Principles of human anatomy:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Hoboken
Wiley
2005
|
| Ausgabe: | 10. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXX, 960 S., 11 Faltbl. zahlr. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 0471420816 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV021609839 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20061020 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 060607s2005 a||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 0471420816 |9 0-471-42081-6 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)57003502 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV021609839 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-20 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a QM23.2 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 611 |2 22 | |
| 084 | |a WW 1452 |0 (DE-625)152049: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Tortora, Gerard J. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)132130270 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Principles of human anatomy |c Gerard J. Tortora |
| 250 | |a 10. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken |b Wiley |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XXX, 960 S., 11 Faltbl. |b zahlr. Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Anatomie humaine | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Physiologie humaine | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Human anatomy | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Human physiology | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Anatomie |0 (DE-588)4001895-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |8 1\p |0 (DE-588)4123623-3 |a Lehrbuch |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Anatomie |0 (DE-588)4001895-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014825070&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014825070 | ||
| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135395218161664 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS
ttMBRM 1 • AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY 1
2 • CELLS 24
3 • TISSUES 57
4 • DEVELOPMENT 93
5 • THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 121
6 • BONE TISSUE 144
7 • THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE AXIAL SKELETON 163
8 • THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 203
9 • JOINTS 229
10 • MUSCULAR TISSUE 265
11 • THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 288
12 • SURFACE ANATOMY 381
13 • THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD 405
14 • THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART 424
15 • THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS 453
16 • THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM 511
17 • NERVOUS TISSUE 536
18 • THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES 553
19 • THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES 583
20 • THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 632
21 • SOMATIC SENSES 651
22 • SPECIAL SENSES 671
23 • THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 704
24 • THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 731
25 • THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 764
26 • THE URINARY SYSTEM 808
27 • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 835
E3221 A • MEASUREMENTS 883
B • ANSWERS 885
Glossary 892 Credits 927 Index 930
CON
i ¦ I AN ITRODUCTION OF
•ft H A THE HUMAN BODY 1
JL . . ,
Introduction 1
Anatomy Defined 2
Levels of Body Organization 2
Basic Anatomical Terminology 6
. | Anatomical Position 7
Regional Names 8
Planes and Sections 8
Directional Terms 9
Body Cavities 12
Dorsal Body Cavity 12 Ventral Body Cavity 12
Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes 15
Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants 15
Medical Imaging 18
Measuring the Human Body 21
», Clinical Applications
^^Gp Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques 2
Autopsy 17
Sfz/afy Outline 21 Self Quiz Questions 21
Critical Thinking Questions 23 Answers to Figure Questions 23
^m!mw IL cells 24
Introduction 24
A Generalized Cell 25
The Plasma Membrane 26
Structure of the Membrane 26
Functions of Membrane Proteins 27
Membrane Permeability 27
Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 27
Passive Processes 28 Active Process 28
Transport in Vesicles 28
Cytoplasm 30
Cytosol 30 Organelles 31
The Cytoskeleton 31 Centrosome 32 Cilia and Flagella 32
Ribosomes 33 Endoplasmic Reticulum 34
Golgi Complex 35 Lysosomes 37 Peroxisomes 38
Proteasomes 38 Mitochondria 38
TENTS
Nucleus 39
Cell Division 43
Somatic Cell Division 43
Interphase 43 Mitotic Phase 44
Control of Cell Destiny 46 Reproductive Cell Division 47
Meiosis 47
Cellular Diversity 47
Aging and Cells 50
^ k^J Clinical Applications
CS Viruses and Receptor Mediated F.ndocytosis 29
Smooth KR and Drug Iolerance 35 lay Sachs Disease 37
I roteasomes ami Disease 3H Mitochondria! Myopathies 38
(ienomics 41 The Mitotic Spindle and Cancer 46
Tumor suppressor ( jenes 46 Piogena and Werner Syndrome 51
Applications to Health 51 • Cancer
Key Medical Terms 52
Study Outline 53 Self Quiz Questions 55
Critical Thinking Questions 56 ,lns~d ers tn l i^iire Questions 56
#¦3 TISSUES 57
•^aJfc Introduction 57
^ Types of Tissues and Their Origins 58
I J Cell Junctions 58
light Junctions 5H
AdherensJunctions 5S
Desmosonies 59
I leniidesniosonies 60
(lapJunctions 60
Epithelial Tissue 60
Covering and Lining hpithelmm 61
Simple F.piihelium 62 Stratified Kpithelium )
(jlandular Epithelium 69
Structural (Classification of F.xocrine (ilanilss W
Functional (Classification ot F.xocnne (ilanilss 0
Connective Tissue 71
General Features of Connective Tissue 71
Connective Tissue Cells 72
Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix 72
XXI
Ground Substance 73 Fibers 73
Classification of Connective Tissues 74
Types of Mature Connective Tissue 74
Loose Connective Tissue 74 Dense Connective Tissue 76
Cartilage 78 Bone Tissue 81 Liquid Connective Tissue 82
Membranes 82
Epithelial Membranes 82
Mucous Membranes 82 Serous Membranes 84
Cutaneous Membrane 84
Synovial Membranes 84
Muscular Tissue 84
Nervous Tissue 86
Aging and Tissues 86
.. ^¦J * Clinical Applications
C5 Biopsy 58 Basement Membranes and Disease 61
Papanicolaou Test 69
Chondroitin Sulfate, Glucosamine, and Joint Disease 73
Ligaments and Sprains 73 Marfan Syndrome 73
Liposuction 75 Tissue Engineering 82
Applications to Health 81 • Sjb gren s Syndrome •
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Key Medical Terms 88
Study Outline 88 Self Quiz Questions 90
Critical Thinking Questions 91 Answers to Figure Questions 92
__
yCSrl^ DEVELOPMENT 93
— 1 Introduction 93
Embryonic Period 94
First Week of Development 94
Fertilization 94
Cleavage of the Zygote 96
Blastocyst Formation 96
Implantation 97
Second Week of Development 99
Development of the Trophoblast 99
Development of the Bilaminar Embryonic Disc 101
Development of the Amnion 101
Development of the Yolk Sac 101
Development of Sinusoids 101
Development of the Extraembryonic Coelom 102
Development of the Chorion 102
Third Week of Development 102
(iastrulation 102 Xeurulation 105
Development of Somites 106
Development of the Intraembryonic Coelom 106
Development of the Cardiovascular System 106
Development of the Chorionic Villi and Placenta 106
Fourth Week of Development 109
Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development 109
Fetal Period 111
Maternal Changes During Pregnancy 115
Labor 115
,^^J ^ Clinical Applications
^^ Stem Cell Research and Therapeutic Cloning 97
Ectopic Pregnancy 99 Anencephaly 106
Dystocia and Cesarean Section 116
Applications to Health 111 • Infertility • Down Syndrome
Key Medical Terms 111
Study Outline 118 Self Quiz Questions 119
Critical Thinking Questions 120 Answers to Figure Questions 120
IS K^H S THE INTEGUMENTARY
wEBH ^ ^ SYSTEM 121
1 JpS*^ Introduction 121
. 1 Structure of the Skin 122
Epidermis 123
Stratum Basale 123 Stratum Spinosum 124
Stratum Granulosum 125 Stratum Lucidum 125
Stratum Corneum 125
Keratinization and Growth of the Epidermis 125
Dermis 125
The Structural Basis of Skin Color 127
Accessory Structures of the Skin 128
Hair 128
Anatomy of a Hair 128 Hair Growth 128
Types of Hairs 130 Hair Color 130
Skin Glands 130
Sebaceous Glands 130 Sudoriferous Glands 131
Ceruminous Glands 132
Nails 132
Types of Skin 133
Functions of the Skin 134
Blood Supply of the Integumentary System 135
Development of the Integumentary System 135
Aging and the Integumentary System 137
^^* Clinical Applications
*r Skin Grafts 124 Psoriasis 125
Lines of Cleavage and Surgery 126
Skin Color as a Diagnostic Clue 127
Hair Removal 128 Chemotherapy and Hair Loss 130
Hair and Hormones 130 Acne 130 Impacted Cerumen 132
Transdermal Drug Administration 135
Photodamage and Photosensitivity Reactions 137
Applications to Health 138 * Skin Cancer • Burns
• Pressure Ulcers
Key Medical Terms 140 Study Outline 141 Self Quiz Questions 142
Critical Thinking Questions 143 Answers to Figure Questions 143
TO^ H 0 BONE TISSUE 144
j^if I Introduction 144
Functions of the Skeletal System 145
Anatomy of a Bone 145
Histology of Bone Tissue 145
Compact Bone Tissue 147 Spongy Bone Tissue 148
Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 150
Bone Formation 150
Intramembranous Ossification 150
Endochondral Ossification 152
Bone Growth 152
Growth in Length 152 Growth in Thickness 154
Bone Remodeling 155
Fracture and Repair of Bone 156
Exercise and Bone Tissue 158
Aging and Bone Tissue 159
^~^S * Clinical Applications
£5^ Bone Scan 148 Remodeling and Orthodontics 156
Treatments for Fractures 158
Applications to Health 159 • Osteoporosis •
Rickets and Osteomalacia
Key Medical Terms 160
Study Outline 160 Self Quiz Questions 161
Critical Thinking Questions 162 Answers to Figure Questions 162
B3SS S /THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE
^^ p_. B« / axIAL SKELETON 163
»/ *~^* Introduction 163
Divisions of the Skeletal System 164
Types of Bones 164
Bone Surface Markings 167
Skull 168
General Features and Functions 168
Cranial Bones 169
Frontal Bone 169 Parietal Bones 170 Temporal Bones 170
Occipital Bone 173 Sphenoid Bone 174 Ethmoid Bone 176
Facial Bones 177
Nasal Bones 179 Maxillae 179 Zygomatic Bones 180
Lacrimal Bones 180 Palatine Bones 180
Inferior Nasal Conchae 180 Vomer 180 Mandible 180
Nasal Septum 181 Orbits 182
Foramina 182 Unique Features of the Skull 182
Sutures 182 Paranasal Sinuses 183 Fontanels 185
Cranial Fossae 185
HyoidBone 186
Vertebral Column 186
CONTKNTS AA111
Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column 188
Intervertebral Discs 189
Parts of a Typical Vertebra 189
Body 189 Vertebral Arch 189 Processes 190
Regions of the Vertebral Column 190
Cervical Region 190 Thoracic Region 191
Lumbar Region 192 Sacrum 192 Coccyx 195
Thorax 195
Sternum 195 Ribs 195
^_^* *• Clinical Applications
** s Medical Anthropology 167 Black Kye 170
Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip 180 Deviated Nasal Septum 181
Sinusitis 185 Caudal Anesthesia 195
Rib Fractures, Dislocations, and Separations 198
Applications to Health 198 • Herniated (Slipped) Disc •
Abnormal Curves of the Vertebral Column • Spina Bifida •
Fractures of the Vertebral Column
Key Medical Terms 200
Study Outline 200 Self Quiz Questions 201
Critical Thinking Questions 202 Ansirers to Figure Questions 202
{ ) Till. SKI LI I AL SYSTIM:
•;? ( IHI APPINDK ILAR
SKI II ION 203
Introduction 203
Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 204
Clavicle 204 Scapula 204
Upper Limb (Extremity) 206
Humerus 207 Ulna and Radius 207
Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges 210
Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 212
Ilium 213 Ischium 215 Pubis 215
False and True Pelves 215
Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 216
Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 218
Lower Limb (Extremity) 218
Femur 218 Patella 220 Tibia and Fibula 220
Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges 222
Arches of the Foot 222
Development of the Skeletal System 225
^ r^y Clinical Applications
* ~^ I ractured Clavicle 204 Bone Marrow !¦ ammation 2 1 i
Pelvimctry 216 Patellotemoral Stress Syndrome 22(1
Bone Crafting 222 Fractures of the Metatarsals 222
Flatfoot and Clawfoot 222
Applications to Health 226 • Hip Fracture
Key Medical Terms 226
Study Outline 22 , Self Quiz Questions 227
Critical Thinking Questions 22S .Ins d ers to Figure Questions 22S
XXIV CONTENTS
i |
¦ X/^ I y JOINTS 229
if^C S Introduction 229
1 * t Joint Classifications 230
L_J=^ I Fibrous Joints 230
Sutures 230 Syndesmoses 230 Gomphoses 230
Cartilaginous Joints 230
Synchondroses 231 Symphyses 231
Synovial Joints 232
Structure of Synovial Joints 232
Articular Capsule 232 Synovial Fluid 232
Accessor}7 Ligaments and Articular Discs 234
Nerve and Blood Supply 234
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths 234
Types of Synovial Joints 235
Planar Joints 235 Hinge Joints 235 Pivot Joints 235
Condyloid Joints 236 Saddle Joints 236
Ball and SocketJoints 236
Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 236
Gliding 237 Angular Movements 237
Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, and Hyperextension 238
Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction 239
Rotation 240 Special Movements 241
SelectedJointsoftheBody 243
Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at
Synovial Joints 259
Aging and Joints 259
Arthroplasty 259
^^_* y Clinical Applications
£^ Cartilage Replacement 232
Aspiration of Synovial Fluid 233
Torn Cartilage and Arthroscopy 234 Bursitis 235
Dislocated Mandible 245
Rotator Cuff Injury and Dislocated and Separated Shoulder 248
Tennis Elbow, Little League Elbow, and Dislocation of
the Radial Head 249 Knee Injuries 255
Ankle Sprains and Fractures 258
Applications to Health 260 • Rheumatism and Arthritis •
Rheumatoid Arthritis • Osteoarthritis • Gouty Arthritis
• Lyme Disease • Ankylosing Spondylitis
Key Medical Terms 261
Study Outline 262 Self Quiz Questions 26
( .ritual Thinking Questions 264 . lusirers to i igure Questions 264
y*^^k ¦ 1.1.1 MUSCULAR TISSUE 265
;^N=^U™J Introduction 265
I Overview of Muscular Tissue 266
Types of Muscular Tissue 266
Functions ot Muscular Tissue 266
Properties of Muscular Tissue 266
Skeletal Muscle Tissue 267
Connective Tissue Components 267
Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber 267
Sarcolemma, T Tubules, and Sarcoplasm 270
Myofibrils and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum 270
Filaments and the Sarcomere 270
Muscle Proteins 271
Nerve and Blood Supply 272
Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 274
Muscle Tone 275
Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 276
Slow Oxidative Fibers 276
Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fibers 276
Fast Glycolytic Fibers 276
Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Fibers 277
Cardiac Muscle Tissue 278
Smooth Muscle Tissue 278
Development of Muscles 282
Aging and Muscular Tissue 283
k s, rJ Clinical Applications
S^ Ganglion Cyst 267 Muscular Atrophy and
Hypertrophy 270 Exercise Induced Muscle Damage 270
Rigor Mortis 275 Hypotonia and Hypertonia 275
Anabolic Steroids 277 Regeneration of Heart Cells 278
Applications to Health 283 • Myasthenia Gravis
• Muscular Dystrophy • Fibromyalgia • Abnormal
Contractions of Skeletal Muscle
Key Medical Terms 284
Study Outline 284 Self Quiz Questions 286
Critical Thinking Questions 281 Answers to Figure Questions 281
tM 1 1 THE MUSCULAR
¦ JL JL SYSTEM 288
? Introduction 288
How Skeletal Muscles Produce
Movements 289
Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin and
Insertion 289
. I Lever Systems and Leverage 290
F.ffects of Fascicle Arrangement 291
Coordination Within Muscle Groups 292
How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 293
Principal Skeletal Muscles 297
^__ „. Clinical Applications
t^ lenosynovitis 290 Intramuscular Injections 292
Benefits of Stretching 293 Bell s Palsy 298
Strabismus 302 Intubation During Anesthesia 307
Inguinal Hernia 317 Injury of Levator Ani and Stress
Incontinence 324 Impingement Syndrome 332 Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome 348 Back Injuries and Heavy Lifting 352
Groin Strain 357 Pulled Hamstrings 363
Shin splint Syndrome 366 Plantar Fasciitis 372
Applications to Health 376 • Running Injuries
Compartment Syndrome
Study Outline 376 Self Quiz Questions 377
Critical Thinking Questions 378 Answers to Figure Questions 379
^SBmt~Hm I / SURFACE ANATOMY
*h^?)T 3si
I Introduction 381
Surface Anatomy of the Head 381
Regions of the Cranium and Face 381
Bony Landmarks of the Head 381
Muscles of Facial Expression 3 82
Surface Features of the Eyes 3 84
Surface Features of the Ears 3 84
Surface Features of the Nose and Mouth 385
Surface Anatomy of the Neck 386
Surface Anatomy of the Trunk 388
Surface Features of the Back 388
Surface Features of the Chest 389
Surface Features of the Abdomen and Pelvis 391
Surface Anatomy of the Upper Limb (Extremity) 392
Surface Features of the Shoulder 392
Surface Features of the Armpit 393
Surface Features of the Arm and Elbow 395
Surface Features of the Forearm and Wrist 395
Surface Features of the Hand 397
Surface Anatomy of the Lower Limb (Extremity) 398
Surface Features of the Buttock 398
Surface Features of the Thigh and Knee 399
Surface Features of the Leg, Ankle, and Foot 400
^*m£^ Clinical Applications
* ^S? Triangle of Auscultation and Lung Sounds 389
McBurney s Point and the Appendix 392
Shoulder Intramuscular Injection 393 Blood Pressure 395
Gluteal Intramuscular Injection 398
Thigh Intramuscular Injection 399
Study Outline 402 Self Quiz Questions 402
Critical Thinking Questions 403 /Insirers to Figure Questions 404
^S^SsH 1 1 l HE CARDIOVASCULAR
tSfc $8) SYSTEM: BLOOD 405
^^*^7 ^ I Introduction 405
Functions of Blood 406
Physical Characteristics of Blood 406
Components of Blood 406
Blood Plasma 408 Formed Elements 408
Formation of Blood Cells 409
Red Blood Cells 411
CONTENTS XXV
RBC Anatomy 412 RBC Functions 412
RBC Life Cycle 412
Erythropoicsis: Production of RBCs 413
Blood Group Systems 413
White Blood Cells 413
WBC Anatomy and Types 413
Granular Leukocytes 413 Agranular Leukocytes 414
WBC Functions 414
Platelets 416
Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and
Cord Blood 416
^^ gC* Clinical Applications
^S? Withdrawing Blood 406 Induced Polycythemia in
Athletes 409 Bone Marrow Examination 410
Aledical Uses of Hemopoietic Growth Factors 411
Iron Overload 412 Reticulocyte Count 413
Complete Blood Count 416
Applications to Health 448 • Anemia • Sickle Cell Disease
• Hemophilia / Disseminated Intravascular Clotting •
Leukemia
Key Medical Terms 420
Study Outline 421 Self Quiz Questions 422
CriticalThinking Questions 421 . Insirers to iitrnre Questions 421
#£k ¦ 1 lL I HI CARDIOVASCULAR
MJP1 « SYSTEM: 1111 HI .ART 424
•^^ I Introduction 424
Location and Surface Projection of the Heart 425
Structure and Function of the Heart 426
Pericardium 426 Layers of the Heart W all 428
Chambers of the Heart 428
Right Atrium 428 Right Ventricle 430 Left Atrium 430
Left Ventricle 431
Myocardial Thickness and Function 432
Fibrous Skeleton of the I Icart 432 11 cart Valves 432
Atrioventricular Valves 432 Scmilunar Valves 434
Circulation of Blood 435
Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations 43 5
Coronary Circulation 436
Coronary Arteries 436 Coronary Veins 4!f
The Cardiac Conduction System 436
Cardiac Cycle (Heartbeat) 440
Heart Sounds 440
Exercise and the Heart 441
Development of the Heart 442
^ ^ Clinical Applications
* ^S^ Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 426
Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade 427
Heart Valve Disorders 434 Reperfusion Damasje 436
Heart Murmurs 440 1 lelp for Failing 1 learts 441
XXVI CONTENTS
Applications to Health 444 • Coronary Artery Disease •
Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction • Congenital Heart
Defects • Arrhythmias • Congenital Heart Failure
Key Medical Terms 449
Study Outline 450 Self Quiz Questions 451
Critical Thinking Questions 452 Answers to Figure Questions 452
jCm T H I S THE CARDIOVASCULAR
i»y ^ SYSTEM: BLOOD
C^ | VESSELS 453
Introduction 453
Anatomy of Blood Vessels 454
Arteries 454
Elastic x rteries 454 Muscular Arteries 454
Arterioles 454 Capillaries 456
Venules 457 Veins 458
Anastomoses 459 Blood Distribution 459
Circulatory Routes 459
Systemic Circulation 459 Hepatic Portal Circulation 500
Pulmonary Circulation 501 Fetal Circulation 501
Development of Blood Vessels and Blood 505
Aging and the Cardiovascualr System 505
^___ * ~ Clinical Applications
* ^S? Varicose Veins 458
Applications to Health 506 • Hypertension
Key Medical Terms 501
Study Outline 508 Self Quiz Questions 508
Critical Thinking Questions 510 Answers to Figure Questions 510
* 1 ;,
t^ : B / THE LYMPHATIC AND
¦***}¦ ^ IMMUNE SYSTEM 511
I Introduction 511
Lymphatic and Immune System Structure and
Functions 512
Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System 512
Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation 512
Lymphatic Capillaries 512 Lymph Trunks and Ducts 514
Formation and Flow of Lymph 514
Lymphatic Organs and Tissues 516
Thymus 516 Lymph Nodes 517 Spleen 520
Lymphatic Xodules 520
Principal Groups of Lymph Nodes 522
Development of Lymphatic Tissues 528
Aging and the Lymphatic nd Immune System 530
Clinical Applications
^S^ Edema and Lymph Flow 516 Metastasis Through
Lymphatic Vessels 520 Ruptured Spleen 520
Applications to Health 530 • AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome • Allergic Reactions
• Infectious Mononucleosis • Lymphoma
Key Medical Terms 532
Study Outline 533 Self Quiz Questions 534
Critical Thinking Questions 535 Answers to Figure Questions 535
^^ 1 / NERVOUS TISSUE 536
Introduction 536
Overview of the Nervous System 537
Structures of the Nervous System 537
Functions of the Nervous System 538
Organization of the Nervous System 538
Histology of Nervous Tissue 539
Neurons 539
Parts of a Neuron 540 Neurotransmitters 540
Structural Diversity in Neurons 542
Neuroglia 543
Neuroglia of the CNS 543 Neuroglia of the PNS 544
Myelination 545
Gray and White Matter 546
Neuronal Circuits 547
Regeneration and Neurogenesis 548
^__ . Clinical Applications
*_5^ Neurotoxins and Local Anesthetics 539
Modifying Neurotransmitters 542 Demyelination 545
Applications to Health 549 • Multiple Sclerosis • Epilepsy
Key Medical Terms 549
Study Outline 550 Self Quiz Questions 550
Critical Thinking Questions 551 Answers to Figure Questions 552
!
i
i
j
(
j K THE SPINAL CORD AND
.r* l • SPINAL NERVES 553
Introduction 553
Spinal Cord Anatomy 554
Protective Structures 554 Vertebral Column 554
Meninges 554 External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 554
Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 558
Spinal Cord Functions 560
Sensory and Motor Tracts 561
Reflexes and Reflex Arcs 562
Spinal Nerves 564
Connective Tissue Coverings of Spinal Nerves 564
Distribution of Spinal Nerves 565
Branches 565 Plexuses 565 Intercostal Nerves 577
Dermatomes 577
___*.% Clinical Applications
S^ Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord Injuries 554
Spinal Tap 554 Spinal Nerve Root Damage 558
Reflexes and Diagnosis 562 Injuries to the Phrenic Nerves 566
Injuries to Nerves Emerging from the Brachial Plexus 568
Lumbar Plexus Injuries 573 Sciatic Nerve Injury 575
Applications to Health 518 • Spinal Cord Disorders
Key Medical Terms 519
Study Outline 519 Self Quiz Questions 580
Critical Thinking Questions 582 Answers to Figure Questions 582
j SwHI 1 vthebrainand
WgpP1* CRANIAL NERVES 583
Introduction 583
Overview of Brain Organization and Blood
Supply 584
Major Parts of the Brain 584
Protective Coverings of the Brain 584
Brain Blood Flow and the Blood Brain Barrier 586
Cerebrospinal Fluid 587
Formation of CSF in the Ventricles 587
Circulation of CSF 589
The Brain Stem 590
Medulla Oblongata 590 Pons 590
Midbrain 592 Reticular Formation 594
The Cerebellum 595
The Diencephalon 596
Thalamus 596 Hypothalamus 598 Epithalamus 600
Subthalamus 600 Circumventricular Organs 600
The Cerebrum 600
Lobes of the Cerebrum 600 Cerebral White Matter 602
Basal Ganglia 602 The Limbic System 604
Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 607
Sensory Areas 607 Motor Areas 608
Association Areas 608 Hemispheric Lateralization 609
Brain Waves 609
Cranial Nerves 610
Olfactory (I) Nerve 610 Optic (II) Nerve 611
Oculomotor (III) Nerve 611 Trochlear (IV) Nerve 613
Trigeminal (V) Nerve 614 Abducens (VI) Nerve 615
Facial (VII) Nerve 615
Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve 615
Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve 615 Vagus (X) Nerve 617
Accessory (XI) Nerve 617 Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve 618
Development of the Nervous System 624
Aging and the Nervous System 626
CONTKNTS XXVII
^ K^ Clinical Applications
^^ Subdural Hemorrhage 586 Breaching the Blood Brain
Barrier 587 Hydrocephalus 589 Injury of the Medulla 590
Ataxia 596 Damage to the Basal Ganglia 604 Brain Injuries 605
Aphasia 609 Dental Anesthesia 615
Applications to Health 626 • Cerebrovascular Accident •
Transient Ischemic Attack • Alzheimer s Disease •
Brain Tumors
Key Medical Terms 621
Study Outline 628 Self Quiz Questions 629
Critical Thinking Questions 631 Answers to Figure Questions 631
f /I I THE AUTONOMIC
0mgk ^ XJ NERVOUS SYSTEM 632
^fW Introduction 632
M Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic
Nervous Systems 633
Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways 634
Anatomical Components of an Autonomic Motor
Pathway 634
Preganglionic Neurons 634 Autonomic (langlia 635
Autonomic Plexuses 635 Postganglionic Neurons 63S
Structure of the Sympathetic Division 639
Structure of the Parasympathetic Division 641
ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors 641
Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors 641
Adrenergic Neurons and Receptors 642
Functions of the ANS 643
Sympathetic Responses 643
Parasympathetic Responses 644
Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 646
Autonomic Reflexes 646
Autonomic Control By Higher Centers 646
^^* Clinical Applications
£*? Homer s Syndrome 640 Drugs and Receptor
Selectivity 643
Applications to Health 646 • Raynaud s Disease •
Autonomic Dysreflexia
Key Medical Terms 647
Study Outline 64S Self Quiz Questions MS
Critical Thinking Questions 65(1 Ansii vrs to Figure Questions 6)0
SOMATIC SENSES 651
Introduction 651
Overview of Sensations 652
Definition of Sensations 652
Characteristics of Sensations 652
XXVIII CONTENTS
Classification of Sensations 652
Somatic Sensations 653
Tactile Sensations 653
Touch 653 Pressure and Vibration 654 Itch and Tickle 655
Thermal Sensations 655 Pain Sensations 655
Types of Pain 655 Localization of Pain 655
Proprioceptive Sensations 656
Muscle Spindles 656 Tendon Organs 657
Joint Kinesthetic Receptors 658
Somatic Senory Pathways 658
Posterior Column Medical Lemniscus Pathway to the
Cortex 659
Anterolateral Pathways to the Cortex 660
Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area 660
Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum 660
Somatic Sensory Pathways 658
Posterior Column Medial Lemniscus Pathway to the
Cortex 659
Anterolateral Pathways to the Cortex 660
Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area 660
Somatic Sensory Paythways to the Cerebellum 660
Somatic Motor Pathways 661
Mapping the Motor Areas 663
Direct Motor Pathways 663
Indirect Motor Pathways 664
Roles of the Basal Ganglia 664 Roles of the Cerebellum 666
Integration of Sensory Input and Motor Output 666
^^S Clinical Applications
SS Phantom Limb Sensation 655
Analgesia: Relief from Pain 655 Syphilis 660 Paralysis 663
Amvotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 664
Damage to the Basal Ganglia 665 Damage to the Cerebellum 666
Applications to Health 667 • Spinal Cord Injury
• Parkinson s Disease
Key Medical Terms 667
Study Outline 66S Self Quiz Questions 669
Critical Thinking Questions 670 Answers to Figure Questions 670
¦ *
.... T SPKCIAL SENSES 671
¦¦ ,¦
Introduction 671
Olfaction: Sense of Smell 672
Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors 672
The Olfactory Pathway 672
Gustation: Sense of Taste 674
Anatomy of Gustatory Receptors 674
The Gustatory Pathway 674
Vision 676
Accessory Structures of the Eye 676
Eyelids 676 Eyelashes and Eyebrows 676
The Lacrimal Apparatus 676 Extrinsic Eye Muscles 676
Anatomy of the Eyeball 678
Fibrous Tunic 678 Vascular Tunic 679 Retina 679 Lens 681
Interior of the Eyeball 682
The Visual Pathway 683
Processing of Visual Input in the Retina 684
Pathway in the Brain 684
Hearing and Equilibrium 684
Anatomy of the Ear 685
External (Outer) Ear 685 Middle Ear 686
Internal (Inner) Ear 687
Mechanism of Hearing 690
The Auditory Pathway 692
Mechanism of Equilibrium 692
Otolithic Organs: Saccule and Utricle 692
Semicircular Ducts 692
Equilibrium Pathways 695
Development of the Eyes and Ears 696
Development of the Ears 697
Aging and the Special Senses 698
_^* Clinical Applications
V]S? Hyposmia672 Taste Aversion 674 LASIK 679
Detached Retina 680 Color Blindness and Night Blindness 680
Presbyopia 681 Age Related Macular Disease 683
Loud Sounds and Hair Cell Damage 690 Otosclerosis 692
Cochlear Implants 692
Applications to Health 699 • Cataracts • Glaucoma • Deafness
• Meniere s Disease • Otitis Media • Motion Sickness
Key Medical Terms 699
Study Outline 100 Self Quiz Questions 101
Critical Thinking Questions 703 Answers to Figure Questions 103
4 . % I
. y ¦, / THE ENDOCRINE
:±U w ,., SYSTEM 704
^ Introduction 704
Endocrine Glands Defined 705
Hormones 705
Hypothalmus and Pituitary Gland 707
.Anterior Pituitary 707 Posterior Pituitary 710
Thyroid Gland 711
Parathyroid Glands 713
Adrenal Glands 715
Adrenal Cortex 715 Adrenal Medulla 715
Pancreas 717
Ovaries and Testes 719
Pineal Gland 720
Thymus 720
Other Endocrine Tissues 721
Development of the Endocrine System 721
Aging and the Endocrine System 723
^^* Clinical Applications
^S^ Blocking Hormone Receptors 706
Oxytocin and Childbirth 711
Seasonal Affective Disorder and Jet Lag 720
Applications to Health 723 • Pituitary Gland Disorders •
Diabetes Insipidus • Thyroid Gland Disorders • Parathyroid
Gland Disorders • Adrenal Gland Disorders • Addison s
Disease • Pancreatic Islet Disorders
Key Medical Terms 126
Study Outline 727 Self Quiz Questions 728
Critical Thinking Questions 129 Answers to Figure Questions 730
** ^ /I
)f?lM /41 THF RESPIRATORY
*j£* *~ * SYSTEM 731
Introduction 731
Repiratory System Anatomy 732
Nose 732 Pharynx 735 Larynx 736
The Structures of Voice Production 738
Trachea 740 Bronchi 741 Lungs 744
Lobes, Fissures, and Lobules 746 Alveoli 748
Blood Supply to the Lungs 749
Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing) 750
Inhalation 751
Exhalation 751
Regulation of Respiration 752
Role of the Respiratory Center 753
Medullary Rhythmicity Area 753 Pneumotaxic Area 754
Apneustic Area 754
Regulation of the Respiratory Center 754
Cortical Influences on Respiration 754
Chemoreceptor Regulation of Respiration 754
The Inflation Reflex 754
Exercise and the Respiratory System 755
Development of the Respiratory System 756
Aging and the Repiratory System 757
^ ^J1 Clinical Applications
S^ Xasal Polyps 732 Rhinoplasty 735
Laryngitis and Cancer of the Larynx 740
Tracheostomy and Intubation 741 Xebulization 743
Pneumothorax and Hemothorax 744
The Effects of Smoking on Respirator} Efficiency 755
CONTKNTS XXIX
Applications to Health 151 • Asthma • Emphysema •
Chronic Bronchitis • Emphysema • Lung Cancer •
Pneumonia • Tuberculosis • Coryza and Influenza •
Pulmonary Edema • Cystic Fihrosis
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome •
Asbestos Related Diseases
Key Medical Terms 160
Study Outline 761 Self Quiz Question* 762
Critical Thinking Questions 7rt Answers to I ignre Questions 6
I I Z **) THF DIGESTIVE
V; SYSTEM 764
Introduction 764
Overview of the Digestive System 764
Layers of the GI Tract 765
Mucosii 765 Submucos;) 767
Muscularis 767 Seros;) 76S
Peritoneum 768
Mouth 770
S;)liv;iry (ihuuls 771 longuc 77 Iccih 773
Pharynx 776
Esophagus 776
Histology 776 Functions 776
Stomach 778
Anatomy 778 Histology 77S Functions 781
Pancreas 782
Anatomy 782 Histology 783 Functions 784
Liver and Gallbladder 784
Anatomy 784 I listology 784
Blood and Nerve Supply 787
Functions 787
Small Intestine 788
.Anatomy 789 [listology ~! i° Functions ~{ 2
Large Intestine 794
Anatomy 7 M Histology ~(H Functions ~()7
Development of the Digestive System 799
Aging and the Digestive System 800
__._* Clinical Applications
£5^ Peritonitis 70 Mumps 73 Rout (l.inal Thcrap) ~ 4
Ciiistrocsophamjal Reflux Disease
Pylorospasm and Pyloric Stenosis 7~S
Zollinger F.llison Syndrome is omitini; SI
Pancreatitis and Pancreatic (dancer ~S4 Jjundice ~S~
(iallstones 7HH Liver Biopsy 7XH Lactose Intolerance ~(^3
Absorption of Alcohol 7^3 Appendicitis 7 H
Polyps in the C olon 79 Occult Blood 9S (lolonoscopy
XXX CONTENTS
Applications to Health 800 • Dental Caries • Periodontal Disease
• Peptic Ulcer Disease • Diverticular Disease • Colorectal
Cancer • Hepatitis • Obesity
Key Medical Terms 802
Study Outline 804 Self Quiz Questions 805
Critical Thinking Questions 806 Answers to Figure Questions 807
lySSwi. Hf 7 f THE URINARY
Jjfa^^P^™ ^ KJ SYSTEM 808
Introduction 808
Anatomy and Histology of the Kidneys 810
External Anatomy of the Kidneys 810
Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys 810
Blood and Nerve Supply of the Kidneys 813
TheNephron 814
Parts of a Nephron 814
Histology of the Nephron and Collecting Duct 817
Functions of Nephrons 819
Glomerular Filtration 819 Tubular Reabsorption 820
Tubular Secretion 820
Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 822
Ureters 822 Urinary Bladder 822 Urethra 824
Development of the Urinary System 826
Aging and the Urinary System 828
. ^ J Clinical Applications
S2J Nephroptosis (Floating Kidney) 810
Kidney Transplant 814 Number of Nephrons 818
Oliguria and Anuria 820 Diuretics 820 Cystoscopy 824
Urinary Incontinence 826
Applications to Health 828 • Dialysis • Urinalysis • Renal
Calculi • Urinary Tract Infections • Glomerular Diseases
• Renal Failure • Polycystic Kidney Disease • Urinary
Bladder Cancer
Key Medical Terms 831
Study Outline 832 Self Quiz Questions 833
Critical Thinking Questions 834 Answers to Figure Questions 834
•;i(V, V; /THE REPRODUCTIVE
V yv*v * » / SYSTEMS 835
Introduction 835
Male Reproductive System 836
Scrotum 836 Testes 837
Sperm 842
Reproductive System Ducts in Males 843
Ducts of the Testis 843 Epididymis 843 Ductus Deferens 843
Ejaculatory Ducts 844 Urethra 844
Spermatic Cord 846
Accessory Sex Glands in Males 847
Seminal Vesicles 847 Prostate 847 Bulbourethral Glands 847
Semen 847 Penis 847
Female Reproductive System 851
Ovaries 852
Histology of the Ovaries 852
Oogenesis and Follicular Development 854
Uterine Tubes 856 Uterus 858 Vagina 861
Vulva 862 Perineum 863 Mammary Glands 864
The Female Reproductive Cycle 867
Menstrual Phase 868 Events in the Ovaries 868
Events in the Uterus 868 Preovulatory Phase 868
Events in the Ovaries 868 Events in the Uterus 868
Ovulation 868 Postovulatory Phase 868
Events in the Ovaries 868 Events in the Uterus 868
Birth Control Methods 869
Surgical Sterilization 869 Hormonal Methods 870
Intrauterine Devices 870 Spermicides 871
Barrier Methods 871 Periodic Abstinence 871
Abortion 871
Development of the Reproductive Systems 871
Aging and the Reproductive Systems 871
^—^ % Clinical Applications
S^ Testicular Injuries 840 Cryptorchidism 841
Vasectomy 844 Inguinal Hernias 847 Circumcision 848
Premature Ejaculation 850 Ovarian Cysts 855
Uterine Prolapse 859 Hysterectomy 861
Abnormal Vaginal Discharge and Bleeding 862 Episiotomy 864
Fibrocystic Disease of the Breasts 866
Female Athlete Triad: Disordered Eating, Amenorrhea, and
Premature Osteoporosis 869
Deficiency of 5 Alpha Reductase 874
Applications to Health 816 • Reproductive System Disorders
in Males • Reproductive System Disorders in Females •
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Key Medical Terms 818 Study Outline 819 Self Quiz Questions 880
Critical Thinking Questions 881 Answers to Figure Questions 882
A
Appendix A MEASUREMENTS 883
Appendix 13 ANSWERS 885
M GLOSSARY 892 CREDITS 927
Jm INDEX 930
|
| adam_txt |
BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS
ttMBRM 1 • AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY 1
2 • CELLS 24
3 • TISSUES 57
4 • DEVELOPMENT 93
5 • THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 121
6 • BONE TISSUE 144
7 • THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE AXIAL SKELETON 163
8 • THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 203
9 • JOINTS 229
10 • MUSCULAR TISSUE 265
11 • THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 288
12 • SURFACE ANATOMY 381
13 • THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD 405
14 • THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART 424
15 • THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS 453
16 • THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM 511
17 • NERVOUS TISSUE 536
18 • THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES 553
19 • THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES 583
20 • THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 632
21 • SOMATIC SENSES 651
22 • SPECIAL SENSES 671
23 • THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 704
24 • THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 731
25 • THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 764
26 • THE URINARY SYSTEM 808
27 • THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 835
E3221 A • MEASUREMENTS 883
B • ANSWERS 885
Glossary 892 Credits 927 Index 930
CON'
i ¦ I AN ITRODUCTION OF
•ft H A THE HUMAN BODY 1
JL . . ,
Introduction 1
Anatomy Defined 2
Levels of Body Organization 2
Basic Anatomical Terminology 6
. | Anatomical Position 7
Regional Names 8
Planes and Sections 8
Directional Terms 9
Body Cavities 12
Dorsal Body Cavity 12 Ventral Body Cavity 12
Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes 15
Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants 15
Medical Imaging 18
Measuring the Human Body 21
», Clinical Applications
^^Gp Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques 2
Autopsy 17
Sfz/afy Outline 21 Self Quiz Questions 21
Critical Thinking Questions 23 Answers to Figure Questions 23
^m!mw IL cells 24
' Introduction 24
A Generalized Cell 25
The Plasma Membrane 26
Structure of the Membrane 26
Functions of Membrane Proteins 27
Membrane Permeability 27
Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 27
Passive Processes 28 Active Process 28
Transport in Vesicles 28
Cytoplasm 30
Cytosol 30 Organelles 31
The Cytoskeleton 31 Centrosome 32 Cilia and Flagella 32
Ribosomes 33 Endoplasmic Reticulum 34
Golgi Complex 35 Lysosomes 37 Peroxisomes 38
Proteasomes 38 Mitochondria 38
TENTS
Nucleus 39
Cell Division 43
Somatic Cell Division 43
Interphase 43 Mitotic Phase 44
Control of Cell Destiny 46 Reproductive Cell Division 47
Meiosis 47
Cellular Diversity 47
Aging and Cells 50
^ k^J " Clinical Applications
CS' Viruses and Receptor Mediated F.ndocytosis 29
Smooth KR and Drug Iolerance 35 'lay Sachs Disease 37
I'roteasomes ami Disease 3H Mitochondria! Myopathies 38
(ienomics 41 The Mitotic Spindle and Cancer 46
Tumor suppressor ( jenes 46 Piogena and Werner Syndrome 51
Applications to Health 51 • Cancer
Key Medical Terms 52
Study Outline 53 Self Quiz Questions 55
Critical Thinking Questions 56 ,lns~d'ers tn l 'i^iire Questions 56
'#¦3 TISSUES 57
•^aJfc Introduction 57
^ Types of Tissues and Their Origins 58
I J Cell Junctions 58
light Junctions 5H
AdherensJunctions 5S
Desmosonies 59
I leniidesniosonies 60
(lapJunctions 60
Epithelial Tissue 60
Covering and Lining hpithelmm 61
Simple F.piihelium 62 Stratified Kpithelium )'
(jlandular Epithelium 69
Structural (Classification of F.xocrine (ilanilss W
Functional (Classification ot F.xocnne (ilanilss "0
Connective Tissue 71
General Features of Connective Tissue 71
Connective Tissue Cells 72
Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix 72
XXI
Ground Substance 73 Fibers 73
Classification of Connective Tissues 74
Types of Mature Connective Tissue 74
Loose Connective Tissue 74 Dense Connective Tissue 76
Cartilage 78 Bone Tissue 81 Liquid Connective Tissue 82
Membranes 82
Epithelial Membranes 82
Mucous Membranes 82 Serous Membranes 84
Cutaneous Membrane 84
Synovial Membranes 84
Muscular Tissue 84
Nervous Tissue 86
Aging and Tissues 86
. ^¦J * Clinical Applications
'C5' Biopsy 58 Basement Membranes and Disease 61
Papanicolaou Test 69
Chondroitin Sulfate, Glucosamine, and Joint Disease 73
Ligaments and Sprains 73 Marfan Syndrome 73
Liposuction 75 Tissue Engineering 82
Applications to Health 81 • Sjb'gren's Syndrome •
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Key Medical Terms 88
Study Outline 88 Self Quiz Questions 90
Critical Thinking Questions 91 Answers to Figure Questions 92
_
yCSrl^ DEVELOPMENT 93
— 1 Introduction 93
Embryonic Period 94
First Week of Development 94
Fertilization 94
Cleavage of the Zygote 96
Blastocyst Formation 96
Implantation 97
Second Week of Development 99
Development of the Trophoblast 99
Development of the Bilaminar Embryonic Disc 101
Development of the Amnion 101
Development of the Yolk Sac 101
Development of Sinusoids 101
Development of the Extraembryonic Coelom 102
Development of the Chorion 102
Third Week of Development 102
(iastrulation 102 Xeurulation 105
Development of Somites 106
Development of the Intraembryonic Coelom 106
Development of the Cardiovascular System 106
Development of the Chorionic Villi and Placenta 106
Fourth Week of Development 109
Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development 109
Fetal Period 111
Maternal Changes During Pregnancy 115
Labor 115
,^^J ^ Clinical Applications
^^ Stem Cell Research and Therapeutic Cloning 97
Ectopic Pregnancy 99 Anencephaly 106
Dystocia and Cesarean Section 116
Applications to Health 111 • Infertility • Down Syndrome
Key Medical Terms 111
Study Outline 118 Self Quiz Questions 119
Critical Thinking Questions 120 Answers to Figure Questions 120
IS K^H S THE INTEGUMENTARY
wEBH ^ ^ SYSTEM 121
1 JpS*^ Introduction 121
. 1 Structure of the Skin 122
Epidermis 123
Stratum Basale 123 Stratum Spinosum 124
Stratum Granulosum 125 Stratum Lucidum 125
Stratum Corneum 125
Keratinization and Growth of the Epidermis 125
Dermis 125
The Structural Basis of Skin Color 127
Accessory Structures of the Skin 128
Hair 128
Anatomy of a Hair 128 Hair Growth 128
Types of Hairs 130 Hair Color 130
Skin Glands 130
Sebaceous Glands 130 Sudoriferous Glands 131
Ceruminous Glands 132
Nails 132
Types of Skin 133
Functions of the Skin 134
Blood Supply of the Integumentary System 135
Development of the Integumentary System 135
Aging and the Integumentary System 137
^^* Clinical Applications
*r Skin Grafts 124 Psoriasis 125
Lines of Cleavage and Surgery 126
Skin Color as a Diagnostic Clue 127
Hair Removal 128 Chemotherapy and Hair Loss 130
Hair and Hormones 130 Acne 130 Impacted Cerumen 132
Transdermal Drug Administration 135
Photodamage and Photosensitivity Reactions 137
Applications to Health 138 * Skin Cancer • Burns
• Pressure Ulcers
Key Medical Terms 140 Study Outline 141 Self Quiz Questions 142
Critical Thinking Questions 143 Answers to Figure Questions 143
TO^ H 0 BONE TISSUE 144
j^if I Introduction 144
Functions of the Skeletal System 145
Anatomy of a Bone 145
Histology of Bone Tissue 145
Compact Bone Tissue 147 Spongy Bone Tissue 148
Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 150
Bone Formation 150
Intramembranous Ossification 150
Endochondral Ossification 152
Bone Growth 152
Growth in Length 152 Growth in Thickness 154
Bone Remodeling 155
Fracture and Repair of Bone 156
Exercise and Bone Tissue 158
Aging and Bone Tissue 159
^~^S *' Clinical Applications
£5^ Bone Scan 148 Remodeling and Orthodontics 156
Treatments for Fractures 158
Applications to Health 159 • Osteoporosis •
Rickets and Osteomalacia
Key Medical Terms 160
Study Outline 160 Self Quiz Questions 161
Critical Thinking Questions 162 Answers to Figure Questions 162
B3SS S /THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE
^^ p_. B« / axIAL SKELETON 163
»/ *~^* Introduction 163
Divisions of the Skeletal System 164
Types of Bones 164
Bone Surface Markings 167
Skull 168
General Features and Functions 168
Cranial Bones 169
Frontal Bone 169 Parietal Bones 170 Temporal Bones 170
Occipital Bone 173 Sphenoid Bone 174 Ethmoid Bone 176
Facial Bones 177
Nasal Bones 179 Maxillae 179 Zygomatic Bones 180
Lacrimal Bones 180 Palatine Bones 180
Inferior Nasal Conchae 180 Vomer 180 Mandible 180
Nasal Septum 181 Orbits 182
Foramina 182 Unique Features of the Skull 182
Sutures 182 Paranasal Sinuses 183 Fontanels 185
Cranial Fossae 185
HyoidBone 186
Vertebral Column 186
CONTKNTS AA111
Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column 188
Intervertebral Discs 189
Parts of a Typical Vertebra 189
Body 189 Vertebral Arch 189 Processes 190
Regions of the Vertebral Column 190
Cervical Region 190 Thoracic Region 191
Lumbar Region 192 Sacrum 192 Coccyx 195
Thorax 195
Sternum 195 Ribs 195
^_^* *• Clinical Applications
** s Medical Anthropology 167 Black Kye 170
Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip" 180 Deviated Nasal Septum 181
Sinusitis 185 Caudal Anesthesia 195
Rib Fractures, Dislocations, and Separations 198
Applications to Health 198 • Herniated (Slipped) Disc •
Abnormal Curves of the Vertebral Column • Spina Bifida •
Fractures of the Vertebral Column
Key Medical Terms 200
Study Outline 200 Self Quiz Questions 201
Critical Thinking Questions 202 Ansirers to Figure Questions 202
{ ) Till. SKI LI I AL SYSTIM:
•;? (\ IHI APPINDK ILAR
SKI II ION 203
Introduction 203
Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 204
Clavicle 204 Scapula 204
Upper Limb (Extremity) 206
Humerus 207 Ulna and Radius 207
Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges 210
Pelvic (Hip) Girdle 212
Ilium 213 Ischium 215 Pubis 215
False and True Pelves 215
Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 216
Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 218
Lower Limb (Extremity) 218
Femur 218 Patella 220 Tibia and Fibula 220
Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges 222
Arches of the Foot 222
Development of the Skeletal System 225
^ r^y ' Clinical Applications
* ~^ I'ractured Clavicle 204 Bone Marrow !¦ \ammation 2 1 i
Pelvimctry 216 Patellotemoral Stress Syndrome 22(1
Bone Crafting 222 Fractures of the Metatarsals 222
Flatfoot and Clawfoot 222
Applications to Health 226 • Hip Fracture
Key Medical Terms 226
Study Outline 22", Self Quiz Questions 227
Critical Thinking Questions 22S .Ins'd'ers to Figure Questions 22S
XXIV CONTENTS
i |
¦ X/^ I y JOINTS 229
if^C'S Introduction 229
1 * t Joint Classifications 230
L_J=^ I Fibrous Joints 230
Sutures 230 Syndesmoses 230 Gomphoses 230
Cartilaginous Joints 230
Synchondroses 231 Symphyses 231
Synovial Joints 232
Structure of Synovial Joints 232
Articular Capsule 232 Synovial Fluid 232
Accessor}7 Ligaments and Articular Discs 234
Nerve and Blood Supply 234
Bursae and Tendon Sheaths 234
Types of Synovial Joints 235
Planar Joints 235 Hinge Joints 235 Pivot Joints 235
Condyloid Joints 236 Saddle Joints 236
Ball and SocketJoints 236
Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 236
Gliding 237 Angular Movements 237
Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, and Hyperextension 238
Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction 239
Rotation 240 Special Movements 241
SelectedJointsoftheBody 243
Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at
Synovial Joints 259
Aging and Joints 259
Arthroplasty 259
^^_* y Clinical Applications
£^ Cartilage Replacement 232
Aspiration of Synovial Fluid 233
Torn Cartilage and Arthroscopy 234 Bursitis 235
Dislocated Mandible 245
Rotator Cuff Injury and Dislocated and Separated Shoulder 248
Tennis Elbow, Little League Elbow, and Dislocation of
the Radial Head 249 Knee Injuries 255
Ankle Sprains and Fractures 258
Applications to Health 260 • Rheumatism and Arthritis •
Rheumatoid Arthritis • Osteoarthritis • Gouty Arthritis
• Lyme Disease • Ankylosing Spondylitis
Key Medical Terms 261
Study Outline 262 Self Quiz Questions 26
('.ritual Thinking Questions 264 . lusirers to i'igure Questions 264
y*^^k ¦ 1.1.1 MUSCULAR TISSUE 265
;^N=^U™J Introduction 265
I Overview of Muscular Tissue 266
Types of Muscular Tissue 266
Functions ot Muscular Tissue 266
Properties of Muscular Tissue 266
Skeletal Muscle Tissue 267
Connective Tissue Components 267
Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber 267
Sarcolemma, T Tubules, and Sarcoplasm 270
Myofibrils and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum 270
Filaments and the Sarcomere 270
Muscle Proteins 271
Nerve and Blood Supply 272
Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 274
Muscle Tone 275
Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 276
Slow Oxidative Fibers 276
Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Fibers 276
Fast Glycolytic Fibers 276
Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Fibers 277
Cardiac Muscle Tissue 278
Smooth Muscle Tissue 278
Development of Muscles 282
Aging and Muscular Tissue 283
k s,'rJ' Clinical Applications
S^ Ganglion Cyst 267 Muscular Atrophy and
Hypertrophy 270 Exercise Induced Muscle Damage 270
Rigor Mortis 275 Hypotonia and Hypertonia 275
Anabolic Steroids 277 Regeneration of Heart Cells 278
Applications to Health 283 • Myasthenia Gravis
• Muscular Dystrophy • Fibromyalgia • Abnormal
Contractions of Skeletal Muscle
Key Medical Terms 284
Study Outline 284 Self Quiz Questions 286
Critical Thinking Questions 281 Answers to Figure Questions 281
tM 1 1 THE MUSCULAR
¦ JL JL SYSTEM 288
? Introduction 288
How Skeletal Muscles Produce
Movements 289
Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin and
Insertion 289
'. I Lever Systems and Leverage 290
F.ffects of Fascicle Arrangement 291
Coordination Within Muscle Groups 292
How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 293
Principal Skeletal Muscles 297
^_" „. Clinical Applications
t^' lenosynovitis 290 Intramuscular Injections 292
Benefits of Stretching 293 Bell's Palsy 298
Strabismus 302 Intubation During Anesthesia 307
Inguinal Hernia 317 Injury of Levator Ani and Stress
Incontinence 324 Impingement Syndrome 332 Carpal Tunnel
Syndrome 348 Back Injuries and Heavy Lifting 352
Groin Strain 357 Pulled Hamstrings 363
Shin splint Syndrome 366 Plantar Fasciitis 372
Applications to Health 376 • Running Injuries
' Compartment Syndrome
Study Outline 376 Self Quiz Questions 377
Critical Thinking Questions 378 Answers to Figure Questions 379
^SBmt~Hm I / SURFACE ANATOMY
*h^?)T 3si
I Introduction 381
Surface Anatomy of the Head 381
Regions of the Cranium and Face 381
Bony Landmarks of the Head 381
Muscles of Facial Expression 3 82
Surface Features of the Eyes 3 84
Surface Features of the Ears 3 84
Surface Features of the Nose and Mouth 385
Surface Anatomy of the Neck 386
Surface Anatomy of the Trunk 388
Surface Features of the Back 388
Surface Features of the Chest 389
Surface Features of the Abdomen and Pelvis 391
Surface Anatomy of the Upper Limb (Extremity) 392
Surface Features of the Shoulder 392
Surface Features of the Armpit 393
Surface Features of the Arm and Elbow 395
Surface Features of the Forearm and Wrist 395
Surface Features of the Hand 397
Surface Anatomy of the Lower Limb (Extremity) 398
Surface Features of the Buttock 398
Surface Features of the Thigh and Knee 399
Surface Features of the Leg, Ankle, and Foot 400
^*m£^ Clinical Applications
* ^S? Triangle of Auscultation and Lung Sounds 389
McBurney's Point and the Appendix 392
Shoulder Intramuscular Injection 393 Blood Pressure 395
Gluteal Intramuscular Injection 398
Thigh Intramuscular Injection 399
Study Outline 402 Self Quiz Questions 402
Critical Thinking Questions 403 /Insirers to Figure Questions 404
^S^SsH 1 1 l HE CARDIOVASCULAR
tSfc\$8)\ "" SYSTEM: BLOOD 405
^^*^7""^ I Introduction 405
Functions of Blood 406
Physical Characteristics of Blood 406
Components of Blood 406
Blood Plasma 408 Formed Elements 408
Formation of Blood Cells 409
Red Blood Cells 411
CONTENTS XXV
RBC Anatomy 412 RBC Functions 412
RBC Life Cycle 412
Erythropoicsis: Production of RBCs 413
Blood Group Systems 413
White Blood Cells 413
WBC Anatomy and Types 413
Granular Leukocytes 413 Agranular Leukocytes 414
WBC Functions 414
Platelets 416
Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and
Cord Blood 416
^^ gC* Clinical Applications
" ^S? Withdrawing Blood 406 Induced Polycythemia in
Athletes 409 Bone Marrow Examination 410
Aledical Uses of Hemopoietic Growth Factors 411
Iron Overload 412 Reticulocyte Count 413
Complete Blood Count 416
Applications to Health 448 • Anemia • Sickle Cell Disease
• Hemophilia / Disseminated Intravascular Clotting •
Leukemia
Key Medical Terms 420
Study Outline 421 Self Quiz Questions 422
CriticalThinking Questions 421 . Insirers to iitrnre Questions 421
#£k ¦ 1 lL I HI CARDIOVASCULAR
MJP1 « SYSTEM: 1111 HI '.ART 424
•^^ I Introduction 424
Location and Surface Projection of the Heart 425
Structure and Function of the Heart 426
Pericardium 426 Layers of the Heart W'all 428
Chambers of the Heart 428
Right Atrium 428 Right Ventricle 430 Left Atrium 430
Left Ventricle 431
Myocardial Thickness and Function 432
Fibrous Skeleton of the I Icart 432 11 cart Valves 432
Atrioventricular Valves 432 Scmilunar Valves 434
Circulation of Blood 435
Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations 43 5
Coronary Circulation 436
Coronary Arteries 436 Coronary Veins 4!f
The Cardiac Conduction System 436
Cardiac Cycle (Heartbeat) 440
Heart Sounds 440
Exercise and the Heart 441
Development of the Heart 442
^ ^ " Clinical Applications
* ^S^ Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 426
Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade 427
Heart Valve Disorders 434 Reperfusion Damasje 436
Heart Murmurs 440 1 lelp for Failing 1 learts 441
XXVI CONTENTS
Applications to Health 444 • Coronary Artery Disease •
Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction • Congenital Heart
Defects • Arrhythmias • Congenital Heart Failure
Key Medical Terms 449
Study Outline 450 Self Quiz Questions 451
Critical Thinking Questions 452 Answers to Figure Questions 452
jCm T H I S THE CARDIOVASCULAR
i»y ^ SYSTEM: BLOOD
"C^ | VESSELS 453
Introduction 453
Anatomy of Blood Vessels 454
Arteries 454
Elastic x\rteries 454 Muscular Arteries 454
Arterioles 454 Capillaries 456
Venules 457 Veins 458
Anastomoses 459 Blood Distribution 459
Circulatory Routes 459
Systemic Circulation 459 Hepatic Portal Circulation 500
Pulmonary Circulation 501 Fetal Circulation 501
Development of Blood Vessels and Blood 505
Aging and the Cardiovascualr System 505
^_ * ~ Clinical Applications
* ^S? Varicose Veins 458
Applications to Health 506 • Hypertension
Key Medical Terms 501
Study Outline 508 Self Quiz Questions 508
Critical Thinking Questions 510 Answers to Figure Questions 510
* 1 ;,
t^': B / '" ' THE LYMPHATIC AND
¦***}¦ ^ ' IMMUNE SYSTEM 511
I Introduction 511
Lymphatic and Immune System Structure and
Functions 512
Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System 512
Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation 512
Lymphatic Capillaries 512 Lymph Trunks and Ducts 514
Formation and Flow of Lymph 514
Lymphatic Organs and Tissues 516
Thymus 516 Lymph Nodes 517 Spleen 520
Lymphatic Xodules 520
Principal Groups of Lymph Nodes 522
Development of Lymphatic Tissues 528
Aging and the Lymphatic nd Immune System 530
Clinical Applications
^S^ Edema and Lymph Flow 516 Metastasis Through
Lymphatic Vessels 520 Ruptured Spleen 520
Applications to Health 530 • AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome • Allergic Reactions
• Infectious Mononucleosis • Lymphoma
Key Medical Terms 532
Study Outline 533 Self Quiz Questions 534
Critical Thinking Questions 535 Answers to Figure Questions 535
^^ 1 / NERVOUS TISSUE 536
Introduction 536
Overview of the Nervous System 537
Structures of the Nervous System 537
Functions of the Nervous System 538
Organization of the Nervous System 538
Histology of Nervous Tissue 539
Neurons 539
Parts of a Neuron 540 Neurotransmitters 540
Structural Diversity in Neurons 542
Neuroglia 543
Neuroglia of the CNS 543 Neuroglia of the PNS 544
Myelination 545
Gray and White Matter 546
Neuronal Circuits 547
Regeneration and Neurogenesis 548
^_" . Clinical Applications
*_5^ Neurotoxins and Local Anesthetics 539
Modifying Neurotransmitters 542 Demyelination 545
Applications to Health 549 • Multiple Sclerosis • Epilepsy
Key Medical Terms 549
Study Outline 550 Self Quiz Questions 550
Critical Thinking Questions 551 Answers to Figure Questions 552
!
i
i
j
(
j K THE SPINAL CORD AND
.r* ' l • SPINAL NERVES 553
Introduction 553
Spinal Cord Anatomy 554
Protective Structures 554 Vertebral Column 554
Meninges 554 External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 554
Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 558
Spinal Cord Functions 560
Sensory and Motor Tracts 561
Reflexes and Reflex Arcs 562
Spinal Nerves 564
Connective Tissue Coverings of Spinal Nerves 564
Distribution of Spinal Nerves 565
Branches 565 Plexuses 565 Intercostal Nerves 577
Dermatomes 577
_*.% Clinical Applications
S^ Vertebral Canal and Spinal Cord Injuries 554
Spinal Tap 554 Spinal Nerve Root Damage 558
Reflexes and Diagnosis 562 Injuries to the Phrenic Nerves 566
Injuries to Nerves Emerging from the Brachial Plexus 568
Lumbar Plexus Injuries 573 Sciatic Nerve Injury 575
Applications to Health 518 • Spinal Cord Disorders
Key Medical Terms 519
Study Outline 519 Self Quiz Questions 580
Critical Thinking Questions 582 Answers to Figure Questions 582
j SwHI 1 vthebrainand
WgpP1* CRANIAL NERVES 583
Introduction 583
Overview of Brain Organization and Blood
Supply 584
Major Parts of the Brain 584
Protective Coverings of the Brain 584
Brain Blood Flow and the Blood Brain Barrier 586
Cerebrospinal Fluid 587
Formation of CSF in the Ventricles 587
Circulation of CSF 589
The Brain Stem 590
Medulla Oblongata 590 Pons 590
Midbrain 592 Reticular Formation 594
The Cerebellum 595
The Diencephalon 596
Thalamus 596 Hypothalamus 598 Epithalamus 600
Subthalamus 600 Circumventricular Organs 600
The Cerebrum 600
Lobes of the Cerebrum 600 Cerebral White Matter 602
Basal Ganglia 602 The Limbic System 604
Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 607
Sensory Areas 607 Motor Areas 608
Association Areas 608 Hemispheric Lateralization 609
Brain Waves 609
Cranial Nerves 610
Olfactory (I) Nerve 610 Optic (II) Nerve 611
Oculomotor (III) Nerve 611 Trochlear (IV) Nerve 613
Trigeminal (V) Nerve 614 Abducens (VI) Nerve 615
Facial (VII) Nerve 615
Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve 615
Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve 615 Vagus (X) Nerve 617
Accessory (XI) Nerve 617 Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve 618
Development of the Nervous System 624
Aging and the Nervous System 626
CONTKNTS XXVII
^ K^ " Clinical Applications
^^ Subdural Hemorrhage 586 Breaching the Blood Brain
Barrier 587 Hydrocephalus 589 Injury of the Medulla 590
Ataxia 596 Damage to the Basal Ganglia 604 Brain Injuries 605
Aphasia 609 Dental Anesthesia 615
Applications to Health 626 • Cerebrovascular Accident •
Transient Ischemic Attack • Alzheimer's Disease •
Brain Tumors
Key Medical Terms 621
Study Outline 628 Self Quiz Questions 629
Critical Thinking Questions 631 Answers to Figure Questions 631
f /I I THE AUTONOMIC
0mgk ^ XJ NERVOUS SYSTEM 632
^fW Introduction 632
M Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic
' Nervous Systems 633
Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways 634
Anatomical Components of an Autonomic Motor
Pathway 634
Preganglionic Neurons 634 Autonomic (langlia 635
Autonomic Plexuses 635 Postganglionic Neurons 63S
Structure of the Sympathetic Division 639
Structure of the Parasympathetic Division 641
ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors 641
Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors 641
Adrenergic Neurons and Receptors 642
Functions of the ANS 643
Sympathetic Responses 643
Parasympathetic Responses 644
Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 646
Autonomic Reflexes 646
Autonomic Control By Higher Centers 646
^^* Clinical Applications
" £*? Homer's Syndrome 640 Drugs and Receptor
Selectivity 643
Applications to Health 646 • Raynaud's Disease •
Autonomic Dysreflexia
Key Medical Terms 647
Study Outline 64S Self Quiz Questions MS
Critical Thinking Questions 65(1 Ansii vrs to Figure Questions 6)0
SOMATIC SENSES 651
Introduction 651
Overview of Sensations 652
Definition of Sensations 652
Characteristics of Sensations 652
XXVIII CONTENTS
Classification of Sensations 652
Somatic Sensations 653
Tactile Sensations 653
Touch 653 Pressure and Vibration 654 Itch and Tickle 655
Thermal Sensations 655 Pain Sensations 655
Types of Pain 655 Localization of Pain 655
Proprioceptive Sensations 656
Muscle Spindles 656 Tendon Organs 657
Joint Kinesthetic Receptors 658
Somatic Senory Pathways 658
Posterior Column Medical Lemniscus Pathway to the
Cortex 659
Anterolateral Pathways to the Cortex 660
Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area 660
Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum 660
Somatic Sensory Pathways 658
Posterior Column Medial Lemniscus Pathway to the
Cortex 659
Anterolateral Pathways to the Cortex 660
Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area 660
Somatic Sensory Paythways to the Cerebellum 660
Somatic Motor Pathways 661
Mapping the Motor Areas 663
Direct Motor Pathways 663
Indirect Motor Pathways 664
Roles of the Basal Ganglia 664 Roles of the Cerebellum 666
Integration of Sensory Input and Motor Output 666
^^S ' Clinical Applications
SS Phantom Limb Sensation 655
Analgesia: Relief from Pain 655 Syphilis 660 Paralysis 663
Amvotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 664
Damage to the Basal Ganglia 665 Damage to the Cerebellum 666
Applications to Health 667 • Spinal Cord Injury
• Parkinson's Disease
Key Medical Terms 667
Study Outline 66S Self Quiz Questions 669
Critical Thinking Questions 670 Answers to Figure Questions 670
¦ *
. T SPKCIAL SENSES 671
¦¦"',¦ \
Introduction 671
Olfaction: Sense of Smell 672
Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors 672
The Olfactory Pathway 672
Gustation: Sense of Taste 674
Anatomy of Gustatory Receptors 674
The Gustatory Pathway 674
Vision 676
Accessory Structures of the Eye 676
Eyelids 676 Eyelashes and Eyebrows 676
The Lacrimal Apparatus 676 Extrinsic Eye Muscles 676
Anatomy of the Eyeball 678
Fibrous Tunic 678 Vascular Tunic 679 Retina 679 Lens 681
Interior of the Eyeball 682
The Visual Pathway 683
Processing of Visual Input in the Retina 684
Pathway in the Brain 684
Hearing and Equilibrium 684
Anatomy of the Ear 685
External (Outer) Ear 685 Middle Ear 686
Internal (Inner) Ear 687
Mechanism of Hearing 690
The Auditory Pathway 692
Mechanism of Equilibrium 692
Otolithic Organs: Saccule and Utricle 692
Semicircular Ducts 692
Equilibrium Pathways 695
Development of the Eyes and Ears 696
Development of the Ears 697
Aging and the Special Senses 698
_^* " Clinical Applications
V]S? Hyposmia672 Taste Aversion 674 LASIK 679
Detached Retina 680 Color Blindness and Night Blindness 680
Presbyopia 681 Age Related Macular Disease 683
Loud Sounds and Hair Cell Damage 690 Otosclerosis 692
Cochlear Implants 692
Applications to Health 699 • Cataracts • Glaucoma • Deafness
• Meniere's Disease • Otitis Media • Motion Sickness
Key Medical Terms 699
Study Outline 100 Self Quiz Questions 101
Critical Thinking Questions 703 Answers to Figure Questions 103
4'. "% 'I
. y ¦, / \ THE ENDOCRINE
:±U w ,., SYSTEM 704
^ Introduction 704
Endocrine Glands Defined 705
Hormones 705
Hypothalmus and Pituitary Gland 707
.Anterior Pituitary 707 Posterior Pituitary 710
Thyroid Gland 711
Parathyroid Glands 713
Adrenal Glands 715
Adrenal Cortex 715 Adrenal Medulla 715
Pancreas 717
Ovaries and Testes 719
Pineal Gland 720
Thymus 720
Other Endocrine Tissues 721
Development of the Endocrine System 721
Aging and the Endocrine System 723
^^* Clinical Applications
^S^ Blocking Hormone Receptors 706
Oxytocin and Childbirth 711
Seasonal Affective Disorder and Jet Lag 720
Applications to Health 723 • Pituitary Gland Disorders •
Diabetes Insipidus • Thyroid Gland Disorders • Parathyroid
Gland Disorders • Adrenal Gland Disorders • Addison's
Disease • Pancreatic Islet Disorders
Key Medical Terms 126
Study Outline 727 Self Quiz Questions 728
Critical Thinking Questions 129 Answers to Figure Questions 730
\\ ** ^"\ /I
)f?lM /41 THF RESPIRATORY
*j£* *~ * SYSTEM 731
Introduction 731
Repiratory System Anatomy 732
Nose 732 Pharynx 735 Larynx 736
The Structures of Voice Production 738
Trachea 740 Bronchi 741 Lungs 744
Lobes, Fissures, and Lobules 746 Alveoli 748
Blood Supply to the Lungs 749
Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing) 750
Inhalation 751
Exhalation 751
Regulation of Respiration 752
Role of the Respiratory Center 753
Medullary Rhythmicity Area 753 Pneumotaxic Area 754
Apneustic Area 754
Regulation of the Respiratory Center 754
Cortical Influences on Respiration 754
Chemoreceptor Regulation of Respiration 754
The Inflation Reflex 754
Exercise and the Respiratory System 755
Development of the Respiratory System 756
Aging and the Repiratory System 757
^ ^J1 " Clinical Applications
S^ Xasal Polyps 732 Rhinoplasty 735
Laryngitis and Cancer of the Larynx 740
Tracheostomy and Intubation 741 Xebulization 743
Pneumothorax and Hemothorax 744
The Effects of Smoking on Respirator}' Efficiency 755
CONTKNTS XXIX
Applications to Health 151 • Asthma • Emphysema •
Chronic Bronchitis • Emphysema • Lung Cancer •
Pneumonia • Tuberculosis • Coryza and Influenza •
Pulmonary Edema • Cystic Fihrosis '
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome •
Asbestos Related Diseases
Key Medical Terms 160
Study Outline 761 Self Quiz Question* 762
Critical Thinking Questions 7rt Answers to I'ignre Questions "6
I I Z **) THF DIGESTIVE
'V; SYSTEM 764
Introduction 764
Overview of the Digestive System 764
Layers of the GI Tract 765
Mucosii 765 Submucos;) 767
Muscularis 767 Seros;) 76S
Peritoneum 768
Mouth 770
S;)liv;iry (ihuuls 771 'longuc 77' Iccih 773
Pharynx 776
Esophagus 776
Histology 776 Functions 776
Stomach 778
Anatomy 778 Histology 77S Functions 781
Pancreas 782
Anatomy 782 Histology 783 Functions 784
Liver and Gallbladder 784
Anatomy 784 I listology 784
Blood and Nerve Supply 787
Functions 787
Small Intestine 788
.Anatomy 789 [listology ~! i° Functions ~{ 2
Large Intestine 794
Anatomy 7'M Histology ~(H Functions ~()7
Development of the Digestive System 799
Aging and the Digestive System 800
_._* " Clinical Applications
£5^ Peritonitis "70 Mumps "73 Rout (l.inal Thcrap) ~"4
Ciiistrocsophamjal Reflux Disease
Pylorospasm and Pyloric Stenosis 7~S
Zollinger F.llison Syndrome ""is \omitini; "SI
Pancreatitis and Pancreatic (dancer ~S4 Jjundice ~S~
(iallstones 7HH Liver Biopsy 7XH Lactose Intolerance ~(^3
Absorption of Alcohol 7^3 Appendicitis 7'H
Polyps in the C olon 79" Occult Blood "9S (lolonoscopy "''''
XXX CONTENTS
Applications to Health 800 • Dental Caries • Periodontal Disease
• Peptic Ulcer Disease • Diverticular Disease • Colorectal
Cancer • Hepatitis • Obesity
Key Medical Terms 802
Study Outline 804 Self Quiz Questions 805
Critical Thinking Questions 806 Answers to Figure Questions 807
'lySSwi. Hf 7 f\ THE URINARY
Jjfa^^P^™ ^ KJ SYSTEM 808
Introduction 808
Anatomy and Histology of the Kidneys 810
External Anatomy of the Kidneys 810
Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys 810
Blood and Nerve Supply of the Kidneys 813
TheNephron 814
Parts of a Nephron 814
Histology of the Nephron and Collecting Duct 817
Functions of Nephrons 819
Glomerular Filtration 819 Tubular Reabsorption 820
Tubular Secretion 820
Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 822
Ureters 822 Urinary Bladder 822 Urethra 824
Development of the Urinary System 826
Aging and the Urinary System 828
. ^ J Clinical Applications
S2J Nephroptosis (Floating Kidney) 810
Kidney Transplant 814 Number of Nephrons 818
Oliguria and Anuria 820 Diuretics 820 Cystoscopy 824
Urinary Incontinence 826
Applications to Health 828 • Dialysis • Urinalysis • Renal
Calculi • Urinary Tract Infections • Glomerular Diseases
• Renal Failure • Polycystic Kidney Disease • Urinary
Bladder Cancer
Key Medical Terms 831
Study Outline 832 Self Quiz Questions 833
Critical Thinking Questions 834 Answers to Figure Questions 834
•;i(V, V; /THE REPRODUCTIVE
V yv*v * » / SYSTEMS 835
Introduction 835
Male Reproductive System 836
Scrotum 836 Testes 837
Sperm 842
Reproductive System Ducts in Males 843
Ducts of the Testis 843 Epididymis 843 Ductus Deferens 843
Ejaculatory Ducts 844 Urethra 844
Spermatic Cord 846
Accessory Sex Glands in Males 847
Seminal Vesicles 847 Prostate 847 Bulbourethral Glands 847
Semen 847 Penis 847
Female Reproductive System 851
Ovaries 852
Histology of the Ovaries 852
Oogenesis and Follicular Development 854
Uterine Tubes 856 Uterus 858 Vagina 861
Vulva 862 Perineum 863 Mammary Glands 864
The Female Reproductive Cycle 867
Menstrual Phase 868 Events in the Ovaries 868
Events in the Uterus 868 Preovulatory Phase 868
Events in the Ovaries 868 Events in the Uterus 868
Ovulation 868 Postovulatory Phase 868
Events in the Ovaries 868 Events in the Uterus 868
Birth Control Methods 869
Surgical Sterilization 869 Hormonal Methods 870
Intrauterine Devices 870 Spermicides 871
Barrier Methods 871 Periodic Abstinence 871
Abortion 871
Development of the Reproductive Systems 871
Aging and the Reproductive Systems 871
^—^ %' Clinical Applications
S^ Testicular Injuries 840 Cryptorchidism 841
Vasectomy 844 Inguinal Hernias 847 Circumcision 848
Premature Ejaculation 850 Ovarian Cysts 855
Uterine Prolapse 859 Hysterectomy 861
Abnormal Vaginal Discharge and Bleeding 862 Episiotomy 864
Fibrocystic Disease of the Breasts 866
Female Athlete Triad: Disordered Eating, Amenorrhea, and
Premature Osteoporosis 869
Deficiency of 5 Alpha Reductase 874
Applications to Health 816 • Reproductive System Disorders
in Males • Reproductive System Disorders in Females •
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Key Medical Terms 818 Study Outline 819 Self Quiz Questions 880
Critical Thinking Questions 881 Answers to Figure Questions 882
A
Appendix A MEASUREMENTS 883
Appendix 13 ANSWERS 885
M GLOSSARY 892 CREDITS 927
Jm INDEX 930 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Tortora, Gerard J. |
| author_GND | (DE-588)132130270 |
| author_facet | Tortora, Gerard J. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Tortora, Gerard J. |
| author_variant | g j t gj gjt |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021609839 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QM23 |
| callnumber-raw | QM23.2 |
| callnumber-search | QM23.2 |
| callnumber-sort | QM 223.2 |
| callnumber-subject | QM - Human Anatomy |
| classification_rvk | WW 1452 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)57003502 (DE-599)BVBBV021609839 |
| dewey-full | 611 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 611 - Human anatomy, cytology, histology |
| dewey-raw | 611 |
| dewey-search | 611 |
| dewey-sort | 3611 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Biologie Medizin |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie Medizin |
| edition | 10. ed. |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01493nam a2200421 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV021609839</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20061020 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">060607s2005 a||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">0471420816</subfield><subfield code="9">0-471-42081-6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)57003502</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV021609839</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-20</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">QM23.2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">611</subfield><subfield code="2">22</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">WW 1452</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)152049:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Tortora, Gerard J.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)132130270</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Principles of human anatomy</subfield><subfield code="c">Gerard J. Tortora</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10. ed.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Hoboken</subfield><subfield code="b">Wiley</subfield><subfield code="c">2005</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XXX, 960 S., 11 Faltbl.</subfield><subfield code="b">zahlr. Ill.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Anatomie humaine</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Physiologie humaine</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Human anatomy</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Human physiology</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Anatomie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4001895-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4123623-3</subfield><subfield code="a">Lehrbuch</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Anatomie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4001895-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HBZ Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014825070&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014825070</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV021609839 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:50:12Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:39:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0471420816 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014825070 |
| oclc_num | 57003502 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-20 |
| physical | XXX, 960 S., 11 Faltbl. zahlr. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Tortora, Gerard J. Verfasser (DE-588)132130270 aut Principles of human anatomy Gerard J. Tortora 10. ed. Hoboken Wiley 2005 XXX, 960 S., 11 Faltbl. zahlr. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Anatomie humaine Physiologie humaine Human anatomy Human physiology Anatomie (DE-588)4001895-7 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Anatomie (DE-588)4001895-7 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014825070&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Tortora, Gerard J. Principles of human anatomy Anatomie humaine Physiologie humaine Human anatomy Human physiology Anatomie (DE-588)4001895-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4001895-7 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Principles of human anatomy |
| title_auth | Principles of human anatomy |
| title_exact_search | Principles of human anatomy |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Principles of human anatomy |
| title_full | Principles of human anatomy Gerard J. Tortora |
| title_fullStr | Principles of human anatomy Gerard J. Tortora |
| title_full_unstemmed | Principles of human anatomy Gerard J. Tortora |
| title_short | Principles of human anatomy |
| title_sort | principles of human anatomy |
| topic | Anatomie humaine Physiologie humaine Human anatomy Human physiology Anatomie (DE-588)4001895-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Anatomie humaine Physiologie humaine Human anatomy Human physiology Anatomie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014825070&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tortoragerardj principlesofhumananatomy |