Holdings: Principles of human anatomy

Principles of human anatomy:

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Tortora, Gerard J. (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Hoboken Wiley 2005
Edition:	10. ed.
Subjects:	Anatomie humaine Physiologie humaine Human anatomy Human physiology Anatomie Lehrbuch
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XXX, 960 S., 11 Faltbl. zahlr. Ill.
ISBN:	0471420816

Staff View

MARC


LEADER	00000nam a2200000 c 4500
001	BV021609839
003	DE-604
005	20061020
007	t
008	060607s2005 a\|\|\| \|\|\|\| 00\|\|\| eng d
020			\|a 0471420816 \|9 0-471-42081-6
035			\|a (OCoLC)57003502
035			\|a (DE-599)BVBBV021609839
040			\|a DE-604 \|b ger \|e rakwb
041	0		\|a eng
049			\|a DE-20
050		0	\|a QM23.2
082	0		\|a 611 \|2 22
084			\|a WW 1452 \|0 (DE-625)152049: \|2 rvk
100	1		\|a Tortora, Gerard J. \|e Verfasser \|0 (DE-588)132130270 \|4 aut
245	1	0	\|a Principles of human anatomy \|c Gerard J. Tortora
250			\|a 10. ed.
264		1	\|a Hoboken \|b Wiley \|c 2005
300			\|a XXX, 960 S., 11 Faltbl. \|b zahlr. Ill.
336			\|b txt \|2 rdacontent
337			\|b n \|2 rdamedia
338			\|b nc \|2 rdacarrier
650		4	\|a Anatomie humaine
650		4	\|a Physiologie humaine
650		4	\|a Human anatomy
650		4	\|a Human physiology
650	0	7	\|a Anatomie \|0 (DE-588)4001895-7 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
655		7	\|8 1\p \|0 (DE-588)4123623-3 \|a Lehrbuch \|2 gnd-content
689	0	0	\|a Anatomie \|0 (DE-588)4001895-7 \|D s
689	0		\|5 DE-604
856	4	2	\|m HBZ Datenaustausch \|q application/pdf \|u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014825070&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA \|3 Inhaltsverzeichnis
999			\|a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014825070
883	1		\|8 1\p \|a cgwrk \|d 20201028 \|q DE-101 \|u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk

Record in the Search Index

_version_	1804135395218161664
adam_text	BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS ttMBRM 1 • AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY 1 2 • CELLS 24 3 • TISSUES 57 4 • DEVELOPMENT 93 5 • THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 121 6 • BONE TISSUE 144 7 • THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE AXIAL SKELETON 163 8 • THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 203 9 • JOINTS 229 10 • MUSCULAR TISSUE 265 11 • THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 288 12 • SURFACE ANATOMY 381 13 • THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD 405 14 • THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART 424 15 • THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS 453 16 • THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM 511 17 • NERVOUS TISSUE 536 18 • THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES 553 19 • THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES 583 20 • THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 632 21 • SOMATIC SENSES 651 22 • SPECIAL SENSES 671 23 • THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 704 24 • THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 731 25 • THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 764 26 • THE URINARY SYSTEM 808 27 • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 835 E3221 A • MEASUREMENTS 883 B • ANSWERS 885 Glossary 892 Credits 927 Index 930 CON i ¦ I AN ITRODUCTION OF •ft H A THE HUMAN BODY 1 JL . . , Introduction 1 Anatomy Defined 2 Levels of Body Organization 2 Basic Anatomical Terminology 6 . \| Anatomical Position 7 Regional Names 8 Planes and Sections 8 Directional Terms 9 Body Cavities 12 Dorsal Body Cavity 12 Ventral Body Cavity 12 Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes 15 Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants 15 Medical Imaging 18 Measuring the Human Body 21 », Clinical Applications ^^Gp Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques 2 Autopsy 17 Sfz/afy Outline 21 Self Quiz Questions 21 Critical Thinking Questions 23 Answers to Figure Questions 23 ^m!mw IL cells 24 Introduction 24 A Generalized Cell 25 The Plasma Membrane 26 Structure of the Membrane 26 Functions of Membrane Proteins 27 Membrane Permeability 27 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 27 Passive Processes 28 Active Process 28 Transport in Vesicles 28 Cytoplasm 30 Cytosol 30 Organelles 31 The Cytoskeleton 31 Centrosome 32 Cilia and Flagella 32 Ribosomes 33 Endoplasmic Reticulum 34 Golgi Complex 35 Lysosomes 37 Peroxisomes 38 Proteasomes 38 Mitochondria 38 TENTS Nucleus 39 Cell Division 43 Somatic Cell Division 43 Interphase 43 Mitotic Phase 44 Control of Cell Destiny 46 Reproductive Cell Division 47 Meiosis 47 Cellular Diversity 47 Aging and Cells 50 ^ k^J Clinical Applications CS Viruses and Receptor Mediated F.ndocytosis 29 Smooth KR and Drug Iolerance 35 lay Sachs Disease 37 I roteasomes ami Disease 3H Mitochondria! Myopathies 38 (ienomics 41 The Mitotic Spindle and Cancer 46 Tumor suppressor ( jenes 46 Piogena and Werner Syndrome 51 Applications to Health 51 • Cancer Key Medical Terms 52 Study Outline 53 Self Quiz Questions 55 Critical Thinking Questions 56 ,lns~d ers tn l i^iire Questions 56 #¦3 TISSUES 57 •^aJfc Introduction 57 ^ Types of Tissues and Their Origins 58 I J Cell Junctions 58 light Junctions 5H AdherensJunctions 5S Desmosonies 59 I leniidesniosonies 60 (lapJunctions 60 Epithelial Tissue 60 Covering and Lining hpithelmm 61 Simple F.piihelium 62 Stratified Kpithelium ) (jlandular Epithelium 69 Structural (Classification of F.xocrine (ilanilss W Functional (Classification ot F.xocnne (ilanilss 0 Connective Tissue 71 General Features of Connective Tissue 71 Connective Tissue Cells 72 Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix 72 XXI Ground Substance 73 Fibers 73 Classification of Connective Tissues 74 Types of Mature Connective Tissue 74 Loose Connective Tissue 74 Dense Connective Tissue 76 Cartilage 78 Bone Tissue 81 Liquid Connective Tissue 82 Membranes 82 Epithelial Membranes 82 Mucous Membranes 82 Serous Membranes 84 Cutaneous Membrane 84 Synovial Membranes 84 Muscular Tissue 84 Nervous Tissue 86 Aging and Tissues 86 .. ^¦J * Clinical Applications C5 Biopsy 58 Basement Membranes and Disease 61 Papanicolaou Test 69 Chondroitin Sulfate, Glucosamine, and Joint Disease 73 Ligaments and Sprains 73 Marfan Syndrome 73 Liposuction 75 Tissue Engineering 82 Applications to Health 81 • Sjb gren s Syndrome • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Key Medical Terms 88 Study Outline 88 Self Quiz Questions 90 Critical Thinking Questions 91 Answers to Figure Questions 92 __ yCSrl^ DEVELOPMENT 93 — 1 Introduction 93 Embryonic Period 94 First Week of Development 94 Fertilization 94 Cleavage of the Zygote 96 Blastocyst Formation 96 Implantation 97 Second Week of Development 99 Development of the Trophoblast 99 Development of the Bilaminar Embryonic Disc 101 Development of the Amnion 101 Development of the Yolk Sac 101 Development of Sinusoids 101 Development of the Extraembryonic Coelom 102 Development of the Chorion 102 Third Week of Development 102 (iastrulation 102 Xeurulation 105 Development of Somites 106 Development of the Intraembryonic Coelom 106 Development of the Cardiovascular System 106 Development of the Chorionic Villi and Placenta 106 Fourth Week of Development 109 Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development 109 Fetal Period 111 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy 115 Labor 115 ,^^J ^ Clinical Applications ^^ Stem Cell Research and Therapeutic Cloning 97 Ectopic Pregnancy 99 Anencephaly 106 Dystocia and Cesarean Section 116 Applications to Health 111 • Infertility • Down Syndrome Key Medical Terms 111 Study Outline 118 Self Quiz Questions 119 Critical Thinking Questions 120 Answers to Figure Questions 120 IS K^H S THE INTEGUMENTARY wEBH ^ ^ SYSTEM 121 1 JpS^ Introduction 121 . 1 Structure of the Skin 122 Epidermis 123 Stratum Basale 123 Stratum Spinosum 124 Stratum Granulosum 125 Stratum Lucidum 125 Stratum Corneum 125 Keratinization and Growth of the Epidermis 125 Dermis 125 The Structural Basis of Skin Color 127 Accessory Structures of the Skin 128 Hair 128 Anatomy of a Hair 128 Hair Growth 128 Types of Hairs 130 Hair Color 130 Skin Glands 130 Sebaceous Glands 130 Sudoriferous Glands 131 Ceruminous Glands 132 Nails 132 Types of Skin 133 Functions of the Skin 134 Blood Supply of the Integumentary System 135 Development of the Integumentary System 135 Aging and the Integumentary System 137 ^^ Clinical Applications r Skin Grafts 124 Psoriasis 125 Lines of Cleavage and Surgery 126 Skin Color as a Diagnostic Clue 127 Hair Removal 128 Chemotherapy and Hair Loss 130 Hair and Hormones 130 Acne 130 Impacted Cerumen 132 Transdermal Drug Administration 135 Photodamage and Photosensitivity Reactions 137 Applications to Health 138 Skin Cancer • Burns • Pressure Ulcers Key Medical Terms 140 Study Outline 141 Self Quiz Questions 142 Critical Thinking Questions 143 Answers to Figure Questions 143 TO^ H 0 BONE TISSUE 144 j^if I Introduction 144 Functions of the Skeletal System 145 Anatomy of a Bone 145 Histology of Bone Tissue 145 Compact Bone Tissue 147 Spongy Bone Tissue 148 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 150 Bone Formation 150 Intramembranous Ossification 150 Endochondral Ossification 152 Bone Growth 152 Growth in Length 152 Growth in Thickness 154 Bone Remodeling 155 Fracture and Repair of Bone 156 Exercise and Bone Tissue 158 Aging and Bone Tissue 159 ^~^S * Clinical Applications £5^ Bone Scan 148 Remodeling and Orthodontics 156 Treatments for Fractures 158 Applications to Health 159 • Osteoporosis • Rickets and Osteomalacia Key Medical Terms 160 Study Outline 160 Self Quiz Questions 161 Critical Thinking Questions 162 Answers to Figure Questions 162 B3SS S /THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE ^^ p_. B« / axIAL SKELETON 163 »/ ~^ Introduction 163 Divisions of the Skeletal System 164 Types of Bones 164 Bone Surface Markings 167 Skull 168 General Features and Functions 168 Cranial Bones 169 Frontal Bone 169 Parietal Bones 170 Temporal Bones 170 Occipital Bone 173 Sphenoid Bone 174 Ethmoid Bone 176 Facial Bones 177 Nasal Bones 179 Maxillae 179 Zygomatic Bones 180 Lacrimal Bones 180 Palatine Bones 180 Inferior Nasal Conchae 180 Vomer 180 Mandible 180 Nasal Septum 181 Orbits 182 Foramina 182 Unique Features of the Skull 182 Sutures 182 Paranasal Sinuses 183 Fontanels 185 Cranial Fossae 185 HyoidBone 186 Vertebral Column 186 CONTKNTS AA111 Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column 188 Intervertebral Discs 189 Parts of a Typical Vertebra 189 Body 189 Vertebral Arch 189 Processes 190 Regions of the Vertebral Column 190 Cervical Region 190 Thoracic Region 191 Lumbar Region 192 Sacrum 192 Coccyx 195 Thorax 195 Sternum 195 Ribs 195 ^_^* • Clinical Applications * s Medical Anthropology 167 Black Kye 170 Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip 180 Deviated Nasal Septum 181 Sinusitis 185 Caudal Anesthesia 195 Rib Fractures, Dislocations, and Separations 198 Applications to Health 198 • Herniated (Slipped) Disc • Abnormal Curves of the Vertebral Column • Spina Bifida • Fractures of the Vertebral Column Key Medical Terms 200 Study Outline 200 Self Quiz Questions 201 Critical Thinking Questions 202 Ansirers to Figure Questions 202 { ) Till. SKI LI I AL SYSTIM: •;? ( IHI APPINDK ILAR SKI II ION 203 Introduction 203 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 204 Clavicle 204 Scapula 204 Upper Limb (Extremity) 206 Humerus 207 Ulna and Radius 207 Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges 210 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 212 Ilium 213 Ischium 215 Pubis 215 False and True Pelves 215 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 216 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 218 Lower Limb (Extremity) 218 Femur 218 Patella 220 Tibia and Fibula 220 Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges 222 Arches of the Foot 222 Development of the Skeletal System 225 ^ r^y Clinical Applications * ~^ I ractured Clavicle 204 Bone Marrow !¦ ammation 2 1 i Pelvimctry 216 Patellotemoral Stress Syndrome 22(1 Bone Crafting 222 Fractures of the Metatarsals 222 Flatfoot and Clawfoot 222 Applications to Health 226 • Hip Fracture Key Medical Terms 226 Study Outline 22 , Self Quiz Questions 227 Critical Thinking Questions 22S .Ins d ers to Figure Questions 22S XXIV CONTENTS i \| ¦ X/^ I y JOINTS 229 if^C S Introduction 229 1 * t Joint Classifications 230 L_J=^ I Fibrous Joints 230 Sutures 230 Syndesmoses 230 Gomphoses 230 Cartilaginous Joints 230 Synchondroses 231 Symphyses 231 Synovial Joints 232 Structure of Synovial Joints 232 Articular Capsule 232 Synovial Fluid 232 Accessor}7 Ligaments and Articular Discs 234 Nerve and Blood Supply 234 Bursae and Tendon Sheaths 234 Types of Synovial Joints 235 Planar Joints 235 Hinge Joints 235 Pivot Joints 235 Condyloid Joints 236 Saddle Joints 236 Ball and SocketJoints 236 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 236 Gliding 237 Angular Movements 237 Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, and Hyperextension 238 Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction 239 Rotation 240 Special Movements 241 SelectedJointsoftheBody 243 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 259 Aging and Joints 259 Arthroplasty 259 ^^_* y Clinical Applications £^ Cartilage Replacement 232 Aspiration of Synovial Fluid 233 Torn Cartilage and Arthroscopy 234 Bursitis 235 Dislocated Mandible 245 Rotator Cuff Injury and Dislocated and Separated Shoulder 248 Tennis Elbow, Little League Elbow, and Dislocation of the Radial Head 249 Knee Injuries 255 Ankle Sprains and Fractures 258 Applications to Health 260 • Rheumatism and Arthritis • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Osteoarthritis • Gouty Arthritis • Lyme Disease • Ankylosing Spondylitis Key Medical Terms 261 Study Outline 262 Self Quiz Questions 26 ( .ritual Thinking Questions 264 . lusirers to i igure Questions 264 y^^k ¦ 1.1.1 MUSCULAR TISSUE 265 ;^N=^U™J Introduction 265 I Overview of Muscular Tissue 266 Types of Muscular Tissue 266 Functions ot Muscular Tissue 266 Properties of Muscular Tissue 266 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 267 Connective Tissue Components 267 Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber 267 Sarcolemma, T Tubules, and Sarcoplasm 270 Myofibrils and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum 270 Filaments and the Sarcomere 270 Muscle Proteins 271 Nerve and Blood Supply 272 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 274 Muscle Tone 275 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 276 Slow Oxidative Fibers 276 Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fibers 276 Fast Glycolytic Fibers 276 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Fibers 277 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 278 Smooth Muscle Tissue 278 Development of Muscles 282 Aging and Muscular Tissue 283 k s, rJ Clinical Applications S^ Ganglion Cyst 267 Muscular Atrophy and Hypertrophy 270 Exercise Induced Muscle Damage 270 Rigor Mortis 275 Hypotonia and Hypertonia 275 Anabolic Steroids 277 Regeneration of Heart Cells 278 Applications to Health 283 • Myasthenia Gravis • Muscular Dystrophy • Fibromyalgia • Abnormal Contractions of Skeletal Muscle Key Medical Terms 284 Study Outline 284 Self Quiz Questions 286 Critical Thinking Questions 281 Answers to Figure Questions 281 tM 1 1 THE MUSCULAR ¦ JL JL SYSTEM 288 ? Introduction 288 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements 289 Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin and Insertion 289 . I Lever Systems and Leverage 290 F.ffects of Fascicle Arrangement 291 Coordination Within Muscle Groups 292 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 293 Principal Skeletal Muscles 297 ^__ „. Clinical Applications t^ lenosynovitis 290 Intramuscular Injections 292 Benefits of Stretching 293 Bell s Palsy 298 Strabismus 302 Intubation During Anesthesia 307 Inguinal Hernia 317 Injury of Levator Ani and Stress Incontinence 324 Impingement Syndrome 332 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 348 Back Injuries and Heavy Lifting 352 Groin Strain 357 Pulled Hamstrings 363 Shin splint Syndrome 366 Plantar Fasciitis 372 Applications to Health 376 • Running Injuries Compartment Syndrome Study Outline 376 Self Quiz Questions 377 Critical Thinking Questions 378 Answers to Figure Questions 379 ^SBmt~Hm I / SURFACE ANATOMY h^?)T 3si I Introduction 381 Surface Anatomy of the Head 381 Regions of the Cranium and Face 381 Bony Landmarks of the Head 381 Muscles of Facial Expression 3 82 Surface Features of the Eyes 3 84 Surface Features of the Ears 3 84 Surface Features of the Nose and Mouth 385 Surface Anatomy of the Neck 386 Surface Anatomy of the Trunk 388 Surface Features of the Back 388 Surface Features of the Chest 389 Surface Features of the Abdomen and Pelvis 391 Surface Anatomy of the Upper Limb (Extremity) 392 Surface Features of the Shoulder 392 Surface Features of the Armpit 393 Surface Features of the Arm and Elbow 395 Surface Features of the Forearm and Wrist 395 Surface Features of the Hand 397 Surface Anatomy of the Lower Limb (Extremity) 398 Surface Features of the Buttock 398 Surface Features of the Thigh and Knee 399 Surface Features of the Leg, Ankle, and Foot 400 ^m£^ Clinical Applications ^S? Triangle of Auscultation and Lung Sounds 389 McBurney s Point and the Appendix 392 Shoulder Intramuscular Injection 393 Blood Pressure 395 Gluteal Intramuscular Injection 398 Thigh Intramuscular Injection 399 Study Outline 402 Self Quiz Questions 402 Critical Thinking Questions 403 /Insirers to Figure Questions 404 ^S^SsH 1 1 l HE CARDIOVASCULAR tSfc $8) SYSTEM: BLOOD 405 ^^^7 ^ I Introduction 405 Functions of Blood 406 Physical Characteristics of Blood 406 Components of Blood 406 Blood Plasma 408 Formed Elements 408 Formation of Blood Cells 409 Red Blood Cells 411 CONTENTS XXV RBC Anatomy 412 RBC Functions 412 RBC Life Cycle 412 Erythropoicsis: Production of RBCs 413 Blood Group Systems 413 White Blood Cells 413 WBC Anatomy and Types 413 Granular Leukocytes 413 Agranular Leukocytes 414 WBC Functions 414 Platelets 416 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord Blood 416 ^^ gC Clinical Applications ^S? Withdrawing Blood 406 Induced Polycythemia in Athletes 409 Bone Marrow Examination 410 Aledical Uses of Hemopoietic Growth Factors 411 Iron Overload 412 Reticulocyte Count 413 Complete Blood Count 416 Applications to Health 448 • Anemia • Sickle Cell Disease • Hemophilia / Disseminated Intravascular Clotting • Leukemia Key Medical Terms 420 Study Outline 421 Self Quiz Questions 422 CriticalThinking Questions 421 . Insirers to iitrnre Questions 421 #£k ¦ 1 lL I HI CARDIOVASCULAR MJP1 « SYSTEM: 1111 HI .ART 424 •^^ I Introduction 424 Location and Surface Projection of the Heart 425 Structure and Function of the Heart 426 Pericardium 426 Layers of the Heart W all 428 Chambers of the Heart 428 Right Atrium 428 Right Ventricle 430 Left Atrium 430 Left Ventricle 431 Myocardial Thickness and Function 432 Fibrous Skeleton of the I Icart 432 11 cart Valves 432 Atrioventricular Valves 432 Scmilunar Valves 434 Circulation of Blood 435 Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations 43 5 Coronary Circulation 436 Coronary Arteries 436 Coronary Veins 4!f The Cardiac Conduction System 436 Cardiac Cycle (Heartbeat) 440 Heart Sounds 440 Exercise and the Heart 441 Development of the Heart 442 ^ ^ Clinical Applications * ^S^ Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 426 Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade 427 Heart Valve Disorders 434 Reperfusion Damasje 436 Heart Murmurs 440 1 lelp for Failing 1 learts 441 XXVI CONTENTS Applications to Health 444 • Coronary Artery Disease • Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction • Congenital Heart Defects • Arrhythmias • Congenital Heart Failure Key Medical Terms 449 Study Outline 450 Self Quiz Questions 451 Critical Thinking Questions 452 Answers to Figure Questions 452 jCm T H I S THE CARDIOVASCULAR i»y ^ SYSTEM: BLOOD C^ \| VESSELS 453 Introduction 453 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 454 Arteries 454 Elastic x rteries 454 Muscular Arteries 454 Arterioles 454 Capillaries 456 Venules 457 Veins 458 Anastomoses 459 Blood Distribution 459 Circulatory Routes 459 Systemic Circulation 459 Hepatic Portal Circulation 500 Pulmonary Circulation 501 Fetal Circulation 501 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood 505 Aging and the Cardiovascualr System 505 ^___ * ~ Clinical Applications * ^S? Varicose Veins 458 Applications to Health 506 • Hypertension Key Medical Terms 501 Study Outline 508 Self Quiz Questions 508 Critical Thinking Questions 510 Answers to Figure Questions 510 * 1 ;, t^ : B / THE LYMPHATIC AND ¦**}¦ ^ IMMUNE SYSTEM 511 I Introduction 511 Lymphatic and Immune System Structure and Functions 512 Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System 512 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation 512 Lymphatic Capillaries 512 Lymph Trunks and Ducts 514 Formation and Flow of Lymph 514 Lymphatic Organs and Tissues 516 Thymus 516 Lymph Nodes 517 Spleen 520 Lymphatic Xodules 520 Principal Groups of Lymph Nodes 522 Development of Lymphatic Tissues 528 Aging and the Lymphatic nd Immune System 530 Clinical Applications ^S^ Edema and Lymph Flow 516 Metastasis Through Lymphatic Vessels 520 Ruptured Spleen 520 Applications to Health 530 • AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome • Allergic Reactions • Infectious Mononucleosis • Lymphoma Key Medical Terms 532 Study Outline 533 Self Quiz Questions 534 Critical Thinking Questions 535 Answers to Figure Questions 535 ^^ 1 / NERVOUS TISSUE 536 Introduction 536 Overview of the Nervous System 537 Structures of the Nervous System 537 Functions of the Nervous System 538 Organization of the Nervous System 538 Histology of Nervous Tissue 539 Neurons 539 Parts of a Neuron 540 Neurotransmitters 540 Structural Diversity in Neurons 542 Neuroglia 543 Neuroglia of the CNS 543 Neuroglia of the PNS 544 Myelination 545 Gray and White Matter 546 Neuronal Circuits 547 Regeneration and Neurogenesis 548 ^__ . Clinical Applications _5^ Neurotoxins and Local Anesthetics 539 Modifying Neurotransmitters 542 Demyelination 545 Applications to Health 549 • Multiple Sclerosis • Epilepsy Key Medical Terms 549 Study Outline 550 Self Quiz Questions 550 Critical Thinking Questions 551 Answers to Figure Questions 552 ! i i j ( j K THE SPINAL CORD AND .r* l • SPINAL NERVES 553 Introduction 553 Spinal Cord Anatomy 554 Protective Structures 554 Vertebral Column 554 Meninges 554 External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 554 Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 558 Spinal Cord Functions 560 Sensory and Motor Tracts 561 Reflexes and Reflex Arcs 562 Spinal Nerves 564 Connective Tissue Coverings of Spinal Nerves 564 Distribution of Spinal Nerves 565 Branches 565 Plexuses 565 Intercostal Nerves 577 Dermatomes 577 ___.% Clinical Applications S^ Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord Injuries 554 Spinal Tap 554 Spinal Nerve Root Damage 558 Reflexes and Diagnosis 562 Injuries to the Phrenic Nerves 566 Injuries to Nerves Emerging from the Brachial Plexus 568 Lumbar Plexus Injuries 573 Sciatic Nerve Injury 575 Applications to Health 518 • Spinal Cord Disorders Key Medical Terms 519 Study Outline 519 Self Quiz Questions 580 Critical Thinking Questions 582 Answers to Figure Questions 582 j SwHI 1 vthebrainand WgpP1 CRANIAL NERVES 583 Introduction 583 Overview of Brain Organization and Blood Supply 584 Major Parts of the Brain 584 Protective Coverings of the Brain 584 Brain Blood Flow and the Blood Brain Barrier 586 Cerebrospinal Fluid 587 Formation of CSF in the Ventricles 587 Circulation of CSF 589 The Brain Stem 590 Medulla Oblongata 590 Pons 590 Midbrain 592 Reticular Formation 594 The Cerebellum 595 The Diencephalon 596 Thalamus 596 Hypothalamus 598 Epithalamus 600 Subthalamus 600 Circumventricular Organs 600 The Cerebrum 600 Lobes of the Cerebrum 600 Cerebral White Matter 602 Basal Ganglia 602 The Limbic System 604 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 607 Sensory Areas 607 Motor Areas 608 Association Areas 608 Hemispheric Lateralization 609 Brain Waves 609 Cranial Nerves 610 Olfactory (I) Nerve 610 Optic (II) Nerve 611 Oculomotor (III) Nerve 611 Trochlear (IV) Nerve 613 Trigeminal (V) Nerve 614 Abducens (VI) Nerve 615 Facial (VII) Nerve 615 Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve 615 Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve 615 Vagus (X) Nerve 617 Accessory (XI) Nerve 617 Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve 618 Development of the Nervous System 624 Aging and the Nervous System 626 CONTKNTS XXVII ^ K^ Clinical Applications ^^ Subdural Hemorrhage 586 Breaching the Blood Brain Barrier 587 Hydrocephalus 589 Injury of the Medulla 590 Ataxia 596 Damage to the Basal Ganglia 604 Brain Injuries 605 Aphasia 609 Dental Anesthesia 615 Applications to Health 626 • Cerebrovascular Accident • Transient Ischemic Attack • Alzheimer s Disease • Brain Tumors Key Medical Terms 621 Study Outline 628 Self Quiz Questions 629 Critical Thinking Questions 631 Answers to Figure Questions 631 f /I I THE AUTONOMIC 0mgk ^ XJ NERVOUS SYSTEM 632 ^fW Introduction 632 M Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 633 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways 634 Anatomical Components of an Autonomic Motor Pathway 634 Preganglionic Neurons 634 Autonomic (langlia 635 Autonomic Plexuses 635 Postganglionic Neurons 63S Structure of the Sympathetic Division 639 Structure of the Parasympathetic Division 641 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors 641 Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors 641 Adrenergic Neurons and Receptors 642 Functions of the ANS 643 Sympathetic Responses 643 Parasympathetic Responses 644 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 646 Autonomic Reflexes 646 Autonomic Control By Higher Centers 646 ^^* Clinical Applications £? Homer s Syndrome 640 Drugs and Receptor Selectivity 643 Applications to Health 646 • Raynaud s Disease • Autonomic Dysreflexia Key Medical Terms 647 Study Outline 64S Self Quiz Questions MS Critical Thinking Questions 65(1 Ansii vrs to Figure Questions 6)0 SOMATIC SENSES 651 Introduction 651 Overview of Sensations 652 Definition of Sensations 652 Characteristics of Sensations 652 XXVIII CONTENTS Classification of Sensations 652 Somatic Sensations 653 Tactile Sensations 653 Touch 653 Pressure and Vibration 654 Itch and Tickle 655 Thermal Sensations 655 Pain Sensations 655 Types of Pain 655 Localization of Pain 655 Proprioceptive Sensations 656 Muscle Spindles 656 Tendon Organs 657 Joint Kinesthetic Receptors 658 Somatic Senory Pathways 658 Posterior Column Medical Lemniscus Pathway to the Cortex 659 Anterolateral Pathways to the Cortex 660 Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area 660 Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum 660 Somatic Sensory Pathways 658 Posterior Column Medial Lemniscus Pathway to the Cortex 659 Anterolateral Pathways to the Cortex 660 Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area 660 Somatic Sensory Paythways to the Cerebellum 660 Somatic Motor Pathways 661 Mapping the Motor Areas 663 Direct Motor Pathways 663 Indirect Motor Pathways 664 Roles of the Basal Ganglia 664 Roles of the Cerebellum 666 Integration of Sensory Input and Motor Output 666 ^^S Clinical Applications SS Phantom Limb Sensation 655 Analgesia: Relief from Pain 655 Syphilis 660 Paralysis 663 Amvotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 664 Damage to the Basal Ganglia 665 Damage to the Cerebellum 666 Applications to Health 667 • Spinal Cord Injury • Parkinson s Disease Key Medical Terms 667 Study Outline 66S Self Quiz Questions 669 Critical Thinking Questions 670 Answers to Figure Questions 670 ¦ .... T SPKCIAL SENSES 671 ¦¦ ,¦ Introduction 671 Olfaction: Sense of Smell 672 Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors 672 The Olfactory Pathway 672 Gustation: Sense of Taste 674 Anatomy of Gustatory Receptors 674 The Gustatory Pathway 674 Vision 676 Accessory Structures of the Eye 676 Eyelids 676 Eyelashes and Eyebrows 676 The Lacrimal Apparatus 676 Extrinsic Eye Muscles 676 Anatomy of the Eyeball 678 Fibrous Tunic 678 Vascular Tunic 679 Retina 679 Lens 681 Interior of the Eyeball 682 The Visual Pathway 683 Processing of Visual Input in the Retina 684 Pathway in the Brain 684 Hearing and Equilibrium 684 Anatomy of the Ear 685 External (Outer) Ear 685 Middle Ear 686 Internal (Inner) Ear 687 Mechanism of Hearing 690 The Auditory Pathway 692 Mechanism of Equilibrium 692 Otolithic Organs: Saccule and Utricle 692 Semicircular Ducts 692 Equilibrium Pathways 695 Development of the Eyes and Ears 696 Development of the Ears 697 Aging and the Special Senses 698 _^* Clinical Applications V]S? Hyposmia672 Taste Aversion 674 LASIK 679 Detached Retina 680 Color Blindness and Night Blindness 680 Presbyopia 681 Age Related Macular Disease 683 Loud Sounds and Hair Cell Damage 690 Otosclerosis 692 Cochlear Implants 692 Applications to Health 699 • Cataracts • Glaucoma • Deafness • Meniere s Disease • Otitis Media • Motion Sickness Key Medical Terms 699 Study Outline 100 Self Quiz Questions 101 Critical Thinking Questions 703 Answers to Figure Questions 103 4 . % I . y ¦, / THE ENDOCRINE :±U w ,., SYSTEM 704 ^ Introduction 704 Endocrine Glands Defined 705 Hormones 705 Hypothalmus and Pituitary Gland 707 .Anterior Pituitary 707 Posterior Pituitary 710 Thyroid Gland 711 Parathyroid Glands 713 Adrenal Glands 715 Adrenal Cortex 715 Adrenal Medulla 715 Pancreas 717 Ovaries and Testes 719 Pineal Gland 720 Thymus 720 Other Endocrine Tissues 721 Development of the Endocrine System 721 Aging and the Endocrine System 723 ^^* Clinical Applications ^S^ Blocking Hormone Receptors 706 Oxytocin and Childbirth 711 Seasonal Affective Disorder and Jet Lag 720 Applications to Health 723 • Pituitary Gland Disorders • Diabetes Insipidus • Thyroid Gland Disorders • Parathyroid Gland Disorders • Adrenal Gland Disorders • Addison s Disease • Pancreatic Islet Disorders Key Medical Terms 126 Study Outline 727 Self Quiz Questions 728 Critical Thinking Questions 129 Answers to Figure Questions 730 ** ^ /I )f?lM /41 THF RESPIRATORY j£ ~ SYSTEM 731 Introduction 731 Repiratory System Anatomy 732 Nose 732 Pharynx 735 Larynx 736 The Structures of Voice Production 738 Trachea 740 Bronchi 741 Lungs 744 Lobes, Fissures, and Lobules 746 Alveoli 748 Blood Supply to the Lungs 749 Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing) 750 Inhalation 751 Exhalation 751 Regulation of Respiration 752 Role of the Respiratory Center 753 Medullary Rhythmicity Area 753 Pneumotaxic Area 754 Apneustic Area 754 Regulation of the Respiratory Center 754 Cortical Influences on Respiration 754 Chemoreceptor Regulation of Respiration 754 The Inflation Reflex 754 Exercise and the Respiratory System 755 Development of the Respiratory System 756 Aging and the Repiratory System 757 ^ ^J1 Clinical Applications S^ Xasal Polyps 732 Rhinoplasty 735 Laryngitis and Cancer of the Larynx 740 Tracheostomy and Intubation 741 Xebulization 743 Pneumothorax and Hemothorax 744 The Effects of Smoking on Respirator} Efficiency 755 CONTKNTS XXIX Applications to Health 151 • Asthma • Emphysema • Chronic Bronchitis • Emphysema • Lung Cancer • Pneumonia • Tuberculosis • Coryza and Influenza • Pulmonary Edema • Cystic Fihrosis Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome • Asbestos Related Diseases Key Medical Terms 160 Study Outline 761 Self Quiz Question* 762 Critical Thinking Questions 7rt Answers to I ignre Questions 6 I I Z *) THF DIGESTIVE V; SYSTEM 764 Introduction 764 Overview of the Digestive System 764 Layers of the GI Tract 765 Mucosii 765 Submucos;) 767 Muscularis 767 Seros;) 76S Peritoneum 768 Mouth 770 S;)liv;iry (ihuuls 771 longuc 77 Iccih 773 Pharynx 776 Esophagus 776 Histology 776 Functions 776 Stomach 778 Anatomy 778 Histology 77S Functions 781 Pancreas 782 Anatomy 782 Histology 783 Functions 784 Liver and Gallbladder 784 Anatomy 784 I listology 784 Blood and Nerve Supply 787 Functions 787 Small Intestine 788 .Anatomy 789 [listology ~! i° Functions ~{ 2 Large Intestine 794 Anatomy 7 M Histology ~(H Functions ~()7 Development of the Digestive System 799 Aging and the Digestive System 800 __._ Clinical Applications £5^ Peritonitis 70 Mumps 73 Rout (l.inal Thcrap) ~ 4 Ciiistrocsophamjal Reflux Disease Pylorospasm and Pyloric Stenosis 7~S Zollinger F.llison Syndrome is omitini; SI Pancreatitis and Pancreatic (dancer ~S4 Jjundice ~S~ (iallstones 7HH Liver Biopsy 7XH Lactose Intolerance ~(^3 Absorption of Alcohol 7^3 Appendicitis 7 H Polyps in the C olon 79 Occult Blood 9S (lolonoscopy XXX CONTENTS Applications to Health 800 • Dental Caries • Periodontal Disease • Peptic Ulcer Disease • Diverticular Disease • Colorectal Cancer • Hepatitis • Obesity Key Medical Terms 802 Study Outline 804 Self Quiz Questions 805 Critical Thinking Questions 806 Answers to Figure Questions 807 lySSwi. Hf 7 f THE URINARY Jjfa^^P^™ ^ KJ SYSTEM 808 Introduction 808 Anatomy and Histology of the Kidneys 810 External Anatomy of the Kidneys 810 Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys 810 Blood and Nerve Supply of the Kidneys 813 TheNephron 814 Parts of a Nephron 814 Histology of the Nephron and Collecting Duct 817 Functions of Nephrons 819 Glomerular Filtration 819 Tubular Reabsorption 820 Tubular Secretion 820 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 822 Ureters 822 Urinary Bladder 822 Urethra 824 Development of the Urinary System 826 Aging and the Urinary System 828 . ^ J Clinical Applications S2J Nephroptosis (Floating Kidney) 810 Kidney Transplant 814 Number of Nephrons 818 Oliguria and Anuria 820 Diuretics 820 Cystoscopy 824 Urinary Incontinence 826 Applications to Health 828 • Dialysis • Urinalysis • Renal Calculi • Urinary Tract Infections • Glomerular Diseases • Renal Failure • Polycystic Kidney Disease • Urinary Bladder Cancer Key Medical Terms 831 Study Outline 832 Self Quiz Questions 833 Critical Thinking Questions 834 Answers to Figure Questions 834 •;i(V, V; /THE REPRODUCTIVE V yvv » / SYSTEMS 835 Introduction 835 Male Reproductive System 836 Scrotum 836 Testes 837 Sperm 842 Reproductive System Ducts in Males 843 Ducts of the Testis 843 Epididymis 843 Ductus Deferens 843 Ejaculatory Ducts 844 Urethra 844 Spermatic Cord 846 Accessory Sex Glands in Males 847 Seminal Vesicles 847 Prostate 847 Bulbourethral Glands 847 Semen 847 Penis 847 Female Reproductive System 851 Ovaries 852 Histology of the Ovaries 852 Oogenesis and Follicular Development 854 Uterine Tubes 856 Uterus 858 Vagina 861 Vulva 862 Perineum 863 Mammary Glands 864 The Female Reproductive Cycle 867 Menstrual Phase 868 Events in the Ovaries 868 Events in the Uterus 868 Preovulatory Phase 868 Events in the Ovaries 868 Events in the Uterus 868 Ovulation 868 Postovulatory Phase 868 Events in the Ovaries 868 Events in the Uterus 868 Birth Control Methods 869 Surgical Sterilization 869 Hormonal Methods 870 Intrauterine Devices 870 Spermicides 871 Barrier Methods 871 Periodic Abstinence 871 Abortion 871 Development of the Reproductive Systems 871 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 871 ^—^ % Clinical Applications S^ Testicular Injuries 840 Cryptorchidism 841 Vasectomy 844 Inguinal Hernias 847 Circumcision 848 Premature Ejaculation 850 Ovarian Cysts 855 Uterine Prolapse 859 Hysterectomy 861 Abnormal Vaginal Discharge and Bleeding 862 Episiotomy 864 Fibrocystic Disease of the Breasts 866 Female Athlete Triad: Disordered Eating, Amenorrhea, and Premature Osteoporosis 869 Deficiency of 5 Alpha Reductase 874 Applications to Health 816 • Reproductive System Disorders in Males • Reproductive System Disorders in Females • Sexually Transmitted Diseases Key Medical Terms 818 Study Outline 819 Self Quiz Questions 880 Critical Thinking Questions 881 Answers to Figure Questions 882 A Appendix A MEASUREMENTS 883 Appendix 13 ANSWERS 885 M GLOSSARY 892 CREDITS 927 Jm INDEX 930
adam_txt	BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS ttMBRM 1 • AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY 1 2 • CELLS 24 3 • TISSUES 57 4 • DEVELOPMENT 93 5 • THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 121 6 • BONE TISSUE 144 7 • THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE AXIAL SKELETON 163 8 • THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 203 9 • JOINTS 229 10 • MUSCULAR TISSUE 265 11 • THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 288 12 • SURFACE ANATOMY 381 13 • THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD 405 14 • THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART 424 15 • THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS 453 16 • THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM 511 17 • NERVOUS TISSUE 536 18 • THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES 553 19 • THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES 583 20 • THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 632 21 • SOMATIC SENSES 651 22 • SPECIAL SENSES 671 23 • THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 704 24 • THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 731 25 • THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 764 26 • THE URINARY SYSTEM 808 27 • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 835 E3221 A • MEASUREMENTS 883 B • ANSWERS 885 Glossary 892 Credits 927 Index 930 CON' i ¦ I AN ITRODUCTION OF •ft H A THE HUMAN BODY 1 JL . . , Introduction 1 Anatomy Defined 2 Levels of Body Organization 2 Basic Anatomical Terminology 6 . \| Anatomical Position 7 Regional Names 8 Planes and Sections 8 Directional Terms 9 Body Cavities 12 Dorsal Body Cavity 12 Ventral Body Cavity 12 Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes 15 Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants 15 Medical Imaging 18 Measuring the Human Body 21 », Clinical Applications ^^Gp Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques 2 Autopsy 17 Sfz/afy Outline 21 Self Quiz Questions 21 Critical Thinking Questions 23 Answers to Figure Questions 23 ^m!mw IL cells 24 ' Introduction 24 A Generalized Cell 25 The Plasma Membrane 26 Structure of the Membrane 26 Functions of Membrane Proteins 27 Membrane Permeability 27 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 27 Passive Processes 28 Active Process 28 Transport in Vesicles 28 Cytoplasm 30 Cytosol 30 Organelles 31 The Cytoskeleton 31 Centrosome 32 Cilia and Flagella 32 Ribosomes 33 Endoplasmic Reticulum 34 Golgi Complex 35 Lysosomes 37 Peroxisomes 38 Proteasomes 38 Mitochondria 38 TENTS Nucleus 39 Cell Division 43 Somatic Cell Division 43 Interphase 43 Mitotic Phase 44 Control of Cell Destiny 46 Reproductive Cell Division 47 Meiosis 47 Cellular Diversity 47 Aging and Cells 50 ^ k^J " Clinical Applications CS' Viruses and Receptor Mediated F.ndocytosis 29 Smooth KR and Drug Iolerance 35 'lay Sachs Disease 37 I'roteasomes ami Disease 3H Mitochondria! Myopathies 38 (ienomics 41 The Mitotic Spindle and Cancer 46 Tumor suppressor ( jenes 46 Piogena and Werner Syndrome 51 Applications to Health 51 • Cancer Key Medical Terms 52 Study Outline 53 Self Quiz Questions 55 Critical Thinking Questions 56 ,lns~d'ers tn l 'i^iire Questions 56 '#¦3 TISSUES 57 •^aJfc Introduction 57 ^ Types of Tissues and Their Origins 58 I J Cell Junctions 58 light Junctions 5H AdherensJunctions 5S Desmosonies 59 I leniidesniosonies 60 (lapJunctions 60 Epithelial Tissue 60 Covering and Lining hpithelmm 61 Simple F.piihelium 62 Stratified Kpithelium )' (jlandular Epithelium 69 Structural (Classification of F.xocrine (ilanilss W Functional (Classification ot F.xocnne (ilanilss "0 Connective Tissue 71 General Features of Connective Tissue 71 Connective Tissue Cells 72 Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix 72 XXI Ground Substance 73 Fibers 73 Classification of Connective Tissues 74 Types of Mature Connective Tissue 74 Loose Connective Tissue 74 Dense Connective Tissue 76 Cartilage 78 Bone Tissue 81 Liquid Connective Tissue 82 Membranes 82 Epithelial Membranes 82 Mucous Membranes 82 Serous Membranes 84 Cutaneous Membrane 84 Synovial Membranes 84 Muscular Tissue 84 Nervous Tissue 86 Aging and Tissues 86 . ^¦J * Clinical Applications 'C5' Biopsy 58 Basement Membranes and Disease 61 Papanicolaou Test 69 Chondroitin Sulfate, Glucosamine, and Joint Disease 73 Ligaments and Sprains 73 Marfan Syndrome 73 Liposuction 75 Tissue Engineering 82 Applications to Health 81 • Sjb'gren's Syndrome • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Key Medical Terms 88 Study Outline 88 Self Quiz Questions 90 Critical Thinking Questions 91 Answers to Figure Questions 92 _ yCSrl^ DEVELOPMENT 93 — 1 Introduction 93 Embryonic Period 94 First Week of Development 94 Fertilization 94 Cleavage of the Zygote 96 Blastocyst Formation 96 Implantation 97 Second Week of Development 99 Development of the Trophoblast 99 Development of the Bilaminar Embryonic Disc 101 Development of the Amnion 101 Development of the Yolk Sac 101 Development of Sinusoids 101 Development of the Extraembryonic Coelom 102 Development of the Chorion 102 Third Week of Development 102 (iastrulation 102 Xeurulation 105 Development of Somites 106 Development of the Intraembryonic Coelom 106 Development of the Cardiovascular System 106 Development of the Chorionic Villi and Placenta 106 Fourth Week of Development 109 Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development 109 Fetal Period 111 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy 115 Labor 115 ,^^J ^ Clinical Applications ^^ Stem Cell Research and Therapeutic Cloning 97 Ectopic Pregnancy 99 Anencephaly 106 Dystocia and Cesarean Section 116 Applications to Health 111 • Infertility • Down Syndrome Key Medical Terms 111 Study Outline 118 Self Quiz Questions 119 Critical Thinking Questions 120 Answers to Figure Questions 120 IS K^H S THE INTEGUMENTARY wEBH ^ ^ SYSTEM 121 1 JpS^ Introduction 121 . 1 Structure of the Skin 122 Epidermis 123 Stratum Basale 123 Stratum Spinosum 124 Stratum Granulosum 125 Stratum Lucidum 125 Stratum Corneum 125 Keratinization and Growth of the Epidermis 125 Dermis 125 The Structural Basis of Skin Color 127 Accessory Structures of the Skin 128 Hair 128 Anatomy of a Hair 128 Hair Growth 128 Types of Hairs 130 Hair Color 130 Skin Glands 130 Sebaceous Glands 130 Sudoriferous Glands 131 Ceruminous Glands 132 Nails 132 Types of Skin 133 Functions of the Skin 134 Blood Supply of the Integumentary System 135 Development of the Integumentary System 135 Aging and the Integumentary System 137 ^^ Clinical Applications r Skin Grafts 124 Psoriasis 125 Lines of Cleavage and Surgery 126 Skin Color as a Diagnostic Clue 127 Hair Removal 128 Chemotherapy and Hair Loss 130 Hair and Hormones 130 Acne 130 Impacted Cerumen 132 Transdermal Drug Administration 135 Photodamage and Photosensitivity Reactions 137 Applications to Health 138 Skin Cancer • Burns • Pressure Ulcers Key Medical Terms 140 Study Outline 141 Self Quiz Questions 142 Critical Thinking Questions 143 Answers to Figure Questions 143 TO^ H 0 BONE TISSUE 144 j^if I Introduction 144 Functions of the Skeletal System 145 Anatomy of a Bone 145 Histology of Bone Tissue 145 Compact Bone Tissue 147 Spongy Bone Tissue 148 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 150 Bone Formation 150 Intramembranous Ossification 150 Endochondral Ossification 152 Bone Growth 152 Growth in Length 152 Growth in Thickness 154 Bone Remodeling 155 Fracture and Repair of Bone 156 Exercise and Bone Tissue 158 Aging and Bone Tissue 159 ^~^S ' Clinical Applications £5^ Bone Scan 148 Remodeling and Orthodontics 156 Treatments for Fractures 158 Applications to Health 159 • Osteoporosis • Rickets and Osteomalacia Key Medical Terms 160 Study Outline 160 Self Quiz Questions 161 Critical Thinking Questions 162 Answers to Figure Questions 162 B3SS S /THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE ^^ p_. B« / axIAL SKELETON 163 »/ ~^* Introduction 163 Divisions of the Skeletal System 164 Types of Bones 164 Bone Surface Markings 167 Skull 168 General Features and Functions 168 Cranial Bones 169 Frontal Bone 169 Parietal Bones 170 Temporal Bones 170 Occipital Bone 173 Sphenoid Bone 174 Ethmoid Bone 176 Facial Bones 177 Nasal Bones 179 Maxillae 179 Zygomatic Bones 180 Lacrimal Bones 180 Palatine Bones 180 Inferior Nasal Conchae 180 Vomer 180 Mandible 180 Nasal Septum 181 Orbits 182 Foramina 182 Unique Features of the Skull 182 Sutures 182 Paranasal Sinuses 183 Fontanels 185 Cranial Fossae 185 HyoidBone 186 Vertebral Column 186 CONTKNTS AA111 Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column 188 Intervertebral Discs 189 Parts of a Typical Vertebra 189 Body 189 Vertebral Arch 189 Processes 190 Regions of the Vertebral Column 190 Cervical Region 190 Thoracic Region 191 Lumbar Region 192 Sacrum 192 Coccyx 195 Thorax 195 Sternum 195 Ribs 195 ^_^* • Clinical Applications * s Medical Anthropology 167 Black Kye 170 Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip" 180 Deviated Nasal Septum 181 Sinusitis 185 Caudal Anesthesia 195 Rib Fractures, Dislocations, and Separations 198 Applications to Health 198 • Herniated (Slipped) Disc • Abnormal Curves of the Vertebral Column • Spina Bifida • Fractures of the Vertebral Column Key Medical Terms 200 Study Outline 200 Self Quiz Questions 201 Critical Thinking Questions 202 Ansirers to Figure Questions 202 { ) Till. SKI LI I AL SYSTIM: •;? (\ IHI APPINDK ILAR SKI II ION 203 Introduction 203 Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 204 Clavicle 204 Scapula 204 Upper Limb (Extremity) 206 Humerus 207 Ulna and Radius 207 Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges 210 Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 212 Ilium 213 Ischium 215 Pubis 215 False and True Pelves 215 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 216 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 218 Lower Limb (Extremity) 218 Femur 218 Patella 220 Tibia and Fibula 220 Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges 222 Arches of the Foot 222 Development of the Skeletal System 225 ^ r^y ' Clinical Applications * ~^ I'ractured Clavicle 204 Bone Marrow !¦ \ammation 2 1 i Pelvimctry 216 Patellotemoral Stress Syndrome 22(1 Bone Crafting 222 Fractures of the Metatarsals 222 Flatfoot and Clawfoot 222 Applications to Health 226 • Hip Fracture Key Medical Terms 226 Study Outline 22", Self Quiz Questions 227 Critical Thinking Questions 22S .Ins'd'ers to Figure Questions 22S XXIV CONTENTS i \| ¦ X/^ I y JOINTS 229 if^C'S Introduction 229 1 * t Joint Classifications 230 L_J=^ I Fibrous Joints 230 Sutures 230 Syndesmoses 230 Gomphoses 230 Cartilaginous Joints 230 Synchondroses 231 Symphyses 231 Synovial Joints 232 Structure of Synovial Joints 232 Articular Capsule 232 Synovial Fluid 232 Accessor}7 Ligaments and Articular Discs 234 Nerve and Blood Supply 234 Bursae and Tendon Sheaths 234 Types of Synovial Joints 235 Planar Joints 235 Hinge Joints 235 Pivot Joints 235 Condyloid Joints 236 Saddle Joints 236 Ball and SocketJoints 236 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 236 Gliding 237 Angular Movements 237 Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, and Hyperextension 238 Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction 239 Rotation 240 Special Movements 241 SelectedJointsoftheBody 243 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 259 Aging and Joints 259 Arthroplasty 259 ^^_* y Clinical Applications £^ Cartilage Replacement 232 Aspiration of Synovial Fluid 233 Torn Cartilage and Arthroscopy 234 Bursitis 235 Dislocated Mandible 245 Rotator Cuff Injury and Dislocated and Separated Shoulder 248 Tennis Elbow, Little League Elbow, and Dislocation of the Radial Head 249 Knee Injuries 255 Ankle Sprains and Fractures 258 Applications to Health 260 • Rheumatism and Arthritis • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Osteoarthritis • Gouty Arthritis • Lyme Disease • Ankylosing Spondylitis Key Medical Terms 261 Study Outline 262 Self Quiz Questions 26 ('.ritual Thinking Questions 264 . lusirers to i'igure Questions 264 y^^k ¦ 1.1.1 MUSCULAR TISSUE 265 ;^N=^U™J Introduction 265 I Overview of Muscular Tissue 266 Types of Muscular Tissue 266 Functions ot Muscular Tissue 266 Properties of Muscular Tissue 266 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 267 Connective Tissue Components 267 Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber 267 Sarcolemma, T Tubules, and Sarcoplasm 270 Myofibrils and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum 270 Filaments and the Sarcomere 270 Muscle Proteins 271 Nerve and Blood Supply 272 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 274 Muscle Tone 275 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 276 Slow Oxidative Fibers 276 Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fibers 276 Fast Glycolytic Fibers 276 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Fibers 277 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 278 Smooth Muscle Tissue 278 Development of Muscles 282 Aging and Muscular Tissue 283 k s,'rJ' Clinical Applications S^ Ganglion Cyst 267 Muscular Atrophy and Hypertrophy 270 Exercise Induced Muscle Damage 270 Rigor Mortis 275 Hypotonia and Hypertonia 275 Anabolic Steroids 277 Regeneration of Heart Cells 278 Applications to Health 283 • Myasthenia Gravis • Muscular Dystrophy • Fibromyalgia • Abnormal Contractions of Skeletal Muscle Key Medical Terms 284 Study Outline 284 Self Quiz Questions 286 Critical Thinking Questions 281 Answers to Figure Questions 281 tM 1 1 THE MUSCULAR ¦ JL JL SYSTEM 288 ? Introduction 288 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements 289 Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin and Insertion 289 '. I Lever Systems and Leverage 290 F.ffects of Fascicle Arrangement 291 Coordination Within Muscle Groups 292 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 293 Principal Skeletal Muscles 297 ^_" „. Clinical Applications t^' lenosynovitis 290 Intramuscular Injections 292 Benefits of Stretching 293 Bell's Palsy 298 Strabismus 302 Intubation During Anesthesia 307 Inguinal Hernia 317 Injury of Levator Ani and Stress Incontinence 324 Impingement Syndrome 332 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 348 Back Injuries and Heavy Lifting 352 Groin Strain 357 Pulled Hamstrings 363 Shin splint Syndrome 366 Plantar Fasciitis 372 Applications to Health 376 • Running Injuries ' Compartment Syndrome Study Outline 376 Self Quiz Questions 377 Critical Thinking Questions 378 Answers to Figure Questions 379 ^SBmt~Hm I / SURFACE ANATOMY h^?)T 3si I Introduction 381 Surface Anatomy of the Head 381 Regions of the Cranium and Face 381 Bony Landmarks of the Head 381 Muscles of Facial Expression 3 82 Surface Features of the Eyes 3 84 Surface Features of the Ears 3 84 Surface Features of the Nose and Mouth 385 Surface Anatomy of the Neck 386 Surface Anatomy of the Trunk 388 Surface Features of the Back 388 Surface Features of the Chest 389 Surface Features of the Abdomen and Pelvis 391 Surface Anatomy of the Upper Limb (Extremity) 392 Surface Features of the Shoulder 392 Surface Features of the Armpit 393 Surface Features of the Arm and Elbow 395 Surface Features of the Forearm and Wrist 395 Surface Features of the Hand 397 Surface Anatomy of the Lower Limb (Extremity) 398 Surface Features of the Buttock 398 Surface Features of the Thigh and Knee 399 Surface Features of the Leg, Ankle, and Foot 400 ^m£^ Clinical Applications ^S? Triangle of Auscultation and Lung Sounds 389 McBurney's Point and the Appendix 392 Shoulder Intramuscular Injection 393 Blood Pressure 395 Gluteal Intramuscular Injection 398 Thigh Intramuscular Injection 399 Study Outline 402 Self Quiz Questions 402 Critical Thinking Questions 403 /Insirers to Figure Questions 404 ^S^SsH 1 1 l HE CARDIOVASCULAR tSfc\$8)\ "" SYSTEM: BLOOD 405 ^^^7""^ I Introduction 405 Functions of Blood 406 Physical Characteristics of Blood 406 Components of Blood 406 Blood Plasma 408 Formed Elements 408 Formation of Blood Cells 409 Red Blood Cells 411 CONTENTS XXV RBC Anatomy 412 RBC Functions 412 RBC Life Cycle 412 Erythropoicsis: Production of RBCs 413 Blood Group Systems 413 White Blood Cells 413 WBC Anatomy and Types 413 Granular Leukocytes 413 Agranular Leukocytes 414 WBC Functions 414 Platelets 416 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord Blood 416 ^^ gC Clinical Applications " ^S? Withdrawing Blood 406 Induced Polycythemia in Athletes 409 Bone Marrow Examination 410 Aledical Uses of Hemopoietic Growth Factors 411 Iron Overload 412 Reticulocyte Count 413 Complete Blood Count 416 Applications to Health 448 • Anemia • Sickle Cell Disease • Hemophilia / Disseminated Intravascular Clotting • Leukemia Key Medical Terms 420 Study Outline 421 Self Quiz Questions 422 CriticalThinking Questions 421 . Insirers to iitrnre Questions 421 #£k ¦ 1 lL I HI CARDIOVASCULAR MJP1 « SYSTEM: 1111 HI '.ART 424 •^^ I Introduction 424 Location and Surface Projection of the Heart 425 Structure and Function of the Heart 426 Pericardium 426 Layers of the Heart W'all 428 Chambers of the Heart 428 Right Atrium 428 Right Ventricle 430 Left Atrium 430 Left Ventricle 431 Myocardial Thickness and Function 432 Fibrous Skeleton of the I Icart 432 11 cart Valves 432 Atrioventricular Valves 432 Scmilunar Valves 434 Circulation of Blood 435 Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations 43 5 Coronary Circulation 436 Coronary Arteries 436 Coronary Veins 4!f The Cardiac Conduction System 436 Cardiac Cycle (Heartbeat) 440 Heart Sounds 440 Exercise and the Heart 441 Development of the Heart 442 ^ ^ " Clinical Applications * ^S^ Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 426 Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade 427 Heart Valve Disorders 434 Reperfusion Damasje 436 Heart Murmurs 440 1 lelp for Failing 1 learts 441 XXVI CONTENTS Applications to Health 444 • Coronary Artery Disease • Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction • Congenital Heart Defects • Arrhythmias • Congenital Heart Failure Key Medical Terms 449 Study Outline 450 Self Quiz Questions 451 Critical Thinking Questions 452 Answers to Figure Questions 452 jCm T H I S THE CARDIOVASCULAR i»y ^ SYSTEM: BLOOD "C^ \| VESSELS 453 Introduction 453 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 454 Arteries 454 Elastic x\rteries 454 Muscular Arteries 454 Arterioles 454 Capillaries 456 Venules 457 Veins 458 Anastomoses 459 Blood Distribution 459 Circulatory Routes 459 Systemic Circulation 459 Hepatic Portal Circulation 500 Pulmonary Circulation 501 Fetal Circulation 501 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood 505 Aging and the Cardiovascualr System 505 ^_ * ~ Clinical Applications * ^S? Varicose Veins 458 Applications to Health 506 • Hypertension Key Medical Terms 501 Study Outline 508 Self Quiz Questions 508 Critical Thinking Questions 510 Answers to Figure Questions 510 * 1 ;, t^': B / '" ' THE LYMPHATIC AND ¦**}¦ ^ ' IMMUNE SYSTEM 511 I Introduction 511 Lymphatic and Immune System Structure and Functions 512 Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System 512 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation 512 Lymphatic Capillaries 512 Lymph Trunks and Ducts 514 Formation and Flow of Lymph 514 Lymphatic Organs and Tissues 516 Thymus 516 Lymph Nodes 517 Spleen 520 Lymphatic Xodules 520 Principal Groups of Lymph Nodes 522 Development of Lymphatic Tissues 528 Aging and the Lymphatic nd Immune System 530 Clinical Applications ^S^ Edema and Lymph Flow 516 Metastasis Through Lymphatic Vessels 520 Ruptured Spleen 520 Applications to Health 530 • AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome • Allergic Reactions • Infectious Mononucleosis • Lymphoma Key Medical Terms 532 Study Outline 533 Self Quiz Questions 534 Critical Thinking Questions 535 Answers to Figure Questions 535 ^^ 1 / NERVOUS TISSUE 536 Introduction 536 Overview of the Nervous System 537 Structures of the Nervous System 537 Functions of the Nervous System 538 Organization of the Nervous System 538 Histology of Nervous Tissue 539 Neurons 539 Parts of a Neuron 540 Neurotransmitters 540 Structural Diversity in Neurons 542 Neuroglia 543 Neuroglia of the CNS 543 Neuroglia of the PNS 544 Myelination 545 Gray and White Matter 546 Neuronal Circuits 547 Regeneration and Neurogenesis 548 ^_" . Clinical Applications _5^ Neurotoxins and Local Anesthetics 539 Modifying Neurotransmitters 542 Demyelination 545 Applications to Health 549 • Multiple Sclerosis • Epilepsy Key Medical Terms 549 Study Outline 550 Self Quiz Questions 550 Critical Thinking Questions 551 Answers to Figure Questions 552 ! i i j ( j K THE SPINAL CORD AND .r* ' l • SPINAL NERVES 553 Introduction 553 Spinal Cord Anatomy 554 Protective Structures 554 Vertebral Column 554 Meninges 554 External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 554 Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 558 Spinal Cord Functions 560 Sensory and Motor Tracts 561 Reflexes and Reflex Arcs 562 Spinal Nerves 564 Connective Tissue Coverings of Spinal Nerves 564 Distribution of Spinal Nerves 565 Branches 565 Plexuses 565 Intercostal Nerves 577 Dermatomes 577 _.% Clinical Applications S^ Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord Injuries 554 Spinal Tap 554 Spinal Nerve Root Damage 558 Reflexes and Diagnosis 562 Injuries to the Phrenic Nerves 566 Injuries to Nerves Emerging from the Brachial Plexus 568 Lumbar Plexus Injuries 573 Sciatic Nerve Injury 575 Applications to Health 518 • Spinal Cord Disorders Key Medical Terms 519 Study Outline 519 Self Quiz Questions 580 Critical Thinking Questions 582 Answers to Figure Questions 582 j SwHI 1 vthebrainand WgpP1 CRANIAL NERVES 583 Introduction 583 Overview of Brain Organization and Blood Supply 584 Major Parts of the Brain 584 Protective Coverings of the Brain 584 Brain Blood Flow and the Blood Brain Barrier 586 Cerebrospinal Fluid 587 Formation of CSF in the Ventricles 587 Circulation of CSF 589 The Brain Stem 590 Medulla Oblongata 590 Pons 590 Midbrain 592 Reticular Formation 594 The Cerebellum 595 The Diencephalon 596 Thalamus 596 Hypothalamus 598 Epithalamus 600 Subthalamus 600 Circumventricular Organs 600 The Cerebrum 600 Lobes of the Cerebrum 600 Cerebral White Matter 602 Basal Ganglia 602 The Limbic System 604 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 607 Sensory Areas 607 Motor Areas 608 Association Areas 608 Hemispheric Lateralization 609 Brain Waves 609 Cranial Nerves 610 Olfactory (I) Nerve 610 Optic (II) Nerve 611 Oculomotor (III) Nerve 611 Trochlear (IV) Nerve 613 Trigeminal (V) Nerve 614 Abducens (VI) Nerve 615 Facial (VII) Nerve 615 Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve 615 Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve 615 Vagus (X) Nerve 617 Accessory (XI) Nerve 617 Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve 618 Development of the Nervous System 624 Aging and the Nervous System 626 CONTKNTS XXVII ^ K^ " Clinical Applications ^^ Subdural Hemorrhage 586 Breaching the Blood Brain Barrier 587 Hydrocephalus 589 Injury of the Medulla 590 Ataxia 596 Damage to the Basal Ganglia 604 Brain Injuries 605 Aphasia 609 Dental Anesthesia 615 Applications to Health 626 • Cerebrovascular Accident • Transient Ischemic Attack • Alzheimer's Disease • Brain Tumors Key Medical Terms 621 Study Outline 628 Self Quiz Questions 629 Critical Thinking Questions 631 Answers to Figure Questions 631 f /I I THE AUTONOMIC 0mgk ^ XJ NERVOUS SYSTEM 632 ^fW Introduction 632 M Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic ' Nervous Systems 633 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways 634 Anatomical Components of an Autonomic Motor Pathway 634 Preganglionic Neurons 634 Autonomic (langlia 635 Autonomic Plexuses 635 Postganglionic Neurons 63S Structure of the Sympathetic Division 639 Structure of the Parasympathetic Division 641 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors 641 Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors 641 Adrenergic Neurons and Receptors 642 Functions of the ANS 643 Sympathetic Responses 643 Parasympathetic Responses 644 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 646 Autonomic Reflexes 646 Autonomic Control By Higher Centers 646 ^^* Clinical Applications " £? Homer's Syndrome 640 Drugs and Receptor Selectivity 643 Applications to Health 646 • Raynaud's Disease • Autonomic Dysreflexia Key Medical Terms 647 Study Outline 64S Self Quiz Questions MS Critical Thinking Questions 65(1 Ansii vrs to Figure Questions 6)0 SOMATIC SENSES 651 Introduction 651 Overview of Sensations 652 Definition of Sensations 652 Characteristics of Sensations 652 XXVIII CONTENTS Classification of Sensations 652 Somatic Sensations 653 Tactile Sensations 653 Touch 653 Pressure and Vibration 654 Itch and Tickle 655 Thermal Sensations 655 Pain Sensations 655 Types of Pain 655 Localization of Pain 655 Proprioceptive Sensations 656 Muscle Spindles 656 Tendon Organs 657 Joint Kinesthetic Receptors 658 Somatic Senory Pathways 658 Posterior Column Medical Lemniscus Pathway to the Cortex 659 Anterolateral Pathways to the Cortex 660 Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area 660 Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum 660 Somatic Sensory Pathways 658 Posterior Column Medial Lemniscus Pathway to the Cortex 659 Anterolateral Pathways to the Cortex 660 Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area 660 Somatic Sensory Paythways to the Cerebellum 660 Somatic Motor Pathways 661 Mapping the Motor Areas 663 Direct Motor Pathways 663 Indirect Motor Pathways 664 Roles of the Basal Ganglia 664 Roles of the Cerebellum 666 Integration of Sensory Input and Motor Output 666 ^^S ' Clinical Applications SS Phantom Limb Sensation 655 Analgesia: Relief from Pain 655 Syphilis 660 Paralysis 663 Amvotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 664 Damage to the Basal Ganglia 665 Damage to the Cerebellum 666 Applications to Health 667 • Spinal Cord Injury • Parkinson's Disease Key Medical Terms 667 Study Outline 66S Self Quiz Questions 669 Critical Thinking Questions 670 Answers to Figure Questions 670 ¦ . T SPKCIAL SENSES 671 ¦¦"',¦ \ Introduction 671 Olfaction: Sense of Smell 672 Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors 672 The Olfactory Pathway 672 Gustation: Sense of Taste 674 Anatomy of Gustatory Receptors 674 The Gustatory Pathway 674 Vision 676 Accessory Structures of the Eye 676 Eyelids 676 Eyelashes and Eyebrows 676 The Lacrimal Apparatus 676 Extrinsic Eye Muscles 676 Anatomy of the Eyeball 678 Fibrous Tunic 678 Vascular Tunic 679 Retina 679 Lens 681 Interior of the Eyeball 682 The Visual Pathway 683 Processing of Visual Input in the Retina 684 Pathway in the Brain 684 Hearing and Equilibrium 684 Anatomy of the Ear 685 External (Outer) Ear 685 Middle Ear 686 Internal (Inner) Ear 687 Mechanism of Hearing 690 The Auditory Pathway 692 Mechanism of Equilibrium 692 Otolithic Organs: Saccule and Utricle 692 Semicircular Ducts 692 Equilibrium Pathways 695 Development of the Eyes and Ears 696 Development of the Ears 697 Aging and the Special Senses 698 _^* " Clinical Applications V]S? Hyposmia672 Taste Aversion 674 LASIK 679 Detached Retina 680 Color Blindness and Night Blindness 680 Presbyopia 681 Age Related Macular Disease 683 Loud Sounds and Hair Cell Damage 690 Otosclerosis 692 Cochlear Implants 692 Applications to Health 699 • Cataracts • Glaucoma • Deafness • Meniere's Disease • Otitis Media • Motion Sickness Key Medical Terms 699 Study Outline 100 Self Quiz Questions 101 Critical Thinking Questions 703 Answers to Figure Questions 103 4'. "% 'I . y ¦, / \ THE ENDOCRINE :±U w ,., SYSTEM 704 ^ Introduction 704 Endocrine Glands Defined 705 Hormones 705 Hypothalmus and Pituitary Gland 707 .Anterior Pituitary 707 Posterior Pituitary 710 Thyroid Gland 711 Parathyroid Glands 713 Adrenal Glands 715 Adrenal Cortex 715 Adrenal Medulla 715 Pancreas 717 Ovaries and Testes 719 Pineal Gland 720 Thymus 720 Other Endocrine Tissues 721 Development of the Endocrine System 721 Aging and the Endocrine System 723 ^^* Clinical Applications ^S^ Blocking Hormone Receptors 706 Oxytocin and Childbirth 711 Seasonal Affective Disorder and Jet Lag 720 Applications to Health 723 • Pituitary Gland Disorders • Diabetes Insipidus • Thyroid Gland Disorders • Parathyroid Gland Disorders • Adrenal Gland Disorders • Addison's Disease • Pancreatic Islet Disorders Key Medical Terms 126 Study Outline 727 Self Quiz Questions 728 Critical Thinking Questions 129 Answers to Figure Questions 730 \\ ** ^"\ /I )f?lM /41 THF RESPIRATORY j£ ~ SYSTEM 731 Introduction 731 Repiratory System Anatomy 732 Nose 732 Pharynx 735 Larynx 736 The Structures of Voice Production 738 Trachea 740 Bronchi 741 Lungs 744 Lobes, Fissures, and Lobules 746 Alveoli 748 Blood Supply to the Lungs 749 Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing) 750 Inhalation 751 Exhalation 751 Regulation of Respiration 752 Role of the Respiratory Center 753 Medullary Rhythmicity Area 753 Pneumotaxic Area 754 Apneustic Area 754 Regulation of the Respiratory Center 754 Cortical Influences on Respiration 754 Chemoreceptor Regulation of Respiration 754 The Inflation Reflex 754 Exercise and the Respiratory System 755 Development of the Respiratory System 756 Aging and the Repiratory System 757 ^ ^J1 " Clinical Applications S^ Xasal Polyps 732 Rhinoplasty 735 Laryngitis and Cancer of the Larynx 740 Tracheostomy and Intubation 741 Xebulization 743 Pneumothorax and Hemothorax 744 The Effects of Smoking on Respirator}' Efficiency 755 CONTKNTS XXIX Applications to Health 151 • Asthma • Emphysema • Chronic Bronchitis • Emphysema • Lung Cancer • Pneumonia • Tuberculosis • Coryza and Influenza • Pulmonary Edema • Cystic Fihrosis ' Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome • Asbestos Related Diseases Key Medical Terms 160 Study Outline 761 Self Quiz Question* 762 Critical Thinking Questions 7rt Answers to I'ignre Questions "6 I I Z *) THF DIGESTIVE 'V; SYSTEM 764 Introduction 764 Overview of the Digestive System 764 Layers of the GI Tract 765 Mucosii 765 Submucos;) 767 Muscularis 767 Seros;) 76S Peritoneum 768 Mouth 770 S;)liv;iry (ihuuls 771 'longuc 77' Iccih 773 Pharynx 776 Esophagus 776 Histology 776 Functions 776 Stomach 778 Anatomy 778 Histology 77S Functions 781 Pancreas 782 Anatomy 782 Histology 783 Functions 784 Liver and Gallbladder 784 Anatomy 784 I listology 784 Blood and Nerve Supply 787 Functions 787 Small Intestine 788 .Anatomy 789 [listology ~! i° Functions ~{ 2 Large Intestine 794 Anatomy 7'M Histology ~(H Functions ~()7 Development of the Digestive System 799 Aging and the Digestive System 800 _._ " Clinical Applications £5^ Peritonitis "70 Mumps "73 Rout (l.inal Thcrap) ~"4 Ciiistrocsophamjal Reflux Disease Pylorospasm and Pyloric Stenosis 7~S Zollinger F.llison Syndrome ""is \omitini; "SI Pancreatitis and Pancreatic (dancer ~S4 Jjundice ~S~ (iallstones 7HH Liver Biopsy 7XH Lactose Intolerance ~(^3 Absorption of Alcohol 7^3 Appendicitis 7'H Polyps in the C olon 79" Occult Blood "9S (lolonoscopy "'''' XXX CONTENTS Applications to Health 800 • Dental Caries • Periodontal Disease • Peptic Ulcer Disease • Diverticular Disease • Colorectal Cancer • Hepatitis • Obesity Key Medical Terms 802 Study Outline 804 Self Quiz Questions 805 Critical Thinking Questions 806 Answers to Figure Questions 807 'lySSwi. Hf 7 f\ THE URINARY Jjfa^^P^™ ^ KJ SYSTEM 808 Introduction 808 Anatomy and Histology of the Kidneys 810 External Anatomy of the Kidneys 810 Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys 810 Blood and Nerve Supply of the Kidneys 813 TheNephron 814 Parts of a Nephron 814 Histology of the Nephron and Collecting Duct 817 Functions of Nephrons 819 Glomerular Filtration 819 Tubular Reabsorption 820 Tubular Secretion 820 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 822 Ureters 822 Urinary Bladder 822 Urethra 824 Development of the Urinary System 826 Aging and the Urinary System 828 . ^ J Clinical Applications S2J Nephroptosis (Floating Kidney) 810 Kidney Transplant 814 Number of Nephrons 818 Oliguria and Anuria 820 Diuretics 820 Cystoscopy 824 Urinary Incontinence 826 Applications to Health 828 • Dialysis • Urinalysis • Renal Calculi • Urinary Tract Infections • Glomerular Diseases • Renal Failure • Polycystic Kidney Disease • Urinary Bladder Cancer Key Medical Terms 831 Study Outline 832 Self Quiz Questions 833 Critical Thinking Questions 834 Answers to Figure Questions 834 •;i(V, V; /THE REPRODUCTIVE V yvv » / SYSTEMS 835 Introduction 835 Male Reproductive System 836 Scrotum 836 Testes 837 Sperm 842 Reproductive System Ducts in Males 843 Ducts of the Testis 843 Epididymis 843 Ductus Deferens 843 Ejaculatory Ducts 844 Urethra 844 Spermatic Cord 846 Accessory Sex Glands in Males 847 Seminal Vesicles 847 Prostate 847 Bulbourethral Glands 847 Semen 847 Penis 847 Female Reproductive System 851 Ovaries 852 Histology of the Ovaries 852 Oogenesis and Follicular Development 854 Uterine Tubes 856 Uterus 858 Vagina 861 Vulva 862 Perineum 863 Mammary Glands 864 The Female Reproductive Cycle 867 Menstrual Phase 868 Events in the Ovaries 868 Events in the Uterus 868 Preovulatory Phase 868 Events in the Ovaries 868 Events in the Uterus 868 Ovulation 868 Postovulatory Phase 868 Events in the Ovaries 868 Events in the Uterus 868 Birth Control Methods 869 Surgical Sterilization 869 Hormonal Methods 870 Intrauterine Devices 870 Spermicides 871 Barrier Methods 871 Periodic Abstinence 871 Abortion 871 Development of the Reproductive Systems 871 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 871 ^—^ %' Clinical Applications S^ Testicular Injuries 840 Cryptorchidism 841 Vasectomy 844 Inguinal Hernias 847 Circumcision 848 Premature Ejaculation 850 Ovarian Cysts 855 Uterine Prolapse 859 Hysterectomy 861 Abnormal Vaginal Discharge and Bleeding 862 Episiotomy 864 Fibrocystic Disease of the Breasts 866 Female Athlete Triad: Disordered Eating, Amenorrhea, and Premature Osteoporosis 869 Deficiency of 5 Alpha Reductase 874 Applications to Health 816 • Reproductive System Disorders in Males • Reproductive System Disorders in Females • Sexually Transmitted Diseases Key Medical Terms 818 Study Outline 819 Self Quiz Questions 880 Critical Thinking Questions 881 Answers to Figure Questions 882 A Appendix A MEASUREMENTS 883 Appendix 13 ANSWERS 885 M GLOSSARY 892 CREDITS 927 Jm INDEX 930
any_adam_object	1
any_adam_object_boolean	1
author	Tortora, Gerard J.
author_GND	(DE-588)132130270
author_facet	Tortora, Gerard J.
author_role	aut
author_sort	Tortora, Gerard J.
author_variant	g j t gj gjt
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV021609839
callnumber-first	Q - Science
callnumber-label	QM23
callnumber-raw	QM23.2
callnumber-search	QM23.2
callnumber-sort	QM 223.2
callnumber-subject	QM - Human Anatomy
classification_rvk	WW 1452
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)57003502 (DE-599)BVBBV021609839
dewey-full	611
dewey-hundreds	600 - Technology (Applied sciences)
dewey-ones	611 - Human anatomy, cytology, histology
dewey-raw	611
dewey-search	611
dewey-sort	3611
dewey-tens	610 - Medicine and health
discipline	Biologie Medizin
discipline_str_mv	Biologie Medizin
edition	10. ed.
format	Book
fullrecord	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01493nam a2200421 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV021609839</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20061020 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">060607s2005 a\|\|\| \|\|\|\| 00\|\|\| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0471420816</subfield><subfield code="9">0-471-42081-6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)57003502</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV021609839</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-20</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">QM23.2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">611</subfield><subfield code="2">22</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">WW 1452</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)152049:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Tortora, Gerard J.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)132130270</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Principles of human anatomy</subfield><subfield code="c">Gerard J. Tortora</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10. ed.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Hoboken</subfield><subfield code="b">Wiley</subfield><subfield code="c">2005</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XXX, 960 S., 11 Faltbl.</subfield><subfield code="b">zahlr. Ill.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Anatomie humaine</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Physiologie humaine</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Human anatomy</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Human physiology</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Anatomie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4001895-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4123623-3</subfield><subfield code="a">Lehrbuch</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Anatomie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4001895-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HBZ Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014825070&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014825070</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield></record></collection>
genre	1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content
genre_facet	Lehrbuch
id	DE-604.BV021609839
illustrated	Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-02T14:50:12Z
indexdate	2024-07-09T20:39:49Z
institution	BVB
isbn	0471420816
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014825070
oclc_num	57003502
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-20
owner_facet	DE-20
physical	XXX, 960 S., 11 Faltbl. zahlr. Ill.
publishDate	2005
publishDateSearch	2005
publishDateSort	2005
publisher	Wiley
record_format	marc
spelling	Tortora, Gerard J. Verfasser (DE-588)132130270 aut Principles of human anatomy Gerard J. Tortora 10. ed. Hoboken Wiley 2005 XXX, 960 S., 11 Faltbl. zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Anatomie humaine Physiologie humaine Human anatomy Human physiology Anatomie (DE-588)4001895-7 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Anatomie (DE-588)4001895-7 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014825070&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Tortora, Gerard J. Principles of human anatomy Anatomie humaine Physiologie humaine Human anatomy Human physiology Anatomie (DE-588)4001895-7 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4001895-7 (DE-588)4123623-3
title	Principles of human anatomy
title_auth	Principles of human anatomy
title_exact_search	Principles of human anatomy
title_exact_search_txtP	Principles of human anatomy
title_full	Principles of human anatomy Gerard J. Tortora
title_fullStr	Principles of human anatomy Gerard J. Tortora
title_full_unstemmed	Principles of human anatomy Gerard J. Tortora
title_short	Principles of human anatomy
title_sort	principles of human anatomy
topic	Anatomie humaine Physiologie humaine Human anatomy Human physiology Anatomie (DE-588)4001895-7 gnd
topic_facet	Anatomie humaine Physiologie humaine Human anatomy Human physiology Anatomie Lehrbuch
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014825070&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT tortoragerardj principlesofhumananatomy

Holdings

There is no print copy available.

Interlibrary loan Place Request Caution: Not in THWS collection! Indexes

MARC

Record in the Search Index

There is no print copy available.

Similar Items