The circuitry of the human spinal cord: its role in motor control and movement disorders
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2005
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| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 642 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0521825814 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Pierrot-Deseilligny, Emmanuel |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The circuitry of the human spinal cord |b its role in motor control and movement disorders |c Emmanuel Pierrot-Deseilligny and David Burke |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 642 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Activité motrice | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Moelle épinière | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Moelle épinière - Maladies | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Moelle épinière - Maladies |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Troubles moteurs | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Troubles moteurs |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Motor ability | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Movement disorders | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Spinal cord | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Spinal cord |x Diseases | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Rückenmark |0 (DE-588)4050831-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Rückenmark |0 (DE-588)4050831-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Burke, David |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014797953&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014797953 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135354753613824 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface page xv
Acknowledgements xix
List of abbreviations xxi
1 General methodology 1
The monosynaptic reflex: H reflex and
tendon jerk 1
Initial studies 1
Underlying principles 2
Basic methodology 4
Limitations related to mechanisms
acting on the afferent volley of the
reflex 11
Pool problems related to the
input output relationship in the
motoneurone pool 16
Normative data and clinical value 20
Critique: limitations, advantages and
conclusions 21
The F wave 21
Underlying principles and basic
methodology 21
Characteristics of the F wave 22
F wave as a measure of excitability of
motoneurones 23
Clinical applications 24
Conclusions 24
Modulation of the on going EMG activity 24
Underlying principles and basic
methodology 24
Changes in the on going EMG and in
the H reflex need not be identical 26
v
vi Contents
Post stimulus time histograms (PSTHs)
of the discharge of single motor units 28
Underlying principles 29
Basic methodology 29
Assessment of the timing of the
changes in firing probability 32
Assessment of the size and significance
of the peaks and troughs in the PSTH 34
Critique: limitations, advantages and
conclusions 36
Unitary H reflex 37
Underlying principles and basic
methodology 37
Significance of changes in CFS
produced by conditioning stimuli 38
Critique: limitations, advantages and
conclusions 39
Stimulation of the motor cortex 39
EMG responses evoked by cortical
stimulation 39
Electrical stimulation 40
Magnetic stimulation 42
Critique: advantages, limitations,
conclusions 44
Spatial facilitation 45
Underlying principles 45
Spatial facilitation judged in the PSTH
of single units recordings 46
Spatial facilitation judged from
monosynaptic test reflexes 47
Conclusions 48
Coherence analysis between EMG/EMG
or EEG/EMG signals 48
Cross correlation 48
Coherence techniques 48
General conclusions 49
Methods 49
Development 49
Resume 49
Monosynaptic reflex 49
F wave 52
Modulation of the on going EMG 53
Post stimulus time histograms
(PSTHs) of the discharge of single
motor units 53
Unitary H reflex 54
Stimulation of the motor cortex 55
Spatial facilitation 56
Coherence analysis in EMG/EMG or
EEG/EMG signals 56
References 56
2 Monosynaptic la excitation and
post activation depression 63
Background from animal experiments 64
Initial findings 64
Pathway of monosynaptic la excitation 64
Distribution of heteronymous
monosynaptic la excitation 65
The stretch reflex 66
Methodology 66
Underlying principles 66
Homonymous monosynaptic la
excitation 66
Heteronymous monosynaptic la
excitation 70
Range of electrical thresholds of la
afferents when stimulating using
surface electrodes 77
Organisation and pattern of connections 79
Homonymous monosynaptic la
excitation 79
Heteronymous monosynaptic la
excitation in the lower limb 81
Heteronymous monosynaptic la
excitation in the upper limb 83
Developmental changes in
heteronymous la connections 86
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 87
Homonymous monosynaptic la
excitation. Stretch reflex
responses 87
Heteronymous monosynaptic la
excitation 92
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 95
Methodology 95
Peripheral neuropathies,
mononeuropathies and proximal
nerve lesions 95
Spasticity 96
Post activation depression at the la
afferent motoneurone synapse 96
Background from animal experiments 96
Functional significance 97
Methodology 97
Post activation depression in spastic
patients 99
Conclusions 100
Role of monosynaptic la excitation in
natural motortasks 100
Changes in monosynaptic la excitation
in patients 101
Resume 101
Importance of studies of la
connections 101
Background from animal
experiments 101
Methodology 102
Organisation and pattern of
connections 103
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 104
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 105
Post activation depression at the
Ia motoneurone synapse 106
References 106
3 Muscle spindles and fusimotor drive:
mlcroneurography and other
techniques 113
Background from animal experiments 113
Initial investigations 113
Current views of spindle structure and
function 114
P (skeleto fusimotor) neurones 117
Methodology 117
Discredited techniques 117
Acceptable techniques 119
Critique of the tests to study muscle
spindle afferent discharge and
fusimotor drive 126
Organisation and pattern of connections 127
Background fusimotor drive 127
Effects of cutaneous afferents on
fusimotor neurones 127
Contents vii
Corticospinal volleys 130
Effects of muscle vibration on human
muscle spindles 130
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 131
Reflex reinforcement by remote
muscle contraction: the Jendrassik
manoeuvre 131
Effects of voluntary effort on fusimotor
drive to the contracting muscle 133
Possible role of the fusimotor system
during normal movement 136
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 138
Spasticity 139
Parkinson s disease 140
Conclusions 141
Resume 142
Background from animal experiments 142
Methodology 142
Critique of the tests to study fusimotor
drive 143
Organisation and pattern of
connections 143
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 144
Changes in fusimotor activity in
patients 145
References 145
4 Recurrent inhibition 151
Background from animal experiments 151
Initial findings 151
General features 151
Input to Renshaw cells 152
Projections of Renshaw cells 153
Conclusions 154
Methodology 154
Using homonymous antidromic motor
volleys is an invalid technique in
humans 154
The paired H reflex technique to
investigate homonymous recurrent
inhibition 155
Methods for investigating
heteronymous recurrent inhibition 161
viii Contents
Organisation and pattern of connections 169
Homonymous recurrent projections to
motoneurones 169
Heteronymous recurrent projections
to motoneurones in the lower limb 169
Heteronymous recurrent projections
to motoneurones in the upper limb 170
Recurrent inhibition of interneurones
mediating reciprocal la inhibition 171
Corticospinal suppression of recurrent
inhibition 173
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 173
Recurrent inhibition of motoneurones
of a muscle involved in selective
contractions 173
Recurrent inhibition during
contraction of the antagonistic
muscle 180
Recurrent inhibition of antagonistic
muscles involved in co contraction 180
Heteronymous recurrent
inhibition and heteronymous la
excitation 183
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 184
Spasticity 184
Patients with other movement
disorders 187
Conclusions 187
Changes in recurrent inhibition in
normal motor control 187
Changes in recurrent inhibition and
pathophysiology of movement
disorders 188
Resume 188
Background from animal experiments 188
Methodology 188
Organisation and pattern of
connections 190
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 191
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 192
References 192
5 Reciprocal la inhibition 197
Background from animal experiments 197
Initial findings 197
General features 198
Projections from la interneurones 199
Input to la interneurones 199
Presynaptic inhibition 200
Conclusions 201
Methodology 201
Underlying principles 201
Inhibition of various responses 201
Evidence for reciprocal la inhibition 204
Critique of the tests to study reciprocal
la inhibition 208
Organisation and pattern of connections 209
Pattern and strength of reciprocal la
inhibition at rest at hinge joints 209
Absence of true reciprocal la
inhibition at wrist level 211
Cutaneous facilitation of reciprocal la
inhibition 214
Descending facilitation of reciprocal la
inhibition 215
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 217
Voluntary contraction of the
antagonistic muscle 217
Reciprocal la inhibition directed to
motoneurones of the active muscle 223
Reciprocal la inhibition during
co contraction of antagonistic
muscles 225
Changes in reciprocal la inhibition
during postural activity 227
Changes in reciprocal la inhibition
during gait 227
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 229
Methodology 229
Spasticity 229
Patients with cerebral palsy 233
Patients with hyperekplexia 233
Patients with Parkinson s disease 233
Changes in non reciprocal group I
inhibition at wrist level 234
Conclusions 234
Role of reciprocal la inhibition in
motor tasks 234
Changes in reciprocal la inhibition and
pathophysiology of movement
disorders 235
Resume 235
Background from animal experiments 235
Methodology 235
Organisation and pattern of
connections 236
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 237
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 238
References 239
6 Ib pathways 244
Background from animal experiments 244
Initial findings 244
Golgi tendon organs and Ib afferents 245
General features 245
Projections of Ib afferents 246
Input to Ib interneurones 247
Contraction induced Ib inhibition 248
Presynaptic inhibition and
post activation depression 248
Reflex reversal during fictive
locomotion 248
Methodology 249
Ib inhibition 249
Evidence for Ib inhibition 252
Oligosynaptic group I excitation 255
Critique of the tests to reveal Ib effects 255
Organisation and pattern of connections 256
Pattern and strength of Ib inhibition 256
Oligosynaptic group I excitation 258
Convergence of la afferents onto
interneurones mediating Ib
inhibition 260
Effects of low threshold cutaneous
afferents 261
Facilitation of Ib inhibition by joint
afferents 263
Effects from nociceptive afferents 265
Contents ix
Descending effects 265
Multiple convergence onto common
interneurones 265
Conclusions: necessity for
convergence of multiple inputs 267
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 267
Suppression of Ib inhibition to
voluntarily activated
motoneurones 268
Ib inhibition directed to
motoneurones not involved in the
voluntary contraction 272
Changes in Ib inhibition during
walking 273
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 275
Ib inhibition 275
Ib excitation in spastic patients 277
Conclusions 279
Role of changes in Ib inhibition during
motor tasks 279
Changes in Ib pathways and the
pathophysiology of movement
disorders 279
Resume 279
Background from animal
experiments 279
Methodology 280
Organisation and pattern of
connections 280
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 281
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 282
References 283
7 Group II pathways 288
Background from animal experiments 288
Initial findings 288
Muscle spindle secondary endings and
group II afferents 289
Synaptic linkage 289
Projections from group II
interneurones 291
x Contents
Excitatory inputs to group II
interneurones 291
Inhibitory control systems 292
Methodology 293
Underlying principles 293
Stretch induced homonymous
group II excitation of leg and foot
muscles 293
Electrically induced heteronymous
group II excitation 293
Evidence for muscle group II excitation 297
Critique of the tests used to reveal
group II actions 299
Organisation and pattern of connections 302
Peripheral pathway 302
Central pathway of group II excitation 303
Distribution of group II excitation 304
Convergence with other peripheral
afferents 305
Peripheral inhibitory input to
interneurones co activated by group I
and II afferents 307
Corticospinal control of peripheral
facilitation 307
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 310
Voluntary contractions 310
Postural tasks 312
Changes in group II excitation
during gait 314
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 320
Peripheral neuropathies 320
Spasticity 320
Parkinson s disease 326
Conclusions 326
Role of group II pathways in natural
motor tasks 326
Changes in group II excitation and
pathophysiology of movement
disorders 328
Resume 328
Background from animal experiments 328
Methodology 328
Organisation and pattern of
connections 330
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 331
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 331
References 332
8 Presynaptic Inhibition of la terminals 337
Background from animal experiments 337
Initial findings 337
General features 337
Inputs to PAD interneurones 339
Selectivity of the control of presynaptic
inhibition 339
Conclusions 340
Methodology 340
Discrepancy between the variations in
the on going EMG and those in the
H reflex 340
Activating PAD INs by a conditioning
volley to assess their excitability 340
Background presynaptic inhibition
inferred from la facilitation of the
H reflex 345
Techniques using single motor units 346
Conclusions 347
Organisation and pattern of
connections 347
Projections on la terminals directed to
different motoneurone types 347
Organisation in subsets with regard to
the target motoneurones of la
afferents 348
Peripheral projections to PAD
interneurones 348
Corticospinal projections 350
Vestibulospinal projections 353
Tonic level of presynaptic inhibition of
la terminals 353
Weak sensitivity of stretch evoked la
volleys to presynaptic inhibition 354
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 355
la terminals on lower limb
motoneurones involved in voluntary
contractions 355
la terminals directed to motoneurones
of inactive synergistic muscles 359
Presynaptic inhibition of la terminals
during contraction of antagonistic
muscles 360
Presynaptic inhibition of la terminals
during contraction of remote
muscles 361
Changes in presynaptic inhibition of
la terminals on upper limb
motoneurones 362
Changes in presynaptic inhibition
during upright stance 363
Changes in presynaptic inhibition
during gait 365
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 367
Methodology 367
Spasticity 368
Changes in presynaptic inhibition in
Parkinson s disease 371
Changes in presynaptic inhibition
of la terminals in patients with
dystonia 371
Conclusions 372
Role of changes in presynaptic
inhibition of la terminals in normal
motor control 372
Changes in presynaptic inhibition and
pathophysiology of movement
disorders 373
Resume 373
Background from animal experiments 373
Methodology 374
Organisation and pattern of
connections 375
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 376
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 377
References 378
Contents xi
9 Cutaneomuscular, withdrawal and
flexor reflex afferent responses 384
Background from animal experiments 385
Initial findings 385
Cutaneous responses mediated
through private pathways 385
FRA reflex pathways 388
Conclusions 391
Methodology 391
Underlying principles 391
Stimuli 391
Responses recorded at rest 394
Modulation of motoneurone
excitability 396
Critique of the tests to study cutaneous
effects 396
Organisation, connections and
physiological implications of withdrawal
reflexes 399
Afferent pathway of withdrawal
reflexes 399
Central pathway of early withdrawal
responses 400
Functional organisation of early
withdrawal reflexes 401
Late withdrawal responses 407
Interactions between different inputs
in withdrawal reflex pathways 411
Changes in withdrawal reflexes
during motor tasks 412
Organisation, connections and
physiological implications of
cutaneomuscular reflexes evoked by
non noxious stimuli 414
The different responses 414
Afferent conduction 418
Central pathway of short latency
responses occurring at spinal
latency 418
Central pathway for long latency
effects 421
Projections of cutaneous
afferents to different types of
motoneurones 424
xii Contents
Pattern and functional role of early
responses 427
Changes in patients and clinical
implications 432
Complete spinal transection 433
Upper motoneurone lesions other
than those due to a complete spinal
transection 433
Grasp reflex 436
Parkinson s disease 436
Peripheral neuropathies 437
Diagnostic uses 437
Conclusions 438
Role of cutaneous reflexes in motor
control 438
Changes in cutaneous reflexes in
patients 438
Resume 439
Background from animal
experiments 439
Methodology 440
Withdrawal reflexes 441
Cutaneomuscular reflexes evoked by
non noxious stimuli 442
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 444
References 445
10 Propriospinal relay for descending
motor commands 452
The cervical propriospinal system 452
Background from animal experiments 452
The propriospinal system in the cat 452
Conflicting results in the monkey 454
Methodology 455
Propriospinally mediated excitation
produced by peripheral volleys 455
Cutaneous suppression of
descending excitation 458
Rostral location of the relevant
interneurones with respect to
motoneurones 459
Organisation and pattern of
connections 460
Excitatory inputs to propriospinal
neurones 460
Inhibition of propriospinal neurones
via feedback inhibitory
interneurones 463
Interaction between excitatory and
inhibitory inputs 467
Organisation of the cervical
propriospinal system 468
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 471
Evidence for propriospinal
transmission of a part of the
descending command 471
Propriospinally mediated facilitation
of motoneurones during voluntary
contraction 474
Functional implications: role of the
propriospinal relay in normal motor
control 476
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 479
Patient with a discrete lesion of the
spinal cord at the junction C6 C7
spinal level 479
Stroke patients 481
Patients with Parkinson s disease 484
Conclusions 485
Role of propriospinal transmission of
a part of the descending command 485
Changes in propriospinal
transmission of the command in
patients 485
Resume 486
Background from animal
experiments 486
Methodology 486
Organisation and pattern of
connections 487
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 488
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 489
The lumbar propriospinal system 490
Background from animal
experiments 490
Methodology 491
Underlying principle 491
I
Non monosynaptic excitation of
voluntarily activated single motor
units 491
Non monosynaptic excitation of
compound EMG responses 493
Rostral location of the relevant
interneurones 493
Organisation and pattern of
connections 494
Peripheral excitatory input to
excitatory lumbar propriospinal
neurones 494
Peripheral inhibitory inputs to
lumbar propriospinal neurones 496
Peripheral inhibition of
motoneurones 497
Corticospinal control 498
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 500
Propriospinally mediated changes in
the quadriceps H reflex during weak
contractions 500
Modulation of the on going EMG
during different motor tasks 502
Functional implications 502
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 503
Spasticity 503
Patients with Parkinson s disease 503
Conclusions 505
Resume 505
Background from animal
experiments 505
Methodology 505
Organisation and pattern of
connections 505
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 506
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 506
References 506
11 Involvement of spinal pathways
in different motor tasks 511
Isometric tonic contractions 512
Fusimotor drive 512
Contents xiii
Cutaneomuscular responses 514
Suppression of transmission in
inhibitory pathways 514
Conclusions 515
Flexion extension movements
involving hinge joints 515
Afferent discharges accompanying a
voluntary flexion extension
movement 515
Excitation of active motoneurones 516
Control of different features of the
movement 517
Recruitment of different types of
motor units 518
Inhibition of antagonists 519
Timing of the different effects 520
Different strategies for proximal and
distal movements 521
Conclusions 522
Movements involving ball joints 522
Different organisation of the
human spinal circuitry at wrist
level 522
Non reciprocal group I inhibition
during wrist movements 524
Changes in presynaptic
inhibition on la terminals on wrist
motoneurones 526
Other spinal pathways possibly
involved in wrist movements 526
Co ordinated activation of various
synergies 527
Where are motor synergies laid
down? 527
Synergies based on hardwired
spinal connections 528
Cervical propriospinal system 529
State dependent modulation of
sensory feedback 530
Motor learning 530
Co contractions of antagonists at the
same joint 531
Control of spinal pathways during
co contraction of antagonists 531
Control of the decreased inhibition
between antagonists 533
xiv Contents
Joint stiffness 533
Control of the stretch reflex at hinge
joints 534
Control of the excitation at ball joints 534
Conclusions 535
Maintenance of bipedal stance 535
Normal quiet standing 535
Unstable postural tasks
requiring prolonged muscle
contractions 537
Responses to fast transient
perturbations of stance 538
Gait 542
Characteristics of human walking 542
Changes in transmission in spinal
pathways during normal walking 545
Reactions to external perturbations 547
Running, hopping, landing 550
References 550
12 Thepathophysiologyofspasticity
and parkinsonian rigidity 556
Spasticity 556
Whatisspasticity?Whatisitnot? 557
Spasticity and animal decerebrate
rigidity are unrelated 560
Possible spinal mechanisms
underlying the pathophysiology
of spasticity at rest 560
Why do spinal pathways
malfunction? 571
Changes in the intrinsic
properties of muscles fibres
(contracture) 572
Changes in spinal pathways during
movements in spasticity 573
Pathophysiology of spasticity after
cerebral lesions 575
Pathophysiology of spasticity after
spinal lesions 580
Conclusions 582
Parkinson s disease 582
Possible mechanisms underlying
Parkinsonian rigidity 582
Transmission in spinal pathways
at rest 584
Alterations of transmission
in spinal pathways during motor
tasks 589
Conclusions 592
References 592
Index 601
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface page xv
Acknowledgements xix
List of abbreviations xxi
1 General methodology 1
The monosynaptic reflex: H reflex and
tendon jerk 1
Initial studies 1
Underlying principles 2
Basic methodology 4
Limitations related to mechanisms
acting on the afferent volley of the
reflex 11
'Pool problems' related to the
input output relationship in the
motoneurone pool 16
Normative data and clinical value 20
Critique: limitations, advantages and
conclusions 21
The F wave 21
Underlying principles and basic
methodology 21
Characteristics of the F wave 22
F wave as a measure of excitability of
motoneurones 23
Clinical applications 24
Conclusions 24
Modulation of the on going EMG activity 24
Underlying principles and basic
methodology 24
Changes in the on going EMG and in
the H reflex need not be identical 26
v
vi Contents
Post stimulus time histograms (PSTHs)
of the discharge of single motor units 28
Underlying principles 29
Basic methodology 29
Assessment of the timing of the
changes in firing probability 32
Assessment of the size and significance
of the peaks and troughs in the PSTH 34
Critique: limitations, advantages and
conclusions 36
Unitary H reflex 37
Underlying principles and basic
methodology 37
Significance of changes in CFS
produced by conditioning stimuli 38
Critique: limitations, advantages and
conclusions 39
Stimulation of the motor cortex 39
EMG responses evoked by cortical
stimulation 39
Electrical stimulation 40
Magnetic stimulation 42
Critique: advantages, limitations,
conclusions 44
Spatial facilitation 45
Underlying principles 45
Spatial facilitation judged in the PSTH
of single units recordings 46
Spatial facilitation judged from
monosynaptic test reflexes 47
Conclusions 48
Coherence analysis between EMG/EMG
or EEG/EMG signals 48
Cross correlation 48
Coherence techniques 48
General conclusions 49
Methods 49
Development 49
Resume 49
Monosynaptic reflex 49
F wave 52
Modulation of the on going EMG 53
Post stimulus time histograms
(PSTHs) of the discharge of single
motor units 53
Unitary H reflex 54
Stimulation of the motor cortex 55
Spatial facilitation 56
Coherence analysis in EMG/EMG or
EEG/EMG signals 56
References 56
2 Monosynaptic la excitation and
post activation depression 63
Background from animal experiments 64
Initial findings 64
Pathway of monosynaptic la excitation 64
Distribution of heteronymous
monosynaptic la excitation 65
The stretch reflex 66
Methodology 66
Underlying principles 66
Homonymous monosynaptic la
excitation 66
Heteronymous monosynaptic la
excitation 70
Range of electrical thresholds of la
afferents when stimulating using
surface electrodes 77
Organisation and pattern of connections 79
Homonymous monosynaptic la
excitation 79
Heteronymous monosynaptic la
excitation in the lower limb 81
Heteronymous monosynaptic la
excitation in the upper limb 83
Developmental changes in
heteronymous la connections 86
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 87
Homonymous monosynaptic la
excitation. Stretch reflex
responses 87
Heteronymous monosynaptic la
excitation 92
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 95
Methodology 95
Peripheral neuropathies,
mononeuropathies and proximal
nerve lesions 95
Spasticity 96
Post activation depression at the la
afferent motoneurone synapse 96
Background from animal experiments 96
Functional significance 97
Methodology 97
Post activation depression in spastic
patients 99
Conclusions 100
Role of monosynaptic la excitation in
natural motortasks 100
Changes in monosynaptic la excitation
in patients 101
Resume 101
Importance of studies of la
connections 101
Background from animal
experiments 101
Methodology 102
Organisation and pattern of
connections 103
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 104
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 105
Post activation depression at the
Ia motoneurone synapse 106
References 106
3 Muscle spindles and fusimotor drive:
mlcroneurography and other
techniques 113
Background from animal experiments 113
Initial investigations 113
Current views of spindle structure and
function 114
P (skeleto fusimotor) neurones 117
Methodology 117
Discredited techniques 117
Acceptable techniques 119
Critique of the tests to study muscle
spindle afferent discharge and
fusimotor drive 126
Organisation and pattern of connections 127
Background fusimotor drive 127
Effects of cutaneous afferents on
fusimotor neurones 127
Contents vii
Corticospinal volleys 130
Effects of muscle vibration on human
muscle spindles 130
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 131
Reflex reinforcement by remote
muscle contraction: the Jendrassik
manoeuvre 131
Effects of voluntary effort on fusimotor
drive to the contracting muscle 133
Possible role of the fusimotor system
during normal movement 136
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 138
Spasticity 139
Parkinson's disease 140
Conclusions 141
Resume 142
Background from animal experiments 142
Methodology 142
Critique of the tests to study fusimotor
drive 143
Organisation and pattern of
connections 143
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 144
Changes in fusimotor activity in
patients 145
References 145
4 Recurrent inhibition 151
Background from animal experiments 151
Initial findings 151
General features 151
Input to Renshaw cells 152
Projections of Renshaw cells 153
Conclusions 154
Methodology 154
Using homonymous antidromic motor
volleys is an invalid technique in
humans 154
The paired H reflex technique to
investigate homonymous recurrent
inhibition 155
Methods for investigating
heteronymous recurrent inhibition 161
viii Contents
Organisation and pattern of connections 169
Homonymous recurrent projections to
motoneurones 169
Heteronymous recurrent projections
to motoneurones in the lower limb 169
Heteronymous recurrent projections
to motoneurones in the upper limb 170
Recurrent inhibition of interneurones
mediating reciprocal la inhibition 171
Corticospinal suppression of recurrent
inhibition 173
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 173
Recurrent inhibition of motoneurones
of a muscle involved in selective
contractions 173
Recurrent inhibition during
contraction of the antagonistic
muscle 180
Recurrent inhibition of antagonistic
muscles involved in co contraction 180
Heteronymous recurrent
inhibition and heteronymous la
excitation 183
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 184
Spasticity 184
Patients with other movement
disorders 187
Conclusions 187
Changes in recurrent inhibition in
normal motor control 187
Changes in recurrent inhibition and
pathophysiology of movement
disorders 188
Resume 188
Background from animal experiments 188
Methodology 188
Organisation and pattern of
connections 190
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 191
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 192
References 192
5 Reciprocal la inhibition 197
Background from animal experiments 197
Initial findings 197
General features 198
Projections from la interneurones 199
Input to la interneurones 199
Presynaptic inhibition 200
Conclusions 201
Methodology 201
Underlying principles 201
Inhibition of various responses 201
Evidence for reciprocal la inhibition 204
Critique of the tests to study reciprocal
la inhibition 208
Organisation and pattern of connections 209
Pattern and strength of reciprocal la
inhibition at rest at hinge joints 209
Absence of 'true' reciprocal la
inhibition at wrist level 211
Cutaneous facilitation of reciprocal la
inhibition 214
Descending facilitation of reciprocal la
inhibition 215
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 217
Voluntary contraction of the
antagonistic muscle 217
Reciprocal la inhibition directed to
motoneurones of the active muscle 223
Reciprocal la inhibition during
co contraction of antagonistic
muscles 225
Changes in reciprocal la inhibition
during postural activity 227
Changes in reciprocal la inhibition
during gait 227
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 229
Methodology 229
Spasticity 229
Patients with cerebral palsy 233
Patients with hyperekplexia 233
Patients with Parkinson's disease 233
Changes in non reciprocal group I
inhibition at wrist level 234
Conclusions 234
Role of reciprocal la inhibition in
motor tasks 234
Changes in reciprocal la inhibition and
pathophysiology of movement
disorders 235
Resume 235
Background from animal experiments 235
Methodology 235
Organisation and pattern of
connections 236
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 237
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 238
References 239
6 Ib pathways 244
Background from animal experiments 244
Initial findings 244
Golgi tendon organs and Ib afferents 245
General features 245
Projections of Ib afferents 246
Input to Ib interneurones 247
Contraction induced Ib inhibition 248
Presynaptic inhibition and
post activation depression 248
Reflex reversal during fictive
locomotion 248
Methodology 249
Ib inhibition 249
Evidence for Ib inhibition 252
Oligosynaptic group I excitation 255
Critique of the tests to reveal Ib effects 255
Organisation and pattern of connections 256
Pattern and strength of Ib inhibition 256
Oligosynaptic group I excitation 258
Convergence of la afferents onto
interneurones mediating Ib
inhibition 260
Effects of low threshold cutaneous
afferents 261
Facilitation of Ib inhibition by joint
afferents 263
Effects from nociceptive afferents 265
Contents ix
Descending effects 265
Multiple convergence onto common
interneurones 265
Conclusions: necessity for
convergence of multiple inputs 267
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 267
Suppression of Ib inhibition to
voluntarily activated
motoneurones 268
Ib inhibition directed to
motoneurones not involved in the
voluntary contraction 272
Changes in Ib inhibition during
walking 273
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 275
Ib inhibition 275
Ib excitation in spastic patients 277
Conclusions 279
Role of changes in Ib inhibition during
motor tasks 279
Changes in Ib pathways and the
pathophysiology of movement
disorders 279
Resume 279
Background from animal
experiments 279
Methodology 280
Organisation and pattern of
connections 280
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 281
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 282
References 283
7 Group II pathways 288
Background from animal experiments 288
Initial findings 288
Muscle spindle secondary endings and
group II afferents 289
Synaptic linkage 289
Projections from group II
interneurones 291
x Contents
Excitatory inputs to group II
interneurones 291
Inhibitory control systems 292
Methodology 293
Underlying principles 293
Stretch induced homonymous
group II excitation of leg and foot
muscles 293
Electrically induced heteronymous
group II excitation 293
Evidence for muscle group II excitation 297
Critique of the tests used to reveal
group II actions 299
Organisation and pattern of connections 302
Peripheral pathway 302
Central pathway of group II excitation 303
Distribution of group II excitation 304
Convergence with other peripheral
afferents 305
Peripheral inhibitory input to
interneurones co activated by group I
and II afferents 307
Corticospinal control of peripheral
facilitation 307
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 310
Voluntary contractions 310
Postural tasks 312
Changes in group II excitation
during gait 314
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 320
Peripheral neuropathies 320
Spasticity 320
Parkinson's disease 326
Conclusions 326
Role of group II pathways in natural
motor tasks 326
Changes in group II excitation and
pathophysiology of movement
disorders 328
Resume 328
Background from animal experiments 328
Methodology 328
Organisation and pattern of
connections 330
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 331
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 331
References 332
8 Presynaptic Inhibition of la terminals 337
Background from animal experiments 337
Initial findings 337
General features 337
Inputs to PAD interneurones 339
Selectivity of the control of presynaptic
inhibition 339
Conclusions 340
Methodology 340
Discrepancy between the variations in
the on going EMG and those in the
H reflex 340
Activating PAD INs by a conditioning
volley to assess their excitability 340
Background presynaptic inhibition
inferred from la facilitation of the
H reflex 345
Techniques using single motor units 346
Conclusions 347
Organisation and pattern of
connections 347
Projections on la terminals directed to
different motoneurone types 347
Organisation in subsets with regard to
the target motoneurones of la
afferents 348
Peripheral projections to PAD
interneurones 348
Corticospinal projections 350
Vestibulospinal projections 353
Tonic level of presynaptic inhibition of
la terminals 353
Weak sensitivity of stretch evoked la
volleys to presynaptic inhibition 354
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 355
la terminals on lower limb
motoneurones involved in voluntary
contractions 355
la terminals directed to motoneurones
of inactive synergistic muscles 359
Presynaptic inhibition of la terminals
during contraction of antagonistic
muscles 360
Presynaptic inhibition of la terminals
during contraction of remote
muscles 361
Changes in presynaptic inhibition of
la terminals on upper limb
motoneurones 362
Changes in presynaptic inhibition
during upright stance 363
Changes in presynaptic inhibition
during gait 365
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 367
Methodology 367
Spasticity 368
Changes in presynaptic inhibition in
Parkinson's disease 371
Changes in presynaptic inhibition
of la terminals in patients with
dystonia 371
Conclusions 372
Role of changes in presynaptic
inhibition of la terminals in normal
motor control 372
Changes in presynaptic inhibition and
pathophysiology of movement
disorders 373
Resume 373
Background from animal experiments 373
Methodology 374
Organisation and pattern of
connections 375
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 376
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 377
References 378
Contents xi
9 Cutaneomuscular, withdrawal and
flexor reflex afferent responses 384
Background from animal experiments 385
Initial findings 385
Cutaneous responses mediated
through 'private' pathways 385
FRA reflex pathways 388
Conclusions 391
Methodology 391
Underlying principles 391
Stimuli 391
Responses recorded at rest 394
Modulation of motoneurone
excitability 396
Critique of the tests to study cutaneous
effects 396
Organisation, connections and
physiological implications of withdrawal
reflexes 399
Afferent pathway of withdrawal
reflexes 399
Central pathway of early withdrawal
responses 400
Functional organisation of early
withdrawal reflexes 401
Late withdrawal responses 407
Interactions between different inputs
in withdrawal reflex pathways 411
Changes in withdrawal reflexes
during motor tasks 412
Organisation, connections and
physiological implications of
cutaneomuscular reflexes evoked by
non noxious stimuli 414
The different responses 414
Afferent conduction 418
Central pathway of short latency
responses occurring at 'spinal
latency' 418
Central pathway for long latency
effects 421
Projections of cutaneous
afferents to different types of
motoneurones 424
xii Contents
Pattern and functional role of early
responses 427
Changes in patients and clinical
implications 432
Complete spinal transection 433
Upper motoneurone lesions other
than those due to a complete spinal
transection 433
Grasp reflex 436
Parkinson's disease 436
Peripheral neuropathies 437
Diagnostic uses 437
Conclusions 438
Role of cutaneous reflexes in motor
control 438
Changes in cutaneous reflexes in
patients 438
Resume 439
Background from animal
experiments 439
Methodology 440
Withdrawal reflexes 441
Cutaneomuscular reflexes evoked by
non noxious stimuli 442
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 444
References 445
10 Propriospinal relay for descending
motor commands 452
The cervical propriospinal system 452
Background from animal experiments 452
The propriospinal system in the cat 452
Conflicting results in the monkey 454
Methodology 455
Propriospinally mediated excitation
produced by peripheral volleys 455
Cutaneous suppression of
descending excitation 458
Rostral location of the relevant
interneurones with respect to
motoneurones 459
Organisation and pattern of
connections 460
Excitatory inputs to propriospinal
neurones 460
Inhibition of propriospinal neurones
via feedback inhibitory
interneurones 463
Interaction between excitatory and
inhibitory inputs 467
Organisation of the cervical
propriospinal system 468
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 471
Evidence for propriospinal
transmission of a part of the
descending command 471
Propriospinally mediated facilitation
of motoneurones during voluntary
contraction 474
Functional implications: role of the
propriospinal relay in normal motor
control 476
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 479
Patient with a discrete lesion of the
spinal cord at the junction C6 C7
spinal level 479
Stroke patients 481
Patients with Parkinson's disease 484
Conclusions 485
Role of propriospinal transmission of
a part of the descending command 485
Changes in propriospinal
transmission of the command in
patients 485
Resume 486
Background from animal
experiments 486
Methodology 486
Organisation and pattern of
connections 487
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 488
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 489
The lumbar propriospinal system 490
Background from animal
experiments 490
Methodology 491
Underlying principle 491
I
Non monosynaptic excitation of
voluntarily activated single motor
units 491
Non monosynaptic excitation of
compound EMG responses 493
Rostral location of the relevant
interneurones 493
Organisation and pattern of
connections 494
Peripheral excitatory input to
excitatory lumbar propriospinal
neurones 494
Peripheral inhibitory inputs to
lumbar propriospinal neurones 496
Peripheral inhibition of
motoneurones 497
Corticospinal control 498
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 500
Propriospinally mediated changes in
the quadriceps H reflex during weak
contractions 500
Modulation of the on going EMG
during different motor tasks 502
Functional implications 502
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 503
Spasticity 503
Patients with Parkinson's disease 503
Conclusions 505
Resume 505
Background from animal
experiments 505
Methodology 505
Organisation and pattern of
connections 505
Motor tasks and physiological
implications 506
Studies in patients and clinical
implications 506
References 506
11 Involvement of spinal pathways
in different motor tasks 511
Isometric tonic contractions 512
Fusimotor drive 512
Contents xiii
Cutaneomuscular responses 514
Suppression of transmission in
inhibitory pathways 514
Conclusions 515
Flexion extension movements
involving hinge joints 515
Afferent discharges accompanying a
voluntary flexion extension
movement 515
Excitation of active motoneurones 516
Control of different features of the
movement 517
Recruitment of different types of
motor units 518
Inhibition of antagonists 519
Timing of the different effects 520
Different strategies for proximal and
distal movements 521
Conclusions 522
Movements involving ball joints 522
Different organisation of the
human spinal circuitry at wrist
level 522
Non reciprocal group I inhibition
during wrist movements 524
Changes in presynaptic
inhibition on la terminals on wrist
motoneurones 526
Other spinal pathways possibly
involved in wrist movements 526
Co ordinated activation of various
synergies 527
Where are motor synergies laid
down? 527
Synergies based on 'hardwired'
spinal connections 528
Cervical propriospinal system 529
State dependent modulation of
sensory feedback 530
Motor learning 530
Co contractions of antagonists at the
same joint 531
Control of spinal pathways during
co contraction of antagonists 531
Control of the decreased inhibition
between antagonists 533
xiv Contents
Joint stiffness 533
Control of the stretch reflex at hinge
joints 534
Control of the excitation at ball joints 534
Conclusions 535
Maintenance of bipedal stance 535
Normal quiet standing 535
Unstable postural tasks
requiring prolonged muscle
contractions 537
Responses to fast transient
perturbations of stance 538
Gait 542
Characteristics of human walking 542
Changes in transmission in spinal
pathways during normal walking 545
Reactions to external perturbations 547
Running, hopping, landing 550
References 550
12 Thepathophysiologyofspasticity
and parkinsonian rigidity 556
Spasticity 556
Whatisspasticity?Whatisitnot? 557
Spasticity and animal decerebrate
rigidity are unrelated 560
Possible spinal mechanisms
underlying the pathophysiology
of spasticity at rest 560
Why do spinal pathways
malfunction? 571
Changes in the intrinsic
properties of muscles fibres
(contracture) 572
Changes in spinal pathways during
movements in spasticity 573
Pathophysiology of spasticity after
cerebral lesions 575
Pathophysiology of spasticity after
spinal lesions 580
Conclusions 582
Parkinson's disease 582
Possible mechanisms underlying
Parkinsonian rigidity 582
Transmission in spinal pathways
at rest 584
Alterations of transmission
in spinal pathways during motor
tasks 589
Conclusions 592
References 592
Index 601 |
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| author | Pierrot-Deseilligny, Emmanuel Burke, David |
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| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 612 - Human physiology |
| dewey-raw | 612.83 |
| dewey-search | 612.83 |
| dewey-sort | 3612.83 |
| dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
| discipline | Medizin |
| discipline_str_mv | Medizin |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021582318 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:41:57Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:39:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0521825814 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Pierrot-Deseilligny, Emmanuel Verfasser aut The circuitry of the human spinal cord its role in motor control and movement disorders Emmanuel Pierrot-Deseilligny and David Burke 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2005 XXII, 642 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Activité motrice Moelle épinière Moelle épinière - Maladies Moelle épinière - Maladies ram Troubles moteurs Troubles moteurs ram Motor ability Movement disorders Spinal cord Spinal cord Diseases Rückenmark (DE-588)4050831-6 gnd rswk-swf Rückenmark (DE-588)4050831-6 s DE-604 Burke, David Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014797953&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pierrot-Deseilligny, Emmanuel Burke, David The circuitry of the human spinal cord its role in motor control and movement disorders Activité motrice Moelle épinière Moelle épinière - Maladies Moelle épinière - Maladies ram Troubles moteurs Troubles moteurs ram Motor ability Movement disorders Spinal cord Spinal cord Diseases Rückenmark (DE-588)4050831-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4050831-6 |
| title | The circuitry of the human spinal cord its role in motor control and movement disorders |
| title_auth | The circuitry of the human spinal cord its role in motor control and movement disorders |
| title_exact_search | The circuitry of the human spinal cord its role in motor control and movement disorders |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The circuitry of the human spinal cord its role in motor control and movement disorders |
| title_full | The circuitry of the human spinal cord its role in motor control and movement disorders Emmanuel Pierrot-Deseilligny and David Burke |
| title_fullStr | The circuitry of the human spinal cord its role in motor control and movement disorders Emmanuel Pierrot-Deseilligny and David Burke |
| title_full_unstemmed | The circuitry of the human spinal cord its role in motor control and movement disorders Emmanuel Pierrot-Deseilligny and David Burke |
| title_short | The circuitry of the human spinal cord |
| title_sort | the circuitry of the human spinal cord its role in motor control and movement disorders |
| title_sub | its role in motor control and movement disorders |
| topic | Activité motrice Moelle épinière Moelle épinière - Maladies Moelle épinière - Maladies ram Troubles moteurs Troubles moteurs ram Motor ability Movement disorders Spinal cord Spinal cord Diseases Rückenmark (DE-588)4050831-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Activité motrice Moelle épinière Moelle épinière - Maladies Troubles moteurs Motor ability Movement disorders Spinal cord Spinal cord Diseases Rückenmark |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014797953&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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