of war prisoners and providing shelter and care for 420,000 Serbian and several thousand Slovenian refugees. The Serbian government succeeded in freeing from German POW camps a large number of Serbian officers. The government also had its armed formation - the Serbian National Guard.
The German authorities never showed readiness to support any territorial changes to the benefit of the
Serbian people. They persisted in the view that the “Serbian Government” must remain degraded and subordinated to the occupational order. The approved utilization of old symbols (the flag, the coat-of-arms and display of King Petar’s photographs) were designed to show that in the “new Serbia” the Serbian people were returning to themselves and to their roots. In accordance with it they also introduced administrative division into 14 districts with autonomous authorities.
On the political plane, the most characteristic moments in the work of Nedic’s Government were consistent anticommunism and “antiplutocracy”, i.e. struggle against both resistance movements - communist and royalist. The policy of support for the family, cooperatives and the advancement of agriculture permitted Serbia not to go hungry, despite its heavy obligations towards Germany. Furthermore, the Serbian Government, the only one within the German occupational system, managed to see that not one single Serbian soldier went to the Eastern Front.
THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENTS 1942-1944
TT he leadership of the Communist Party of Yugosla-I via did not recognize the legitimacy of the Yugoslav
A émigré government and the continuity of the monarchy, and ever since the beginning of the Second World War it systematically undermined the pre-war administration of the country. From the earliest days of the Uprising it formed new organs of government in the liberated territories whose introduction directly meant the destruction of the bourgeois Yugoslavia. The new government was established through National Liberation Committees. From the very beginning of the war they acted as organs of state authority and were said to have been designed in order to “abolish the old authority”.
In accordance with the revolutionary conception, the leadership of the National Liberation Movement built its authority at all levels, from provincial antifascist councils formed in all the republics except in Serbia, to the highest executive. There were two revolutionary governments in the Second World War. On account of international circumstances, one of them was not referred
to as government but was called Executive Council of AVNOJ. It was formed after the first session of the partisan assembly
(1942) and its president was Ivan Ribar, speaker of the first Yugoslav Assembly after the Unification (1918).
The National Committee of Liberation of Yugoslavia (NKOJ) was set up following the Second Session of AVNOJ (1943) and had all the distinctions of a real government. It existed until the creation of the government DFJ
(1945) when the war victories of the National Liberation Movement and the Communist Party were officially confirmed. The president of this government was partisan supreme commander and CPY secretary Josip Broz Tito. The principal task of NKOJ was the struggle for international recognition of communist Yugoslavia, which was successfully realized by a series of international treaties, when the royal emigré government lost its ligitimacy.
IN THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 1945-1991
ince 1944, Serbia as well as the other six federal entities received certain forms of statehood and kA' accordingly also a government. Although governments, also known as executive councils, did not have a particularly high degree of independence in decisionmaking, within their jurisdictions they did take important decisions for the development of the Serbian society according to the tasks of party and executive organs at federal level. The Serbian government was not a sovereign organ but depended on the will of the Federal Government, closely knitted with the Communist Party being the only organized party, which furthermore depended on Josip Broz Tito.
The Government of Serbia in this period did not have the same constitutional position, rights and duties, nor the same basic function. They changed, widened or narrowed down, depending on political moves in the society and the distribution of competences and authorities between the republics and the federation. What seems to be a constant in the work of the Government of Serbia are authorities to promulgate regulations, orders, decisions, and other acts which served to regulate social, economic, cultural and political problems in the Republic. A large number of ordinances have regulated the issues which had far-reaching consequences on Serbia’s overall development and its population.
In the period between 1944 and 1991, there are two which determine the position and role of both the federal and the republican governments. The former is from 1944 to January 1953, when the federal government had the executive and at the same time administrative function in the federation and more or less corresponded to the classical form of government in the parliamentary system; in this period the republican government only elaborates and implements the decisions taken by the federal government; and the second from January 1953, when the executive function in the political-executive sense is given to the Federal Executive Council (SIV) and at the republican level the Republican Executive Council (RIV). From that moment SIV was not a government in the classical sense, although in some internal and external circumstances it played the role of a government. SIV was designed to be the place where the republics and provinces sought to come to an agreement.
At the federal level there were the following governments: National Committee of Liberation of Yugoslavia NKOJ (1943-1945) which operated through Commissioners; Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (DFJ) (1945), composed of the representatives of two wings - NKOJ at home and Émigré Government in
London on the basis of the Tito-Subasic Agreement of 1944. The communists immediately named it provisional. It did not pass any important decisions since they were agreed upon in the Politbureau of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. It acted through ministries and several councils - economic, legislative and agrarian. It was superseded by the Government of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia (FNRJ), of 30th November 1945. Namely, the DFJ Government continued working as the FNRJ Government. It was the central organ of state power in view of the fact that the National Assembly sat infrequently, only twice a year. President of this, as well as the previous two governments, was Josip Broz Tito, the highest political person in the country. It existed seven years, until 14th January 1953, when it was replaced by Federal Executive Council (SIV), again headed by Tito. The SIV was given political-executive function, whereas the administrative function was given to the federal administration. President of the Republic was at the same time President of SIV. In the 1963 Constitution, SIV was defined as the executive organ of the Assembly, where the functions of the President of the Republic and that of the President of SIV were separate. Even though some minor changes were made in the following period, SIV retained its basic function of the executive organ of the Assembly of SFRJ.
The 1974 Constitution provided for SIV, together with competent republican and provincial organs, to set up inter-republican committees for special regions following the principle of an equitable representation of the republics and provinces. Members of these committees were delegated by the competent republican and provincial organs, whereas president was nominated by SIV from among its members. Subservient to these executive organs established at the federal level, were the executive organs at the republican level.
Serbian governments in the period 1944-1991 were only a part of the system established at the federal level. When NKOJ operated on federal level, the role of government was acted by the Commissariat for Serbia within the framework of the Presidency of the Antifascist Assembly of National Liberation of Serbia (ASNOS). The First real government in Serbia was the National Government of Serbia headed by Blagoje Neskovic, formed on 9th April 1945. It passed on the decisions of the DFJ government, later the government of FNRJ. Flowever, since all political power was concentrated in the party, or rather in its summit, the Government of Serbia only performed or operationalized the decisions of the party summit. There was no question of any
demarcation between the competences of the FNRJ and the people’s republics. Principles for the delimitation of competences of the executive power were only laid down in the Constitution of FNRJ. Although centralism mellowed after the passing of the Constitution, the governments of the federal units which dealt with numerous questions of the state, economic and cultural life of the republic only rubber-stamped the decisions taken at the federal level. The initiative was not on the republican government but on the Government of FNRJ, which is to say, on Politbureau of the Communist Party’s Central Committee, or rather on Josip Broz Tito.
After 1950 state administration started being reorganized - from federal, through republican all the way down to local organs. With this reorganization all the earlier economic branches of the so-called federal-republican character were transferred to the operative leaderships of the republics and its governments. All the economic ministries of the federal-republican character were abolished. Other than the Ministry of Finances, Ministry of Communications and Ministry of Labour remaining within the government of FNRJ, there were no more federal-economic ministries.
Flow this reorganization looked in practice is shown by the example of the Second Government of PR Serbia (1948-1951). Already in 1951, following the reorganization of the state administration, this government had a somewhat changed structure and distribution of competences among various ministers. This government counted over 40 ministers. This Serbian government was a dynamic government with numerous ministers who received new resorts and new duties, but remained in the same government. A particular characteristic of this government was the fact that it contained husband and wife Milos and Milka Minic. It is a unique example in the history of Serbian governments.
After SIV was formed at the federal level, executive councils were set up at the republican level (1953-1963) which had a political-executive function. Executive council was established in 1953 on the strength of the federal and republican constitutional statutes. An executive council could adopt normative acts which had the strength of by-laws - ordinances, decisions, orders. Furthermore, the executive council had the duty of directing and coordinating work of administration organs to ensure performance of policy and execution of laws and other acts, lay down principles and directives for the work of administration organs in regard to the execution of policies and laws and other general acts, etc., and to abolish their unconstitutional and illegal regulations.
According to 1963 Constitution, republican executive councils (1963-1974) were established. This organ of republican assembly (RIV) which had political-executive functions did not differ much from SIV except that RIV
was a permanent and the only body of the assembly. In contrast to the other republics only RIV in Serbia had representatives of provincial executive councils. The Serbian Constitution provided for RIV to last only four years in the same composition.
What distinguishes RIV from the earlier period is that they are constituted more as a political-executive organs and less as a government. They should rather have been turned towards the assembly and its work and to directing administrative organs and carrying out the laws and decisions of the assembly.
In line with the Constitution of Serbia of 1974, the Executive Council of the Assembly of the Republic of Serbia (1974-1991) was set up as the executive organ of the Assembly of SR Serbia. Its tasks were: to follow the position and performance of the policy of the Assembly SRS and propose to the Assembly SRS laying down of policies; proposes laws and other regulations; gives opinion about the draft laws which are submitted to the Assembly by authorized proposers; lays down the draft social plan of the republic; proposal of the budget and the republican final account and sees to their execution; promulgates acts for the execution of laws; follows the policy of national defense; coordinates and directs the work of republican administrative organs; supervises the work of republican organs; lays down the principles of the general organization of republican administration; forms expert and other services for its own needs; appoints and dismisses in accordance with law; submits reports on its work, etc.
Executive Council of the Assembly was made up by president, members of the Council elected by the Assembly SRS and republican secretaries who directed the republican organs of administration. The Assembly SRS, on the proposal from the Commission for Elections and Nominations, appointed a candidate who with this Commission submitted to the Assembly SRS a joint proposal for the election of Council members. If the president or a member of the Council were elected by the Assembly delegates, they automatically lost their seat in the Assembly. The Executive Council had one or more vice-presidents and secretaries of the Council.
President and Council members were elected tor four years, and a person could not be elected president more than twice in succession. Resignation or dismissal of the Council president led to the resignation or dismissal of the entire Council.
President and Council members were granted immunity.
For its work Executive Council was responsible to the Assembly which it had duty to report to about its work. Any Council of the Assembly SRS was able, at the proposal of no less than 10 delegates, to raise the question of confidence in Executive Council.
The Assembly was able to cancel a Council regulation if it was contrary to the Constitution and law.
Executive Council had the duty to apply federal laws.
In terms of the organization and method of work of the Executive Council of the Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Serbia of 14th September 1989, Executive Council of the Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Serbia consisted of: president, vice-presidents, members of the Executive Council elected by the Assembly SRS, republican secretaries heading the republican organs of administration, presidents of the republican committees and secretaries of the Executive Council. Vice-presidents and secretary of the Executive Council are elected from among its members.
Every Executive Council member has the right and duty to propose to the Council debate on various questions within the Council’s competence, to give initiatives for the preparation of laws and other statutes for which it is competent. Every Executive Council member was able to demand for the Council to take a position having a bearing on the performance of a fixed policy and the execution of laws and other regulations. The Executive Council member is personally responsible for his work and decisions, i.e. for the performance of the tasks entrusted to him by the Executive Council, defense and execution of its policies, a timely raising of initiatives from among his own competence. Another duty of the Executive Council members was for them to inform one another about their work and to be themselves informed about the activities of the other Executive Council members, about the questions being debated in the Assembly SRS, Presidency, republican organs of administration, Chamber of Commerce, etc.
Executive Council has formed permanent working bodies or temporary working bodies. Decision-making of the Executive Council was done at sessions following the method laid down by the Protocol. The sessions were called up by the President at his own initiative, at the initiative of the Presidency of SRS, demand by a chamber in the Serbian Assembly, President of the Assembly or at the proposal of no less than five members of Executive Council, or one of its working bodies. It
decided by public vote and majority vote of the members present at the session.
Executive Council had the duty to set up a programme of work establishing the basic and priority tasks in various domains, for one year. The programme of work was based on the initiatives, suggestions and proposals of delegates and delegations of DPO, organs of Socialist Autonomous Provinces (SAP), municipalities, the City of Belgrade, republican organs of administration and working bodies of the Executive Council.
For the performance of given tasks, Executive Council formed expert and other services for its needs and common services for the requirements of the republican administration. These services were managed by the secretary of the Executive Council who was responsible for their work.
It was possible to nominate in the Executive Council republican councilors for the performance of the most complex tasks which called for a special independence and expertise in work and which related to the question of the building and development of socio-economic and political system and the laying down of policy in various domains. They were nominated and dismissed by the Assembly of the Executive Council for a period of four years, not more than twice for the same function. It was also possible to nominate in the Executive Council undersecretaries, assistant secretaries and councilors who were nominated by Executive Council for a period of four years.
Functionaries and workers in the expert services of the Executive Council were not able to perform their activities in another organ, organization of associated labour or another self-managing organization. Under the law of the Republic of Serbia in 1991, Executive Council has been replaced by the Government of the Republic of Serbia.
In the period between 1944 and 1991, there were in Serbia 18 governments and 13 presidents. The longest in the post of president was Petar Stambolic, who headed three governments at the republican and one in the Federal Executive Council, then Dragi Stamenkovic, two, etc. There was an unwritten law that the President of the Assembly SRS should be President of the Executive Council and also vice-versa.
GOVERNMENTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 1991-2000
Political regime in Serbia in the period between 1990 and October 2000 was a type of authoritarian regime which did have democratic and parliamentary institutions but not also true democracy. The regime’s institutions, notwithstanding their democratic form, were only a façade for the personal power of Slobodan Milosevic. He was not only an autocrat like in the classical systems of tyranny or dictatorship, but enjoyed great support among the people, particularly at the beginning of his rule, and respected the democratic procedure which he created himself. Milosevic made good use of his democratic matrix, not in order to fully democratize society but in order to maintain his personal power. He introduced what looked like democratic institutions behind which his personal reign was concealed. Once again an authoritarian government was created, but this time it had the people’s support.
Milosevic reorganized the political system; thus Serbia, under the Constitution adopted on 28th September 1990, received the institution of a mighty President of the Republic. He “represented the Republic of Serbia” and “expressed its national unity”, while foreign policy was in his own hands. Political actions of the President of the Republic were not subject to any subsequent ratification by the Assembly, and his acts were not subject to either the Constitutional Court or approval of the Government. The pyramid of power rested upon an “unbreakable unity” of the President of the Republic, the National Assembly and the Government which sourced from the power of a single party and its untouchable leader. Only after bringing under absolute control the party, Government and the Assembly, was Milosevic able to secure his power.
Thus the political life in Serbia received but not also adopted some of the formal attributes of democracy. The cult of the new leader had strengthened the autocratic government. His “long shadow” gradually overshadowed the entire political and social life. The presence of autocratic structures in the institutions which for decades served only as decoration, denied their democratic essence. Elections were held according to the rules laid down by the ruling party and did not strengthen democratic processes in society.
The detailed provisions about the work of the Government were stated precisely in the Government Act, which was adopted on 28lh January 1991, at the First session of the new Assembly. In addition to the general obligations defined by the Constitution, the Government’s duties were to “conduct the policy of the Republic” and to represent it as a legal subject. The Prime Minister was to represent the Government, direct
the Government’s conduct of policy, secure a balanced action of the Government and ministries, ensure cooperation with other republican organs and submit opinion to the President of the Republic about the advent of an imminent war danger and state of war.
Procedure for the election of the Government implied several steps. According to the Constitution, the mandatary of the Assembly was proposed by the President of the Republic. The proposal had to be followed by the written agreement of the candidate for premiership to accept his candidacy. In the following stage, the candidate had to present his programme at an Assembly meeting and propose the formation of the Government. Next followed Assembly debate. At the end of the debate, the matter was taken to a vote which was public (“unless the majority of the present number of deputies does not decide otherwise”). For the election of a Government a majority was needed of the total number of Assembly deputies (126 votes).
The political regime in Serbia was characterized by an absolute control of the President over the Assembly, which fully confirmed the constitutional basis for a personal reign. Having the most important post in the political system, Milosevic had a firm control both over the Government and the Assembly. The most important task of the Serbian governments was to move the state machine in the direction which Milosevic desired. The Assembly voted everything that was needed, without interference into “high policy” which was conducted by Milosevic. Thus instead of the Parliament, the key political decisions were taken by the President of the Republic. In simplified terms, Milosevic communicated his wishes to the Prime Minister, who then transmitted them to the Government, and the Government to the Assembly, which never did anything independently. Of the laws adopted in the period up to 1996, as many as 95% of proposals came from the Government, and the rate of adoption of Government’s draft laws was 100%. The Assembly very frequently adopted the Government’s proposals without a debate.
The last stage in Milosevic’s reign over Serbia, from his election for President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1997) to his final fall (5th October 2000), was marked by an accelerated constitutional and legislative centralization of power, concentrating decision--making in the hand of one person, and by the development of a personality cult and family reign. By illegal expansion of competences, Milosevic turned the post of the President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia into a true seat of government power. Although without a basis in the Constitution, he began to independently command the army, appoint and replace generals and appoint federal ministers. The strengthening of the
repressive nature of the regime was shown in the republic’s administration organs, mostly in the period of the second mandate of Mirko Marjanovic. Particularly significant were the changes in the Law on Misdemeanors (1998) according to which even in the most banal causes the judicial councils were so formed that at least one judge in them was member of some of the ruling parties, also a new Law on Public Information.
The Governments of the Republic of Serbia in this period were under the powerful influence of the author-
ity and personal power of Slobodan Milosevic. It considerably trammeled the work of the executive power and development of parliamentarism in general. During that ten-year period five governments were formed. One of them was minority and two coalition governments. All the prime ministers (four of them) were from the ranks of the Socialist Party of Serbia: Dragutin Zelenovic (1991), Radoman Bozovic (1991-1993), Nikola Sainovic (1993-1994), and Mirko Marjanovic who formed two governments (1994-2000).
GOVERNMENTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 2000-2005
Tn contrast to the 1990s, when Serbia was dominated by the personal rule of Slobodan Milosevic, which -A completely overshadowed the institutional power of the Government of Serbia, after Milosevic’s deposition on 5th October 2000, the time came for institutional rule, expressed in the Government of Serbia. Thus the Serbian Government, neglected during the 1990s and even more during socialist Yugoslavia, was reaffirmed as a key state institution. That is how this period clearly stands apart from the previous period of the Government’s functioning. In this period all the four governments were formed by several parties, regardless of whether they were pre- or post-electoral coalitions and they were all expert crews in their composition.
The coalition of eighteen political parties, called Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) was formed in the first half of 2000 following the idea of creating a broad coalition to beat Milosevic at the elections. After several unsuccessful initiatives in the summer of 2000, it was decided that the presidential candidate of the DOS should be the leader of the Democratic Party of Serbia, Dr. Vojislav Kostunica. The technical and operative prime mover of the coalition was the Democratic Party leader, Dr. Zoran Djindjic. Elections for the President and Parliament of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Assembly of Vojvodina, municipal and communal authorities in the Republic of Serbia, were held on 24th September. Response to the elections was 69.7% of voters. International observers had no objections to the regularity of the voting procedure. Milosevic refused to admit the opposition’s victory and his collaborators undertook to drag out the procedure of the proclamation of electoral results which smelled of theft. This course of events raised the temperature throughout Serbia, protest developed to unexpected proportions.
The wave of opposition struck Belgrade on 5th October. The masses broke down the police resistance,
entered the Parliament, state television and other institutions. The most important decision by DOS leaders was to go to the end and in reply to police violence to apply the same means. The revolution succeeded -Milosevic unwillingly admitted electoral defeat and backed down.
On 7th October the session of the new federal Parliament was held in the Sava Centre in Belgrade. The new federal government was formed for Serbia by the Democratic Opposition of Serbia, and for Montenegro by the Socialist People’s Party. At the same time after negotiations at the republican level, discussions began how to resolve the newly arisen political situation. An agreement was signed by three political groups - SPS (Socialist Party of Serbia), DOS (Democratic Opposition of Serbia) and SPO (Movement of Serbian Renewal) about the formation of a transient government of Serbia and organization of extraordinary parliamentary elections for 23rd December 2000. A new transient government was voted, with president from SPS and co-presidents from DOS and SPO.
This period saw a defrosting of the international community’s relationship vis-a-vis Serbia. Relations were knotted again, and an exchange of visits between President Kostunica and foreign political dignitaries became intensive. Thus on 26th October, at the extraordinary regional meeting at Bucharest, SR Yugoslavia was officially admitted as a full-fledged member of the Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe. On 1st November, SR Yugoslavia was admitted into the OUN as the 190th state. The Permanent Council of the Organization for European Security and Cooperation (OESC) admitted on 10th November SR Yugoslavia into its membership as the 55th country. The federal government in November decided to restore diplomatic relations with France, Germany, Great Britain and the USA. In December the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was received in Wash-
ington, again, into the membership of the International Monetary Fund (MMF). All these were preconditions, with international support, for a process of reforms to be set in motion in Serbia once the new Government steps on the scene.
In this same period the main lever of Milosevic’s power, the Department of State Security, undertook to destroy evidence on its activity in the struggle against the opponents of Milosevic’s regime. Dossiers of secret operations, assassinations, the network of informers and other behind-the-scenes activities vanished in flames, leaving the new Government in a lasting dilemma as to the entanglement of state security, criminal groups, finances and high policy.
Finally, following the agreement of October, on 23rd December premature republican parliamentary elections were held in Serbia. Of the 250 seats in the Parliament, the DOS coalition won 176 seats, socialists 37, radicals 23 and the Serbian Unity Party 14 seats. These elections marked the definitive fall of Milosevic’s regime.
The Government that was formed thereafter, headed by Dr. Zoran Djindjic (2001-2003), which can be described as the first non-communist government in Serbia after the Second World War, was formed on 25th January 2001. The two main points of Djindjic’s political activity as Prime Minister were: to prevent problems in Serbia from being demagogically emotionalized and to grant priority to the economy, living standards, daily needs and family. Djindjic rejected populist approach, pointing out the need for reality and for the entire system to be set on its feet. The sequence of moves was: opening of international channels for the Serbian economy, change of laws and institutions and restructuring of enterprises. Parallel with this the need was to build public services and state administration. Because of all this Djindjic insisted on social consensus, development of ability to harmonize priorities to which everyone would then invest his energy.
This Government had more unresolved and complicated issues than any other before it: unresolved status of the Yugoslav Federation - which prevented the conclusion of long-range international agreements and the adoption of a new Constitution; the unresolved status of Kosovo and Metohija, which prevented the completion of the system and impeded the adoption of Serbian Constitution. It was necessary to replace one socio--economic system with another. Industrial and infrastructural capacities were destroyed in NATO’s war against Serbia in 1999. Particular difficulty was international financial isolation which followed ten years of sanctions and failure to service debts to international creditors. Collaboration with the Hague Tribunal was a firm condition of the international community, and
in Belgrade there was no strategy of cooperation with this institution.
By year 2001, Serbia achieved more than anybody expected, and more than in any other country in the early years of transition. The citizens of Serbia directly experienced this through a stable dinar exchange rate and lowered inflation and through the breakdown of international isolation.
Probably the most dramatic test for Prime Minister Djindjic and the Government of Serbia was Slobodan Milosevic. The former President on the loose meant a latent threat for the stability of the new Government, and after being arrested on 31st March, he was sent to the Hague on 28th June 2001.
Next came the question of reframing relations with Montenegro. In mid-2001, Djindjic and the Serbian Government took up the position of distance from Montenegrin events. The re-definition of relations between the two republics was achieved in 2003 with the arbitrage of the European Union and its High Representative Xavier Solana.
The new year 2003 saw a Prime Minister’s turnabout in relation to Kosovo. His statement that he would ask for “new Dayton” unless the international community prevents the breakaway of Kosovo and Metohija from Serbia caused a real storm among the public.
At the time when the Prime Minister’s thoughts were preoccupied with the reform and escalation of the Kosovo question, a conspiracy was building up in the underground of criminal groups which engaged in tobacco, oil and other illegal business. After an attempt at his assassination on 21st February, the assassins succeeded in realizing their diabolical intent. On 12th March, before the very entrance into the Government’s building, the Prime Minister was shot dead. A statement by the Serbian Government said that the assassination was organized by a criminal clan from Zemun which used as its striking fist the Ministry of Internal Affairs Unit for Special Operations.
The Serbian Government began a dynamic action to apprehend the killers of Prime Minister Djindjic. During this action, wide proportions of conspiracy in the judiciary and police were revealed. The state ot emergency in the Republic was abolished on 22nd April.
Immediately after Djindjic’s murder, the Ministerial Council (first government) of the new State Community of Serbia and Montenegro was elected on 17th March. On the following day the National Assembly of Serbia elected Zoran Zivkovic, Deputy President of the Democratic Party, for Serbia’s Prime Minister.
After the assassination of the Serbian Prime Minister, the international community sent some encouraging signals. Thus on 3rd April the State Community of Serbia and Montenegro became the 45th member of the
Council of Europe. Belgrade was visited by several prominent political personalities among whom, on 2nd April the US Secretary of State, Colin Powell, and on 10th April High Representative of European Union for Foreign Policy and Security, Xavier Solana. On the other hand, representatives of Serbia and the State Community also developed a lively diplomatic activity in world political centres, in efforts to maintain the course of reforms started by Dr. Djindjic.
Later in the course of the autumn, DOS Assembly majority was drastically reduced so that the Government lost the ability for some real work. Therefore, on the proposal of Prime Minister Zoran Zivkovic, on 11th November the Serbian Assembly was dismissed and parliamentary elections were called for 28th December. On 18th November the last session of the DOS governing coalition was held, which proclaimed the termination of this coalition after almost four years of activity on the Serbian political scene.
After the parliamentary elections of 28th November 2003 and several weeks of negotiation early in March 2004, a government of Serbia was formed by the coalition between Democratic Party of Serbia, G-17, New Serbia and Movement of Serbian Renewal, whose representatives formed a government headed by Dr. Vojislav Kostunica.
The first months of the new Government were marked by riots in Kosovo and Metohija which suddenly broke out on 17th March 2004. The escalation of violence against various Serbian enclaves brought about a new wave of migrations of the Serbian population into Serbia, and the destruction of a large number of buildings, economic facilities, and monuments of cultural and spiritual heritage.
In the first one hundred days of its work the Serbian Government with Prime Minister Dr. Kostunica proposed 31 laws which were adopted in the Serbian Assembly. In the domain of justice and struggle against corruption 10 laws, and that of the economy and finances 19 laws were adopted. One number of the adopted statutes in their content and scope were very significant for the
reestablishment of a democratic society and rule of law, such as the Law on the Prevention of Conflicts of Interests in the Performance of Public Functions. After a holdup in the construction of a new Constitution of Serbia, the Serbian Government laid down a draft Constitution and sent it to the Serbian Assembly, in the hope of encouraging a final adoption of a modern Constitution as a basis for the building of a democratic society.
After the changes in the Law on the Election of the President of Serbia, the National Assembly decided to hold presidential elections in Serbia on 13th June. This electoral race revealed an increased interest of citizens in presidential elections, and these were held on 27th June resulting in the victory of the Democratic Party’s candidate, Boris Tadic, and in his election for the President of Serbia.
In confirmation of the Government’s intent to seek admission into the European Union, the Assembly of Serbia on 13th October 2004 adopted a resolution on joining the European Union. Finally, in April 2005, the State Community received the green light for the feasibility study which is regarded as a success of this Government. One of the main barriers to Serbia’s integration into the international community remained the problem of collaboration with the Hague Tribunal, although considerable advance had been made in this respect.
The political moment in Serbia at the beginning of 2005 is characterized by cohabitation between President Tadic and Prime Minister Kostunica, and confusion in relations in republican, national and local parliaments. The political course in hindered by dilemmas about the speed of the reforms and difficulties in economic situation, as well as with relations at the level of the State Community. The question of the survival of Kosovo and Metohija within the framework of Serbia, and the expectation of the referendum on Montenegrin independence, have left many issues unresolved. The Government of Vojislav Kostunica regained the country’s prestige abroad and encouraged economic development and returned prestige for some state institutions.
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Aiimc JIparyTHH ,Zl,HMHTpHjeBHh 204,215, 225,235
ApaH^e^OBHh /jparojbyó 226, 228 ApaHÍ)e^OBHh 3opaH 494, 494 ApceHHjeBnh JIa3ap - EaiajiaKa 51, 83, 85, 88, 90
AiaHauKOBHfi EopuoiaB 466, 469 ATaHapKOBHh JoBaH 188, 203, 204 AhnMOBnh MmiaH 350, 386, 389, 390, 391,395
AyrycTHHMHh AmyH 402 Ayep JbyfleBHT 345, 348 A(¡)H3-nama VII
i i
BaóanyflHhH 113, 170 Ba6nh MHayH 501 Baóiih C/ioóonan 500 Ea6oBnh Job3h 500, 504
Banep naya 385, 387, 388 BajoBHh Bojhh 447, 450 BaKaim MaxMyT 464 Eaicapnh BuaflHMHp 407 BaKOHeBHh AjieKcaHflap 460 Bajiyrpnh IKhbojhh 208 BaHuheBJih Miuioin 497 BaitaHHH JoBaH 359, 369, 373, 374, 375, 376
BaitaHHH ypoiu 494, 497 BapHh CijenaH 324 BacapHneK Tjypa 321 Earah BnanaH 526, 529 BaniTHH-KaMeHCKH 21,51 BeKO Mhmh 501, 505 BeaHMapKOBHh JoBaH 42, 113,116,119, 121, 125, 127, 159, 160, 170 EeMe $paHi; 387 BeHeui Eflyapa 286 BeHraH DiopHja 461 Bepxiaa HniTBaH 466 Eepurna BecaíJ) 460 BehHp-nama 62 BexMeH IIIe(j)Knja 303, 348, 351 Beiimih Hincóla 354, 355 BwhaHHH Pyflonc}) 359 BjaHKHHH Jypaj 282 Bjeaniia Eoroibyó 497 Ena)KHh BpaHHcnaB 505 Baa3HaBai; Mjixamio 105 Boónh Ct. Mhaoüi 348, 376 EorflaHOBiih BornaH 465 BorjjaHOBHh Mnoapar 463, 469 BorflaHOBHh PaflMHjio 472, 475, 489, 491
EoniheBHh M. AHTOHHje 154, 171 EoniheBHh M. MmiaH 127,129,132,147, 148, 180
BoraheBHh Muxanjio 153, 158, 160 EorocaBJbeBirh AnaM 136 Bo*aHOBHh Mhaoiu 233 Eownh KocTaflHH 475 BovKOBnh PaaoMaH 474, 492, 493, 494 Boj PlHTep 370 Eojamih BnanaH 452, 455 Bojamih MimeHKO 447, 450, 452, 455, 456,458,460,468 Eojuh MH^OBaH 504 Bojuh Fleiap 472 EojoBiih PamiBoje 233, 236 BoHTyo 197
BopncaBAeBnh C. AneKcaHiiap 204 BochahuB OioóoflaH 463
BouiKOBHh JoBaH 127, 130, 171 EoiHKOBIih MíUiyTHH 388 BoiukobhB CiaHMCJiaB 437, 438 BouikobhIí CrojaH 112, 135, 138, 143 BpayxHH Bajuep (Jioh 384 Bpo3 JoBaHKa461 Byóajio Plpenpar 533 ByrapcKH AjieKcaHflap 37 ByflHcaB*eBHh Cpí)aH 355,359, 368,369, 373, 374, 379 EyjaHHh JbyÓHiia 472 ByjHh MnpKO 351 ByKiuer Bhjihm 281, 283 EyiiaTOBHh ByKoje 469 Ey/iaTOBHh Rocía 467 By^aTOBHh Momhp 486, 495 EyTyjinja PaTKO 472
BacHaeBHh A^HMnnje 135,139,141,143, 154
BaoubeBHh *HBaH 444, 450, 452, 455 BacMJteBHh MuaocaB 391 BacuibeBHh HeaoMHp 505 Bacnh Jlparuma 354 Bacnh Mimoin 191, 194, 293, 294 Bacnh MHayran 65 BacoBHh CpóoJbyó 494, 497 BenuMiipoBiih rieiap 154, 156,162, 167, 168, 184, 194, 196, 197, 198,209,219, 220
BejniHKOBHh IKhbojhh 171 BeibKOBnh Job3h 95, 97, 116 Ben KOBiih Miiozipar 462 Be^KOBHh C. BojucaaB 203, 204, 277,
281,283,333
BejbKOBiih CiojaH 119, 121, 143 BeibOBiih Mujiojho 462, 463 BeHC Cajpyc 495 BeceaiiHOB Aparan 526, 529 BecejntHOB JonaH KapKO 438, 441,443, 444, 445
BeceJiiiHOBiih PaaocaaB 395 Beceu,eK Hb3h 303
BecHiih P. MiuieHKO 175, 216, 251, 253, 276, 280, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289
Bunnep B. 359 BiijiobuB OcMaH 294 Bii^eM II 178 Bimo PaTOMHp 492, 501 BinmBuh flyrnaH 472 Bimiftiih Mnoapar 469
B^aflncaB*eBHh CpeieH 475 Bjiajnh EoMflap 376 B;iajKOBnh Mmiopafl 417 BnajKOBHh CaBa 494 Bflacn A3eM 470 BaaTKOBHh flymaH 500 BaaxoB flHMmap 402 BaaxoBHh AflexcaHflap 526, 529 BflainKa/mh Thxomhp 457,460, 461 BoTepMaH Eh 461 BpóaHHh MmiaH 345, 348, 350 BpóauiKH TnMa 457, 469 ByjacHHOBHh Toflop 407 ByjanHh Mapno 402 ByjHh B. MnxaHflo 154, 156, 162, 163, 167, 174,175,184, 191,192,193,194, 195, 196
ByjHh flHMHipuje 345 ByjHHuh MHflopafl 295, 298, 311, 314, 315, 316,321,324 ByjHOBwh PaTKO 463, 466, 472 ByjoBHh BflaflHOiaB 100 ByKajaoBHh BpaHKO 450 ByKaiiiKHOBHh ByflHMHp 463 ByKHheBHh BeflHMiip 260, 261, 294, 297, 298, 300, 301, 305, 307, 308, 309, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 323, 333, 335
ByKocaBJBeBHh CpeieH 379, 381, 444 ByKcaHOBwh OioóoflaH 533 ByKHeBHh Bojuc/iaB 521, 533 ByjioBHh Be^HCaB 224, 241, 278, 281, 283
BynoBuh flaHHflo 355 Bypennh Boja 457,460 Bynnh AjieKcaHflap 505 ByHHh-riepHiHHh ToMa 71, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 80,81,83, 86, 87, 90,91,94, 103, 110, 120 ByHKOBHh flparoMHp 188
TaBpHHOBHh Jobbh 52, 103, 105, 106, 121
IaBpHJioBHh Mh;mh 368, 372, 374, 375, 376,379
raBpHHOBHh MoMHp 513 ra*H Opasbo 407 Taj JBya,eBHT 120 TajoBHh MwiaH 488 rapamaHHH, 6paha 36 rapamaHHH Hjmja 15,41, 52, 53, 54, 77, 80,81,83,84, 85, 86,87, 88, 89, 90, 93,95,97,100,101,103,104,105,106, 109, 110,114, 130, 134 rapamaHHH MrayTHH 42,128,145,146, 148,149,150,151,152,153,156,181, 182
rapiiameBHh BpaHKO 469 rahHHOBHh 353 Taum AayiH 457 rB03flHh CBeT03ap 171 EeHHHh Tjoplje 188, 202, 203, 204 repHHr XepMaH 385
TepMaH, naTpwjapx 467 Tepmuh Diurna 156, 162, 167 DiaBHHHh Kocra 220 rjiHropHjeBHh flymaH Cama 457 DmropHjeBHh OioóoflaH 460 Diyxnh IIIeijiKHja 277 roBeflapMpa Baama 487 TojKOBuh Wnw)a 50, 223, 224 TojKOBuh Maja 505 To;iy6oBHh Pajona 402 Tocap AHflpej 317, 318 rocTHHHiap Jocnn 278 rpHCOHoro ripBHC^iaB 300, 301,305,306, 307
TpaHHh Ky3MaH 460, 462 rpaH(j)HB ToMa 441, 455 rpKOBHh PaflOBaH 438, 441, 444, 447, 450
Tpofl MroiaH 321,324, 359,368,369,373, 374,376, 379,413
rpyrnh JeBpeM 39, 52,53, 88,97,98,100, Í01,103,115,118,124,130,132,134, 135,139, 141 rpyjnh PaflOBaH 417 TpyjHh Casa 50, 57, 140, 141, 154, 155, 156,161, 162,163,164,174,175, 205, 206, 207,214, 215, 275, 286 Tpyjnh OnjiHn 472, 475 TpyjoBwh Bownflap BHH, 17,18,19, 21, 24, 62
TpyjoBHh MHxaHBO 17, 23, 24, 65, 66, 69
I'pyjiOBHh HnKoaa 398 TyflOBHh n. jcBpeM 146, 150 TyjKOBHh Tjypnpa 450
R
flaBHfloBHh fliiMHipuje 25, 26, 27, 30, 70,71,73
flaBHflOBHh JByóoMHp 207, 236, 241,246, 251,259,260, 261, 276, 277, 278,279, 280,281,282, 287, 293,301,302, 303,
313,318,323,333 flaKOBuh Mapno 365, 368 flaMjaHOBHh PanoBaH 83, 85, 91, 93 flaHHHiih Tjypa 186 /jaHKejiMaH XajHpitx 386, 387 flaHHh PlBima 520 fle Toa Illapji 4 fleBa Bean 464 fleBa KeMaa 455
fleMeipoBiih Jypaj 327, 331, 334, 336, 338,339,341,342 fleHnh riaBfle 201 flHBepwe M. 10 AHMHTpHjeBuh BojaH 520, 533 flHMHTpujeBHh flHMHTpHje 491 flHMHTpujeBHh )KHBaH 438 flHMHTpoB Teoprn 405 flHHHh Tanacnje 395 AkhkhIi M/ialjaH 533 flnpHHr 193
flo6pH.au neTap ToaopoBHh 19, 24, 67, 68,69
floópocaB/beBnh Ctohmhp 395 floKuh Tjypa 395 floKnh flasap 172, 173, 174 floMa3eT flparaH 526, 529 floHOBaH BrninjaM 380 flopomcKH CieBaH, 444, 452, 455 flparoBMh KpuyH 472 flparoBHh MHflaii 466 flparojflOBHh flparaH 492, 495, 497, 501
flpawa flparofl y6 MHxaHflOBHh 361,362, 364, 368,369,370, 371,372,373,374, 376,376,377,378, 379, 394,404,449, 450
flpaxca flparooiaB MapKOBHh 438, 441, 447, 456,459 flpauiKMh FlaHTa 395 flpauiKOBJih ByK 467, 489, 495, 509 flpamKOBuh MuflHBoj 469 flpaiiiKOBHh Mnaopafl 213,214,236,281,
283,289,290,292,333 flpuHKOBHh Maie 284, 287, 289, 304, 306, 327, 328 flyflnh flparojuo 398 flyunh BojHGiaB 434 flynnh HHhH(j)op 46 flyiiiMaHHh MflHja 168
1)
Tjaja Jobbh 163, 167 Tjeunh Bo)KHflap 525, 529 TjepMaHOBuh TKHBOia 434, 437, 438, 441
TjHHfjHh 3opaH 488, 509, 510, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516, 522, 523, 524, 525, 527, 528
TjOHOBHh Mbko 500 IjopljeBHh AfleKcaHflap TjopljeBHh AHflpa 177, 179, 188 TjopfyeBHh Boro;by6 469 IjopljeBHh BaaflaH 15,45,55,56,57,157, 158, 160, 185, 186, 187, 188 IjopljeBHh BojHciaB 351 TjoptjeBiih flymaH 395 IjopljeBHh TKuBopau 472 IjopljeBHh Jobah 171 IjopljeBHh Kp. Muxaiiflo 163, 167, 168, 180, 184
IjopljeBHh JByÓHHKO 463 ’IjopljeBHh Mnaopafl 329, 331, 333, 336, 338,339,341,342 IjopljeBHh MnaocaB 472 IjopljeBHh HiiKOfla 35 T)opljeBHh Paflnma 497 TjoptjeBiih CojKa 475 TjoptjeBuh Thxomhp VIII TjyKaHOBuh Mhao 487, 488, 514 TTyKnh-flejaHOBiih OiaBima 521 TjyKnh Mnoflpar 495 TjyKuh Panoje 501 TjypljeBHh JaHKo 65 Tjypnh fluMHTpHje 162, 168 Tjypnh Tjopt e 327, 329 TjypHh-3aMo;io flHBHa 37
Tiypnh Mnxanjio 459 TjypHHHh Bojhh 353 TiypHTOh C. MapKO 228, 230, 233, 236, 238,239,290,292, 305, 306, 307, 309, 311,313
T)ypoBHh MHxaj;io 434, 437, 438
F
EflBapA, Kpa/b 213 EieM-nama 89, 94
K
JKepjaB Iperop 294, 305, 307 TKHBaHOBiih BnaAHMHp 497 IKHBaHOBHh ®HBaH 188, 201 IKHBaHOBHh JaKOB 26 JKhbkobhÍi JJyiuaH 35 JKhbkobhJí 3opaH 516, 517, 523, 526, 527, 528,529
HÍMBKOBHh JbyóoMHp 203, 204, 211 JKhbkobhB Mman/io 220, 222 JKhbkobhJí IleTap 261,263,311,322,323, 325, 326, 327, 329, 330, 331, 333, 334, 341, 342, 344, 345, 346, 348, 359, 376 JKhbkobhB XajjH HnKona 34, 35 )Kn Knh 3opaH 510 IKyjoBnh JoBaH 34, 211, 213, 223, 224 )KyjoBHh MiiafleH 96 TKyjoBnh CpeTeH 407 IKymih PafleHKo 472
3
3ApaBKOBHh Mwmja 65 3ApaBKOBHh MH/iocaB 80 3ApaBKOBHh CTeBaH 138,143,177, 179, 180
3e6nh JoBaH 472, 475, 491, 494 3ejienoBHh flparyTHH 489, 490, 491, 496
3eneBnh Bjiana 395, 402, 407, 443 3eHeBiih Mhjwh 466 3eneBHh MwiHBoje 292, 293, 294 3eHeBHh OiaBKo 462 3opwh Mn/iopafl 441, 443
MBamih CieBaH 391 HBaHOB Hrop 510 HBaHOBiih JbyóoMHp 126, 127, 129 lÍBaiKOBnh CBeT03ap 37 HBeKOBHh MAafleH 402 HBKOBHh BpaHHCAaB 500, 505 Hah Ahtohh 359, 376 llKOHnh EpaHHCJiaB 460, 462, 467, 468, 469
HkohhIí /JparoMnp 355 Hjiwh Boro/by6 368, 369, 370 M/mh B. MHxajno 226, 228, 230 J4/mh Be/iHMnp 533 JoBaH 119
Hnnh MmacsB 53, 65, 116 M/mh ToMHCBaB 497 HhhB CaoóoflaH 465 J'IcaKOB Mno^par 525, 529
Jar/iaH TypójepH 510 JaMÓpHinaK Mhbhboj 407 JaHKe OpaHq 35
JaHKOBwh A/iexca 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 89, 90,91,92,94 JaHKOBHh Bobo 194 JaHKOBHh /Jparo/byó 487, 504 JaHKOBHh JJparyTHH 345 JaHKOBHh T^ypa 348, 351 JaHKOBHh MjianeH 167 JaHKOBHh Momhh/io 393, 397, 391, 395 JaHKOBHh C. Be/nmp 233,238,239,241, 284, 287, 289, 290, 292, 297, 299 JaHKOBHh T. MHAOBaH 135, 138 JaHKOBHh IJayH Eaha 73, 81, 83, 85, 88, 90
JaHKOBHh OpaHe 285 JafBHh BojHoiaB 299, 300, 301 JaitHh Mno«par 491 JeaHHeay B. 8
JeBTnh Boro/by6 267, 311, 336,337, 339, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 359, 368, 369, 373
JeBTnh JJecHMHp 470, 471, 472 JeBTnh CrojaH 529 JeKHh Ypoui 437, 438 JepMa30Bnh JlajHo 438 Jeiimh BpaHKa 491, 494 JoBaHOBHh A;ieKca 190, 191, 194 JOBaHOBHh AHflpeja 191 JOBBHOBHh E0)K0 472 JoBaHOBHh BpaHKo 284, 287, 289, 290, 292, 463
JoBaHOBHh BnaAHMHp 53, 54,141, 143 JoBaHOBHh B/iaflHC/iaB 491, 494, 497 JoBanoBnh /Jparn 385 JoBaHOBHh /JparociaB 497 JoBaHOBHh JJymaH 469, 472 JoBaHOBHh )K. Mn/ioje 278 JoBaHOBHh 3Be3flaH 516 JoBaHOBHh H. BacH/mje 309, 311, 312, 314,315,316,317 JoBaHOBHh Hca 447, 450 JoBaHOBHh KocTa 121, 135 JoBaHOBHh Kpcra 463, 466 JoBaHOBHh JbyÓHiua 520 JoBaHOBHh JbyóoMHp 222, 223, 224, 226, 228, 230, 233, 236, 238, 239, 297, 299, 308, 316
JoBaHOBHh MuHHBoje 96, 97, 100, 290, 291,292
JoBaHOBHh Mn/iopan 462 JoBaHOBHh n. Job3h 216, 217, 230, 233, 284, 287,289,291,292 JoBaHOBHh II. Muxamio 204, 209 JoBaHOBHh IlaHTa 111, 113, 116, 119, 121, 122, 139, 351 JoBaHOBHh IleTap 463 JoBaHOBHh P. JIa3ap 179 JoBaHOBHh Paflom 438 JoBaHOBHh PncTa 457, 460 JoBaHOBHh CaoóoflaH 38,41,42, 46, 354, 360, 365, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371,372,
373, 374, 375, 375, 376, 377, 379, 467
JoBaHOBnh CTeBaH 469
JoBaHOBHh OrojaH JleiujamiH 96, 97
JoBaHOBHh HeflOMnp 529
JOBnh EopucaB 460
JoBnh Bacn/inje 65
JoBnheBnh MaB/ie 450
JoBHHnh BnaAHMHp 463
JOBHHHh M.4
JoBKOBnh By«HMHp 475
Jojnh Mn/iaH 388
Jojnh Phcto 287, 289, 391
JojKHh TJypima 441, 456, 457
JokhB Apenca 500
JoKHh MHOflpar 475, 491
JokhB Mnxaj.no 521
JoKCHMOBHh OópeH 526
JoHnh Be/ni6op 391, 395
JOCHMOBHh MHJIHBOje 163
JocHnoBnh Cp6on y6 447
JochcJ) PpaH,o 178
JOCH(j)OBHh CTaHHCTiaB 391
JohhIí flparaH 533
JyroBnh MBaH 23, 67, 69
JyKHh M/inja 375
K
Ka6a/MH JlHKo/ia KaflHjeBnh Be/bKO 482 KajTen Bn/ixe/iM 387 Kanaj 117
KanyhepHnh BpaHKo 348, 351 Ka/beBnh JbyóoMHp 127, 128, 129, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138,203,204 KaH33np JJyuiaH 501 KaneTaHOBHh Mn/iaH 226, 228, 230, 241, 277
Kapal)opl)e 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 60, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 206 Kapat)opt)eBHhH 16, 57, 79, 96, 166, 237, 238, 246, 251, 291, 305, 326, 435 KapafjopheBnh AneKcaHnap, KHe3 35, 38, 51, 53, 61, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 86, 89, 90, 91, 94, 95, 99, 120, 131, 134, 176, 216
KapahopheBiih A/ieKcaH/iap I (npa/i,, pereHT) 36, 37, 57, 58, 167, 228, 232, 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 255, 260, 261,262, 265, 273, 274, 276, 279, 282, 284, 290, 291,299, 301, 302, 306, 311,312, 317, 319, 320, 321,322, 326, 332, 333, 334, 335, 338, 339, 340, 341, 344, 346 Kapat)opheBnh Tjophe 94, 221 KapahopJjeBnh Je/iemi 176 Kapat)opheBiih llaB/ie, KHe.a 268, 311, 340, 341, 342, 343, 345, 350, 353, 354, 380 Kapaí)opt)eBHh MeTap I, Kpa/b 137, 197, 202, 203, 206, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214,217, 231,291
KapahoptjeBnh IleTap II, Kpa/b 356,359, 366, 367, 370, 373, 375, 378, 379, 391, 400, 404
582
KapajoBHh ^paroMHp 438 KapaMexMenoBHh XaM^nja 292,294,336, 338
Rapaiinh ByK OreijjaHOBHh VIII, 15, 21, 22, 24, 37,51,62,63,211,450 KapaijHh PajioBaH 495, 524 Kapaex? EflBap/j 407, 437 Kapnh Boro^yó 503, 505, 517 Kapno I Xa636ypuiKH 291 Kaca Jo*e(j) 525, 529 Ka™h KapKO 494, 497 Ka™h Jbhko 65 Ke;bMeHflH A3hc 470 KepH HBaH 378 Kepiec MnxajB 497
KeaiKO HaTa;iHja, KpajBHpa 137, 146, 162, 164, 175, 177, 180, 189 KiihaHOBHh flparaH 492, 495 KniureuH JaH 494, 497 Kaepnh JbyóoMHp 180, 184 KHerHíia JyaHj'a 37, 102, 105 KHeweBHh Tamo 521, 525, 529 KHeKeBHh )KHBaH 370, 379 KHeweBnh IleTap 65 KoBan OcKap 521 KoBa'ieBHh ¿,ejaH 501, 504, 521 KoBaHeBHh HBaH 285, 287, 289 KoBaneBHh JbyóoMHp 183, 194 Kowy/b MapKO 345, 348, 350 KojaamioBHh RparaH IX, 533 Kojuh C. ííparyTHH 298, 299, 300, 301, 327,329,331,333,336,338,339,341, 342, 345
Kojiapau, Hanja Mn;iocaBJi eBnh 129 KoMHeHiih Mh;mh 521 KoMHeHOBHh Mhpko 348 KoHCTaH BeHmaMeH 176 KoHcraHTHHOBHh KaTapHHa 106, 121 KoHeraHTHHOBHh MHxaH.no 355 KohthIí Panoje 486
Kopah Bhtomhp 246, 247, 278, 281, 283
Kopah KapKO 525, 529 Kopomeu Ahtoh 246,273,277,278,285, 287, 289, 303, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 327, 328, 333, 345, 347, 348, 350, 353, 355
KocaHOBHh JocjkJ) 47 KocaHOBiih CaBa 359, 368, 369, 370, 373, 381
KoCTaflHHOBHh CBeTOJIHK 500 Kocmh flparaH 500 Kocrah JochcJ) 395 Kocrah JIa3ap 391 KocTnh Hafla 521 KocTHh IleTap 457, 460, 462 KocTpeHHHh MapKO 328, 330 KopóeK EflBapA 402, 407 KopHh BnajKO 319, 320, 321 Kona 62, 82
KoiHTyHHpa BojHcjiaB VIII, IX, 488,509, 510,511,513,514,517,518,530, 531, 532, 533
Komyrah AyrycT 314, 315
KomyTHh EyflHMnp 491 Kpajan Hbbh 309, 311, 315 KpaaeBHh flparaH 331, 334, 336 KpajLHpa Mapnja 377 KpaMep AjióepT 277, 278, 281, 283, 327, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336, 338, 339 Kpacnh 3opaH 504
KpeK Mnxa 348, 351, 353, 355, 366, 368, 369, 372, 374, 376 KpacHniHHK Ahtoh 407 KpHHHap Mapiija 457 KpH3MaH Xhhko 283, 287, 289, 291, 292, 300, 301,306 KpHCTaH Ahtoh 281, 283 KpHHu, HBaH 285
KpH.eBnh Jypaj 359, 360, 366, 368, 369, 372, 374, 375, 376 KpcMaHOBuhji 240 KpcrejB HBaH 294 KpcTHh Bohiko 442, 444, 447 KpcTiih Mh;iohi 469 KpcTuh HHKO.na 53 KpcTuh CBeT03ap 434, 500 Kpyib Yporn 278, 328 KpyHHh Cnacoje 520 KpnyH CxioóoflaH üeHe3Hh 438,441,443, 444, 447, 448, 450, 451, 452 KpijHh Mn^OBaH 434 Ky3MaHOBnh B. OriteH 341, 342, 395 KyjyHHnh Boron y6 320, 321, 324, 350, 351,395
KyjyHijHh MraaH 153 KyKOBen BjeKOCMB 287, 289, 290, 291, 292
KyjieHOBHh Hacj)ep 351, 354, 355, 368 Ky/iOBeu; OpaH 303, 316, 355, 365, 368 KyManyflH Kocra 290,292,294,318,319, 327, 328, 330 KyHflOBHh BejiH3ap 171 KyHHÓepT 286 KynaH MHJiaH 468
JI
Jlaóyc Mupojbyó 510, 514,532, 533 JIa3apeBHh Jlyxa 65, 201 JIa3apeBHh MapKO 119, 121, 122 JIa3apeBnh Cbcto-thk 451 JIa3nh T)ypa 501, 505 JIa3Hh XÍHBojuH 336, 337, 339, 341, 342
JIa3nh MHBHBoje 497 XajiOBHh CBeTOMiip 469, 472 JlanoBHh GioóonaH 533 JlaHUom HeHan 388 JleKOBnh Boja 437, 438, 441, 443, 444, 447
JleCKHH 211
Jlerapa flyuiaH 348, 350, 391, 395 JleHHh EpaHHCJiaB 526, 529 JlemjaHHH Muhojko 122, 146, 203 JlemjaHHH PajKO 106, 109, 111 JlHjrHh JbyÓHcaB 472 JIo3aHHh Chm3 177, 179, 180, 188, 201 JIo3iíh Mno/tpar 370
JIoHHap 3opaH 533
TImbch HnKO^a 79
JIhct BHJixeaM 385, 387
JIhct OpaHu, 286
JlyrahH Tecj)HK 491
JlyKHHHh EflO 277, 281, 283, 305, 307
JlyKnh ABpaM 65
JlyKHh Boj'hh 450
JlyKOBHh Mn;ie 516
Jb
JtajHh PacHM 516 JBo™h HMHTpiije 269, 327, 386 JbyÓHHHh B^aflHMHp 501 JbyjHh BeKHÓop 455, 457 fbyuiah Paflorn IX
M
Mara3HHOBHh Kocia 126 Mara3HHOBHh CTe(|)aH 87,89, 90,95, 96, 97, 123
MarapameBHh ^HMHTpHje 350 MaroBan Bo;KHflap 407 Ma)KypaHHh )Ke;iHMHp 327 MajcHep AyrycT J)oh 387 MajCTOpOBHh AHTOHHje 105 MaKCHMOBHh Bojmh 322, 332 MaKCHMOBnh K. BoíKHuap 304,305, 307, 309, 311,313, 315,316,327, 329, 331, 333, 336, 337, 339, 341,342,355 MaKCHMOBHh nepa 174, 175 Ma;bKOBHh Heóojma 494 MaHflirh AHTa 379 MaHHh BowHflap 466, 469 MapreTHh HnHja 143 MapiiHKOBnh BojucjiaB 233, 235, 236, 241, 293, 294, 303, 319, 320, 321, 324, 327, 329, 331, 332, 333, 341, 342 MapnHKOBnh flHMHTpnje 40, 150, 151, 153, 183
MapnHKOBnh MiuiOBaH 201 MapnHKOBnh naBJie 191,194, 278, 281, 283,287, 289
MapHHOBnh Job3h 42,43, 93,94,95, 100, 101, 102, 105,115, 123,124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 133,139, 140 MapnHOBnh n. Mhhvthh 224 Mapnh JbyóoMHp 350 Mapnh MaHojno 130, 132 MapjaHOBtih JoBaH 456 MapjaHOBnh MnpKO 486, 487, 488, 498, 499, 500,502,503,504,510 MapjaHOBnh HejioMnp 395 MapKnheBnh ApaHheJi 500 MapKOBnh Ahtc 473 MapKOBnh Bownaap 368, 369, 373 MapKOBnh BejbKo 462, 466 MapKOBiih flparyTHH 469, 472 MapKOBuh-jly^Hh IlBaHa 533 MapKOBHh )K. flameo 472, 491, 495, 497
MapKOBHh IIjinja 65, 69 MapKOBHh JeBpeM 128, 140 MapKOBHh Kona 71, 72, 73
MapKOBHh JIa3ap 288,289,294,295,298, 355
MapKOBHh MwiaH 211,213 MapKOBHh Mhjichko 198 MapKOBHh MmiOBaH 466 MapKOBHh MnpjaHa 488 MapKOBHh Momhhjio 438 MapKOBHh H. üeTap 303, 320, 321 MapKOBHh HeMaBa 441 MapKOBHh PanHBoje 460 MapKOBHh PaflOMHp 487 MapKOBHh PaTKO 500, 503, 504 MapKOBHh CBeT03ap 117,124,125,155, 165, 193, 197
MapKOBHh Chmb 19, 66, 69 MapKOBHh Ct. Bor«aH 314, 315, 316, 319, 321
MapKOBHh CiecjaaH 89,90,91,92,93,94, 95
MapKOBHh T. ÜeTap 324 MapoBnh CBeT03ap 515 MapTHHOBnh MnjiaH 378 Mapymnh JJparo 345, 379, 381 MapmnhaHHH flparaH 517, 533 MacapoBnh Ahtc 351, 354 Mac.nema BecejiHH 402 MaTBej, npoTojepej 61 Marapa IlaBao 328, 330, 338 Mainh ^HMHTpnje 100, 107, 112, 114, 116, 119, 139, 143 MaTKOBnh TopflaHa 520, 526, 529 MaTKOBnh /JyrnaH 491 ManeK Bjmtko 268, 269, 270, 280, 324, 337, 343, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 365,368,375,380 ManKHh JlyKa 469, 472, 469, 472 MauiHH AaeKcaHflap 203, 204 MauiHH /Jpara 36, 185, 188, 189, 192, 199,202,205
MnjaHaoBHh CBeT03ap 521 MnjaTOBHh HeaoMHB 55, 122, 123, 124, 126,130,132,145, 146, 153, 157, 158, 160, 176, 177
MnjoBHh AaeKcaHaap 319, 321 MHjoBHh Mmiopap 469 MHjyiHKOBHh Job3h 395 MiiKauiHHOBHh BpaHKO 491 MiiKiih JbyÓHUia 395 Mnaa/iHHOBHh )KapKO 294 MnaaHOBHh BaaflHMiip 359 MHnaTOBHh MHaopaa 444 MnaaHHh BopncaaB 504, 520 MuaeHKOBHh CTojaH 452, 455 MHaeHKOBHh ToMiicaaB 505, 521 MuaeHTHjeBHh PapMHJia 501 Miuierah BjeKocnaB 351 Miuierah Jb. Kpcia 292, 294, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 305, 307, 309, 312, 316
Mmierah PaaoBaH 167 Miuierah C. OiaBKO 285, 290, 292, 297, 298, 300, 301, 305, 308, 309, 311,314, 315,317
MHHHBojeBHh CaoóonaH 466, 469
MnaHheBHh Baaneia 378 MHjmheBHh JlenocaBa 501, 505 MnaoBaHOBHh BojHCJiaB 526, 529 MnaoBaHOBHh flparaH 526, 529 MHaoBaHOBHh T opl)e Tjoiua 100, 130, 132
MHJiOBaHOBHh Tj. MnaoBaH 15, 47, 53, 166,184,191, 193, 194, 220, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 276 MHJiOBaHOBHh K. MnjiaH 341 MnjiOBaHOBHh Momhhjio 450, 452, 455 MHJiOBaHOBHh MjianeH 23, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69
MnjiojeBHh /JparoMHp 463 MnjiojKOBHh /JyrnaH 388 MnjiojKOBHh PaflHBoje 40,107,112,113, 114, 116,118, 119,121, 135,139,141, 143, 154
MnjiopajiOBHh MnpKO 466 MHJiocaBJteBHh AHflpeja 501 MHaocaBJbeBHh KaTapHHa 457 MHJiocaBJbeBnh Mhjioih 463, 469 MHJiocaBJbeBHh CBeracjiaB 314,315,317, 320, 321,341
MHjiocaBJbeBHh CBeT03ap 154,156,162, 163, 168, 174, 175, 220, 222 MnjiocaBjbeBHh CaoóoaaH 526, 529 MHjiocaBjteBHh ToMHCJiaB 526, 529, 533
MHjiomeBHh BpaHiicaaB 472 MHjiomeBHh MHayTHH 472 MHjiomeBHh Pama 147, 174, 175 MHjiomeBHh Chm3 402 MnaomeBHh CjioóopaH 470, 471, 474, 479, 480,481, 482, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 490,495, 498, 499, 502, 503, 504, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514, 519, 522, 523
MmiyTHHOBHh AjieKcaHjiap 521 MmiyTHHOBHh ÜBaH 402, 407 MmiyniHOBnh MiuiaH 466, 514 MnjbKOBHh Mina 441 MnjbKOBHh HeaoMHp 194 Mujbym BpaHKO 354 MhhhB Mmma 424, 438, 442, 447 MhhhB Mhjiomhp 510, 519, 520 MhhhB Mhjioiju 424, 443, 444, 446, 447, 449, 450
MnpKOBiih BopiiBoje 355, 370 MupomeBiih-Copro Hhko 378 MnpHHh MnpooiaB 505 MniepaH OpaHeoa Mimih flparojbyó 469, 472 MiiTHh T3ophe 466, 469, 472 MlITOBHh fllIMHTpHje 460 MHTpoBiih TJiuiac Mmpa 398, 434, 437, 438, 441,443 MiiTpoBHh KiiKa 452 MHTpoBwh JlyKa 504 MinpoBiih HiiKoaa 492, 495 MHTpoBiih PajiHBoje 521 MiiTpoBHh PapooiaB 497 MhBhB JoBaH 79 Mnhuh MiuieH 137
Muhnh HaTama 514 MnhoBHh BojucaaB 466, 469 MHhyHOBiih /Jparojbyó 571, 524 Miixanjio, MiiTpoiiojuiT 145 MuxaHjiOBHh Jama 35 MuxaHaoBiih C/reBMa 52, 53, 57, 79, 95, 96, 100, 107, 118, 124, 126, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 141 MuxajjioB AHhenKa 526, 529 MnxajjioBHh BejniMHp 494, 497 MnxajjioBHh /JyuiaH 475, 498, 525, 529 MnxajjioBHh He^oMHp 324 MnxaaiiHh CiaHoje 355 MHHOTaKHC KoHCTaHTHH 495 MnmeBHh MnjiOBaH 469 MhihkobhIi JoBaH 143, 184, 189 MHiuKOBHh Jobo 472 MnmKOBHh Mmiopap 521 MnmKOBHh MnpocaaB 475 MHHiKyjiHH Mnjie 348 MaaaeHOBHh JJparocjiaB 501 MjianeHOBHh ToMHCJiaB 472 MaaflHh PaTKO 516 MohphhhIi 3opaH 501 MojcHJioBHh Mhjichko 466, 469 Momhhjiob naja 505 MopHHa BparacjiaBa 501 MocKOBjBeBHh Mhjioih 437, 438 Moxopnh HBaH 336 MyMHHH Oa/iHJb 469, 472 MyH«pHh ÜeTap 434 Myca-eiJieHjiHja 76 MyTaBiinh JJparocjiaB 450 MyTanoBHh /JparocjiaB 438, 441, 442, 444, 447
üah Jo*e4) 450, 452, 455 Hajjiopijiep MnpKO 327, 328, 330 HacTiih 3opaH 463, 466 HayMOB PajioMiip 533 üeaejbKOBiih Mmiopaji 395 HeaejbKOBiih PajincaB 438, 441,442 Heanh T . MiuiaH 355, 361, 362, 386, 387, 390, 391,393, 394, 395 üemih Tj. MiniyTHH 353 Heao6a Teo/iop 30 HeroBaHOBiih Mapxo 494, 497 HeHaaoBHhii 63 HeHajiOBiih J. Ajiexca 61, 63, 88 HeHajiOBiih J. AaeKcaHjiap 61,88, 89, 90, 91,93,94
HeHanoBnh JaKOB 23, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69
HeHaAOBiih JenpeM 61 HeHanoBnh JByóoMiip 100 HeHaAOBiih üpoTa MaTiija VII, 18, 19, 20,21,22, 59, 60,61,62,64,65,67 HeHaflOBiih CiiMa 61 üemiih BopiiBoje 188 üeuinh fliiMiiTpiije 177 HemKOBiih Bjiaroje 419, 435, 436, 437, 438
ÜHKe3iih Mapxo 459
HhkhtobhÏi HacJiaB 355 HHKHh ÜHKOJia 309, 311, 312, 314 ÜHKOJiajeBHh KoHCTatmiH 87, 93, 94, 95
HHKCUiajeBuh Cbctomhp 177, 178,179 HHKCwiHh AHflpa 163,167,168,174,174, 184,206, 209,216,217,219,220 HnKOJiJih flparaH 475 HhkojihÎï flparocriaB 472 HmkohhIi 3opaH 520 HhkojihIí J. Tjoica 196,198 ÜHKormh Ojira 462 ÜHKormh n. Hmcom 206, 211 Hw o/mh Cpl)aH 500 ÜHKormh Thxomhjb 135,138, 141,146 Hhkojihîï ToMHC/iaB 504, 517 ÜHKormh TpH(J)yH 450, 452, 455 HHKHeBHh CieBaH 520 HhhhhIï A. Momhhjio 236,238,239,247, 272, 277, 284, 287, 289, 294,295, 298, 300, 301, 305,307,309,311,313,359, 368, 369, 372, 373 HhhhhIí ApoH 183, 196, 198 HoBaK OpaH 341, 342 HoBaKOBMhH 50 HoBaKOBiih TopaH 526 HoBaKOBnh flparocjiaB 469 HOBaKOBHh J. JbyôoMHp 201 HoBaKOBnh MmiaH 203 HoBaKOBHh Hhko 351 HoBaKOBnh rieiap HapflaïuiHja 65 HoBaKOBHh CrojaH VII, VIII, 46, 50, 54, 55, 122,128, 129, 130, 132, 146, 148, 149, 150,181,182,183,184, 221,222, 275, 333
Hoj6axep XepMaH, 383, 394 Hojxay3eH OpaHU, 385 HyiuH Cajiiix 460
Ü
OôpaAOBHh flocHTej 65, 67, 69 OôpaflOBHh HparoMnp 319 OôpeHOBHhH 16, 36, 43, 50, 55, 57, 63, 76, 79, 134, 165, 166, 204, 225 OôpeHOBHh A;ieKcaHflap, Kpajb 36, 48, 54, 55, 56, 57,107,108,110,137,155, 158,159,160,161,164,165,166,170, 171,172,173,174,175,177,178,180, 184,185,188,189,190,191,192,195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205
OôpeHOBHh JeBpeM 64, 73, 99 OôpeHOBHh JoBaH 73, 82,120 OôpeHOBHh MraaH, Kpan. 19,23,36, 37, 40, 43, 44, 54, 55, 56, 57, 64, 65, 73, 74, 107, 108, 110, 114, 118, 119, 120, 121,124,126,127,130,132,133,135, 136,137,139,140,143,145,146, 147, 151,152,153,156,157,159,160,162, 164,165,166,173,174,175,177,178, 179, 180, 187, 189, 200, 275, 286 OôpeHOBHh Mhjioih VIII, 16,25,26,27, 30,31,33, 35, 36, 37, 38,41,51,52! 53, 61, 64, 69, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 82,
87,91,92,95,96,97,98,99,102,103, 105,110,120,121,130,131,133,134, 286
OôpeHOBHh MnxaHHO 16,17, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38,40, 52, 53,61,73, 74, 76, 78, 79,82,86, 87,91,97, 98,99,100,101, 102,103,104,105,106,107,109,110, 112,114,115,118,121,125,127,133, 134, 137,142, 146, 158, 159, 161 OseH J\e) BHfl, nopp, 495 Or 6
OflanoBHh Be/bKO 520 Ojaannh HparoÆyô 487 OnÔHHaIKHBaHa 466,469 OnhaH MHxaHHO 395 OMepoBHh flepBHiH 294, 297
n
naBe;mh Ame 361, 370 üaBHheBHh ÜBaH 211, 213, 214 IlaBKOBHh Heôojma 486 IlaBHHheBHh MoMHp 497 üaBHOBHh ^parama 465, 470,471 üaBHOBHh HparoÆyô 279 FlaBJioBMh T)opl)e 128, 135, 138, 150, 151
IlaBJioBHh MHHHBoje 495, 497 riaBTOBHh C. MHJiOBaH 177, 179, 180, 198, 199, 201 naBHOBnh Crojan 65 riaBJiOBHh Teoaop 92 IlajKOBHh TjoKO 444, 447, 450 nananeK ÜBaH 283, 328, 330 riaHHh MnjiaH 486, 488, 496 riaHKOB PaflOBaH 501 IlaHTejiHh P. Tjopije 148, 158,160 riaHTHh flymaH 355, 391 IlaHTHh JLyôoMHp 354 üaHTOBHh AHTOHHje 201 llaHHHh JOCHtj) 173 üanaHflpey Joproc 510 Ilannh IKapno 469 Ilape3aHOBHh MnancaB 472 PlapHBOflHh MHJiaH 533 IlaTpHorHh KaiapnHa 452, 455 riayeji Ko/ihh 516 üaim 127
IlauiHh HHKoaa 15, 57,86,147,154,162, 164, 165,166, 167, 168,189,194,195, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 222, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229,230,232, 233, 234,235,236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 246, 253, 256, 257,
258,259, 260, 275, 276,279,285, 286, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294,295,298, 299, 300, 301,303, 305, 306,307,308,309, 310, 313, 319, 333, 335, 347, 375, 378
IlaiHHh Pafle 308
üany JIa3ap 166, 206, 207, 209,216, 217, 219,230, 233,236,275 IlejHHh BoroÆyô 520 IleKe30BHh AjieKcaH^ap 388 üenarah Baca 128
üeaem flymaH 284 IlenHBaHOBHh AjieKcaH,qap 388 IleHe3Hh CpeTeH 462 IleHem jjyrnaH 298 üepnh BermcaB 65
IlepHh Hhhko 297, 298, 299, 311, 314,
315,316,318,319, 320 ITepHiHHh Momhhho 487, 525 IlepoBHh Hbo 340 IlepoBHh JlaTHHKa 459 üepoBHh MHHHBoje 434, 437, 438 üepyHHHHh Mane 402, 407 üeTKOBHh HparoMHp 475 üeTKOBHh HßaH 388 rieTKOBHh MHxaHJio 183 IleTKOBHh Toflop 206 lleTpamHHOBHh üeTpauiHH 475 üeTpHHHh IKhbko 277, 278 IleTpoBJih flnoH HCfije 181 IleTpoBHh J. ByKauiHH 42, 50,151,179, 180,188
rieTpoBHh Fojiyó 78 IleTpoBHh JoBaH 146,148,150, 151 IleTpoBHh JbyôoMHp MHHrej 457, 460 IleTpoBHh MHJiHBoje Baa3HaBaq 107, 109,111,112,114,117,119,120,121, 122,126, 134
IleTpoBHh Mhjiomhp 469, 472 IleTpoBHh Mn;iyTHH 472 IleTpoBHh MnpKo, npnHir 199 IleTpoBHh HacTac 50, 216, 217, 303 IleTpoBHh Hhkojm 407 IleTpoBHh OreBaH KHnhaHHH 84,86, 89, 90, 96, 120
üeTpoHHjeBHh AßpaM 53,73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 99, 103
ÜeTpoHHjeBHh Mhmh 111 üehnh jjparyTHH 213, 214, 303 üernnh EpaHKO 450 üeuiHh Mnae 491
üeuiHh üeTap 294, 295, 298, 300, 301, 355
ÜHjaffe Moma 402 ÜHJieTHh Cnacoje 282, 283 ünpohaHap MmiaH 17, 54, 57,127,128, 129,130,143,144,145,146, 147, 149, 151
ÜHTHh TopaH 521, 526, 529 üaaHHHH MuHKa 467 ünaHojeBuh MnneBa 450 üoraHHHK BnKTop 334, 336 Ü03jiepau Hypnja 402 üoaaK Opafto 278, 281, 283 üoanheBHh C. MHxanao 207, 232, 233 üoHTe Kapna aen 516 Üon-Jla3Hh TopaaHa 504 üonoBHh AaeKcaHaap 533 ÜonoBHh Iep. HoôpHBoje 321 ÜonoBHh M. BeaHMHp 320, 345 ÜonoBiih H. CTeBaH 150, 151,156,162, 180, 181, 183, 188, 193 ÜonoBHh /jaiea 324 ÜonoBHh JoBaH 398
nonoBwh Kona 459 rionoBHh Jla3ap 191 rionOBHh M. MHxaHao 191, 194, 196, 220
ilonoBuh MmiaH 438,442,443,444,447, 450
rionoBHh Mmiemiije 398, 434, 437, 438
rionoBHh MmmjaH 463, 466 rionoBHh MwpKO 455, 457 rionoBHh Mnha 461 rionoBHh IlaBae 65 nonoBuh-riepHuiHh Haaa 501, 505 IlonoBuh CBeTHCJiaB 294, 300, 301, 345
npaBflnh AaexcaHaap 525 npaBHLia riexap 472 ripaiiopBieTOBHh JoBaH 167 ripeKa HHKoaa 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 348
üpeaeBHh Bohío 520 npn6nheBnh Pafle 407 IIpHÓHheBHh CBeT03ap 246, 251, 257, 259, 260, 274, 277,280, 281, 282, 287, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 299, 300, 301, 303, 304, 305, 307, 333 np;ba AaeKcaHflap 475 ripoflaHOBHh M. Jama 222, 223, 224 üporah Ama 78
IJporah TjopJje 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78 Elporah JepeMHja 391 flpoTHh JoBaH 59, 65 riporah Rocía 123, 126, 127, 129, 130, 132,147,148,151,157,158,159,160, 165, 168, 169
riporah M. OrojaH 203, 204, 206, 207, 209, 216, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 230,233,236, 238,239,241, 245, 246, 251, 252, 273, 274,275, 276, 277, 278, 279,283,284,285,287,301,375 riporah Ct. MwiaH 355 nporah-Cynnh 3opa 460 ripoxacKa CaoóoaaH 491 ily/ba Hiwep 457, 460 Ilypnh Boamaap 376, 377, 378 FlyTHHK PaflOMHp 50,206,207,209, 216, 217, 228,230, 233
riyuen, Hb3h 292, 294, 314, 328, 330, 331, 334, 336, 338, 339
PaflHBojeBuh BpaHKo 469 PaflHBojeBHh BeaHMHp 491 PaAHBojeBuh JIa3ap 327, 328, 330, 331, 334,336,338,339 Paflnh JoBaH 494, 497, 501 Paanh IJaBae 305, 309, 312, 314, 315, 321
Paanh CijenaH 258, 259, 260, 295, 302, 304, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312,
313,314,319, 320, 321,322,323 PaflimeBiih CreBaH 78 PaflMHBOBHh Ct3hko 473, 474, 475 PaaoBaHOBHh MapHHKO 100
PaflOBaHOBHh Mn/iaH 505 PaflOBaHOBiih MmiHBoje 442, 443, 444 PaflOBaHOBiah Mnanja 444, 455 PaflOBaHOBHh Mnanh 198, 206 PaflOBaHOBHh PlaBae 112 Pa^OBaHOBHh Cbctoahk 207, 209 PaflOBaHHeB JKnBaHKO 520 PaflOBHh T. JjHMHTpHje 132, 146 PaflOBwh PaaocaaB 472 PaflOBHh HeaoMup 319, 321 PaaojeBnh AHTa 308, 309 PaflojHBHh Bacnanje 65 PaflojHHHh JJparoMaH 463, 466 PaflojKOBMh Mnaeia 16, 73, 74 PaflojaOBHh JKmca 460 PaflOHnh Mhh ko 69 PaflocaBJbeBiih /JoópHBoje 438 PaflocaBa eBHh Mnaorn 395 PanyjiOBHh MnaaH 533 PaayaoBHh CaoóoaaH 500 Pajaral) Manja 452, 455 PajKOBuh Mnaoje 354 PajoBHh JJparoMHp 150, 151 PajoBHh LJbctko 52, 78, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 178
PajaeBHh MnancaB 278 PaKnh Mma 157, 158 PaHKO 53
PaHKOBHh AaexcaHAap 417, 454, 467 PaHKOBHh MnaaH 472 Pac^ajaoBiih JKnBojHH 287, 289, 294 Parah riyHHma 321
Pameia ByKOcaBH eBHh Mapnja 526, 529
Paurah Mnxanao 238, 239, 241, 247, 277
Parnnh CBeT03ap 378 PamKOBHh CaaBoa y6 460, 462 Peawh rieiap 438, 441 PeHaea IJopn 359 Pwóap I4b3h 399, 401, 402 Pnóapan CrojaH 171, 221, 222, 247, 277, 278, 284
PHÓempon JoaKHM tj)OH 396, 394 PwÓHHKap BaaflHcaaB 407 PwBHep286
PHKaHOBHh CBeT03ap 469 PucTHBojeBHh HHKoaa 497 Pncrah BopHcaaB 381 Pncrah JoBaH 17, 40, 41,42, 53, 55, 56, 86, 106, 107, 108, 109, 112, 113, 114, 116, 1 17, 118, 119, 121, 122, 123, 125, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 159, 164, 165, 168, 170, 171 Pornh Jocirn 351
PoflOijmHHKMH KoHCTaHTMH KoHCTaH-
thhobhh 17, 20, 22, 23, 30, 62 PoMaHuh KoBna Ka 472 Pocnh Tjophe 475 Pocuh Mnaa 521 Pomep 193 PouiKap I4b3H 284 Pywnh Bhktop 353
Pyamh /Joópa 204 Py3BeaTfl. OpamianH 373 Pyc JocHn 402
C
CaBwh AaencaHaap 319 CaBwh FlaBae 402, 433, 434 CaBHh CphaH 494 CaBHh-MoTpHh JeBTO 65 CaBKOBuh CieBaH 327 CaB mh Mhhoui 220 CaoBnh IleTpoHHje 457 CBHaaHOBHh TopaH 516 CeaaaK MBaH 501, 505 Cerah JJymaH 450 CeKyawh JKapxo 472 CepHeq JJymaH 316, 327, 379, 407 Cmmhh Bea Ko 475, 491 ChmhB Aaexca 71, 73, 75, 81, 82, 83,85, 86, 88,89, 90,93,94, 125 ChmhB Encemija 82 ChmhB )Kea KO 503, 505 Cmrah Maraja 100
Cmvmh C. TJoplje 15, 54, 55, 82,175, 176, 177,179,184 Cmvmh CraHoje 417 ChmhJ) CrajaH 35, 82, 176 ChmobhI) JJymaH 344, 355, 359, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 375, 386 CHMOBuh ToMHCaaB 491 CnMOHOBuh MwaaH 299, 300, 301, 308, 309,311,314,315,317, 321,350 CMHa aHHh MnaaH 434, 437, 438 CMoaaaKa Jocnn 284, 407 CMoa,aH Eapmna 355, 368 Choj t paHH 351, 354, 368, 373 CoKoaoBHh 3opaH 491, 494, 497, 500 CoaaHa XaBiijep 503, 514, 516 CoaapeBHh JleoHHaa 204 Copom IJopp 498 CnaaajKOBHh MnpocaaB 285 Cnaciih M. /JymaH 191 CnacHh H. Aaexca 148 CnacojeBHh flymaH 516 CnacojeBHh-Marah BncepKa 520 Cnaxo MexMea 247, 278, 292, 294, 303, 319, 321, 323, 324, 345, 347, 348, 350, 351,354
CnaxoBuh Ceaa 520 CneKTopcKH E. 3 Cpeópuh Bopwc 462 Cpeópuh BopHcaB 466 CpejoBith /Jparocaan 455 CpeMeu 3aaiaH 407 Cpxya, CijenaH 333, 336, 338, 339, 341, 342
Cpmxnh Mhhhh 297, 298, 300, 301,306,
308,309,311,312,314,315,316,319, 327, 328, 330, 331,333, 334, 335,336, 337,338,341,342 CiajKOBiih MnaHBoje 463 CiaamH Jochí}) BncapnoHOBHH 374, 405
CiaMaTOBiih Mnaimoje 501
586
CiaMÓcwiHjcKH A;ieKcaHflap 293 CiaMÓoaHh HBaH 463,465,466,467,468, 471, 516
CTaM6o;mh IleTap 395, 417, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 456, 459
CiaMeHKOBnh fl para 443,451,452,453, 454,455
CTaMeHKOBnh flparyTHH 194, 196 CTaHMcaBJbeBHh Mma 434 CiaHHh AHapa 233, 294, 306, 324, 328, 330
CTaHJih Hmccwia 469, 491 CiaHHh OiaBo;by6 497 CiaHHiuHh AneKcaHnap 285 CraHHmHh JoBHpa 487, 503 CTaHHUinh TlaBne 78, 81, 83, 85 CiaHKOBiih BojHcnaB 466 CiaHKOBnh IOB3H 216 CTaHKOBnh MnpjaHa 501 CraHKOBHh PaneHKo 337, 340 CraHKOBHh CBeT03ap 174,175, 319, 321, 348, 351
CraHKOBHh CHHHiua 417 CraHKOBHh Cp6o;hy6 500 CraHojeBHh Aqa 195, 322, 345, 346, 375
CraHojeBHh BnoópaH 460, 463, 466 CraHojeBHh JepeMHja 94, 95 CTaHojnOBnh BenncaB 65 CreBaHOBHh Bepon y6 520 CTeBaHOBHh B;iaflHMHp 463 CreBaHOBHh/R HnKona 191, 194, 196 CrenaHOBHh HnKona 463, 466 CTenaHOBHh CTenaH (CTena) 50, 218, 219, 220, 223,224, 226,228 Crec[)aH AyrnaH, u,ap 20 CTecjjaHOBHh 42, 130, 131, 132
CTenaHOBHh ítparoMHp 46 CTeñaHOBnh TjopRe 180 CTe(J)aHOBHh KHBaflHH 475 CTe(j)aHOBHh HntaT 348 CreñaHOBHh JoBaH 8, 9 CreñaHOBHh n. JJymaH 233 CTecj)aHOBHh Panoje 466 CreñaHOBHh CTecjjaH TeHKa 72, 73, 75, 80, 83,85,99, 131
CTojaHOBHh Eoron y6 441, 450, 452, 455
CTojaHOBHh BpaHa 444 CTojaHOBHh BpaHHcnaB 447 CTojaHOBHh )R. flparoMHp 327,329,331, 333, 336, 337, 339 CTojaHOBHh IdBaH 471 CTojaHOBHh MnxaHiio 437, 438 CTojaflHHOBHh MmaH 267,268,269,297, 298, 300,301, 305, 307, 309, 310, 323, 324, 327,343, 344, 345, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 353, 386, 390 CrojaKOBHh T)opí)e 53 CTojaHOBHh ByHKo 183 CTojaHOBHh flHMHTpnje 171,188 CTojaHOBHh Roerá 216, 217, 219, 232 233, 283, 287, 289, 290
CTojaHOBHh JbyóoMHp 50,203,204,206, 210,211,212,213,214,222,279 CTojaHOBHh MnxaHHO CrojHJbKOBHh BnajKo 504 CTOjHJBKOBHh CTojaH 462 CTOjHHHh T)OKO 497 CTojKOBnh 3opaH 533 CrojKOBHh MnneHKO 19, 23, 24, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69
CrojKOBHh MHHHBoje 466 CrojKOBHh MHJiyTHH 500 CTOHnh Tjypnpa 65 CTomoBHh ^oópHBoje 348, 350, 351
CTpaTHMHpOBHh 19 CyóaiHHh Aparan 520 Cyóorah flymaH 319 Cyóorah Hhko 324 CyóoTiih HnKona 350 Cynnno 1)HBO 297 CymHHK Ahtoh 303
T
TaóaKOBHh JoproBaHKa 505 Taanh Bopnc 516, 517, 518 TaHa3eBHh BpaHKO 37 TaymaHOBnh Roerá 162, 163, 167 TaHH XaniHM 503 Tep3nh Boacnnap 236, 238, 239 Terniih flparyTHH 462 TnjaHHh AneKcaHnap 501 Thkbhhkh Te3a 438, 441, 444, 447, 450 THMOTHjeBHh JI. RocTa 220, 224, 281, 282, 283, 294, 328, 330 Thto Jocnn Bpo3 344, 361, 364,368, 377, 378, 379, 399, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406, 407, 411, 412, 413, 414, 417, 422, 442, 445, 455, 459, 461,463,480 ToflopoBHh BnaflHMHp 206, 207, 211, 213,214
ToAopoBnh JJparaH 504 ToflopoBnh Jobo 501, 505 ToaopoBHh JIa3ap 70, 71, 73, 76, 78, 80 ToAopoBHh M. Be/iHMHp 198, 201 ToAopoBHh Mapuja 466, 469 ToAopoBHh üaBjie 492, 495, 497 ToaopoBHh Plepa 147, 165, 275 ToAopoBnh Ilpenpar 466, 469, 491 ToMameBHh JByóoMHp 338 TomhB AneKca 438, 441, 444 TomhÍi flparaH 501 TomhB XJparoMHp 504 TomhB JeBpeM 353, 355 ToMnh MnpKO 398 ToMOBnh CnoóonaH 505, 520 TonanoBHh PleTap 153 TomaHH EcaA-nama 286 Topóap Jocnn 355, 368 TpajKOBHh /JuBHa, 495 TpajKOBnh 3bohhmhp 484 TpajKOBHh Momhhao 475 TpajKOBnh Pana 505 TpHBaH TopaH 492 TpHByHau Mnnom 395
Tpncj)KOBHh H. MapKO 216, 217, 218, 219,226, 228,229, 230,241, 277,279, 284, 287, 289,290,292,294,297,299, 300, 301,306,318 TpH(f yHOBHh BorAaH 463, 466 TpH f yHOBHh ymaH 305, 307, 308,309, 310,311,313
TpH(j)yHOBHh J. ¡ HAHn 327 TpnñyHOBHh Mhaoui 238,239,284,297, 298,300, 301,305,308,309,312,313, 314, 315,317,327, 368, 370, 373,374, 375, 376
TpH j yHOBHh MnoApar 463, 466 TpyMÓnh Ahtc 246, 277, 281, 282, 284, 287, 289
TypHep Xapann 386 TypaKOBnh JaKOB 122,143
H
TieTKOBHh 3opaH 494 'RHpnh CTeBaH 345, 353 TiHpoBHh JJparaH 469 'Rocnh /JoópHqa 456, 467, 495 Trocnh flparoayó 469, 472 TioCHh IKHBOTa 500, 504 TiyaHÓpK CnaBKO 494
y
YrpHHHh JeBTHMHje 95, 96, 97,100 Yaobhhkh Ropn 526, 528, 529 Y3yHOBHh T. HnKona 260,267,291,292, 297,298,300, 301, 305,307, 309,310, 311,312,313,315,316,319,327,328, 330, 333, 335,338, 339,340,341, 342, 375
YaMaHCKH MnjiaH 341, 342 YHKOBHh CnoóoAaH 497, 500, 501
¡
OapKamHh 268 Oenóep XaHC 388 OepcTep XenMyT 384, 385 t H/iHMOHOBnh flparnuia 472 $HAHnOBHh JoB3H 100, 103 OHAHiioBnh RpcTa 443 OnAHnoBHh CTeBaH 65, 69 OnjiHnoBHh CynejMaH 407 OoAop OcKap 500 Oohtoh OenHKC 89 Oorah RoHCTaHTHH 370, 375, 379 OnpMHAHjaH, BAaAHKa 192, 193 OpaHacoBnh flparyTHH 151, 153, 154, 156, 174, 181, 183 OpaHrem Oto 327, 328 Opon OpaHe 407 Oyaa-nama 200 OypnaH BopHc 376
\
Xaflcon AyejH 362 XaHHeK JlaBocnaB 338, 339 XacaHÓeroBnh Abao 328, 330, 345 Xa(| HC-naiua 19 XaijH ToMa 113
XaqHTOMHhH 113 Xaynh JoBaH 81 Xapnh MwiaH 317
Xaqnh CTeßaH 277, 281, 282, 292, 302, 303, 315, 316, 319, 321, 322, 324, 327
XauiHMÖeroBHh CeAMO 444, 450 XeöpaHr AHftpiija 407 Xep6e3 Teoflop 73, 96, 97, 98, 100 XerepHja 69
XHTBep Aflojnj) 360, 383, 385, 387 Xol)epa CßeTHC^aB 351 XoßöpyK PH^apfl 503 XopBâTOBnh Tjypa 153 XopßaTCKM MHAaH 388 Xoya MexMefl 438, 441, 442, 443, 444, 447
Xoya Î aflHÆ, 450, 470 XpacHHpa XaMHfl 303 XpHcrah HHKOiia 15, 54, 55, 93,98,100, 103,104,106, 109,110,111,140, 147, 148, 154,157, 158,159, 180, 181, 186, 188
XpMCTHh Owmn 41, 100,101, 102, 103, 105, 113, 115, 123, 126, 139
U
Uana CnaceHHja EaóoBnh 438,441, 443, 444, 447, 450 U,aHKap M3Hflop 381 UapcBHh Mhaoih 437, 438, 441, 443 I^BeTnh Boca 444, 450 l^BCTKOBHh BaajiHMHp 495, 497, 501 HßeTKOBHh ^parama 269, 270,280, 324, 324,348, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 363, 365, 375, 380, 386 LlßCTKOBuh Mn;iyTHH 466, 469 UßHjaH CraHKO 492, 495 UßHjaHOBHh ByflHMHp 388, 391 UeHwhfl. T)opl)e 103,105,106,112,115, 116, 123, 126, 140
U,HHuapMapKOBHh A^eKcaHflap 353, 355
U,HHuapMapKOBnh flHMH'rpHje 196, 198, 199, 200,201
UpHoóapap AMMHTpnje 93, 95, 97, 100 LJ,pHo6pita MHxaj/io 472 liyKHh Koera 106, 109, 111
HaBouiKH Koera 532 HapuKOB 195 MaymecKy HiiKO/iae 461 MßpKHh Bojko 351, 354 HeÓHHau 177 HejoBuh "Çypo 354 HepitajeB 139, 155 HepoBHh OioóoflaH 504 McpßHji Bhhctoh 356,359, 364, 371, 373, 376, 377, 379, 404, 405 HKpeówh ÆyiuaH 461, 462 HoBíih Heóojma 520, 525, 529 Ho^aKOBwh PoflOÆyô 402 HojiJifr JtHÆaHa 533 Hojinh Paae 462, 466, 472 MyôpMOBHh BpaHKO 355, 368, 369, 373, 376
HyMHh AIîhm 42,117, 123, 124, 126,127, 128, 129, 130, 133, 137, 140, 146 HyHKOÔ MaHe 407
IJaÔHpH IJaÔHp 462, 466 IJopu I 2
IJyBepoBHh HHKOBa 442, 444
II]
UIa6nh PoflOÆyô 526, 529 IIIaHHOBHh HHKOBa 475, 485, 491, 494, 495, 496, 497 UlaaHnyp BpaHKO 472
IUaHe flyuiaH PleTpoBHh 441, 443, 444, 448, 450
HlanoH,nh /iparaH 472 IIlapaHOBnh PaflOMiip 492 UlBaÖMh Muxanao 441, 443, 447, 450 UlBeni HßaH 328 IÜBpjbyra CiaHKo 327, 330 UleKHÖ-ecJjeHAnja 76 IUep 179
IIlep6aHOBnh PlayH 455 LUepirh AxMea 297 Illecjrep MHxapio 457 IIIemeÆ BojHaiaB 485, 487, 488, 504 IllMÔeHMK CraHKo 312, 314, 327, 328, 330, 331,332,334 IlInnoBau HeAeÆKO 500 IIlnpoKa Koæ 452, 455, 470 Mhiukhh 114 UlKpeÔHh MiMopaß 472 HLaeuep Kap/i ({)OH 58 IIIoATec Jo»e(J) 455 IIIoth naß 444 IIIomeBHh BjeKOCAaB 501 Ulpeaep Janom 457, 460 Ulpeßep JlyflBHr ({)oh 387, 385 IIIpcnjiOBHh Kocîa 37 IIItok ]och4 388 IlIhenaiioBuh Mmixa 469 UlyôaniHh Hb3h 344,359,363,364,370,373, 379, 380, 381,403, 404, 405,412,413 UlyKpnja A/ih 452, 455 UlyMapau flparooiaB 526, 529 IllyMeHKOBHh Hanja 303, 319,320, 321, 324,336,338,339,341,342 IllyMeHKOBHh Hhko/13 466, 469 IIIynepuHa BerbaMHH 309, 311, 314, 315
IüypMaH T3ypo 285, 303, 305 UJyTej JocHn 359
lUyrej Jypaj 355, 366,368, 369, 373,374, 375,376, 379, 381,413
CAAP KAJ
/ÍBa BeKa cpncKHX Baaaa • Bojucnae Komuiymiga . VII Baaaa Kao apacaBHH opraH • PamKO Mapuoeuh _1
Y KHEJKEBHHH H KPAJLEBHHH CPBMJH 1805-1918
0/1 nPABHTEJtCTBYjyilIHEr COBJETA flO MHHHCTAPCKOr CABETA • Pagom Jbyuiuh . .15
IIpaBHTe;bCTByjyiiiHH coßjeT 1805-1811 •
Pagoui Jbyiuuh.59
IlpoTa MaTeja HeHaflOBHh.61
MnaaeH MmiOBaHOBHh.62
JaKOB HeHaßOBüh .63
CaeraB Baaae.65
ripaBHTejhCTByjyiirffl coßjeT 1811-1813 •
Pagom Jbyiuuh.66
Kapaí)opí)e ITeTpoBHh.68
CaeraB Baaae.69
Pa3MOTproffliHTe nonenHTen CTBa 1834-1835 •
Pagoui Jbymuh.70
CacTaB Baaae.71
3aKOHOH3BpuiHTe^Ha nacT /IpjKaBHOr coßjeTa
1835-1839 • Pagom Jbymuh.71
Koua MapKOBHh .72
CaeraB Baaae.72
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1839-1840,
Baaaa AßpaMa neTpoHnjeBnha • Pagom Jbymuh. 73
AßpaM IleTpoHHjeBHh.73
CacTaB Baaae.75
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1840-1842,
Baaaa T)opi}a npoTnha • Pagom Jbymuh.76
Tjopí)e ITpoTnh .77
CacTaB Baaae.78
IlpHBpeMeHO npaßaeHHje 1842, Baaaa AßpaMa
rieTpoHHjeBHha • PagoMup J. Tloüoeuh.78
CacTaB Baaae.79
I/eHrpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1842-1843, Baaaa AßpaMa rieTpoHHjeBHha • Pagouup ]. Iloüoeuh. 79 CaeraB Baaae.81
IlpMBpeMeHO ueHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1843-1844,
Baaaa Aaexce CHMnha • Pagouup J. Tloüoeuh.81
Aaexca ChmhÍí.82
CacTaB Baaae.83
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1844-1852, Baaaa AßpaMa rieTpoHHjeBHha • Pagouup J. Tloüoeuh. 83 CacTaB Baaae.85
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1852-1853,
Baaaa Hanje rapauiaHHHa • Pagom Jbymuh.86
Hanja PapamaHHH.87
CaeraB Baaae.88
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1853-1855,
Baaaa AaeKce CHMnha • PagoMup J. Tloüoeuh.89
CaeraB Baaae. 90
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1855-1856,
Baaaa Aaexce JaHKOBnha • PagoMup /. Tloüoeuh . . 90
Aaexca JaHKOBnh.91
CacTaB Baaae.91
IlpHBpeMeHO ueHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1856, Baaaa
CiecjjaHa MapKOBnha • PagoMup /. Tloüoeuh.92
CrerjjaH MapxoBnh.92
CacTaB Baaae.93
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1856-1857,
Baaaa Aaexce CHMnha • PagoMup ). Tloüoeuh.93
CaeraB Baaae.94
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1857-1858, Baaaa
CrecjraHa MapKOBnha • PagoMup ]. Tloüoeuh.94
CacTaB Baaae.95
npHBpeMeHo ueHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1858-1859, Baaaa CreBaHa Mara3HHOBiiha •
Pagouup /. Tloüoeuh.95
CTeBaH Mara3HHOBnh.96
CaeraB Baaae.97
UeHTpaaHO npaßaeHHje 1859-1860,
Baaaa UßeTKa Pajoßnha • Jacuuua Munauoeuh. .97
I 59°
i
fr;
l_I,BeTKo PajoBuh .99
CacTaB Bjiane.100
UeHTpauHO upaBBeHHje 1860-1861,
Baaaa (pHanna XpHcmha • JacMum Munanoeuh. .ioo
(Pnann XpHcrah .102
CacTaB Baaae.I03
MHHHcrapcKH caBeT 1861-1867,
Baaaa Hanje IapamaHHHa • Pagotu Jbyumh.103
CacTaB Baaae.106
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1867,
Baaaa JoBaHa Pucraha • Gyiam Pajuh .106
JoBaH PhcthK.107
CacTaB Baaae.109
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1867-1868,
Baaaa HHKoae XpncTHha • Cy3ana Pajuh.109
HnKOJia XpucTnh .no
CacTaB Baaae.in
MHHHCTapcKM caBeT 1868-1869,
Baaaa T)Opl)a IleHnha • Jacmim Munanoeuh . 112
T)opl)e U,eHHh.115
CacTaB Baaae.116
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1869-1872, Baaaa Paamoja
MHaojKOBHha • Jacuuna Mmanoeuh.116
PaflHBoje MnaojKOBHh .n8
CacraB Baaae.119
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1872-1873, Baaaa MnaHBoja rieTpoBHha Baa3HaBqa • Jacuuna Mmanoeuh. 119
MnaHBoje rieTpoBHh Baa3HaBaij.120
CacTaB Baaae.121
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1873,
Baaaa JoBaHa Pncraha • Cyeana Pajuh.122
CacTaB Baaae.122
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1873-1874, Baaaa JoBana
MapHHOBnha • JacMuna Mmanoeuh.123
JoBaH MapHHOBHh.125
CacTaB Baaae.126
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1874-1875,
Baaaa ABhmb HyMnha • Jacuuna Munanoeuh . .127 ABhm HyMHh.128
CacTaB Baaae .
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1875, Baaaa flaHHaa CTecJiaHOBHha • Jacuuna Munanoeuh .,
JJamvio CîecjiaHOBHh .
CacraB Baaae.
MHHHCTapCKH caBei 1875, Baaaa CreBae MHxaHKOBHha • Jacuuna Munanoeuh .
CïeBHa MnxaHaoBHh .
CacTaB Baaae .
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1875-1876, Baaaa JbyöoMHpa Kaa eBnha • Jacuuna Munanoeuh . 135
JbyóoMHp KaaeBHh.r37
CacTaB Baaae.r3^
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1876-1878, Baaaa OreBae
MnxaHHOBHha • JacMuna Munanoeuh.138
CacTaB Baaae.M1
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1878-1880, Baaaa JoBaHa
PwcTHha • Cyiana Pajuh.M2
CacTaB Baaae.M3
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1880-1883, Baaaa MnaaHa
rinpohamia • Munom Jaioguh.M3
MnaaH rinpohaHai;.m6
CacraB Baaae.M°
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1883-1884, Baaaa HHKoae
XpncTHha • Cyeana Pajuh.M7
CacTaB Baaae.M
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1884-1885, Baaaa
MnayTHHa TapamaHHHa • Munom Jaioguh.M$
MnnyTHH TapauiaHHH.M9
CacTaB Baaae.M°
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1885-1886, Baaaa
MnayTHHa rapamaHHHa • Munom Jaioguh.150
CacTaB Baaae.M1
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1886-1887, Baaaa
MnnyTHHa rapaiuaHHHa • Munom Jaioguh.152
CacTaB Baaae.M3
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1887,
Baaaa JoBaHa PHCrnha • Cy3ana Pajuh.153
CacTaB Baaae.154
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1887-1888,
Baaaa Caße Tpyjnha • Munom Jaioguh.154
CaBa rp yjnh.155
CacraB Baaae.156
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1888-1889,
Baaaa HiiKoae XpncTHha • Cyíana Pajuh.157
CacraB Baaae.158
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1889,
Baaaa Kocre IlpoTirha • Munoui Jaioguh.159
Kocra ripoTnh.159
CacTaB Baaae.160
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1889-1890,
Baaaa CaBe Tpyjnha • Munom Jaioguh.161
CacTaB Baaae.162
MHHHCTapCKH caBeT 1890-1891,
Baaaa CaBe rpyjnha • Munoui Jaioguh.162
CacTaB Baaae.163
i
i
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1891-1892,
Baaaa HnKoae naiimha • Munoiu Jaioguh.164
HnKcuia rianiMh.165
CacTaB Baaae.167
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1892,
Baaaa HnKoae naumha • Munoiu Jaioguh.168
CacTaB Bjiafle.168
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1892-1893,
Baaaa JoBaHa T . AßaKyMOBHha • Tjoptje Tjypuh. 169
JoBaH AßaKyMOBHh .170
CacTaB Baaae.171
MHHHCTapcKH C3BCT 1893,
Baaaa JIa3apa 1j. ßoKnha • Tjoptje Tjypuh.172
JIa3ap Tj. ffoKnh .173
CacraB Baaae.174
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1893-1894,
B;iaAa CaBe rpyjnha • Tjoptje Tjypuh.174
CacTaB Baaae.175
MHHHCTapcKH C3BCT 1894,
Baaaa Tjop^a C. CnMHha • Tjoptje Tjypuh.175
Tjopl)e C. ChmhIi.176
CacTaB Baaae.177
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1894, Baaaa CßeTOMHpa
HHKoaajeBHha • Tjoptje Tjypuh.177
CßeTOMHp HnKoaajeBiih.178
CacTaB Baaae.179
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1894-1895,
Baaaa ÜHKoae XpncTHha • Cy3am Pajuh.180
CacTaB Baaae.180
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1895-1896,
Baaaa CrojaHa HoBaKOBHha • Cy3aua Pajuh.181
CrojaH HoBaKOBHh.182
CacTae Baaae.183
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1896-1897,
Baaaa T opi)a CHMnha • Cy3am Pajuh.184
CacTaB Baaae.184
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1897-1900,
Baaaa BaaaaHa Tjopl)eBHha • Cy3aua Pajuh.185
BaaaaH Tjopheßnh.186
CacTaB Baaae.188
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1900-1901,
Baaaa AaeKce C. JoßaHOBHha • Tjoptje Tjypuh . 188
ArieKca JoBaHOBnh.190
CacTaB Baaae.191
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1901,
Baaaa AaeKce JoßaHOBHha • Tjoptje Tjypuh.191
CacTaB Baaae.191
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1901-1902,
Baaaa Mnxanaa B. Byjnha • Tjoptje Tjypuh.192
Mnxanao B. Byjnh.193
CacTaB Baaae.194
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1902,
Baaaa Mnxanaa B. Byjnha • Tjopfje Tjypuh.195
CacraB Baaae.196
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1902. roanHe,
Baaaa Fiepe BeanMHpoBnha • Tjoptje Tjypuh.196
Flepa BeaHMnpoBHh .197
CacraB Baaae.198
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1902-1903, Baaaa fl,HMHTpHja U,HHH,apMapKOBHha • Tjopfje Tjypuh . 198
JJiiMmpuje HHHpapMapKOBnh.200
CacraB Baaae.201
MHHHCTapcKH CaBCT 1903,
Baaaa JoBaHa Tj. AßaKyMOBHha • Tjoptje Tjypuh . 201 CacTaB Baaae.203
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1903,
Baaaa JoBaHa Tj. AßaKyMOBHha • Tjoptje Tjypuh. . 203 CacraB Baaae.204
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1903-1904,
Baaaa CaBe rpyjHha • Bnagimup Joeauoeuh.205
CacTaB Baaae.206
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1904,
Baaaa CaBe Tpyjnha • Bnagimup Joeauoeuh.206
CacraB Baaae.207
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1904-1905,
Baaaa HHKoae nauinha • Bnagimup Joeauoeuh. .208 CacraB Baaae.209
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1905,
Baaaa JbyöoMHpa CTojaHOBHha • Tjoptje Tjypuh . . 210
JbyöoMHp CTojaHOBnh.210
CacTaB Baaae.211
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1905-1906,
Baaaa JbyöoMHpa CrojaHOBnha • Tjoptje Tjypuh . 212
CacraB Baaae.2I3
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1906,
Baaaa CaBe rpyjnha • Bnagimup Joeauoeuh.214
CacTaB Baaae.2I4
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1906-1907,
Baaaa HnKoae nauinha • Bnagimup Joeauoeuh. . 215 CacTaB Baaae.2I^
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1907-1908,
Baaaa HnKoae nauinha • Bnagimup Joeauoeuh. 216 CacTaB Baaae.2I7
592
MHHHcrapcKH caBeT 1908,
ßjiafla HHKCwie ÜaniHha • Bnaguuup Joeanoeuh. 218 CacTaB B^afle.2I9
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1908-1909,
Bna.ua Efepe BenHMHpoBHhaa • TJoplje T ypuh . 219 CacTaB Bnaae.220
MHHHcrapcKH caßeT 1909,
Bnafla OojaHa HoBaKOBnfraä • JJoptje TJypuh . 221
CacTaB BaaAe.222
MHHHcrapcKH caßeT 1909-1911,
Bnana HnKone rTanmha • BnaguMUp Joeanoeuh. 222
CacTaB Bnafle.224
MHHHcrapcKH caßeT 1911-1912, Bnaßa MnnoBaHa
MnaoBaHOBHha • BnaguMUp Joeanoeuh.224
MHHOBaH T). MHAOBaHOBHh.225
CadaB Bjraae.226
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1912, Bnafla MnnoBaHa
MHHOBaHOBHha • BnaguMUp Joeanoeuh.227
CacTaB Bnafle.228
MHHHcrapcKH caßeT 1912, Bnasa Mapna
TpH(|)KOBHha • BnaguMUp Joeanoeuh.228
MapKO TpH(})KOBHh.229
CacTaB Bnafle.230
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1912-1914,
Bnaaa HHKone ílauinha • Bnagunup Joeanoeuh. 230 CacTaB Bnafle.233
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1914-1917,
Bna/ia HHKone IlauiHha • Bnaguuup Joeanoeuh. 233 CacTaB Bnafle.236
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1917-1918,
B/iaaa HnKone Ilauinha • Bnaguuup Joeanoeuh. 236 CacTaB Bnaae.238
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1918,
Bna/ia HnKone üauinha • BnaguMUp Joeanoeuh. 238 CacTaB Bnaae.239
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1918,
Bnafla Hhkohc üauinha • BjiaguMUp Joeanoeuh. . .240 CacTaB Bnafle.241
Y KPAJLEBHHH CXC H jyrOCJIABHJH 1918-1945
MHHHCTAPCKH CABETH KPAJBEBHHE jyrOCJIABHJE 1918-1941 • Jhyóogpal JJuuuh. 245
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1918-1919,
Bna«a OrojaHa riporaha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh . 273
CTojaH ripoTHh.275
CacTaB Bnaae.277
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1919, Bnafla JbyöoMHpa
flaBHflOBHha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh.278
JByôoMHp HaBHflOBHh.279
CacTaB Bjia^e.281
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1919-1920, Bnafla
JtyóoMHpa JJaBHflOBHha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh_281
CacTaB Bnane.282
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1920,
Bnaaa CTojaHa üpoTHha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh_283
CacTaB Bnaae.284
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1920,
Bnafla MnHeHKa Becimha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh . 285
MnneHKo P. BecHHh.286
CacTaB Bjiaße. 2g-,
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1920-1921,
Bjiajja MHHeHKa BecHnha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh . 288 CacTaB Bnafle. ,o0
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1921,
Bnafla Hhko/ic Flauinha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh.290
CacTaB Bnaae.290
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1921,
Bjiazia Hhkoac üauinha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh.291
CacTaB Bnafle.292
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1921-1922,
Bnafla HHKone ITauinha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh.293
CacTaB B/iaae.294
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1922-1923,
Briaga HnKone naumha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh.295
CacTaB Bnaae.295
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1923-1924,
Bnana Hnnone ITauiHha • Tlpegpal JlaMeüiuh.297
CacraB Baaae.298
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1924,
B;iafla HnKoae ITauinha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh.299
CacraB Bnafle.300
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1924,
Bnafla Hhko/ic ílauinha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh.300
CacraB Bnaae.301
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1924, Bna^a JLyöoMirpa
flaBHflOBHha • Tlpegpal JlaMemuh.301
CacraB Briane.303
MnHHCTapcKH caBeT 1924-1925,
Bjiaja Hhkoac nauinha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.303
CacTaB B^afle.305
MwHHCTapcKH caBeT 1925,
B^ana HHKcwie IIainnha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.306
CaciaB B/iaae.307
MnHHCTapcKH caBd 1925-1926,
BjiaAa HnKO/ie nauinha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.308
CacTaB B^a^e.309
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1926, B;iaAa
Hhkoac T. Y3yHOBHha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.310
HnKOAa T. Y3yHOBHh .310
CacTaB B^a^e.311
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1926, BnaAa
Hm o;ie T. Y3yHOBHha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.312
CacTaB BnaAe.313
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1926-1927, Bjiafla
HnKO^e T. Y3yHOBHha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.314
CacTaB B^aae.315
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1927, Bnaaa
HHKone T. Y3yHOBHha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.316
CacTaB B/ta^e.316
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1927-1928, Bnafla
Be^HMHpa ByKHheBnha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.317
Be^HMHp ByKnheBHh .318
CacTaB Bnaae.319
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1928, B^a^a BenHMHpa
ByKHheBnha • npegpai JlaMeiuuh.320
CacTaB Bnafle.321
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1928-1929,
B/iaAa ÁHTOHa Kopouiepa • npegpai JlaMeüiuh. 322
Ahtoh Kopouieu,.323
CacTaB B^afle.324
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1929-1931,
B^afla IleTpa JKnBKOBHha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh. 325
fleTap KHBKOBHh.326
CacTaB Bnafle.327
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1931-1932,
B^afla IleTpa IKHBKOBnha • Bjiaioje Hcaunoeuh. .329 CacTaB Bnajie.329
MHHHCTapcKH C3BCT 1932,
Bjiaja IleTpa IKnBKOBnha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh. .330 CacTaB Bnafle.331
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1932, B^ajia BojncAaBa
MapHHKOBiiha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh.332
BojHoiaB MapHHKOBHh.332
CacTaB Bnaae.333
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1932,
B^a/ia Mn/iaHa CpuiKHha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh . 334
Mn/iaH CpuiKHh .333
CacTaB B^afle.336
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1932-1934,
B^aAa Mn^ana CpuiKnha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh . . 336 CacTaB Brafle.337
MHHHCTapcKH caseT 1934,
Bjiaaa HHKOJie Y3yHOBHha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh ., 338
CacTaB Bjiaae.339
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1934,
B^aAa Hhkojic Y3yHOBnha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh . .340 CacTaB B^aAe.341
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1934,
B;iaAa HHKCwie Y3yHOBHha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh . 341 CacTaB BnaAe.342
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1934-1935,
B;iaAa BoroAy6a JeBTnha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh . 343
Boro;by6 JeBrah.344
CacTaB B;iaAe.345
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1935-1936, BnaAa Mn^aHa
CTojaAHHOBHha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh.345
MHJiaH CTojaAHHOBnh.347
CacTaB B^aAe.348
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1936-1939, BnaAa Mn^aHa
CTojaAHHOBHha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh.349
CacTaB BnaAe.350
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1939, BnaAa /íparniue
U,BeTKOBHha • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh.351
^parama ll,BeTKOBHh .353
CacTaB B/iaAe.353
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1939-1941, BnaAa
l^BeTKOBHh-ManeK • Bnaioje Hcaunoeuh.354
CacTaB BnaAe.355
BJ1A/1A KPAJBEBIIHE JYEOCJIABIIJE V EMIlEPAUIim 1941-1945 • Kociüa Huxonuh. , . . 357
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1941-1942, BAana reHepajia
flymaHa CuMOBuha • Rocina HtiKonuh.365
flyrnaH ChmobhB.3^7
CacTaB BjiaAe.3^
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1941-1942, B/iaAa reHepa/ia
CHMOBnha • Rocina HuKonuh.369
CacTaB B^aAe.3^9
MHHHCTapcKH caBeT 1942-1943, BAana
C/ioóoAaHa JoBaHOBuha • Rocina HuKonuh.369
CBOÓOAaH JOBaHOBHh .371
CacTaB B^aAe.3 72
MiiHHcrapcKH caBeT 1943, Baaaa
CaoóoaaHa JoBaHOBHha • Kociüa HuKomh.373
CacTaB Baaae.374
MMHHCTapcKH caßeT 1943, Baaaa Mnaoiua
TpH(J)yHOBnha • Kociüa HukoauH.375
Mmiom TpmjjyHOBuh.375
CacraB Baaae.37^
MuHHCiapcKH caßeT 1943-1944, Baaaa BoacHaapa
nypHha • Kociüa HukojiuH.376
Boauraap riypnh .377
CacTaB Baaae.37^
MHHHCTapcKH caßeT 1944-1945, Baaaa
HßaHa IllyóaiiJHha • Kociüa HukoauH.379
MßaH Myhaimth .380
CadaB Baaae.381
MHHHcrapcKH caßeT 1945, Baaaa
HßaHa IIIyBarnnha • Kociüa HukoauH.381
CacTaB Baaae.381
594
CPnCKE BilAÄE nOÄ OKyriAU,HJOM 1941-1944 •
Kocuia HukoauH.383
KoMecapcKa yupasa 1941, Baaaa Mnaana
AhHMOBHha • Kociüa HukoauH.389
MiiaaH AhHMOBHh.390
CacTaB Baaae.391
CpncKa Baaaa noa OKynauHjOM 1941-1944, Baaaa reHepaaa MnaaHa Heanha • Kociüa HukojiuH . 391
MnaaH Heanh.393
CactaB Baaae.395
PEBOJIYUHOHAPHE BJIAflE • Heóojiua Joeameuh 397
M3BpniHH oaöop ABHOJ-a 1942-1943,
Baaaa HßaHa Pw6apa • Heóojiua Joeauoeuh.401
HßaH PHÓap.401
CacTaB Baaae.402
HapHOHaaHH komhtct ocao6ot)ett a JyrocaaBHje 1943 -1945, Baaaa Jocana Bpo3a •
Heóojiua JoeaHoeuh.402
loom Bpo3.4°4
CadaB Baaae.4°7
Y COUMIAJIHCTMMKOJ PEnYBJIHUM CPBHJM 1945-1991
nOfl OKPHJBEM OEflEPAJIHHX BJIAflA 1944-1991 • Momhuao naenoeuH u npegpai MapKoeuh.411
rioBepeHHUiTBa npri IlpeaceaHHinTBy ACHOC-a 1944-1945. • Momhujio naenoeuH u
npegpai MapKoeuh.433
CacTaB Baaae.434
HapoaHa Baaaa Cpönje 1945-1948,
Baaaa Eaaroja HeniKOBiiha • Momhujio
naenoeuH u npegpai MapKoeuh.
Eaaroje H. HeuiKOBah.
CadaB Baaae.
HapoaHa Baaaa Cp6nje 1948-1951,
Baaaa IleTpa CTaMÓoarrha • Momhuao
naenoeuH u npegpai MapKoeuh.
Ilexap CraMÓoanh.
CacTaB Baaae .
HapoaHa Baaaa Cpönje 1951-1953,
Baaaa üeTpa CïaMÔoaHha • Momhujio
naenoeuH u npegpai MapKoeuh.
CadaB Baaae.
H3BpuiHO Behe CpÓHje 1953, Baaaa IleTpa CraMÖoaHha • Momhujio naenoeuH u
npegpai MapKoeuh.
CacTaB Baaae .
435
436
437
439
440
441
442
443
444
444
H3BpuiHO Behe CKynuiTHHe CPC 1953-1958. roaHHe, Baaaa loßaHa BeceaHHOBa • Momhuao
naenoeuH u npegpai MapKoeuh.445
JoBaH-)KapKO BeceaHHOB .446
CacraB Baaae.447
H.3BpujHO Behe CxyniiiTHHe CPC 1958-1963,
Baaaa ¡VÍHaoma MHHirha h CaoöoaaM neHe3Hha •
Momhuao IlaenoeuH u npegpai MapKoeuh.447
Mwaoui MHHHh.449
CadaB Baaae.450
PenyóaHHKO H3BpiuH0 Behe 1963-1964, Baaaa CaoóoaaHa neHe3Hha • Momhuao naenoeuH u
npegpai MapKoeuh.450
CaoöoaaH neHe3nh.451
CacraB Baaae.452
PenyóaHHKo H3BpuiHo Behe 1964-1965, Baaaa flparor CiaMeHKOBnha • Momhuao naenoeuH u
npegpai MapKoeuh.452
Upara H. CiaMeHKOBHh .453
CadaB Baaae.453
PenyóaHHKo H3BpiiiHo Behe 1965-1967, Baaaa Æparor CiaMeHKOBnha • Momhuao naenoeuH u
npegpai MapKoeuh.454
CactaB Baaae.455
MBaH CTa\i6ojiHh CacTaB Baane .
465
466
Peny6iiHHK0 H3BpniH0 Behe 1967-1969, Biia^a Bypupe JojKiiha • Momhutio naenoeuh u
npegpai Mapnoeuh.456
TjypHpa JojKnh .457
CacTaB B;iafle.457
PenyOmniKo H3BpniHO Behe 1969-1974, Bna/ja MKJieHKa EojaHHha • Momhmo naenoeuh u
npegpai MapKoeuh.458
MroieHKo Bojamih.460
CacTaB Bnafle.460
M3BpiiiHO Behe CKynniTHHe CPC 1974-1978,
B;iafla flymaHa HKpeOnha • Momhutio naenoauh
u npegpai MapKoeuh.461
flyrnaH HKpeBnh.462
CacTaB Bjiafle.462
M3BpniHo Behe CKyniimiHe CPC,
B;ra/ta HBaHa CxaMho/mha • Momhutio naenoeuh u npegpai MapKoeuh.463
Pl3BpmHo Behe CKynniTHHe CPC 1982-1986, Bnana BpaHucaaBa HKomaha • Momhutio naenoeuh u npegpai MapKoeuh.
BpaHHC^aB UKOHMh.46,8
CacTaB Baane.469
M3BpuiHO Behe CKynniTHHe CPC 1986-1989,
Bnajja flecHMHpa JeBTnha • Momhutio naenoeuh
u npegpai MapKoeuh.470
fleCHMHp JeBTHh .471
CacTaB Baane.472
H3BpniHo Behe CKynniTHHe CPC 1989-1991,
Bjiafla CraHKa PaflMHaoBHha • MoMHuno naenoeuh u npegpai MapKoeuh.473
CTaHKO PaftMHJIOBHh .474
CacTaB Bnafle.475
BJIAflE PEnYBJIHKE CPBHJE 1991-2000
I13BPU1HA BJIACT Y CEHLU4
J1IIHHE BJIACT11 • Kociua HuKonuh .479
Baatta PenyOanKe Cp6nje 1991, Baaaa
UparyTHHa 3e^eHOBHha • Kociua Huxonuh.489
flparyTHH 3eaeHOBHh .490
CacTaB Baaa,e.491
Baaaa PenyOaHKe CpOnje 1991-1993, Baaaa
PasoMaHa BoacoBHha • Kocuia HuKonuh.492
PanOMaH BoxcoBHh .493
CacTaB Bnafle.494
Baaaa Peny6jiHKe Cp6nje 1993-1994, Baaaa
HHKone IIlaHHOBHha • Kocuia HuKonuh.495
Hmcona UlaHHOBHh.496
CacTaB Baane.497
Baaaa PenyhaHKe Cp6Hje 1994-1998, Baaaa
MnpKa MapjaHOBHha • Kocuia HuKonuh.498
MnpKo MapjaHOBnh.499
CacTaB Baane.500
Baaaa Peny6jiHKe Cp6nje 1998-2000,
Baaaa MnpKa MapjaHOBHha • Kociua HuKonuh. . .502 CacTaB Baane.504
JlEMOKPATCKA BJIACT 2000-2005
IIETOOKTOBAPCKA PEBOJIYUIIJA • Eojau JJuMuiupujeeuh.509
Ilpena3Ha Baaaa 2000-2001, Baaaa
MnaoMnpa MHHHha • Bojau JJuMuuipujeeuh.519
Mhhomhp MhhhB.520
CacTaB Baane.520
Baaaa PenyOaHKe Cp6nje 2001 - 12. MapT 2003,
B/iajja 3opaHa T)HHl)Hha • Bojau JJuMuiupujeeuh .522 3opaH 524
CacTaB Baane.525
Baaaa PenybanKe Cp6nje 2003-2004, Baaaa
3opaHa IKHBKOBnha • Bojau JJimuiupujceuh.526
3opaH IKiiBKOBuh.528
CacTaB Baane.529
Baaaa Peny6aHKe CpOnje on 3. MapTa 2004 , Baaaa BojucaaBa KouiTyHnne • Bojau JjuMuiupujceuh . . 530
BojuciiaB KouiTyHHua.532
CacTaB Baane.533
npii.i03ii
IlpHJior OnOaHorpacjnijH 0 BaanaMa Cp6Hje h Kpaa,eBHHe CXC/JyrocaaBiije • Cnaeuga MepemiK . 537
The Governments of Serbia 1805-2005 . 553
PerncTap jihhhmx HMeHa.579 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021612622 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DR1972 |
| callnumber-raw | DR1972 |
| callnumber-search | DR1972 |
| callnumber-sort | DR 41972 |
| callnumber-subject | DR - Balkan Peninsula |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)67978385 (DE-599)BVBBV021612622 |
| edition | 1. izd. |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1800-1900 Geschichte 1802-2005 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1800-1900 Geschichte 1802-2005 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Biografie |
| geographic | Servië gtt Serbia Politics and government 20th century Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Servië Serbia Politics and government 20th century Serbien |
| id | DE-604.BV021612622 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:51:09Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T04:23:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 861713111X |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014827813 |
| oclc_num | 67978385 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 595 S. Ill. 31 x 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Zavod za Udžbenike i Nastavna Sredstva |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Vlade Srbije 1805 - 2005 Radoš Ljušić ... 1. izd. Beograd Zavod za Udžbenike i Nastavna Sredstva 2005 595 S. Ill. 31 x 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., serb. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Government as a state organ Serbien Regierung (DE-588)4498650-6 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1800-1900 Geschichte 1802-2005 gnd rswk-swf Staatsinrichting gtt Staatslieden gtt Geschichte Politik Democracy Serbia History Serbia Politics and government 19th century Regierungsmitglied (DE-588)4177412-7 gnd rswk-swf Servië gtt Serbia Politics and government 20th century Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Serbien Regierung (DE-588)4498650-6 b Geschichte 1802-2005 z DE-604 Serbien (DE-588)4054598-2 g Regierungsmitglied (DE-588)4177412-7 s Ljušić, Radoš Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014827813&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014827813&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Personenregister Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014827813&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Vlade Srbije 1805 - 2005 Serbien Regierung (DE-588)4498650-6 gnd Staatsinrichting gtt Staatslieden gtt Geschichte Politik Democracy Serbia History Serbia Politics and government 19th century Regierungsmitglied (DE-588)4177412-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4498650-6 (DE-588)4177412-7 (DE-588)4054598-2 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Vlade Srbije 1805 - 2005 |
| title_auth | Vlade Srbije 1805 - 2005 |
| title_exact_search | Vlade Srbije 1805 - 2005 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Vlade Srbije 1805 - 2005 |
| title_full | Vlade Srbije 1805 - 2005 Radoš Ljušić ... |
| title_fullStr | Vlade Srbije 1805 - 2005 Radoš Ljušić ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vlade Srbije 1805 - 2005 Radoš Ljušić ... |
| title_short | Vlade Srbije |
| title_sort | vlade srbije 1805 2005 |
| title_sub | 1805 - 2005 |
| topic | Serbien Regierung (DE-588)4498650-6 gnd Staatsinrichting gtt Staatslieden gtt Geschichte Politik Democracy Serbia History Serbia Politics and government 19th century Regierungsmitglied (DE-588)4177412-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Serbien Regierung Staatsinrichting Staatslieden Geschichte Politik Democracy Serbia History Serbia Politics and government 19th century Regierungsmitglied Servië Serbia Politics and government 20th century Serbien Biografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014827813&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014827813&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014827813&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ljusicrados vladesrbije18052005 |