Software evolution and feedback: theory and practice
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| adam_text | SOFTWARE EVOLUTION AND FEEDBACK THEORY AND PRACTICE EDITED BY NAZIM H.
MADHAVJI UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO, CANADA JUAN *. FERNAENDEZ-RAMIL
THE OPEN UNIVERSITY, UK AND DEWAYNE E. PERRY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT
AUSTIN, USA JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD CONTENTS FOREWORD XIX PREFACE XXI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XXVII EDITORS BIOGRAPHIES XXIX LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
XXXI PART ONE SOFTWARE EVOLUTION L 1 SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 7 MEIR LEHMAN
AND JUAN C. FERNDNDEZ-RAMIL 1.1 INTRODUCTION 7 1.1.1 EVOLUTION 1 1.1.2
INTERPRETATION OF THE TERM EVOLUTION IN THE CONTEXT OF SOFTWARE 8 1.2
THE EVOLUTION OF LARGE SOFTWARE SYSTEMS 8 1.2.1 EARLY WORK 8 1.2.2 LARGE
PROGRAMS 9 1.3 PROGRAM CLASSIFICATION 10 1.3.1 THE SPE PROGRAM
CLASSIFICATION SCHEMA 10 1.3.2 S-TYPE APPLICATIONS AND SOFTWARE 10 1.3.3
E-TYPE APPLICATIONS AND SOFTWARE 12 1.3.4 P-TYPE SITUATIONS AND SOFTWARE
1 3 1.4 THE INEVITABILITY OF EVOLUTION 13 1.5 LEVELS OF SOFTWARE-RELATED
EVOLUTION 14 1.6 AB INITIO IMPLEMENTATION OR CHANGE 16 1.6.1 PROCESS
STEPS 16 1.6.2 THE LST PARADIGM 17 1.6.3 PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF
REAL-WORLD COMPUTER USAGE 18 7.6.4 THEORETICAL UNDERPINNING 18 1.6.5 THE
VALUE OF FORMALISMS AND OF VERIFICATION 19 1.6.6 BOUNDING 20 1.6.7 THE
CONSEQUENCE: CONTINUAL SYSTEM EVOLUTION 21 CONTENTS 1.6.8 SUMMARY 21
1.6.9 PRINCIPLE OF SOFTWARE UNCERTAINTY 22 1.7 SOFTWARE SYSTEMS
EVOLUTION 22 1.7.1 EARLY WORK 22 1.7.2 FEAST 23 1.7.3 THE GROWTH TREND
24 1.7.4 EVOLUTION DRIVERS 25 1.7.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ABOVE
LEVELS OF EVOLUTION 26 1.7.6 EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT 26 1.8 EVOLUTION
OF THE APPLICATION AND ITS DOMAIN 27 1.9 PROCESS EVOLUTION 28 1.9.1
SOFTWARE PROCESSES AS SYSTEMS 28 1.9.2 PROCESS IMPROVEMENT 28 1.9.3 THE
THEORETICAL APPROACH 29 1.9.4 EVOLVING SPECIFICATIONS 30 1.9.5 THE
EMPIRICAL APPROACH 30 1.9.6 LAWS OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 30 1.9.7 THE
EPHEMERAL PROCESS 31 1.10 PROCESS MODEL EVOLUTION 32 1.10.1 THE NATURE
OF THE SOFTWARE PROCESS 32 1.10.2 PROCESS MODELS 32 1.10.3 SOFTWARE
PROCESS MODELS 33 1.10.4 PROCESS IMPROVEMENT 33 1.10.5 LINKS BETWEEN
PROCESS AND PROCESS MODEL EVOLUTION 35 1.11 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LEVELS
35 1.11.1 THE SOFTWARE/SOFTWARE PROCESS CONTRAST 35 1.11.2 THE SOFTWARE
PROCESS/PROCESS MODEL CONTRAST 36 1.12 CONCLUSIONS 37 1.13
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 37 REFERENCES 37 2 A NONTRADITIONAL VIEW OF THE
DIMENSIONS OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 41 DEWAYNE E. PERRY 2.1 INTRODUCTION 41
2.2 THE DOMAINS 42 2.2.1 THE REAL WORLD AND ITS MODEL 42 2.2.2 THE MODEL
AND THE DERIVED SPECIFICATION 43 2.2.3 THEORY 43 2.3 EXPERIENCE 44 2.3.1
FEEDBACK 4 5 2.3.2 EXPERIMENTATION 46 2.3.3 UNDERSTANDING 46 2.4 PROCESS
47 2.4.1 METHODS 47 2.4.2 TECHNOLOGY 48 2.4.3 ORGANIZATION 48 2.5
SUMMARY 49 2.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 50 REFERENCES 51 CONTENTS IX 3 IT LEGACY
SYSTEMS: ENABLING ENVIRONMENTS THAT REDUCE THE LEGACY PROBLEM: A
COMPLEXITY PERSPECTIVE 53 PROFESSOR EVE MITLETON-KELLY 3.1 INTRODUCTION
53 3.2 THE LEGACY PROBLEM 55 3.2.1 FEEDBACK 56 3.2.2 CO-EVOLUTION 56
3.2.3 THE SOCIAL ECOSYSTEM 57 3.3 THE TWO CASE STUDIES 58 3.3.1 BUSINESS
AND MARKET 60 3.3.2 ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT 61 3.3.3 TECHNOLOGY 62
3.3.4 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE VARIOUS ELEMENTS 62 3.4 THE
SOCIO-TECHNICAL ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 64 3.4.1 THE BANK S ENABLING
ENVIRONMENT 64 3.4.2 THE BUILDING SOCIETY AND SOME COMPLEXITY PRINCIPLES
66 3.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 68 3.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 69 REFERENCES 69
4 FACETS OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 71 ROLAND T. MITTERMEIR 4.1 INTRODUCTION
71 4.2 WHAT IS SOFTWARE? 72 4.2.1 SOFTWARE: A TECHNICAL ARTEFACT 72
4.2.2 SOFTWARE: A UTILITY 72 4.2.3 SOFTWARE: A TEXT, REFLECTING REALITY
13 4.2.4 SOFTWARE IS INFORMATION 74 4.3 EVOLUTION 75 4.3.1 PRINCIPLES 75
4.3.2 EVOLUTION DRIVERS 76 4.4 STRATA OF SOFTWARE-SIZE AND COMPLEXITY 77
4.4.1 MODULE 11 4.4.2 DESIGN UNIT 78 4.4.3 ARCHITECTURE 79 4.4.4 SYSTEM
80 4.4.5 SYSTEM-OJ -SYSTEMS 80 4.4.6 DISCUSSION 81 4.5 APPROACHES TO
(AE-)EVOLVE 82 4.5.1 CHANGES IN MODULES 83 4.5.2 MODIFYING DESIGN UNITS
84 4.5.3 EVOLUTION ON THE ARCHITECTURAL LEVEL 84 4.5.4 SYSTEM-LEVEL
EVOLUTION 84 4.5.5 EVOLUTION OF SYSTEMS-OF-SYSTEMS 85 4.6 AN EXAMPLE 86
4.6.1 A SYSTEM-O] -SYSTEMS? 86 4.6.2 SYSTEM-LEVEL CHANGES 87 4.6.3
ARCHITECTURAL DECISIONS 88 4.6.4 DESIGN UNITS X CONTENTS 4.6.5 MODULES
90 4.6.6 DISCUSSION 91 4.7 SUMMARY 91 REFERENCES 92 5 EVOLUTION IN
SOFTWARE SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF THE SPE CLASSIFICATION SCHEME 95
STEPHEN COOK, RACHEL HARRISON, MEIR M. LEHMAN AND PAUL WERNICK 5.1
INTRODUCTION 95 5.2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK 96 5.2.1 SOFTWARE
EVOLUTION 96 5.2.2 STAKEHOLDERS, ARCHITECTURE AND SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 104
5.2.3 HERMENEUTICS AND SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 108 5.2.4 REQUIREMENTS
ANALYSIS, PARADIGMS AND HERMENEUTICS 113 5.3 SPE+ 115 5.3.1 INTRODUCTION
115 5.3.2 THE SPE+ TAXONOMY 115 5.3.3 VALIDATION OF SPE+ 123 5.4
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 125 5.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 126 REFERENCES
127 6 A SIMPLE MODEL OF SOFTWARE SYSTEM EVOLUTIONARY GROWTH 131
WLADYSLAW M. TURSKI REFERENCES 141 7 STATISTICAL MODELLING OF SOFTWARE
EVOLUTION PROCESSES 143 TETSUO TAMAI AND TAKAKO NAKATANI 7.1
INTRODUCTION 143 7.2 APPROACH 145 7.2.1 MEASUREMENT 145 7.2.2 CASE
STUDIES 145 7.2.3 METRICS 146 7.3 OBSERVED EVOLUTION PATTERNS 146 7.3.1
STABLE STATISTIC MODEL 147 7.3.2 EXCEPTIONAL DATA 150 7.3.3
DISCONTINUOUS CHANGE 150 7.3.4 CLASS TREE CHARACTERISTICS 151 7.4
DISTRIBUTION MODEL 153 7.4.1 NEGATIVE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 153 7.4.2
EVOLUTION OF MODEL PARAMETERS 155 7.4.3 LARGER CASE STUDY 157 7.5
DISCUSSIONS 159 REFERENCES 160 8 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS CHANGES DUE TO
EXTERNAL FACTORS 161 VIC NANDA AND NAZIM H. MADHAVJI 8.1 INTRODUCTION
161 8.1.1 ORGANISATION OF THIS CHAPTER 162 CONTENTS XI 8.2 CONGRUENCE
EVALUATION SYSTEM (CES): A CASE STUDY 163 8.2.1 CES CONTEXT AND KEY
EVENTS 163 8.2.2 CONTRIBUTION, RELEVANCE AND APPLICABILITY OF THIS CASE
STUDY 163 8.2.3 CES: BACKGROUND AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY 164 8.2.4
ANALYSIS OF CES CAPABILITIES 16 5 8.2.5 THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
EVOLUTION 167 8.2.6 THREATS TO VALIDITY 176 8.3 LESSONS LEARNT AND
CONCLUSIONS 177 REFERENCES 177 APPENDIX A: AN INSTRUMENT TO ASSESS
SYSTEM DEFICIENCIES 178 APPENDIX B: AN INSTRUMENT TO ASSESS ENVIRONMENT
EVOLUTION 179 9 UNDERSTANDING OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 181 WALT
SCACCHI 9.1 INTRODUCTION 181 9.2 EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION
182 9.2.1 STUDIES OF THE LAWS OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 182 9.2.2 OTHER
EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 183 9.3 EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS IN
OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE 184 9.3.1 TYPES OF ENTITIES FOR STUDYING F/OSS
EVOLUTION 185 9.3.2 PATTERNS IN OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE EVOLUTION STUDIES
186 9.4 EVOLUTION MODELS AND THEORIES 194 9.5 DO WE NEED NEW OR REVISED
MODELS, LAWS OR THEORIES FOR OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE EVOLUTION? 197 9.5.1
EMBRACING THE FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEMS ONTOLOGY 197 9.5.2 ALTERNATIVE
ONTOLOGIES FOR F/OSS EVOLUTION 198 9.6 CONCLUSIONS 200 9.7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 202 REFERENCES 202 10 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF OPEN
SOURCE SYSTEMS 207 ANDREA CAPILUPPI, MAURIZIO MORISIO AND JUAN C.
FEMAENDEZ-RAMIL 10.1 INTRODUCTION 207 10.2 RELATED WORK 208 10.3
RATIONALE 209 10.4 APPROACH 210 10.5 ATTRIBUTES STUDIED 211 10.5.1
SOURCE CODE SIZE 211 10.5.2 CODE STRUCTURE 212 10.5.3 MODIFICATION TYPES
212 10.6 EVOLUTION OF CODE STRUCTURE 213 10.6.1 HORIZONTALLY EXPANDING
213 10.6.2 VERTICALLY SHRINKING 215 10.6.3 VERTICALLY EXPANDING 216 10.7
SUMMARY 218 10.8 CURRENT AND FUTURE WORK 219 10.9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 220
REFERENCES 220 APPENDIX 222 CONTENTS 11 A STUDY OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION AT
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF GRANULARITY 223 ELIZABETH BURD 11.1 INTRODUCTION 223
11.2 EXISTING STUDIES OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 225 11.3 CASE STUDY APPROACH
228 11.4 RESULTS 230 11.4.1 THE SYSTEM LEVEL 230 11.4.2 LEVEL 2, THE
FUNCTION LEVEL 233 11.4.3 LEVEL 3, THE DATA LEVEL 236 11.4.4 COMPARING
LEVELS 242 11.5 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS 244 11.6 CONCLUSIONS 245
REFERENCES 246 12 THE ROLE OF RIPPLE EFFECT IN SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 249
SUE BLACK 12.1 INTRODUCTION 249 12.2 IMPACT ANALYSIS 250 12.3 SOFTWARE
MAINTENANCE AND SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE MODELS 252 12.4 BACKGROUND ON THE
RIPPLE EFFECT 254 12.4.1 COMPUTATION OF THE RIPPLE EFFECT 255 72.4.2 THE
REST SOFTWARE TOOL 258 12.5 LINKS BETWEEN RIPPLE EFFECT AND THE LAWS OF
SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 260 12.5.1 FIRST LAW - CONTINUING CHANGE 261 12.5.2
SECOND LAW - GROWING COMPLEXITY 262 12.5.3 THIRD LAW - SELF REGULATION
263 12.5.4 FOURTH LAW - CONSERVATION OF ORGANISATIONAL STABILITY 263
12.5.5 FIFTH LAW - CONSERVATION OF FAMILIARITY 263 12.5.6 SIXTH LAW -
CONTINUING GROWTH 264 12.5.7 SEVENTH LAW - DECLINING QUALITY 264 12.5.8
EIGHTH LAW * FEEDBACK SYSTEM 264 12.6 CONCLUSIONS 265 12.7 FURTHER WORK
266 12.8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 266 REFERENCES 266 13 THE IMPACT OF
SOFTWARE-ARCHITECTURE COMPLIANCE ON SYSTEM EVOLUTION 269 R. MARK
GREENWOOD, KEN MAYES, WYKEEN SEET, BRIAN * WARBOYS, DHARINI
BALASUBRAMANIAM, GRAHAM KIRBY, RON MORRISON AND ALED SAGE 13.1
INTRODUCTION 269 13.2 EVOLUTION AND COMPLIANCE 270 13.3 A GENERIC
SCHEDULING PROBLEM 271 13.3.1 A PROCESSWEB EXAMPLE 272 13.3.2
PROGRAMMING AROUND POOR COMPLIANCE 27 3 13.4 COMPLIANCE THROUGH
CONFIGURATION 273 13.4.1 TRADE-OFFS IN CONFIGURATION 275 13.5 EXPLOITING
AN ANALYTICAL MODEL 277 13.5.1 A FIRST ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR PROCESSWEB
277 CONTENTS XLLL 13.6 DISCUSSION 278 13.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 280
REFERENCES 280 14 COMPARISON OF THREE EVALUATION METHODS FOR
OBJECT-ORIENTED FRAMEWORK EVOLUTION 281 MICHAEL MATTSSON 14.1
INTRODUCTION 281 14.2 OBJECT-ORIENTED FRAMEWORKS 285 14.2.1 THE STUDIED
FRAMEWORKS 285 14.3 METHODS AND RESULTS 287 14.3.1 EVOLUTION
IDENTIFICATION USING HISTORICAL INFORMATION 287 14.3.2 STABILITY
ASSESSMENT 293 14.3.3 DISTRIBUTION OF THE DEVELOPMENT EFFORT 300 14.4
METHOD COMPARISON 305 14.4.1 CHANGE-PRONE MODULES 305 14.4.2 FRAMEWORK
DEPLOYMENT 306 14.4.3 CHANGE IMPACT ANALYSIS 306 14.4.4 BENCHMARKING 306
14.4.5 REQUIREMENTS MANAGEMENT 307 14.4.6 SOME COMMENTS 307 14.5 RELATED
WORK 308 14.6 CONCLUSION 309 REFERENCES 310 15 FORMAL PERSPECTIVES ON
SOFTWARE EVOLUTION: FROM REFINEMENT TO RETRENCHMENT 313 MICHAEL
POPPLETON AND LINDSAY GROVES 15.1 INTRODUCTION 313 15.2 PROGRAM
REFINEMENT 314 15.3 MODIFYING REFINEMENTS BY ADAPTING DERIVATIONS 320
15.4 A COMPOSITIONAL APPROACH TO PROGRAM MODIFICATION 322 15.5
RETRENCHMENT 324 15.5.1 REFINEMENT - A RELATIONAL PERSPECTIVE 325 15.5.2
THE NEED TO GENERALISE REFINEMENT 327 15.5.3 RETRENCHMENT: GENERALISING
REFINEMENT 330 15.5.4 RETRENCHMENT FOR SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 332 15.6
CONCLUSIONS 335 REFERENCES 336 16 BACKGROUND AND APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT
OF A THEORY OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 339 MEIR M. LEHMAN AND JUAN C.
FERNDNDEZ-RAMIL 16.1 SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 339 16.2 GLOBAL VIEWS OF
EVOLUTION 340 16.2.1 TWO APPROACHES 340 16.2.2 THE VERBAL APPROACH 341
XIV CONTENTS 16.2.3 THE NOUNAL APPROACH 342 16.2.4 MUTUAL SUPPORT OF THE
TWO VIEWS 342 16.2.5 PROCESS IMPROVEMENT 342 16.3 THE CASE FOR THEORY
343 16.4 THEORY DEVELOPMENT 345 16.5 A WORLD VIEW 346 16.5.1 REAL-WORLD
PROGRAM RELATIONSHIP 346 16.5.2 ASSUMPTIONS **1 16.6 EXAMPLE 349 16.6.1
INTRODUCTION 349 16.6.2 PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS 349 16.6.3 OBSERVATIONS
350 16.6.4 INFERENCES 351 16.6.5 GUIDELINES 351 16.7 THE THEORY 352 16.8
ORGANISATION OF THEORY DEVELOPMENT 352 16.9 GOALS 352 16.10 RELATED WORK
353 16.11 FINAL REMARKS 354 16.12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 355 REFERENCES 355
PART TWO FEEDBACK 359 17 DIFFICULTIES WITH FEEDBACK CONTROL IN SOFTWARE
PROCESSES 363 MEIR M. LEHMAN, DEWAYNE E. PERRY AND WLAD TURSKI 17.1
INTRODUCTION 363 17.2 FEEDBACK AND CONTROL 365 17.3 TECHNOLOGY VERSUS
SOCIOLOGY 366 17.4 MANIFESTO AND MODEL 367 17.5 INFLUENCE VERSUS CONTROL
370 17.5.1 IMMATURITY 371 17.5.2 FEEDBACK OVERLOAD 371 17.5.3 STEP
FUNCTIONS VERSUS REGULATION 371 17.5.4 DESIGN VERSUS PRODUCTION 372 17.6
EXAMPLES OF FEEDBACK CONTROL 373 17.7 SUMMARY 373 17.8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
374 REFERENCES 375 18 GOVERNING SOFTWARE EVOLUTION THROUGH
POLICY-ORIENTED FEEDBACK 377 NAZIM H. MADHAVJI AND JOSEE TASSE 18.1
INTRODUCTION 377 18.2 THE POLICY-CHECKING MECHANISM 379 18.2.1
CONTROLLING SYSTEM GROWTH 379 18.2.2 RE-ENGINEERING CHANGE-PRONE MODULES
381 18.2.3 DISCUSSION 383 18.3 THE CONTEXTUAL FRAMEWORK 384 18.3.1
NEW-RELEASE DEVELOPMENT 384 CONTENTS XV 18.3.2 ROLES, COMMUNICATION AND
FEEDBACK 386 18.3.3 THE FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE 387 18.4 TECHNOLOGICAL
SUPPORT 389 18.4.1 POLICY-CHECKING MECHANISM 389 18.4.2 FRAMEWORK 390
18.5 EVALUATION 391 18.6 RELATED WORK 393 18.7 CONCLUSIONS 394
REFERENCES 394 19 FEEDBACK IN REQUIREMENTS DISCOVERY AND SPECIFICATION:
A QUALITY GATEWAY FOR TESTING REQUIREMENTS 397 SUZANNE ROBERTSON 19.1
CONTENTS OF THE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION 397 19.2 PROJECT DRIVERS 399
19.2.1 PRODUCERS 400 19.2.2 CONSUMERS 401 19.2.3 SPONSORS 402 19.2.4
SUBJECT MATTER CONSULTANTS 403 19.2.5 TECHNICAL CONSULTANTS 40 4 19.2.6
INFLUENCES 404 19.2.7 PROJECT-SOCIOLOGY ANALYSIS 405 19.3 CONTENTS OF
INDIVIDUAL REQUIREMENTS 405 19.4 KEEPING TRACK OF CONNECTIONS 407 19.5
THE QUALITY GATEWAY 408 19.6 LESSONS LEARNT 409 19.7 CONCLUSION 410
REFERENCES 410 20 REQUIREMENTS RISK AND SOFTWARE RELIABILITY 411 NORMAN
F. SCHNEIDEWIND 20.1 INTRODUCTION 411 20.1.1 REQUIREMENTS CHANGES AND
SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 412 20.1.2 OBJECTIVES 412 20.1.3 METHODS 413 20.2
BACKGROUND 413 20.3 SELECTED MEASUREMENT RESEARCH PROJECTS 414 20.4
APPROACH TO ANALYZING REQUIREMENTS RISK 415 20.4.1 CATEGORICAL DATA
ANALYSIS 416 20.5 RISK FACTORS 418 20.5.1 SPACE SHUTTLE FLIGHT SOFTWARE
REQUIREMENTS CHANGE RISK FACTORS 418 20.6 SOLUTIONS TO RISK ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 420 20.6.1 CATEGORICAL DATA ANALYSIS 420 20.6.2 DEPENDENCY CHECK
ON RISK FACTORS 422 20.6.3 IDENTIFICATION OF MODULES THAT CAUSED
FAILURES 422 20.7 FUTURE TRENDS 423 20.8 CONCLUSIONS 424 20.9
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 424 REFERENCES 424 XVI CONTENTS 21 COMBINING PROCESS
FEEDBACK WITH DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION MODELS TO SUPPORT SOFTWARE
PROJECT MANAGEMENT 427 DAVID RAFF * AND JOSEPH VANDEVILLE 21.1
INTRODUCTION 427 21.2 PROVIDING UP-TO-DATE PROCESS FEEDBACK 428 21.2.1
FEEDBACK IN SIMULATION MODELS 428 21.2.2 METRICS REPOSITORY 429 21.3
DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION MODELS 431 21.4 COMBINING PROCESS FEEDBACK
WITH THE DISCRETE MODEL 433 21.4.1 COMPARING STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
WITH OUTCOME BASED CONTROL LIMITS 433 21.5 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 434
21.5.1 THE SCENARIO UNDER CONSIDERATION 434 21.5.2 DETERMINING THE
PERFORMANCE OF THE BASELINE PROCESS 436 21.5.3 USE OF THE MODEL AND
METRICS FOR QUANTITATIVE PROCESS FEEDBACK MANAGEMENT 437 21.5.4
ASSESSING THE IMPLICATIONS OF FEEDBACK AND DEVELOPING AN ACTION PLAN (IS
THE PROCESS IN CONTROL?) 438 21.5.5 TAKING CORRECTIVE ACTION AND
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF THE CHANGES 439 21.6 CONCLUSIONS 440 21.7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 440 REFERENCES 440 22 A FEEDFORWARD CAPABILITY TO
IMPROVE SOFTWARE REESTIMATION 443 WILLIAM W. AGRESTI 22.1 INTRODUCTION
443 22.1.1 REESTIMATION: STATE OF THE PRACTICE *** 22.1.2 OBJECTIVE 445
22.1.3 RELATED RESEARCH 446 22.2 A FEEDFORWARD CAPABILITY 446 22.2.1
FEEDFORWARD ESTIMATION IN OTHER DOMAINS 447 22.2.2 FEEDFORWARD
ESTIMATION IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 448 22.2.3 OPERATION OF A FEEDFORWARD
MODEL 449 22.3 EXAMPLE USES OF THE FEEDFORWARD CONCEPT 452 22.3.1
FEEDFORWARD CAPABILITY INTEGRATED WITH A SOFTWARE ESTIMATION TOOL 452
22.3.2 THE ROLE OF A FEEDFORWARD CAPABILITY IN RISK MANAGEMENT 453 22.4
CONCLUSION 454 22.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 455 APPENDIX 455 REFERENCES 458 23
MODELLING THE FEEDBACK PART OF THE SOFTWARE PROCESS IN SOFTWARE RESOURCE
ESTIMATION 459 JUAN * FERNDNDEZ-RAMIL AND SARAH BEECHAM 23.1
INTRODUCTION 459 23.2 THE EVIDENCE OF FEEDBACK 460 23.3 THE NEED FOR A
TAXONOMY 461 23.4 FEEDBACK AS A COST FACTOR 461 23.5 COST ESTIMATION AS
A SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM 461 23.6 WHY DO ALGORITHMIC COST
ESTIMATION APPROACHES SUCH AS COCOMO WORK ? 464 CONTENTS XVII 23.7
APPROACHES TO MODEL FEEDBACK IN COST ESTIMATION MODELS 465 23.8
INDIRECT BLACK-BOX MODELLING AND FEEDBACK-RELATED COST FACTORS 466 23.9
FINAL REMARKS 468 23.10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 468 REFERENCES 469 24
VALUE-BASED FEEDBACK IN SOFTWARE AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT 471
BARRY BOEHM AND LIGUO HUANG 24.1 INTRODUCTION 471 24.2 FEEDBACK CONTROL
OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: FOUR PRIMARY FEEDBACK CYCLES 472 24.2.1
FEEDBACK CYCLE 1: PROJECT SCOPING 472 24.2.2 FEEDBACK CYCLE 2: PROJECT
EXECUTION 473 24.2.3 FEEDBACK CYCLE 3: MODEL UPDATE 474 24.2.4 FEEDBACK
CYCLE 4: ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT 475 24.3 USING EV FOR
FEEDBACK CONTROL OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION 476 24.3.1 AN
EARNED VALUE SYSTEM EXAMPLE 477 24.4 REAL EARNED-VALUE FEEDBACK CONTROL
478 24.4.1 BUSINESS-CASE AND BENEFITS-REALIZED MONITORING AND CONTROL
479 24.5 VALUE-BASED FEEDBACK CONTROL: AN ORDER PROCESSING EXAMPLE 481
24.5.1 BUSINESS CASE ANALYSIS: COSTS, BENEFITS AND RETURN ON INVESTMENT
482 24.5.2 VALUE-BASED MONITORING AND CONTROL 485 24.6 CONCLUSIONS AND
FUTURE CHALLENGES 487 24.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 488 REFERENCES 488 25 EXPERT
ESTIMATION OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT COST: LEARNING THROUGH FEEDBACK 489
MAGNE J0RGENSEN AND DAG SJ0BERG 25.1 INTRODUCTION 489 25.2 ESTIMATION
LEARNING 490 25.3 ESTIMATION FEEDBACK AND PROCESS GUIDELINES 493 25.3.1
INCREASE THE MOTIVATION FOR LEARNING ESTIMATION SKILLS 494 25.3.2 REDUCE
THE IMPACT FROM ESTIMATION-LEARNING BIASES 495 25.3.3 ENSURE A FIT
BETWEEN THE ESTIMATION PROCESS AND TYPE OF FEEDBACK 495 25.3.4 PROVIDE
LEARNING SITUATIONS 496 25.4 EXPERIMENT: APPLICATION OF THE GUIDELINES
497 25.4.1 BACKGROUND 498 25.4.2 EXPERIMENT DESIGN 499 25.4.3 RESULTS
501 25.5 SUMMARY 503 25.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 503 REFERENCES 503 26
SELF-ADAPTIVE SOFTWARE: INTERNALIZED FEEDBACK 507 ROBERT LADDAGA, PAUL
ROBERTSON AND HOWARD SHROBE 26.1 INTRODUCTION 507 26.1.1 SOME SOFTWARE
LIFE CYCLE CONCEPTS 508 26.1.2 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO SELF-ADAPTIVE
SOFTWARE 509 26.1.3 INTRODUCTION OF BINDING OF FUNCTION CALL TO FUNCTION
VALUE 510 XVIII CONTENTS 26.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 26.2.1 DYNAMIC
VERSUS STATIC BINDING 26.2.2 LANGUAGE AND COMPILER DEVELOPMENT 26.2.3
PERFORMANCE TRADE-OFFS 26.2.4 THE CONCEPT OF SOFTWARE APPLICATION
EVOLUTION 26.2.5 A NOTE ABOUT SOFTWARE ECOLOGY 26.3 SELF-ADAPTIVE
SOFTWARE 26.3.1 CONCEPTS 26.3.2 TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS AND
OPPORTUNITIES 26.4 APPLICATIONS OF SELF-ADAPTIVE SOFTWARE 26.4.1 RECENT
APPLICATION WORK 26.4.2 VISION SYSTEMS 26.4.3 FACE RECOGNITION 26.4.4
PERVASIVE COMPUTING 26.5 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 510 510 512 514 514 515
517 517 518 521 522 522 528 530 535 536 27 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6
27.7 27.8 27.9 27.10 27.11 27.12 27.13 27.14 27.15 RULES AND TOOLS FOR
SOFTWARE EVOLUTION PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT MEIR M. LEHMAN AND JUAN C.
FERNDNDEZ-RAMIL INTRODUCTION LAWS OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION S- AND -TYPE
PROGRAM CLASSIFICATION 27.3.1 BASIC PROPERTIES 27.3.2 IMPLICATIONS OF
THE SPE PROGRAM CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FIRST LAW: CONTINUING CHANGE
SECOND LAW: INCREASING COMPLEXITY THIRD LAW: SELF REGULATION FOURTH LAW:
CONSERVATION OF ORGANISATIONAL STABILITY FIFTH LAW: CONSERVATION OF
FAMILIARITY SIXTH LAW: CONTINUING GROWTH SEVENTH LAW: DECLINING QUALITY
EIGHTH LAW: FEEDBACK SYSTEM THE FEAST HYPOTHESIS THE PRINCIPLE OF
SOFTWARE UNCERTAINTY CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES 539 539 541
542 542 542 543 545 547 549 550 551 552 554 556 557 559 560 560 INDEX
565
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| adam_txt |
SOFTWARE EVOLUTION AND FEEDBACK THEORY AND PRACTICE EDITED BY NAZIM H.
MADHAVJI UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO, CANADA JUAN *. FERNAENDEZ-RAMIL
THE OPEN UNIVERSITY, UK AND DEWAYNE E. PERRY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT
AUSTIN, USA JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD CONTENTS FOREWORD XIX PREFACE XXI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XXVII EDITORS' BIOGRAPHIES XXIX LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
XXXI PART ONE SOFTWARE EVOLUTION L 1 SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 7 MEIR LEHMAN
AND JUAN C. FERNDNDEZ-RAMIL 1.1 INTRODUCTION 7 1.1.1 EVOLUTION 1 1.1.2
INTERPRETATION OF THE TERM EVOLUTION IN THE CONTEXT OF SOFTWARE 8 1.2
THE EVOLUTION OF LARGE SOFTWARE SYSTEMS 8 1.2.1 EARLY WORK 8 1.2.2 LARGE
PROGRAMS 9 1.3 PROGRAM CLASSIFICATION 10 1.3.1 THE SPE PROGRAM
CLASSIFICATION SCHEMA 10 1.3.2 S-TYPE APPLICATIONS AND SOFTWARE 10 1.3.3
E-TYPE APPLICATIONS AND SOFTWARE 12 1.3.4 P-TYPE SITUATIONS AND SOFTWARE
1 3 1.4 THE INEVITABILITY OF EVOLUTION 13 1.5 LEVELS OF SOFTWARE-RELATED
EVOLUTION 14 1.6 AB INITIO IMPLEMENTATION OR CHANGE 16 1.6.1 PROCESS
STEPS 16 1.6.2 THE LST PARADIGM 17 1.6.3 PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF
REAL-WORLD COMPUTER USAGE 18 7.6.4 THEORETICAL UNDERPINNING 18 1.6.5 THE
VALUE OF FORMALISMS AND OF VERIFICATION 19 1.6.6 BOUNDING 20 1.6.7 THE
CONSEQUENCE: CONTINUAL SYSTEM EVOLUTION 21 CONTENTS 1.6.8 SUMMARY 21
1.6.9 PRINCIPLE OF SOFTWARE UNCERTAINTY 22 1.7 SOFTWARE SYSTEMS
EVOLUTION 22 1.7.1 EARLY WORK 22 1.7.2 FEAST 23 1.7.3 THE GROWTH TREND
24 1.7.4 EVOLUTION DRIVERS 25 1.7.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ABOVE
LEVELS OF EVOLUTION 26 1.7.6 EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT 26 1.8 EVOLUTION
OF THE APPLICATION AND ITS DOMAIN 27 1.9 PROCESS EVOLUTION 28 1.9.1
SOFTWARE PROCESSES AS SYSTEMS 28 1.9.2 PROCESS IMPROVEMENT 28 1.9.3 THE
THEORETICAL APPROACH 29 1.9.4 EVOLVING SPECIFICATIONS 30 1.9.5 THE
EMPIRICAL APPROACH 30 1.9.6 LAWS OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 30 1.9.7 THE
EPHEMERAL PROCESS 31 1.10 PROCESS MODEL EVOLUTION 32 1.10.1 THE NATURE
OF THE SOFTWARE PROCESS 32 1.10.2 PROCESS MODELS 32 1.10.3 SOFTWARE
PROCESS MODELS 33 1.10.4 PROCESS IMPROVEMENT 33 1.10.5 LINKS BETWEEN
PROCESS AND PROCESS MODEL EVOLUTION 35 1.11 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LEVELS
35 1.11.1 THE SOFTWARE/SOFTWARE PROCESS CONTRAST 35 1.11.2 THE SOFTWARE
PROCESS/PROCESS MODEL CONTRAST 36 1.12 CONCLUSIONS 37 1.13
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 37 REFERENCES 37 2 A NONTRADITIONAL VIEW OF THE
DIMENSIONS OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 41 DEWAYNE E. PERRY 2.1 INTRODUCTION 41
2.2 THE DOMAINS 42 2.2.1 THE REAL WORLD AND ITS MODEL 42 2.2.2 THE MODEL
AND THE DERIVED SPECIFICATION 43 2.2.3 THEORY 43 2.3 EXPERIENCE 44 2.3.1
FEEDBACK 4 5 2.3.2 EXPERIMENTATION 46 2.3.3 UNDERSTANDING 46 2.4 PROCESS
47 2.4.1 METHODS 47 2.4.2 TECHNOLOGY 48 2.4.3 ORGANIZATION 48 2.5
SUMMARY 49 2.6 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 50 REFERENCES 51 CONTENTS IX 3 IT LEGACY
SYSTEMS: ENABLING ENVIRONMENTS THAT REDUCE THE LEGACY PROBLEM: A
COMPLEXITY PERSPECTIVE 53 PROFESSOR EVE MITLETON-KELLY 3.1 INTRODUCTION
53 3.2 THE LEGACY PROBLEM 55 3.2.1 FEEDBACK 56 3.2.2 CO-EVOLUTION 56
3.2.3 THE SOCIAL ECOSYSTEM 57 3.3 THE TWO CASE STUDIES 58 3.3.1 BUSINESS
AND MARKET 60 3.3.2 ORGANISATION AND MANAGEMENT 61 3.3.3 TECHNOLOGY 62
3.3.4 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE VARIOUS ELEMENTS 62 3.4 THE
SOCIO-TECHNICAL ENABLING ENVIRONMENT 64 3.4.1 THE BANK'S ENABLING
ENVIRONMENT 64 3.4.2 THE BUILDING SOCIETY AND SOME COMPLEXITY PRINCIPLES
66 3.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 68 3.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 69 REFERENCES 69
4 FACETS OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 71 ROLAND T. MITTERMEIR 4.1 INTRODUCTION
71 4.2 WHAT IS SOFTWARE? 72 4.2.1 SOFTWARE: A TECHNICAL ARTEFACT 72
4.2.2 SOFTWARE: A UTILITY 72 4.2.3 SOFTWARE: A TEXT, REFLECTING REALITY
13 4.2.4 SOFTWARE IS INFORMATION 74 4.3 EVOLUTION 75 4.3.1 PRINCIPLES 75
4.3.2 EVOLUTION DRIVERS 76 4.4 STRATA OF SOFTWARE-SIZE AND COMPLEXITY 77
4.4.1 MODULE 11 4.4.2 DESIGN UNIT 78 4.4.3 ARCHITECTURE 79 4.4.4 SYSTEM
80 4.4.5 SYSTEM-OJ'-SYSTEMS 80 4.4.6 DISCUSSION 81 4.5 APPROACHES TO
(AE-)EVOLVE 82 4.5.1 CHANGES IN MODULES 83 4.5.2 MODIFYING DESIGN UNITS
84 4.5.3 EVOLUTION ON THE ARCHITECTURAL LEVEL 84 4.5.4 SYSTEM-LEVEL
EVOLUTION 84 4.5.5 EVOLUTION OF SYSTEMS-OF-SYSTEMS 85 4.6 AN EXAMPLE 86
4.6.1 A SYSTEM-O]'-SYSTEMS? 86 4.6.2 SYSTEM-LEVEL CHANGES 87 4.6.3
ARCHITECTURAL DECISIONS 88 4.6.4 DESIGN UNITS X CONTENTS 4.6.5 MODULES
90 4.6.6 DISCUSSION 91 4.7 SUMMARY 91 REFERENCES 92 5 EVOLUTION IN
SOFTWARE SYSTEMS: FOUNDATIONS OF THE SPE CLASSIFICATION SCHEME 95
STEPHEN COOK, RACHEL HARRISON, MEIR M. LEHMAN AND PAUL WERNICK 5.1
INTRODUCTION 95 5.2 BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK 96 5.2.1 SOFTWARE
EVOLUTION 96 5.2.2 STAKEHOLDERS, ARCHITECTURE AND SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 104
5.2.3 HERMENEUTICS AND SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 108 5.2.4 REQUIREMENTS
ANALYSIS, PARADIGMS AND HERMENEUTICS 113 5.3 SPE+ 115 5.3.1 INTRODUCTION
115 5.3.2 THE SPE+ TAXONOMY 115 5.3.3 VALIDATION OF SPE+ 123 5.4
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH 125 5.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 126 REFERENCES
127 6 A SIMPLE MODEL OF SOFTWARE SYSTEM EVOLUTIONARY GROWTH 131
WLADYSLAW M. TURSKI REFERENCES 141 7 STATISTICAL MODELLING OF SOFTWARE
EVOLUTION PROCESSES 143 TETSUO TAMAI AND TAKAKO NAKATANI 7.1
INTRODUCTION 143 7.2 APPROACH 145 7.2.1 MEASUREMENT 145 7.2.2 CASE
STUDIES 145 7.2.3 METRICS 146 7.3 OBSERVED EVOLUTION PATTERNS 146 7.3.1
STABLE STATISTIC MODEL 147 7.3.2 EXCEPTIONAL DATA 150 7.3.3
DISCONTINUOUS CHANGE 150 7.3.4 CLASS TREE CHARACTERISTICS 151 7.4
DISTRIBUTION MODEL 153 7.4.1 NEGATIVE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 153 7.4.2
EVOLUTION OF MODEL PARAMETERS 155 7.4.3 LARGER CASE STUDY 157 7.5
DISCUSSIONS 159 REFERENCES 160 8 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS CHANGES DUE TO
EXTERNAL FACTORS 161 VIC NANDA AND NAZIM H. MADHAVJI 8.1 INTRODUCTION
161 8.1.1 ORGANISATION OF THIS CHAPTER 162 CONTENTS XI 8.2 CONGRUENCE
EVALUATION SYSTEM (CES): A CASE STUDY 163 8.2.1 CES CONTEXT AND KEY
EVENTS 163 8.2.2 CONTRIBUTION, RELEVANCE AND APPLICABILITY OF THIS CASE
STUDY 163 8.2.3 CES: BACKGROUND AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY 164 8.2.4
ANALYSIS OF CES CAPABILITIES 16 5 8.2.5 THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
EVOLUTION 167 8.2.6 THREATS TO VALIDITY 176 8.3 LESSONS LEARNT AND
CONCLUSIONS 177 REFERENCES 177 APPENDIX A: AN INSTRUMENT TO ASSESS
SYSTEM DEFICIENCIES 178 APPENDIX B: AN INSTRUMENT TO ASSESS ENVIRONMENT
EVOLUTION 179 9 UNDERSTANDING OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 181 WALT
SCACCHI 9.1 INTRODUCTION 181 9.2 EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION
182 9.2.1 STUDIES OF THE LAWS OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 182 9.2.2 OTHER
EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 183 9.3 EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS IN
OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE 184 9.3.1 TYPES OF ENTITIES FOR STUDYING F/OSS
EVOLUTION 185 9.3.2 PATTERNS IN OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE EVOLUTION STUDIES
186 9.4 EVOLUTION MODELS AND THEORIES 194 9.5 DO WE NEED NEW OR REVISED
MODELS, LAWS OR THEORIES FOR OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE EVOLUTION? 197 9.5.1
EMBRACING THE FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEMS ONTOLOGY 197 9.5.2 ALTERNATIVE
ONTOLOGIES FOR F/OSS EVOLUTION 198 9.6 CONCLUSIONS 200 9.7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 202 REFERENCES 202 10 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF OPEN
SOURCE SYSTEMS 207 ANDREA CAPILUPPI, MAURIZIO MORISIO AND JUAN C.
FEMAENDEZ-RAMIL 10.1 INTRODUCTION 207 10.2 RELATED WORK 208 10.3
RATIONALE 209 10.4 APPROACH 210 10.5 ATTRIBUTES STUDIED 211 10.5.1
SOURCE CODE SIZE 211 10.5.2 CODE STRUCTURE 212 10.5.3 MODIFICATION TYPES
212 10.6 EVOLUTION OF CODE STRUCTURE 213 10.6.1 HORIZONTALLY EXPANDING
213 10.6.2 VERTICALLY SHRINKING 215 10.6.3 VERTICALLY EXPANDING 216 10.7
SUMMARY 218 10.8 CURRENT AND FUTURE WORK 219 10.9 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 220
REFERENCES 220 APPENDIX 222 CONTENTS 11 A STUDY OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION AT
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF GRANULARITY 223 ELIZABETH BURD 11.1 INTRODUCTION 223
11.2 EXISTING STUDIES OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 225 11.3 CASE STUDY APPROACH
228 11.4 RESULTS 230 11.4.1 THE SYSTEM LEVEL 230 11.4.2 LEVEL 2, THE
FUNCTION LEVEL 233 11.4.3 LEVEL 3, THE DATA LEVEL 236 11.4.4 COMPARING
LEVELS 242 11.5 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS 244 11.6 CONCLUSIONS 245
REFERENCES 246 12 THE ROLE OF RIPPLE EFFECT IN SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 249
SUE BLACK 12.1 INTRODUCTION 249 12.2 IMPACT ANALYSIS 250 12.3 SOFTWARE
MAINTENANCE AND SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE MODELS 252 12.4 BACKGROUND ON THE
RIPPLE EFFECT 254 12.4.1 COMPUTATION OF THE RIPPLE EFFECT 255 72.4.2 THE
REST SOFTWARE TOOL 258 12.5 LINKS BETWEEN RIPPLE EFFECT AND THE LAWS OF
SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 260 12.5.1 FIRST LAW - CONTINUING CHANGE 261 12.5.2
SECOND LAW - GROWING COMPLEXITY 262 12.5.3 THIRD LAW - SELF REGULATION
263 12.5.4 FOURTH LAW - CONSERVATION OF ORGANISATIONAL STABILITY 263
12.5.5 FIFTH LAW - CONSERVATION OF FAMILIARITY 263 12.5.6 SIXTH LAW -
CONTINUING GROWTH 264 12.5.7 SEVENTH LAW - DECLINING QUALITY 264 12.5.8
EIGHTH LAW * FEEDBACK SYSTEM 264 12.6 CONCLUSIONS 265 12.7 FURTHER WORK
266 12.8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 266 REFERENCES 266 13 THE IMPACT OF
SOFTWARE-ARCHITECTURE COMPLIANCE ON SYSTEM EVOLUTION 269 R. MARK
GREENWOOD, KEN MAYES, WYKEEN SEET, BRIAN * WARBOYS, DHARINI
BALASUBRAMANIAM, GRAHAM KIRBY, RON MORRISON AND ALED SAGE 13.1
INTRODUCTION 269 13.2 EVOLUTION AND COMPLIANCE 270 13.3 A GENERIC
SCHEDULING PROBLEM 271 13.3.1 A PROCESSWEB EXAMPLE 272 13.3.2
PROGRAMMING AROUND POOR COMPLIANCE 27 3 13.4 COMPLIANCE THROUGH
CONFIGURATION 273 13.4.1 TRADE-OFFS IN CONFIGURATION 275 13.5 EXPLOITING
AN ANALYTICAL MODEL 277 13.5.1 A FIRST ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR PROCESSWEB
277 CONTENTS XLLL 13.6 DISCUSSION 278 13.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 280
REFERENCES 280 14 COMPARISON OF THREE EVALUATION METHODS FOR
OBJECT-ORIENTED FRAMEWORK EVOLUTION 281 MICHAEL MATTSSON 14.1
INTRODUCTION 281 14.2 OBJECT-ORIENTED FRAMEWORKS 285 14.2.1 THE STUDIED
FRAMEWORKS 285 14.3 METHODS AND RESULTS 287 14.3.1 EVOLUTION
IDENTIFICATION USING HISTORICAL INFORMATION 287 14.3.2 STABILITY
ASSESSMENT 293 14.3.3 DISTRIBUTION OF THE DEVELOPMENT EFFORT 300 14.4
METHOD COMPARISON 305 14.4.1 CHANGE-PRONE MODULES 305 14.4.2 FRAMEWORK
DEPLOYMENT 306 14.4.3 CHANGE IMPACT ANALYSIS 306 14.4.4 BENCHMARKING 306
14.4.5 REQUIREMENTS MANAGEMENT 307 14.4.6 SOME COMMENTS 307 14.5 RELATED
WORK 308 14.6 CONCLUSION 309 REFERENCES 310 15 FORMAL PERSPECTIVES ON
SOFTWARE EVOLUTION: FROM REFINEMENT TO RETRENCHMENT 313 MICHAEL
POPPLETON AND LINDSAY GROVES 15.1 INTRODUCTION 313 15.2 PROGRAM
REFINEMENT 314 15.3 MODIFYING REFINEMENTS BY ADAPTING DERIVATIONS 320
15.4 A COMPOSITIONAL APPROACH TO PROGRAM MODIFICATION 322 15.5
RETRENCHMENT 324 15.5.1 REFINEMENT - A RELATIONAL PERSPECTIVE 325 15.5.2
THE NEED TO GENERALISE REFINEMENT 327 15.5.3 RETRENCHMENT: GENERALISING
REFINEMENT 330 15.5.4 RETRENCHMENT FOR SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 332 15.6
CONCLUSIONS 335 REFERENCES 336 16 BACKGROUND AND APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT
OF A THEORY OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 339 MEIR M. LEHMAN AND JUAN C.
FERNDNDEZ-RAMIL 16.1 SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 339 16.2 GLOBAL VIEWS OF
EVOLUTION 340 16.2.1 TWO APPROACHES 340 16.2.2 THE VERBAL APPROACH 341
XIV CONTENTS 16.2.3 THE NOUNAL APPROACH 342 16.2.4 MUTUAL SUPPORT OF THE
TWO VIEWS 342 16.2.5 PROCESS IMPROVEMENT 342 16.3 THE CASE FOR THEORY
343 16.4 THEORY DEVELOPMENT 345 16.5 A WORLD VIEW 346 16.5.1 REAL-WORLD
PROGRAM RELATIONSHIP 346 16.5.2 ASSUMPTIONS **1 16.6 EXAMPLE 349 16.6.1
INTRODUCTION 349 16.6.2 PRELIMINARY DEFINITIONS 349 16.6.3 OBSERVATIONS
350 16.6.4 INFERENCES 351 16.6.5 GUIDELINES 351 16.7 THE THEORY 352 16.8
ORGANISATION OF THEORY DEVELOPMENT 352 16.9 GOALS 352 16.10 RELATED WORK
353 16.11 FINAL REMARKS 354 16.12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 355 REFERENCES 355
PART TWO FEEDBACK 359 17 DIFFICULTIES WITH FEEDBACK CONTROL IN SOFTWARE
PROCESSES 363 MEIR M. LEHMAN, DEWAYNE E. PERRY AND WLAD TURSKI 17.1
INTRODUCTION 363 17.2 FEEDBACK AND CONTROL 365 17.3 TECHNOLOGY VERSUS
SOCIOLOGY 366 17.4 MANIFESTO AND MODEL 367 17.5 INFLUENCE VERSUS CONTROL
370 17.5.1 IMMATURITY 371 17.5.2 FEEDBACK OVERLOAD 371 17.5.3 STEP
FUNCTIONS VERSUS REGULATION 371 17.5.4 DESIGN VERSUS PRODUCTION 372 17.6
EXAMPLES OF FEEDBACK CONTROL 373 17.7 SUMMARY 373 17.8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
374 REFERENCES 375 18 GOVERNING SOFTWARE EVOLUTION THROUGH
POLICY-ORIENTED FEEDBACK 377 NAZIM H. MADHAVJI AND JOSEE TASSE 18.1
INTRODUCTION 377 18.2 THE POLICY-CHECKING MECHANISM 379 18.2.1
CONTROLLING SYSTEM GROWTH 379 18.2.2 RE-ENGINEERING CHANGE-PRONE MODULES
381 18.2.3 DISCUSSION 383 18.3 THE CONTEXTUAL FRAMEWORK 384 18.3.1
NEW-RELEASE DEVELOPMENT 384 CONTENTS XV 18.3.2 ROLES, COMMUNICATION AND
FEEDBACK 386 18.3.3 THE FRAMEWORK ARCHITECTURE 387 18.4 TECHNOLOGICAL
SUPPORT 389 18.4.1 POLICY-CHECKING MECHANISM 389 18.4.2 FRAMEWORK 390
18.5 EVALUATION 391 18.6 RELATED WORK 393 18.7 CONCLUSIONS 394
REFERENCES 394 19 FEEDBACK IN REQUIREMENTS DISCOVERY AND SPECIFICATION:
A QUALITY GATEWAY FOR TESTING REQUIREMENTS 397 SUZANNE ROBERTSON 19.1
CONTENTS OF THE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION 397 19.2 PROJECT DRIVERS 399
19.2.1 PRODUCERS 400 19.2.2 CONSUMERS 401 19.2.3 SPONSORS 402 19.2.4
SUBJECT MATTER CONSULTANTS 403 19.2.5 TECHNICAL CONSULTANTS 40 4 19.2.6
INFLUENCES 404 19.2.7 PROJECT-SOCIOLOGY ANALYSIS 405 19.3 CONTENTS OF
INDIVIDUAL REQUIREMENTS 405 19.4 KEEPING TRACK OF CONNECTIONS 407 19.5
THE QUALITY GATEWAY 408 19.6 LESSONS LEARNT 409 19.7 CONCLUSION 410
REFERENCES 410 20 REQUIREMENTS RISK AND SOFTWARE RELIABILITY 411 NORMAN
F. SCHNEIDEWIND 20.1 INTRODUCTION 411 20.1.1 REQUIREMENTS CHANGES AND
SOFTWARE EVOLUTION 412 20.1.2 OBJECTIVES 412 20.1.3 METHODS 413 20.2
BACKGROUND 413 20.3 SELECTED MEASUREMENT RESEARCH PROJECTS 414 20.4
APPROACH TO ANALYZING REQUIREMENTS RISK 415 20.4.1 CATEGORICAL DATA
ANALYSIS 416 20.5 RISK FACTORS 418 20.5.1 SPACE SHUTTLE FLIGHT SOFTWARE
REQUIREMENTS CHANGE RISK FACTORS 418 20.6 SOLUTIONS TO RISK ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE 420 20.6.1 CATEGORICAL DATA ANALYSIS 420 20.6.2 DEPENDENCY CHECK
ON RISK FACTORS 422 20.6.3 IDENTIFICATION OF MODULES THAT CAUSED
FAILURES 422 20.7 FUTURE TRENDS 423 20.8 CONCLUSIONS 424 20.9
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 424 REFERENCES 424 XVI CONTENTS 21 COMBINING PROCESS
FEEDBACK WITH DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION MODELS TO SUPPORT SOFTWARE
PROJECT MANAGEMENT 427 DAVID RAFF * AND JOSEPH VANDEVILLE 21.1
INTRODUCTION 427 21.2 PROVIDING UP-TO-DATE PROCESS FEEDBACK 428 21.2.1
FEEDBACK IN SIMULATION MODELS 428 21.2.2 METRICS REPOSITORY 429 21.3
DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION MODELS 431 21.4 COMBINING PROCESS FEEDBACK
WITH THE DISCRETE MODEL 433 21.4.1 COMPARING STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
WITH OUTCOME BASED CONTROL LIMITS 433 21.5 ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 434
21.5.1 THE SCENARIO UNDER CONSIDERATION 434 21.5.2 DETERMINING THE
PERFORMANCE OF THE BASELINE PROCESS 436 21.5.3 USE OF THE MODEL AND
METRICS FOR QUANTITATIVE PROCESS FEEDBACK MANAGEMENT 437 21.5.4
ASSESSING THE IMPLICATIONS OF FEEDBACK AND DEVELOPING AN ACTION PLAN (IS
THE PROCESS IN CONTROL?) 438 21.5.5 TAKING CORRECTIVE ACTION AND
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF THE CHANGES 439 21.6 CONCLUSIONS 440 21.7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 440 REFERENCES 440 22 A FEEDFORWARD CAPABILITY TO
IMPROVE SOFTWARE REESTIMATION 443 WILLIAM W. AGRESTI 22.1 INTRODUCTION
443 22.1.1 REESTIMATION: STATE OF THE PRACTICE *** 22.1.2 OBJECTIVE 445
22.1.3 RELATED RESEARCH 446 22.2 A FEEDFORWARD CAPABILITY 446 22.2.1
FEEDFORWARD ESTIMATION IN OTHER DOMAINS 447 22.2.2 FEEDFORWARD
ESTIMATION IN SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT 448 22.2.3 OPERATION OF A FEEDFORWARD
MODEL 449 22.3 EXAMPLE USES OF THE FEEDFORWARD CONCEPT 452 22.3.1
FEEDFORWARD CAPABILITY INTEGRATED WITH A SOFTWARE ESTIMATION TOOL 452
22.3.2 THE ROLE OF A FEEDFORWARD CAPABILITY IN RISK MANAGEMENT 453 22.4
CONCLUSION 454 22.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 455 APPENDIX 455 REFERENCES 458 23
MODELLING THE FEEDBACK PART OF THE SOFTWARE PROCESS IN SOFTWARE RESOURCE
ESTIMATION 459 JUAN * FERNDNDEZ-RAMIL AND SARAH BEECHAM 23.1
INTRODUCTION 459 23.2 THE EVIDENCE OF FEEDBACK 460 23.3 THE NEED FOR A
TAXONOMY 461 23.4 FEEDBACK AS A COST FACTOR 461 23.5 COST ESTIMATION AS
A 'SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION' PROBLEM 461 23.6 WHY DO ALGORITHMIC COST
ESTIMATION APPROACHES SUCH AS COCOMO 'WORK' ? 464 CONTENTS XVII 23.7
APPROACHES TO MODEL 'FEEDBACK' IN COST ESTIMATION MODELS 465 23.8
INDIRECT BLACK-BOX MODELLING AND FEEDBACK-RELATED COST FACTORS 466 23.9
FINAL REMARKS 468 23.10 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 468 REFERENCES 469 24
VALUE-BASED FEEDBACK IN SOFTWARE AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT 471
BARRY BOEHM AND LIGUO HUANG 24.1 INTRODUCTION 471 24.2 FEEDBACK CONTROL
OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: FOUR PRIMARY FEEDBACK CYCLES 472 24.2.1
FEEDBACK CYCLE 1: PROJECT SCOPING 472 24.2.2 FEEDBACK CYCLE 2: PROJECT
EXECUTION 473 24.2.3 FEEDBACK CYCLE 3: MODEL UPDATE 474 24.2.4 FEEDBACK
CYCLE 4: ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT 475 24.3 USING 'EV FOR
FEEDBACK CONTROL OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION 476 24.3.1 AN
EARNED VALUE SYSTEM EXAMPLE 477 24.4 REAL EARNED-VALUE FEEDBACK CONTROL
478 24.4.1 BUSINESS-CASE AND BENEFITS-REALIZED MONITORING AND CONTROL
479 24.5 VALUE-BASED FEEDBACK CONTROL: AN ORDER PROCESSING EXAMPLE 481
24.5.1 BUSINESS CASE ANALYSIS: COSTS, BENEFITS AND RETURN ON INVESTMENT
482 24.5.2 VALUE-BASED MONITORING AND CONTROL 485 24.6 CONCLUSIONS AND
FUTURE CHALLENGES 487 24.7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 488 REFERENCES 488 25 EXPERT
ESTIMATION OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT COST: LEARNING THROUGH FEEDBACK 489
MAGNE J0RGENSEN AND DAG SJ0BERG 25.1 INTRODUCTION 489 25.2 ESTIMATION
LEARNING 490 25.3 ESTIMATION FEEDBACK AND PROCESS GUIDELINES 493 25.3.1
INCREASE THE MOTIVATION FOR LEARNING ESTIMATION SKILLS 494 25.3.2 REDUCE
THE IMPACT FROM ESTIMATION-LEARNING BIASES 495 25.3.3 ENSURE A FIT
BETWEEN THE ESTIMATION PROCESS AND TYPE OF FEEDBACK 495 25.3.4 PROVIDE
LEARNING SITUATIONS 496 25.4 EXPERIMENT: APPLICATION OF THE GUIDELINES
497 25.4.1 BACKGROUND 498 25.4.2 EXPERIMENT DESIGN 499 25.4.3 RESULTS
501 25.5 SUMMARY 503 25.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 503 REFERENCES 503 26
SELF-ADAPTIVE SOFTWARE: INTERNALIZED FEEDBACK 507 ROBERT LADDAGA, PAUL
ROBERTSON AND HOWARD SHROBE 26.1 INTRODUCTION 507 26.1.1 SOME SOFTWARE
LIFE CYCLE CONCEPTS 508 26.1.2 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO SELF-ADAPTIVE
SOFTWARE 509 26.1.3 INTRODUCTION OF BINDING OF FUNCTION CALL TO FUNCTION
VALUE 510 XVIII CONTENTS 26.2 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 26.2.1 DYNAMIC
VERSUS STATIC BINDING 26.2.2 LANGUAGE AND COMPILER DEVELOPMENT 26.2.3
PERFORMANCE TRADE-OFFS 26.2.4 THE CONCEPT OF SOFTWARE APPLICATION
EVOLUTION 26.2.5 A NOTE ABOUT SOFTWARE ECOLOGY 26.3 SELF-ADAPTIVE
SOFTWARE 26.3.1 CONCEPTS 26.3.2 TECHNOLOGY REQUIREMENTS AND
OPPORTUNITIES 26.4 APPLICATIONS OF SELF-ADAPTIVE SOFTWARE 26.4.1 RECENT
APPLICATION WORK 26.4.2 VISION SYSTEMS 26.4.3 FACE RECOGNITION 26.4.4
PERVASIVE COMPUTING 26.5 CONCLUSION REFERENCES 510 510 512 514 514 515
517 517 518 521 522 522 528 530 535 536 27 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6
27.7 27.8 27.9 27.10 27.11 27.12 27.13 27.14 27.15 RULES AND TOOLS FOR
SOFTWARE EVOLUTION PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT MEIR M. LEHMAN AND JUAN C.
FERNDNDEZ-RAMIL INTRODUCTION LAWS OF SOFTWARE EVOLUTION S- AND -TYPE
PROGRAM CLASSIFICATION 27.3.1 BASIC PROPERTIES 27.3.2 IMPLICATIONS OF
THE SPE PROGRAM CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FIRST LAW: CONTINUING CHANGE
SECOND LAW: INCREASING COMPLEXITY THIRD LAW: SELF REGULATION FOURTH LAW:
CONSERVATION OF ORGANISATIONAL STABILITY FIFTH LAW: CONSERVATION OF
FAMILIARITY SIXTH LAW: CONTINUING GROWTH SEVENTH LAW: DECLINING QUALITY
EIGHTH LAW: FEEDBACK SYSTEM THE FEAST HYPOTHESIS THE PRINCIPLE OF
SOFTWARE UNCERTAINTY CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES 539 539 541
542 542 542 543 545 547 549 550 551 552 554 556 557 559 560 560 INDEX
565 |
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| dewey-sort | 15.1 |
| dewey-tens | 000 - Computer science, information, general works |
| discipline | Informatik |
| discipline_str_mv | Informatik |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021582420 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:41:59Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:39:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0470871806 9780470871805 |
| language | German |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014798055 |
| oclc_num | 249678507 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 |
| physical | XXXV, 575 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Software evolution and feedback theory and practice Nazim H. Madhavji ... (eds.) Chichester Wiley 2006 XXXV, 575 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Logiciels - Développement Computer software Development Software Engineering (DE-588)4116521-4 gnd rswk-swf Softwareentwicklung (DE-588)4116522-6 gnd rswk-swf Software Engineering (DE-588)4116521-4 s DE-604 Softwareentwicklung (DE-588)4116522-6 s Madhavji, Nazim H. Sonstige oth GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014798055&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Software evolution and feedback theory and practice Logiciels - Développement Computer software Development Software Engineering (DE-588)4116521-4 gnd Softwareentwicklung (DE-588)4116522-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4116521-4 (DE-588)4116522-6 |
| title | Software evolution and feedback theory and practice |
| title_auth | Software evolution and feedback theory and practice |
| title_exact_search | Software evolution and feedback theory and practice |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Software evolution and feedback theory and practice |
| title_full | Software evolution and feedback theory and practice Nazim H. Madhavji ... (eds.) |
| title_fullStr | Software evolution and feedback theory and practice Nazim H. Madhavji ... (eds.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Software evolution and feedback theory and practice Nazim H. Madhavji ... (eds.) |
| title_short | Software evolution and feedback |
| title_sort | software evolution and feedback theory and practice |
| title_sub | theory and practice |
| topic | Logiciels - Développement Computer software Development Software Engineering (DE-588)4116521-4 gnd Softwareentwicklung (DE-588)4116522-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Logiciels - Développement Computer software Development Software Engineering Softwareentwicklung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014798055&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT madhavjinazimh softwareevolutionandfeedbacktheoryandpractice |