Služilye "inozemcy" v Sibiri XVII veka: (Tomsk, Enisejsk, Krasnojarsk)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Novosibirsk
2004
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Ėtnokulʹturnoe vzaimodejstvie v Evrazii
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 209 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 5875502037 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135381497544704 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
ГЛАВА
ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННАЯ
Отечественная
Отечественная историография
Зарубежная историография
Выводы
ГЛАВА
Источники формирования группы поляков и литвы в Сибири
численность поляков и литвы в томске, енисейске и
Красноярске
Семейное положение иноземцев
Возраст и срок службы иноземцев
адаптация к русской жизни
Служба в Сибири
Жалованье и доходы поляков и литвы в Сибири
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
НЕОПУБЛИКОВАННЫЕ ИСТОЧНИКИ
ОПУБЛИКОВАННЫЕ ИСТОЧНИКИ
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
SUMMARY
таблица
1701
Таблица
таблица
Томском и Красноярском уездах в
Таблица
Таблица
Таблица
таблица
МОНЕТ
Таблица
гг.
Таблица
1604-1677
таблица
таблица
Томске в
Таблица
таблица
В
таблица
145
ТАБЛИЦА
ХОЗЯЙСТВ ДЕТЕЙ БОЯРСКИХ В ТОМСКЕ В
202
SUMMARY
In the present monograph we discuss the questions of participation of
PoKsh-Lithuanian prisoners of war and emigrants in the conquest and
colonisation of Siberia in
The Russian historiography of the theme has already two and a half
hundreds years of history. During this period the interest of researchers
shifted many times. We would like to point out some basic tendencies and
trends.
From the very beginning the researchers of the topic orientated on the
prikaz
Russian Miller) founded this tradition, and was the first collector and editor
of such sources. Many years later P.A.Slovtsov had showed that Siberian
annals have no information on the
of collection of the documents of former Siberian Chancellery
prikaz)
Ministry of Justice in Moscow (now part of the Russian archive of the
ancient acts), compiled the excellent archival guide of the collection, those
four volumes give the opportunity to the modern researchers to use its
archival wealth. In his book about
on such a source as the cases of the banished preserved in this collection.
He used sixteen rolls of such cases.
To the end of
authors have published some valuable sources on Siberian history.
Unfortunately, these publications, sponsored by local merchants and
Maecenases, were poorly edited and full of misprints and errors. One of
these local editors, M.P.Golovachev, shares the opinion of P.N.Butsinski
about the value of the cases of the banished for study of the theme.
A Russian historian S.V.Bakhrushin enlarged the range of the sources
for study of foreigners in Siberia, when he used The case of the betrayer,
rotmistr
priícaz
and until the works of T.A.Oparina the researchers did not use this
collection for the purposes of the illumination of the pre-Siberian fate of
foreigners, who passed many years in Siberian banishment.
In the end of the 30s of XX century some documents collected by
G.F.Müller
the conquest of Siberia.
The Soviet researchers V.I.Shun kov and ZJa. Boiarshinova used a
wide range of sources, but focused on the financial documents, but
F.G.Safronov and V.A.Aleksandrov stood loyal to the lists of banished
people as to the most informative source. The other Soviet scholar,
203
B.P.Polevoy, discovered such a unique source as a diary kept by a Polish
prisoner of war during his stay in Siberia. Unfortunately, for almost thirty
years this source has been still unique, but we still hope for the further
archeographic discoveries. Many documents on the foreigners in Siberia
were published in the thematic collections on the Russian-Mongol and
Russian-Chinese diplomatic history.
V.I.Shun kov and Z.Ja. Boiarshinova in the task of employing the sources
illuminating agricultural colonisation (dozornye baigi).
The article of DJa.Rezun and A.S.Zuev published in Germany in
German was a turning point of Siberian historiography, because they sum
up the years of research not only of foreigners in Siberia, but also of the
foreigners in the whole Russia.
The researchers used the wide range of sources first of all to achieve
the main goal, which is to establish the number of foreigners in Siberia.
Only
approaches to the problems appeared: collecting the data on all-Siberian
level, collecting the data on regional level (on one town or on the group of
towns), collecting the data on all-Siberian level, but focusing on the
category of foreigners (e.g. White-Russians).
P.N.Butsinskiy gives the number of foreigners in Western Siberia from
1593
in the appendix to his book gives numbers of banished to all regions of
Siberia between
about banished in
Krasnoyarsk garrison in
the focus of historiography has shifted from all-Siberian level to the
regional one. VJ.Shun kov gives data on Tobolsk region (Tobolski razriad)
for
the remote Siberian towns. ZJa.Boiarshinova gives data on the number of
foreigners in Tomsk in
number of foreigners in Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk in
F.G.Safronov presents data for Yakutsk and Ilimsk from the 1630s to
R.KLeshchenko collected the information about all Lithuanians in all
Siberian towns, A.N.Kopilov in Yeniseysk, DJa.Rezun in Kuznetsk in
and
Stephan
All authors, including English speaking A.Wood, Henry R.
Huttlebach, Basil Dmytryshin, Michael Rywkin, and excluding DJa.Rezun
share the opinion, that the foreigners were banished to Siberia. DJa.Rezun
suggests that banished were only criminals, all other foreigners just shared
the serf status common to the all Russian people.
204
Other question splat the historiography is the question of reliability of
personal names as an indicator of foreign (mostly Polish, White-Russian
and Ukrainians) origin. Since
this question in his book on Ukrainian clergy in Russia, N.N.Ogloblin,
S.V.Bakhrushin,
conclusion, that personal names are not reliable. All authors before
N.I.Nikitin have supposed, that so called Lists of Lithuanians (litovskie
spiski)
they included not only Russians, but also the representatives of the Siberian
peoples and the peoples of Volga.
The most debated is the question of so-called cultural superiority and
cultural influence of Siberian foreigners. Usually all researchers admit the
idea of some cultural difference between Russia and the West (including
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), but differ in the evaluation of the
cultural influence of foreigners on Siberian Russian population.
RN.Butsinski, N.N.Ogloblin, G.E.Katanaev, P.N.Golovachev, N.N.Firsov
evaluate it positivly, P.A.Slovtsov,
V.N.Kurilov and A.A.Lyutsidarskaia speak about high educational level ,
rather than cultural superiority .
Passing on from historiography to the research itself, we should note
that the practice of enrolling foreigners was quite common in the early
modern European armies. In
In
infantrymen was
foreigners, including
12.6%)).
the second half of the
existed since
the army of Charles
The Polish-Lithuanian prisoners of war, who became Russian Cossacks
in the XVn-th century Siberia, were not the mercenaries in the strict sense
of the word. Some of them were captured on the battlefield or during
reconnaissance measures
voluntary emigrants and after the conversion into the orthodox faith, they
could arrive to Siberia on the base common to all Russian people, who were
transferred to Siberia by the governmental order, The third group consisted
of people banned to Siberia for different crimes. Our analysis of a number
of cases from the collection of Razriadny
shows, that illegal commerce of wine, homicide, a visit to the camp of
enemy s army, the preparation of illegal crossing of the border, sending
letters abroad and illegal contacts with foreign diplomats were punished by
205
banishment. So, only the second group could be the mercenaries, but they
were not, because the Russian authorities deprived them of the right to
leave and return, by forcing them to make the oath of the eternal service
to the Russian tsar. This oath made them serfs of the Russian sovereign.
Regarding the number of members , these three categories were not
equal. At the time of Russian-Polish wars of
category formed the overwhelming majority. But at tine time of peace the
second group came on the foreground/ despite the fact that some of the
former prisoners of war were forced to stay in Russia against their will. The
third group was the smallest and we know less than ten people having
belonged to it during the whole
The membership in the group influenced the term of stay in Siberia.
The prisoners of war could hope to leave Siberia after living there for some
years and went home at the time of mutual exchange of prisoners. The
emigrants and banished foreigners were doomed to stay in Siberia for
many years or even perished in this remote land.
The Poles, Lithuanians, White-Russians, Ukrainians and others, who
stayed in Siberia, were the minority in the large garrisons of Tomsk,
Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk. Analysis of the documents gave the row of
numbers, reflecting their place in the garrisons,
12
mounted and foot soldiers. In
(14%),
and in
Yeniseysk there were
in
15 (3%)
foreigners
of nomads the number of soldiers in the town decreased to
or
the last quarter of the century the foreigners were an absolute minority in
the garrison of the town,
(3.50%)
Regarding the rank and the part of military force the Siberian
foreigners concentrated in the mounted troops
the command posts
officers
(38%)
(58%).
least
and in
206
among the foot soldier formed the absolute minority both in proportion to
the Russian peshie kazaki, and in proportion to the whole group of foreigners
of the garrison. The number of foreigners in one garrison was never more
than a hundred men. There was a tendency of proportion of foreigners to
decrease during the XVH century, for Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk the
absolute number of foreigners decreased as well.
Some of free-will emigrants brought their families with them. The
marriages with Russian women are also widely known. The number of
foreign bachelors was considerable as well. Unfortunately, in the most
cases we have data only about the male children of Siberian foreigners.
About the female children we can only know thanks to the document of
1668,
Siberia. The coefficient of male children per one female child (secondary
sex distribution) in this random sample is
same coefficient for the adults
modern population is
sample is
there were
of male children per family of a mounted or foot soldier
kazaki). So, the sample of
side, and the average foreign family in Siberia was not much larger than
any other.
The children of the foreigners who were born or brought to Siberia
entered the military service at the age of
Many of Tomsk s foreigners served in Siberia for
considerable number served for at least ten years. So we can make a
hypothesis, that many people, whom we mentioned in the book, died at the
age of
demographic structure of the early modern society in Russia.
The integration into Russian society was particularly difficult for the
Western foreigners because of the confessional and political difference
between Russia and Western countries. The latent or explicit xenophobia
was common to all layers of Russian society beginning with the Siberian
archbishop
past. Russians were very suspicious of any foreigner and considered him a
potential spy or betrayer. Only those foreigners entered the Russian service,
who had converted themselves into the Orthodox faith and made oath to
serve eternally to the Russian tsar.
On the other hand, the primary relationships were very important as
well. The family or friendly ties could protect a foreigner in the different
conflict situations. In the conflict between
207
Krasnoyarsk, and N-Markov, a simple Cossack from Tomsk, the garrison of
the town took the side of our foreigner against the foreign Russian. This
was possible not only because of his social status, but also because of his
informal ties with his colleagues.
We do not have enough statistical data to show the process and the
results of integration of foreigners into the Russian society. However, we
can mention that perception of time and farm labour changed from
generation to generation. If among the first generation
the exact year of their appointment and among the second generation only
10%/
about their service. From the first generation
the events of their life with the name of the governor (voevoda), who
performed his duties in the time of the event. Among the second generation
there were
1680 8.5%
among the second generation this coefficient increases to
third to
half-soldiers half-farmers among the Russians in Tomsk garrison was about
one third.
The Siberian foreigners performed the same duties as the Russian
Cossacks and foot soldiers {strel tsy). Their responsibility ranged from
direct participation in the gunfire with the local people to the control over
Russian peasants. Our analysis of Polish and Russian armies show the
superiority of Poles in the early modern warfare, their ability to fight with
Nomads, using all types of arms. Russian documents testify the good
ability of foreigners to participate in the close fight. They were brave and
gifted officers. They participated also in the collecting the fur tribute
(yasak), diplomatic activity on the Southern borders of Siberia, founding
forts and fortresses. They performed the duties of official postmen, carrying
documents and goods to Moscow and across Siberia. Some of them even
performed the duties of the armed escort of the banished foreigners! They
helped governors as aide-de-camps and investigators. Sometimes in
Siberian history foreigners themselves performed the duties of the
governors. A large sample of examples shows their ability to handle all
these tasks. However, we should note that collecting the information for the
purpose of taxation, performed by foreigners, caused accusations against
them from both sides. Governors as well as peasants were not satisfied with
their activity. Tax evasion was a sufficient part of Russian life and pleased
both sides (the State officials and the tax bearers) could only one, who
orientated in the intricate net of mutual obligations, bribery and hidden
sabotage.
208
Did the Russian government pay well for the performance of all these
tasks? In order to compare the incomes of the foreigners home and in
Russia, we calculated the average value of silver Polish zbty and compared
it with the average value of silver Russian rouble. This action allows us to
state that the income of a large Polish farm
to
was equivalent to
from
As mentioned above, the foreigners in Siberian towns occupied high
and well-paid posts and positions. In
earned from
were from
wage was even
only German, English and Dutch instructors, in Tobolsk who in the late
were send there, for teaching Russian soldier to fight in the European
regular manner, had the incomes comparable with Polish incomes in
Poland. Noone former prisoner had such incomes, despite the fact that they
had the highest wages of the garrison.
The preliminary conclusion derived from this comparison, that the
material life of the foreigners in Siberia was miserable and could not force
them to stay there, should be corrected in two moments. First of all, Russian
government provided the servicemen not only with money, but also with
grain and salt. According to the calculations of N.I.Nikitin at least one third
of Tomsk foreigners could cover their families needs in food with this grain
in
their daily ration. In Poland the servicemen had to buy all the food, which
he, his family and his horse needed.
During our research we found that many foreigners claimed the losses
of property, the total price of which exceed many times their incomes per
year. The richest claimed the loss of goods and money equivalent from
to
was able to collect the amount of goods equivalent to
bribing the local authorities. These examples show the living standard
closer to the European one, than those, which we got comparing only
official data about the incomes. This raises the question about the source of
such luxury.
As we have showed the farm labour was neither popular, nor
profitable. The analysis of customs duties shows us that on the Tomsk
market foreigners bought and sold horses and cattle, as well as goods
bought somewhere or produced in their households. The coomercial
operation of
209
as well as illegal trade operations of his fellow countryman
Chmiełewski
of making easy money foreigners participated in wheeler-dealer finance
operations of Russian bureaucrats (illegal wine trade, illegal fur trade,
avoidance of customs duties etc.). This might have caused
with Russian Cossacks, who were their rivals in the illegal activity. So, the
material aspect really could be the argument for the voluntary stay in
Siberia at least for those who haven t large real estate property in Poland or
Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Перевод на английский: И.Р.Соколовский, Л.С.Соколовская
|
| adam_txt |
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
ГЛАВА
ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННАЯ
Отечественная
Отечественная историография
Зарубежная историография
Выводы
ГЛАВА
Источники формирования группы поляков и "литвы" в Сибири
численность поляков и "литвы" в томске, енисейске и
Красноярске
Семейное положение иноземцев
Возраст и срок службы иноземцев
адаптация к русской жизни
Служба в Сибири
Жалованье и доходы поляков и "литвы" в Сибири
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
НЕОПУБЛИКОВАННЫЕ ИСТОЧНИКИ
ОПУБЛИКОВАННЫЕ ИСТОЧНИКИ
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
SUMMARY
таблица
1701
Таблица
таблица
Томском и Красноярском уездах в
Таблица
Таблица
Таблица
таблица
МОНЕТ
Таблица
гг.
Таблица
1604-1677
таблица
таблица
Томске в
Таблица
таблица
В
таблица
145
ТАБЛИЦА
ХОЗЯЙСТВ "ДЕТЕЙ БОЯРСКИХ" В ТОМСКЕ В
202
SUMMARY
In the present monograph we discuss the questions of participation of
PoKsh-Lithuanian prisoners of war and emigrants in the conquest and
colonisation of Siberia in
The Russian historiography of the theme has already two and a half
hundreds years of history. During this period the interest of researchers
shifted many times. We would like to point out some basic tendencies and
trends.
From the very beginning the researchers of the topic orientated on the
prikaz
Russian Miller) founded this tradition, and was the first collector and editor
of such sources. Many years later P.A.Slovtsov had showed that Siberian
annals have no information on the
of collection of the documents of former Siberian Chancellery
prikaz)
Ministry of Justice in Moscow (now part of the Russian archive of the
ancient acts), compiled the excellent archival guide of the collection, those
four volumes give the opportunity to the modern researchers to use its
archival wealth. In his book about
on such a source as the "cases of the banished" preserved in this collection.
He used sixteen rolls of such cases.
To the end of
authors have published some valuable sources on Siberian history.
Unfortunately, these publications, sponsored by local merchants and
Maecenases, were poorly edited and full of misprints and errors. One of
these local editors, M.P.Golovachev, shares the opinion of P.N.Butsinski
about the value of the "cases of the banished" for study of the theme.
A Russian historian S.V.Bakhrushin enlarged the range of the sources
for study of foreigners in Siberia, when he used "The case of the betrayer,
rotmistr
priícaz
and until the works of T.A.Oparina the researchers did not use this
collection for the purposes of the illumination of the pre-Siberian fate of
foreigners, who passed many years in Siberian banishment.
In the end of the 30s of XX century some documents collected by
G.F.Müller
the conquest of Siberia.
The Soviet researchers V.I.Shun'kov and ZJa. Boiarshinova used a
wide range of sources, but focused on the financial documents, but
F.G.Safronov and V.A.Aleksandrov stood loyal to the lists of banished
people as to the most informative source. The other Soviet scholar,
203
B.P.Polevoy, discovered such a unique source as a diary kept by a Polish
prisoner of war during his stay in Siberia. Unfortunately, for almost thirty
years this source has been still unique, but we still hope for the further
archeographic discoveries. Many documents on the foreigners in Siberia
were published in the thematic collections on the Russian-Mongol and
Russian-Chinese diplomatic history.
V.I.Shun'kov and Z.Ja. Boiarshinova in the task of employing the sources
illuminating agricultural colonisation (dozornye baigi).
The article of DJa.Rezun and A.S.Zuev published in Germany in
German was a turning point of Siberian historiography, because they sum
up the years of research not only of foreigners in Siberia, but also of the
foreigners in the whole Russia.
The researchers used the wide range of sources first of all to achieve
the main goal, which is to establish the number of foreigners in Siberia.
Only
approaches to the problems appeared: collecting the data on all-Siberian
level, collecting the data on regional level (on one town or on the group of
towns), collecting the data on all-Siberian level, but focusing on the
category of foreigners (e.g. White-Russians).
P.N.Butsinskiy gives the number of foreigners in Western Siberia from
1593
in the appendix to his book gives numbers of banished to all regions of
Siberia between
about banished in
Krasnoyarsk garrison in
the focus of historiography has shifted from all-Siberian level to the
regional one. VJ.Shun'kov gives data on Tobolsk region (Tobolski razriad)
for
the remote Siberian towns. ZJa.Boiarshinova gives data on the number of
foreigners in Tomsk in
number of foreigners in Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk in
F.G.Safronov presents data for Yakutsk and Ilimsk from the 1630s to
R.KLeshchenko collected the information about all "Lithuanians" in all
Siberian towns, A.N.Kopilov in Yeniseysk, DJa.Rezun in Kuznetsk in
and
Stephan
All authors, including English speaking A.Wood, Henry R.
Huttlebach, Basil Dmytryshin, Michael Rywkin, and excluding DJa.Rezun
share the opinion, that the foreigners were banished to Siberia. DJa.Rezun
suggests that banished were only criminals, all other foreigners just shared
the serf status common to the all Russian people.
204
Other question splat the historiography is the question of reliability of
personal names as an indicator of foreign (mostly Polish, White-Russian
and Ukrainians) origin. Since
this question in his book on Ukrainian clergy in Russia, N.N.Ogloblin,
S.V.Bakhrushin,
conclusion, that personal names are not reliable. All authors before
N.I.Nikitin have supposed, that so called "Lists of Lithuanians" (litovskie
spiski)
they included not only Russians, but also the representatives of the Siberian
peoples and the peoples of Volga.
The most debated is the question of so-called "cultural superiority" and
"cultural influence" of Siberian foreigners. Usually all researchers admit the
idea of some cultural difference between Russia and the West (including
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), but differ in the evaluation of the
"cultural influence" of foreigners on Siberian Russian population.
RN.Butsinski, N.N.Ogloblin, G.E.Katanaev, P.N.Golovachev, N.N.Firsov
evaluate it positivly, P.A.Slovtsov,
V.N.Kurilov and A.A.Lyutsidarskaia speak about "high educational level",
rather than "cultural superiority".
Passing on from historiography to the research itself, we should note
that the practice of enrolling foreigners was quite common in the early
modern European armies. In
In
infantrymen was
foreigners, including
12.6%)).
the second half of the
existed since
the army of Charles
The Polish-Lithuanian prisoners of war, who became Russian Cossacks
in the XVn-th century Siberia, were not the mercenaries in the strict sense
of the word. Some of them were captured on the battlefield or during
reconnaissance measures
voluntary emigrants and after the conversion into the "orthodox" faith, they
could arrive to Siberia on the base common to all Russian people, who were
transferred to Siberia by the governmental order, The third group consisted
of people banned to Siberia for different crimes. Our analysis of a number
of cases from the collection of Razriadny
shows, that illegal commerce of wine, homicide, a visit to the camp of
enemy's army, the preparation of illegal crossing of the border, sending
letters abroad and illegal contacts with foreign diplomats were punished by
205
banishment. So, only the second group could be the mercenaries, but they
were not, because the Russian authorities deprived them of the right to
leave and return, by forcing them to make the oath of the "eternal service"
to the Russian tsar. This oath made them serfs of the Russian sovereign.
Regarding the number of members', these three categories were not
equal. At the time of Russian-Polish wars of
category formed the overwhelming majority. But at tine time of peace the
second group came on the foreground/ despite the fact that some of the
former prisoners of war were forced to stay in Russia against their will. The
third group was the smallest and we know less than ten people having
belonged to it during the whole
The membership in the group influenced the term of stay in Siberia.
The prisoners of war could hope to leave Siberia after living there for some
years and went home at the time of mutual exchange of prisoners. The
emigrants and banished foreigners were doomed to stay in Siberia for
many years or even perished in this remote land.
The Poles, Lithuanians, White-Russians, Ukrainians and others, who
stayed in Siberia, were the minority in the large garrisons of Tomsk,
Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk. Analysis of the documents gave the row of
numbers, reflecting their place in the garrisons,
12
mounted and foot soldiers. In
(14%),
and in
Yeniseysk there were
in
15 (3%)
foreigners
of nomads the number of soldiers in the town decreased to
or
the last quarter of the century the foreigners were an absolute minority in
the garrison of the town,
(3.50%)
Regarding the rank and the part of military force the Siberian
foreigners concentrated in the mounted troops
the command posts
officers
(38%)
(58%).
least
and in
206
among the foot soldier formed the absolute minority both in proportion to
the Russian peshie kazaki, and in proportion to the whole group of foreigners
of the garrison. The number of foreigners in one garrison was never more
than a hundred men. There was a tendency of proportion of foreigners to
decrease during the XVH century, for Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk the
absolute number of foreigners decreased as well.
Some of free-will emigrants brought their families with them. The
marriages with Russian women are also widely known. The number of
foreign bachelors was considerable as well. Unfortunately, in the most
cases we have data only about the male children of Siberian foreigners.
About the female children we can only know thanks to the document of
1668,
Siberia. The coefficient of male children per one female child (secondary
sex distribution) in this random sample is
same coefficient for the adults
modern population is
sample is
there were
of male children per family of a mounted or foot soldier
kazaki). So, the sample of
side, and the average foreign family in Siberia was not much larger than
any other.
The children of the foreigners who were born or brought to Siberia
entered the military service at the age of
Many of Tomsk's foreigners served in Siberia for
considerable number served for at least ten years. So we can make a
hypothesis, that many people, whom we mentioned in the book, died at the
age of
demographic structure of the early modern society in Russia.
The integration into Russian society was particularly difficult for the
Western foreigners because of the confessional and political difference
between Russia and Western countries. The latent or explicit xenophobia
was common to all layers of Russian society beginning with the Siberian
archbishop
past. Russians were very suspicious of any foreigner and considered him a
potential spy or betrayer. Only those foreigners entered the Russian service,
who had converted themselves into the Orthodox faith and made oath to
serve "eternally" to the Russian tsar.
On the other hand, the primary relationships were very important as
well. The family or friendly ties could protect a foreigner in the different
conflict situations. In the conflict between
207
Krasnoyarsk, and N-Markov, a simple Cossack from Tomsk, the garrison of
the town took the side of "our" foreigner against the "foreign" Russian. This
was possible not only because of his social status, but also because of his
informal ties with his colleagues.
We do not have enough statistical data to show the process and the
results of integration of foreigners into the Russian society. However, we
can mention that perception of time and farm labour changed from
generation to generation. If among the first generation
the exact year of their appointment and among the second generation only
10%/
about their service. From the first generation
the events of their life with the name of the governor (voevoda), who
performed his duties in the time of the event. Among the second generation
there were
1680 8.5%
among the second generation this coefficient increases to
third to
half-soldiers half-farmers among the Russians in Tomsk garrison was about
one third.
The Siberian foreigners performed the same duties as the Russian
Cossacks and foot soldiers {strel'tsy). Their responsibility ranged from
direct participation in the gunfire with the local people to the control over
Russian peasants. Our analysis of Polish and Russian armies show the
superiority of Poles in the early modern warfare, their ability to fight with
Nomads, using all types of arms. Russian documents testify the good
ability of foreigners to participate in the close fight. They were brave and
gifted officers. They participated also in the collecting the fur tribute
(yasak), diplomatic activity on the Southern borders of Siberia, founding
forts and fortresses. They performed the duties of official postmen, carrying
documents and goods to Moscow and across Siberia. Some of them even
performed the duties of the armed escort of the banished foreigners! They
helped governors as aide-de-camps and investigators. Sometimes in
Siberian history foreigners themselves performed the duties of the
governors. A large sample of examples shows their ability to handle all
these tasks. However, we should note that collecting the information for the
purpose of taxation, performed by foreigners, caused accusations against
them from both sides. Governors as well as peasants were not satisfied with
their activity. Tax evasion was a sufficient part of Russian life and pleased
both sides (the State officials and the tax bearers) could only one, who
orientated in the intricate net of mutual obligations, bribery and hidden
sabotage.
208
Did the Russian government pay well for the performance of all these
tasks? In order to compare the incomes of the foreigners home and in
Russia, we calculated the average value of silver Polish zbty and compared
it with the average value of silver Russian rouble. This action allows us to
state that the income of a large Polish farm
to
was equivalent to
from
As mentioned above, the foreigners in Siberian towns occupied high
and well-paid posts and positions. In
earned from
were from
wage was even
only German, English and Dutch instructors, in Tobolsk who in the late
were send there, for teaching Russian soldier to fight in the European
regular manner, had the incomes comparable with Polish incomes in
Poland. Noone former prisoner had such incomes, despite the fact that they
had the highest wages of the garrison.
The preliminary conclusion derived from this comparison, that the
material life of the foreigners in Siberia was miserable and could not force
them to stay there, should be corrected in two moments. First of all, Russian
government provided the servicemen not only with money, but also with
grain and salt. According to the calculations of N.I.Nikitin at least one third
of Tomsk foreigners could cover their families needs in food with this grain
in
their daily ration. In Poland the servicemen had to buy all the food, which
he, his family and his horse needed.
During our research we found that many foreigners claimed the losses
of property, the total price of which exceed many times their incomes per
year. The richest claimed the loss of goods and money equivalent from
to
was able to collect the amount of goods equivalent to
bribing the local authorities. These examples show the living standard
closer to the European one, than those, which we got comparing only
official data about the incomes. This raises the question about the source of
such luxury.
As we have showed the farm labour was neither popular, nor
profitable. The analysis of customs duties shows us that on the Tomsk
market foreigners bought and sold horses and cattle, as well as goods
bought somewhere or produced in their households. The coomercial
operation of
209
as well as illegal trade operations of his fellow countryman
Chmiełewski
of making "easy" money foreigners participated in wheeler-dealer finance
operations of Russian bureaucrats (illegal wine trade, illegal fur trade,
avoidance of customs duties etc.). This might have caused
with Russian Cossacks, who were their rivals in the illegal activity. So, the
material aspect really could be the argument for the voluntary stay in
Siberia at least for those who haven't large real estate property in Poland or
Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Перевод на английский: И.Р.Соколовский, Л.С.Соколовская |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Sokolovskij, Ivan R. |
| author_facet | Sokolovskij, Ivan R. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Sokolovskij, Ivan R. |
| author_variant | i r s ir irs |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021599841 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)238754406 (DE-599)BVBBV021599841 |
| era | Geschichte 1750-1994 gnd Geschichte 1600-1700 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1750-1994 Geschichte 1600-1700 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Sibirien (DE-588)4054780-2 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd Krasnojarsk (DE-588)4283457-0 gnd Jenissejsk (DE-588)4454204-5 gnd Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd Tomsk (DE-588)4119654-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sibirien Russland Krasnojarsk Jenissejsk Polen Tomsk |
| id | DE-604.BV021599841 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:47:18Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:39:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 5875502037 |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014815193 |
| oclc_num | 238754406 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 209 S. Ill. |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Ėtnokulʹturnoe vzaimodejstvie v Evrazii |
| spelling | Sokolovskij, Ivan R. Verfasser aut Služilye "inozemcy" v Sibiri XVII veka (Tomsk, Enisejsk, Krasnojarsk) Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk... Sokolovskij Ivan Rostislavovič Novosibirsk 2004 209 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ėtnokulʹturnoe vzaimodejstvie v Evrazii In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1750-1994 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1600-1700 gnd rswk-swf Ukrainer (DE-588)4061497-9 gnd rswk-swf Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd rswk-swf Ausländer (DE-588)4003725-3 gnd rswk-swf Sibirien (DE-588)4054780-2 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Krasnojarsk (DE-588)4283457-0 gnd rswk-swf Jenissejsk (DE-588)4454204-5 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Tomsk (DE-588)4119654-5 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Ukrainer (DE-588)4061497-9 s Tomsk (DE-588)4119654-5 g Jenissejsk (DE-588)4454204-5 g Krasnojarsk (DE-588)4283457-0 g Geschichte 1600-1700 z DE-604 Sibirien (DE-588)4054780-2 g Ausländer (DE-588)4003725-3 s Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 s Geschichte 1750-1994 z Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014815193&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014815193&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Sokolovskij, Ivan R. Služilye "inozemcy" v Sibiri XVII veka (Tomsk, Enisejsk, Krasnojarsk) Ukrainer (DE-588)4061497-9 gnd Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd Ausländer (DE-588)4003725-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4061497-9 (DE-588)4020531-9 (DE-588)4003725-3 (DE-588)4054780-2 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4283457-0 (DE-588)4454204-5 (DE-588)4046496-9 (DE-588)4119654-5 |
| title | Služilye "inozemcy" v Sibiri XVII veka (Tomsk, Enisejsk, Krasnojarsk) |
| title_auth | Služilye "inozemcy" v Sibiri XVII veka (Tomsk, Enisejsk, Krasnojarsk) |
| title_exact_search | Služilye "inozemcy" v Sibiri XVII veka (Tomsk, Enisejsk, Krasnojarsk) |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Služilye "inozemcy" v Sibiri XVII veka (Tomsk, Enisejsk, Krasnojarsk) |
| title_full | Služilye "inozemcy" v Sibiri XVII veka (Tomsk, Enisejsk, Krasnojarsk) Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk... Sokolovskij Ivan Rostislavovič |
| title_fullStr | Služilye "inozemcy" v Sibiri XVII veka (Tomsk, Enisejsk, Krasnojarsk) Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk... Sokolovskij Ivan Rostislavovič |
| title_full_unstemmed | Služilye "inozemcy" v Sibiri XVII veka (Tomsk, Enisejsk, Krasnojarsk) Rossijskaja Akademija Nauk... Sokolovskij Ivan Rostislavovič |
| title_short | Služilye "inozemcy" v Sibiri XVII veka |
| title_sort | sluzilye inozemcy v sibiri xvii veka tomsk enisejsk krasnojarsk |
| title_sub | (Tomsk, Enisejsk, Krasnojarsk) |
| topic | Ukrainer (DE-588)4061497-9 gnd Geschichtsschreibung (DE-588)4020531-9 gnd Ausländer (DE-588)4003725-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ukrainer Geschichtsschreibung Ausländer Sibirien Russland Krasnojarsk Jenissejsk Polen Tomsk |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014815193&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014815193&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sokolovskijivanr sluzilyeinozemcyvsibirixviivekatomskenisejskkrasnojarsk |