Danish business law:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Copenhagen
DJØF Publ.
2004
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| Ausgabe: | 3. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Aus dem Dän. übers. |
| Beschreibung: | 560 S. |
| ISBN: | 8757410542 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Iversen, Bent |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 240 | 1 | 0 | |a Laerebog i dansk & international erhvervsret |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Danish business law |c Bent Iversen ; Lars Lindencrone Petersen ; Morten Wegener |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Copenhagen |b DJØF Publ. |c 2004 | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Wegener, Morten |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135325126098944 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 31
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. BUSINESS LAW AS A BRANCH OF LAW 31
2. THE CONCEPT OF LEGAL RULE 33
2.1. GENERAL SUBSTANTIVE CONTENT 33
2.2. THE LEGAL SYSTEM 34
3. VARIOUS TYPES OF LEGAL RULE 35
3.1. INTRODUCTION 35
3.2. OBLIGATION RULES AND COMPETENCE RULES 35
3.3. WRITTEN AND UNWRITTEN LAW 36
3.4. THE HIERARCHY OF RULES 37
3.5. DIRECTORY AND MANDATORY RULES 37
3.6. PRECISE AND IMPRECISE RULES 38
4. SOURCES OF LAW AND LAW SOURCE FACTORS 39
5. THE LEGAL DECISION 41
CHAPTER 2. NATIONAL SOURCE OF LAW FACTORS 43
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. INTRODUCTION 43
2. THE CONSTITUTION 43
3. LEGISLATION 44
3.1. THE STATUTORY PROCESS AND THE IMPORTANCE OF LEGISLATION
AS A SOURCE OF LAW 44
3.2. REFERENCE PLACES 45
3.3. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 46
4. MINISTERIAL ORDERS AND OTHER STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS 46
4.1. ORIGIN AND IMPORTANCE AS A SOURCE OF LAW 46
4.2. REFERENCE PLACES 47
5. CASE LAW 47
5.1. ORIGIN AND IMPORTANCE AS A SOURCE OF LAW 47
5.2. REFERENCE PLACES 49
6. OTHER FORMS OF UNWRITTEN PRACTICE 49
6.1. LEGAL CUSTOMS AND USAGE 49
6.2. CODES AND PRACTICES OF SPECIFIC LINES OF TRADE ETC 50
6.3. ADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICE 51
6.4. PRACTICE FROM PRIVATE DISPUTE-SOLVING BOARDS 52
6.5. OMBUDSMAN S PRACTICE 52
7. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 52
7.1. GENERAL ON THE CONCEPT OF CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 52
7.2. THE POSSIBLE IMPORTANCE OF LAW AND ECONOMICS 53
8. LEGISLATIVE INTERPRETATION 54
8.1. THE NEED TO INTERPRET LEGISLATION AND THE BASIS OF INTERPRETATION
54
8.2. AIDS TO INTERPRETATION 56
8.2.1. INTRODUCTION 56
8.2.2. LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS 56
8.2.3. THE IMPORTANCE OF TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 57
8.2.4. THE OBJECT OF A LEGISLATIVE MEASURE 58
8.3. WHEN STATUTORY PROVISIONS ARE CONTRADICTORY 58
8.4. VARIOUS TYPES OF INTERPRETATION RESULTS 59
8.4.1. INTRODUCTION 59
8.4.2. NARROW INTERPRETATION 59
8.4.3. WIDE INTERPRETATION 60
8.4.4. CONTRARY INFERENCE 60
CHAPTER 3. EU LAW AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL SOURCE OF LAW FACTORS 61
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. THE EU LAW. CHARACTER OF LEGAL BASIS 61
2. SOME FUNDAMENTAL EU LAW PRINCIPLES 64
3. THE CENTRAL EU INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR COMPETENCE 65
3.1. THE COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS: GENERAL 65
3.2. THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL 65
3.3. THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 66
3.4. THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 66
3.5. THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 68
3.6. THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE 68
4. EU LAW AS A SOURCE OF LAW FACTOR 69
4.1. INTRODUCTION 69
4.2. WRITTEN SOURCES 70
4.2.1. THE TREATY 70
4.2.2. REGULATIONS 70
4.2.3. DIRECTIVES 71
4.2.4. DECISIONS 72
4.2.5. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OPINIONS 72
4.2.6. OTHER TYPES 72
4.2.7. THE HIERARCHY OF RULES. THE LANGUAGE 73
4.3. UNWRITTEN SOURCES 73
4.3.1. DECISIONS BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE 73
4.3.2. OTHER UNWRITTEN SOURCE OF LAW FACTORS 74
4.4. INTERPRETATION OF EU LAW 74
4.5. REFERENCE PLACES FOR EU LAW 75
4.6. THE SUPREMACY OF COMMUNITY LAW AND DIRECT EFFECT 76
4.6.1. THE CONCEPTS OF DIRECT APPLICABILITY
AND DIRECT EFFECT 76
4.6.2. WHICH EU RULES ARE DIRECTLY APPLICABLE? 76
4.6.3. WHICH PARTS OF COMMUNITY LAW HAVE DIRECT EFFECTS? . 77
4.6.4. SUPREMACY OF EU LAW 78
4.6.5. THE DUTY TO APPLY EU INTERPRETATIONAL PRACTICE
TO NATIONAL LAW INTERPRETATION 79
5. COOPERATION OUTSIDE THE EU SCOPE 79
6. OTHER INTERNATIONAL SOURCE OF LAW FACTORS 80
6.1. INTRODUCTION 80
6.2. ORDINARY PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 80
6.2.1. SUBJECT MATTER AND CHARACTER OF ORDINARY PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW 80
6.2.2. THE INCORPORATION OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL RULES
IN DANISH LAW 82
6.2.3. SOURCE OF LAW IMPORTANCE OF NON-INCORPORATED
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 82
6.2.4. OTHER CONFLICTS BETWEEN PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
AND NATIONAL LAW 83
6.2.5. INTERPRETATION OF RULES OF A PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
BACKGROUND 84
6.3. INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMS 84
6.4. OTHER INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS 86
6.4.1. FOREIGN COURT DECISIONS 86
6.4.2. NORDIC LEGISLATIVE COOPERATION 86
6. 5. REFERENCE PLACES FOR INTERNATIONAL SOURCE OF LAW FACTORS 86
CHAPTER 4. SURVEY OF THE DANISH COURT SYSTEM 89
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. INTRODUCTION 89
2. ORGANISATION OF THE COURTS 89
3. PROCEDURE IN CIVIL CASES 91
3.1. PARTIES AND THEIR CLAIMS 91
3.2. PROCEDURAL PRINCIPLES 91
3.3. THE QUESTION OF VENUE 92
3.4. PROCEDURAL STEPS IN FIRST INSTANCE CASES 93
4. APPEALS 94
5. LEGAL ASSISTANCE AND LEGAL AID (COURT REPRESENTATION) 95
6. ARBITRATION 97
7. COMPLAINTS BOARDS HEARINGS OF CONSUMER CASES 98
CHAPTER 5. COMPENSATION IN TORT LAW 101
BY BENT IVERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 101
2. TORT DAMAGES 102
2.1. THE BASIS OF LIABILITY 103
.1. FAULT LIABILITY (CULPA LIABILITY) 103
.2. VICARIOUS LIABILITY 104
.3. STRICT LIABILITY 106
.4. PRESUMPTION LIABILITY 109
.5. CHILDREN S LIABILITY AND MENTALLY DISORDERED PERSONS
LIABILITY 109
2.1.6. OBJECTIVE DEFENCES 110
2.2. THE INJURED PARTY S LOSS 110
2.2.1. WHICH LOSSES WILL BE RECOVERED? 110
2.2.2. LIMITATION OF PLAINTIFF GROUP ILL
2.2.3. MAY THE INJURED PARTY RECOVER BOTH FROM
THE INSURANCE COMPANY AND FROM THE TORTFEASOR? ILL
2.3. CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE FROM INJURED PARTY 113
2.4. JOINT TORTFEASORS 113
3. PRODUCT LIABILITY 114
3.1. THE PRODUCT LIABILITY DEVELOPED IN CASE LAW 115
3.2. THE PRODUCT LIABILITY ACT 116
3.2.1. THE CONCEPT OF DAMAGE 116
3.2.2. THE CONCEPT OF PRODUCT 117
3.2.3. THE CONCEPTS OF PRODUCER AND INTERMEDIARY 117
3.2.4. THE CONCEPT OF DEFECT 117
3.2.5. THE LIABILITY 118
3.2.5.1. PRODUCER S LIABILITY 118
3.2.5.2. INTERMEDIARIES LIABILITY 119
3.2.6. JOINT LIABILITY AND RECOURSE 119
3.2.7. LIMITATION 120
3.2.8. THE CHOICE OF LAW ISSUE 120
CHAPTER 6. INSURANCE 121
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 121
2. WHAT IS INSURANCE? 121
3. VARIOUS TYPES OF INSURANCE - TERMINOLOGY OF THE INSURANCE
CONTRACTS ACT 122
4. THE CONTRACT OF INSURANCE 122
5. THE DUTIES OF THE PARTIES 123
5.1. THE DUTIES OF THE COMPANY 123
5.2. THE DUTIES OF THE INSURED AND OF THE BENEFICIARY 123
5.2.1. THE DUTY TO PAY PREMIUMS 123
5.2.2. THE DUTY OF DISCLOSURE AT THE TAKING OUT OF INSURANCE 124
5.2.3. DUTY TO DISCLOSE INCREASED RISKS 125
5.2.4. THE DUTY TO OBSERVE SAFETY REGULATIONS 126
5.2.5. THE DUTY TO REFRAIN FROM CAUSING THE OCCURRENCE
OF THE INSURED EVENT 126
5.2.6. THE DUTY TO MITIGATE THE LOSS/AVERT THE DAMAGE 127
5.2.7. THE DUTY TO NOTIFY THE INSURED EVENT 127
6. THE INSURANCE COMPENSATION 128
6.1. THE MEASURE OF INSURANCE COMPENSATION 129
6.1.1. TOTAL LOSS 129
6.1.2. PARTIAL LOSS 130
6.2. OVER-INSURANCE 130
6.3. UNDERINSURANCE 130
6.4. DOUBLE INSURANCE 130
6.5. OWN RISK 131
7. SPECIAL RULES IN RESPECT OF LIFE ASSURANCE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE 131
8. CHOICE OF LAW ISSUES 132
CHAPTER 7. FORMATION OF CONTRACT ETC 133
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. INTRODUCTION 133
2. FURTHER TO THE CONCLUSION OF THE CONTRACT 137
2.1. THE MODEL OF THE CONTRACTS ACT FOR FORMATION OF CONTRACT 137
2.1.1. OFFER 137
2.1.2. ACCEPTANCE 138
2.1.2.1. WHAT IS AN ACCEPTANCE? 138
2.1.2.2. THE PERIOD FOR ACCEPTANCE 138
2.1.3. DELAYED ACCEPTANCE 140
2.1.2.4. REJECTION OF OFFER 140
2.1.2.5. NON-CONFORMING ACCEPTANCE 140
2.1.2.6. WHO IS CONTRACT PARTNER? 141
2.2. FORMATION OF CONTRACT PATTERNS OTHER THAN THAT OF THE
CONTRACTS ACT 141
2.2.1. STANDARD CONTRACTS - THE ADOPTION PROBLEM 142
2.2.2. QUASI CONTRACT 144
2.2.3. WILL A PARTY BE BOUND BY PASSIVITY? 144
2.2.4. EDI 145
2.3. FORMATION OF CONTRACT ON AN INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 146
2.3.1. INTRODUCTION 146
2.3.2. DISPUTE SOLVING THROUGH CONVENTIONS 147
2.3.3. SOLUTIONS VIA CHOICE OF LAW 149
2.4. THE RIGHT TO WITHDRAW IN VALID CONTRACTS 149
3. INTERPRETATION AND GAP-FILLING IN CONTRACT 150
3.1. INTERPRETATION 151
3.1.1. INTERPRETATION ELEMENTS 151
3.1.2. PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETATION 152
3.2. GAP-FILLING 153
4. INVALIDITY OF CONTRACT (PROMISES) 153
4.1. INTRODUCTION 153
4.2. OPERATIVE AND NON-OPERATIVE AVOIDANCE FACTORS 155
4.3. FORGERY AND FRAUD 155
4.4. INCAPACITY 156
4.5. MENTAL INCAPACITY - UNSOUNDNESS OF MIND 158
4.6. DURESS 158
4.6.1. DURESS WITH PHYSICAL, OR THREATENED PHYSICAL VIOLENCE
AND MECHANICAL DURESS 158
4.6.2. OTHER CONSTRAINT 158
4.7. FRAUD 159
4.8. UNDUE INFLUENCE 159
4.9. DISAGREEMENT BETWEEN THE WILL OF PROMISOR
AND THE DECLARATION GIVEN 160
4.9.1. THE RULE INS. 32(1) OF THE CONTRACTS ACT 160
4.9.2. THE RULE IN S. 32(2) OF THE CONTRACTS ACT 160
4.9.3. PRO FORMA PROMISES - CONTRACTS ACT S. 34 161
4.10. BREACH OF BASIC ASSUMPTIONS - THE GENERAL CLAUSE IN
S. 36 OF THE CONTRACTS ACT 161
4.10.1. THE CONTRACTS ACT S. 33 161
4.10.2. S. 36 OF THE CONTRACTS ACT
- THE GENERAL CLAUSE OF CONTRACT LAW 162
4.10.3. THE PRESUMPTION PRINCIPLE 163
4.11. INVALIDITY FOR CONTRACT CONTENTS - SPECIAL NOTE ON THE SETTING
ASIDE OF STANDARD TERMS 164
4.12. COMPETITION CLAUSES 165
4.13. LEGAL EFFECTS OF THE INVALIDITY 165
4.14. THE CONSUMER CONTRACTS ACT 166
5. THIRD PARTY PROMISES 168
6. FORMATION OF CONTRACT VIA AGENTS 168
10
6.1. INTRODUCTION 168
6.2. AGENCY - GENERAL 169
6.2.1. AGENCY WITHOUT SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION 170
6.2.2. AGENCY OF SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION 170
6.2.3. THE AGENT S SCOPE OF AUTHORITY 171
6.2.3.1. AGENCY WITHOUT SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION 172
6.2.3.2. AGENCY OF SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION 172
6.2.4. REVOCATION OF AUTHORITY 173
6.2.5. THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGENT AND THIRD PARTY 173
6.2.6. THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRINCIPAL AND AGENT... 173
6.3. FACTORS 173
6.3.1. THE LEGAL POSITION TOWARDS THIRD PARTIES 174
6.3.1.1. WHO BECOMES LIABLE TOWARDS THIRD PARTIES? 174
6.3.1.2. THE PROPERTY IN GOODS IN THE FACTOR S POSSESSION 174
6.3.1.3. THE PROPERTY IN THE CLAIM AGAINST THE THIRD PARTY 175
6.3.1.4. THE PROPERTY IN THE MONEY PAID BY THE THIRD PARTY .... 175
6.3.1.5. THE FACTOR S UNAUTHORIZED RESALE
OF THE PRINCIPAL S GOODS 175
6.3.2. THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPAL
AND THE FACTOR 176
6.4. COMMERCIAL AGENTS 177
6.4.1. INTRODUCTION 177
6.4.2. WILL A COMMERCIAL AGENT HAVE AUTHORITY? 178
6.4.3. THE PARTIES DUTY OF FIDELITY 179
6.4.4. THE COMMERCIAL AGENT S RIGHT TO COMMISSION 179
6.4.5. COMPETITION CLAUSES 179
6.4.6. TERMINATION OF THE AGENCY CONTRACT 180
6.4.7. HOW FAR MAY THE RULES OF THE COMMERCIAL AGENTS
ACT BE DEVIATED FROM? 180
6.4.8. THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COMMERCIAL AGENT
AND THE THIRD PARTY 181
6.5. COMMERCIAL TRAVELLERS 181
6.6. OTHER INTERMEDIARIES 181
CHAPTER 8. SALE OF GOODS 183
BY BENT IVERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 183
1.1. THE RULES ON SALE 183
1.2. THE SALE OF GOODS ACT 184
1.2.1. NON-MANDATORY AND MANDATORY RULES 184
1.2.2. SALE OF SPECIFIC GOODS AND GENERIC GOODS 185
11
1.2.3. CONTRACTS FOR THE SUPPLY OF GOODS TO BE PRODUCED
OR MANUFACTURED UPON SPECIFICATION 186
1.2.4. COMMERCIAL SALE AND OTHER SALE 186
2. DUTIES OF THE PARTIES 187
2.1. DUTIES OF THE SELLER (DELIVERY) 187
2.1.1. PLACE OF DELIVERY 187
2.1.2. TRANSPORT TERMS 189
2.1.3. TIME OF DELIVERY 191
2.1.4. THE SELLER S PERFORMANCE 191
2.1.5. PASSING OF RISK 192
2.2. DUTIES OF THE BUYER 195
2.3. TEMPORAL CONTEXT BETWEEN THE DUTIES OF THE PARTIES 195
2.3.1. CASH SALES 195
2.3.2. SPECIAL NOTE ON DOCUMENTARY CREDITS 197
3. SELLER S BREACH 198
3.1. DELAY 199
3.1.1. AFFIRMING THE CONTRACT 199
3.1.2. AVOIDING THE CONTRACT OF SALE 199
3.1.3. THE REMEDY OF DAMAGES 201
3.1.4. THE BUYER S DUTY TO GIVE NOTICE 202
3.2. DEFECTS 203
3.2.1. PROPORTIONATE PRICE REDUCTION 205
3.2.2. THE REMEDY OF AVOIDING THE SALE 206
3.2.3. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM NON-DEFECTIVE PERFORMANCE 206
3.2.4. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM DAMAGES 207
3.2.5. THE SELLER S RIGHT TO CURE A DEFECT 208
3.2.6. NOTICE REQUIREMENTS 209
3.3. DEFECTIVE TITLE 211
4. BUYER S BREACH 211
4.1. DELAY 211
4.1.1. THE REMEDY OF AFFIRMING THE SALE 212
4.1.2. THE REMEDY OF CANCELLING THE CONTRACT OF SALE 212
4.1.3. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM DAMAGES 213
4.2. BUYER S INABILITY TO PAY 213
4.2.1. RIGHT OF STOPPAGE 214
4.2.2. ANTICIPATORY LIEN 215
4.2.3. RETAINING POSSESSION 215
4.2.4. NOTICE REQUIREMENTS 215
5. CLAIMANT S NON-PERFORMANCE 216
5.1. CLAIMANT S NON-PERFORMANCE BY SELLER 216
5.2. CLAIMANT S NON-PERFORMANCE BY BUYER 216
6. SPECIAL NOTE ON AVOIDANCE 218
12
7. THE PASSING OF PROPERTY 219
7.1. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BUYER AND THE SELLER S CREDITORS . 219
7.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SELLER AND THE BUYER S CREDITORS . 220
7.2.1. CASH SALES 221
7.2.2. SALES WITH RESERVATION OF TITLE 221
7.2.3. CONSIGNMENT 222
8. RESTITUTION IN SALE OF GOODS 222
8.1. WHERE POSSESSION IS NOT BASED ON CONTRACT 222
8.1.1. THEFT 222
8.1.2. LOST PROPERTY 222
8.2. WHERE POSSESSION IS BASED ON A VOID OR VOIDABLE CONTRACT
RELATIONSHIP 223
8.2.1. OPERATIVE INVALIDITY FACTORS 223
8.2.2. NON-OPERATIVE INVALIDITY FACTORS 223
8.2.3. AGENCY 223
8.2.4. INVALIDATION IN BANKRUPTCY 223
8.3. WHERE POSSESSION IS BASED ON A VALID CONTRACT WITH CONDITIONAL
OR UNCONDITIONAL DUTY TO RETURN 223
8.3.1. BAILMENT 223
8.3.2. PLEDGE 223
8.3.3. FACTORING 223
8.3.4. RESERVATION OF TITLE 224
8.3.5. CASH SALES 224
9.4. DOUBLE TRANSFER 224
CHAPTER 9. INTERNATIONAL SALES 225
BY BENT IVERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 225
2. SPHERE OF APPLICATION ETC. OF THE CONVENTION 226
3. PART III OF THE CISG CONVENTION: SALE OF GOODS 228
3.1. GENERAL PROVISIONS 228
3.2. THE SELLER S OBLIGATIONS 229
3.2.1. DELIVERY OF THE GOODS AND HANDING OVER
OF DOCUMENTS 229
3.2.2. DEFECTS AND THIRD PARTY CLAIMS 230
4. THE BUYER S REMEDIES IN THE EVENT OF THE SELLER S BREACH OF CONTRACT
.. 232
4.1. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE 232
4.2. THE RIGHT TO AVOID THE CONTRACT OF SALE 234
4.3. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM DAMAGES 234
5. OBLIGATIONS OF THE BUYER 234
5.1. PAYMENT OF THE PURCHASE PRICE 234
5.2. TAKING DELIVERY 235
13
6. THE SELLER S REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT BY THE BUYER 236
6.1. THE RIGHT TO AFFIRM THE CONTRACT 236
6.2. THE RIGHT TO AVOID THE CONTRACT 236
7. PASSING OF RISK 237
8. COMMON RULES ON THE SELLER S AND THE BUYER S OBLIGATIONS 238
8.1. ANTICIPATORY BREACH AND INSTALMENT CONTRACTS 238
8.2. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM DAMAGES 240
8.3. INTEREST 241
8.4. EXEMPTION FROM LIABILITY 241
8.5. EFFECTS OF AVOIDANCE OF THE CONTRACT 242
8.6. THE PRESERVATION DUTY OF THE PARTIES 244
9. DOCUMENTARY CREDIT 245
9.1. THE CONCEPT 245
9.2. VARIOUS TYPES OF DOCUMENTARY CREDIT 247
9.2.1. REVOCABLE V. IRREVOCABLE CREDITS 247
9.2.2. CONFIRMED V. UNCONFIRMED CREDITS 247
9.2.3. PAYMENT DOCUMENTARY CREDIT V. NEGOTIATION CREDIT 248
9.2.4. SIGHT V. LONG-TERM CREDITS 248
9.3. THE CREDIT DOCUMENTS 248
10. EXPORT CREDIT SCHEMES 250
LL.INCOTERMS 252
11.1. INTRODUCTION 252
11.2. THE STRUCTURE OF INCOTERMS 252
11.2.1. E-TERMS 253
11.2.2. F-TERMS 254
11.2.3. C-TERMS 255
11.2.4. D-TERMS 256
12.THE CARRIER S LIABILITY 258
13. INSURANCE OF GOODS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 261
13.1. CHOICE OF INSURANCE FORM 261
13.2. INSURANCE TERMS 262
CHAPTER 10. CREDIT AGREEMENTS 263
BY BENT IVERSEN
1. THE CREDIT AGREEMENTS ACT 263
1.1. VALIDITY OF THE RESERVATION OF TITLE 264
1.2. SATISFACTION OF THE CREDITOR 266
1.3. REQUIREMENTS FOR RECOVERY 266
1.4. COMPUTATION OF THE CLAIM 266
1.5. EVALUATION OF THE GOODS SOLD 267
1.6. THE CONSUMER S REDEMPTION AND EXEMPTION RIGHTS 268
1.7. RECOVERY PROCEEDINGS 268
14
2. COMMERCIAL SALE 269
2.1. COMMON RULES: THE CREDIT AGREEMENTS ACT S. 49 269
2.2. SPECIAL NOTE ON RESERVATION OF TITLE 269
2.3. SPECIAL NOTE ON S. 2 OF THE CREDIT AGREEMENTS ACT
AND,CREDIT CONSIGNMENT 270
CHAPTER 11. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 273
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. INTRODUCTION 273
2. COPYRIGHT 275
2.1. WHAT QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 275
2.2. SUBSISTENCE OF COPYRIGHT 276
2.3. WHO QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 277
2.4. COPYRIGHT POWERS 278
2.4.1. GENERAL SUBSTANCE OF THE COPYRIGHT 278
2.4.2. EXHAUSTION OF COPYRIGHT 279
2.4.3. SPECIAL NOTE ON THE RIGHT OF PERFORMANCE 281
2.4.4. SPECIAL NOTE ON MORAL RIGHTS 282
2.5. OTHER LIMITATIONS OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT 282
2.5.1. THE COPYING RIGHT 283
2.5.2. THE RIGHT TO QUOTE 285
2.5.3. OTHER LIMITATIONS 286
2.6. INFRINGEMENT OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT BY COPYING 286
2.7. DURATION OF COPYRIGHT 287
2.8. RELATED RIGHTS 287
3. PATENTS 288
3.1. WHAT QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 288
3.1.1. THE INVENTION CONCEPT 288
3.1.2. EXEMPT AREAS 289
3.1.3. THE REQUIREMENTS OF NOVELTY AND INVENTIVE STEP 290
3.2. ACQUISITION OF RIGHT 291
3.3. WHO QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 291
3.4. PATENT RIGHTS 292
3.5. SPECIAL LIMITATIONS OF PATENTS 293
3.6. DURATION OF PATENTS 294
3.7. REVOCATION OF PATENTS 294
3.8. TRANSBOUNDARY PATENTS 295
4. UTILITY MODELS 296
4.1. THE CONCEPT 296
4.2. ACQUISITION OF RIGHT 296
5.3. SCOPE OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT 297
4.4. DURATION OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT 297
15
5. DESIGN 298
5.1. WHAT QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 298
5.1.1. THE DESIGN CONCEPT 298
5.1.2. EXEMPT AREAS 299
5.1.3. THE FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN PROTECTION 299
5.2. ACQUISITION OF RIGHT 300
5.3. SCOPE OF EXCLUSIVE RIGHT 301
5.4. DURATION OF PROTECTION 301
5.5. EU DESIGN AND INTERNATIONAL DESIGN 302
6. SEMICONDUCTORS 302
7. TRADE MARKS 303
7.1. WHAT QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 303
7.1.1. THE TRADE MARK CONCEPT 303
7.1.2. THE DISTINCTIVE MARK REQUIREMENT, ETC 304
7.2. ACQUISITION OF RIGHT 304
7.3. WHO QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 305
7.4. TRADE MARK RIGHTS 306
7.5. SPECIAL LIMITATIONS OF TRADE MARK RIGHTS 307
7.6. INFRINGEMENT OF TRADE MARK RIGHTS 308
7.7. DURATION 308
7.8. DETAILS ON EU TRADE MARKS, ETC 309
7.9. SPECIAL NOTE ON DOMAIN NAMES 310
8. SPECIAL NOTE ON KNOW-HOW 313
9. REMEDIES FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INFRINGEMENT 314
CHAPTER 12. MARKETING AND COMPETITION LAW 317
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. INTRODUCTION 317
2. THE MARKETING PRACTICES ACT 318
2.1. SCOPE OF THE ACT 318
2.2. THE CONSUMER OMBUDSMAN 319
2.3. THE GENERAL CLAUSE. GENERAL PROVISIONS 320
2.4. THE GENERAL CLAUSE. APPLICATION IN PRACTICE 322
2.4.1. DISLOYAL MARKET DISPLACEMENT 322
2.4.2. INDECENT, ETC. MARKETING MEANS 323
2.4.3. PYRAMID SELLING, ETC 324
2.4.4. UNFAIR CONTRACT TERMS 324
2.4.5. HIDDEN ADVERTISING 325
2.5. MISLEADING, ETC 326
2.6. DUTY TO PROVIDE DIRECTIONS FOR USE ETC 328
2.7. WARRANTIES 329
2.8. BUSINESS DISTINGUISHING FEATURES 330
16
2.9. TRADE SECRETS 331
2.10. MARKETING PROHIBITION 332
2.10.1. PREMIUMS 332
2.10.2. QUANTITY AND CUSTOMER RESTRICTIONS 334
2.10.3. TRADE STAMPS, ETC 335
2.10.4. LOTTERIES AND PRIZE COMPETITIONS 335
2.10.5. DIRECT MARKETING 336
2.11. LABELLING AND PACKAGING REGULATIONS 337
2.12. SPECIAL NOTE ON E-TRADE 338
2.12.1. APPLICATION AREA 338
2.12.2. THE MARKETING PRACTICES REQUIREMENTS POSED
TO THE SUPPLIER 340
2.12.3. OTHER RULES 342
2.13. ENFORCEMENT 343
2.13.1. SANCTIONS 343
2.12.2. INJUNCTIONS AND ORDERS 343
2.13.3. DAMAGES. INVALIDITY. REMEDIES FOR BREACH
OF CONTRACT 345
3. THE COMPETITION ACT 346
3.1. INTRODUCTION. PURPOSE OF THE ACT 346
3.2. SCOPE OF THE ACT 348
3.2.1. PRINCIPAL RULE ON ACTIVITIES COVERED 348
3.2.2. EXEMPTION IN RESPECT OF CERTAIN EFFECTS OF PUBLIC
REGULATION 349
3.2.3. EXEMPTION IN RESPECT OF PAY AND WORKING CONDITIONS 350
3.2.4. DELIMITATION AS TOWARDS EU LAW 350
3.2.5. SPECIAL NOTE ON CORPORATE GROUPS 352
3.3. ADMINISTRATION OF THE ACT 353
3.3.1. THE COMPETITION COUNCIL AND THE
COMPETITION AGENCY 353
3.3.2. APPEALS RULES AND JUDICIAL REVIEW 354
3.4. GENERAL MEANING AND CHARACTER OF THE DELIMITATION OF MARKETS 355
3.5. PROHIBITION OF ANTI-COMPETITIVE AGREEMENTS, ETC 357
3.5.1. THE PRINCIPAL RULE CONTAINED IN S. 6 357
3.5.1.1. DEFINITION OF AGREEMENT, ETC 358
3.5.1.2. THE RESTRICTION-OF-COMPETITION REQUIREMENT 359
3.5.1.3. EXAMPLES OF PROHIBITED AGREEMENTS/TERMS 359
3.5.1.4. ORDERS 361
3.5.1.5. VITIATING FACTORS 362
3.5.2. THE LOWER THRESHOLDS CONTAINED IN S. 7 362
3.5.2.1. THE EXCLUSIONS INS. 7(1) 362
3.5.2.2. THE MODIFICATION IN S. 7(2) 364
17
3.5.3. POSSIBLE EXEMPTIONS UNDER SS. 8 AND 10 364
3.5.3.1. INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION UNDER S. 8 364
3.5.3.2. GROUP EXEMPTION UNDER S. 10 367
3.5.4. NEGATIVE CLEARANCE UNDER S. 9 367
3.5.5. THE PRACTICAL ROUTE THROUGH THE SYSTEM 368
3.6. PROHIBITION OF ABUSE OF DOMINANT POSITION 369
3.6.1. WHAT IS DOMINANT POSITION ? 369
3.6.2. WHEN IS A DOMINANT POSITION ABUSED ? 370
3.6.2.1. THE GENERAL SUBSTANCE OF THE CONCEPT OF ABUSE 370
3.6.2.2. EXAMPLES OF ABUSE 370
3.6.3. ORDERS. NEGATIVE CLEARANCE 371
3.7. ANTI-COMPETITIVE SUBSIDIES 372
3.8. SPECIAL NOTE ON MERGERS . 373
3.9. ENFORCEMENT 375
3.9.1. ORDERS 375
3.9.2. DEFAULT FINES 375
3.9.3. CRIMINAL SANCTIONS 375
3.9.4. DAMAGES 375
4. THE EU COMPETITION RULES IN BRIEF 376
CHAPTER 13. BASIC ELEMENTS OF FINANCING LAW 379
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. SOURCES OF FINANCE 379
2. THE LAW ON CLAIMS 380
3. INDIVIDUAL ENFORCEMENT AND COLLECTIVE ENFORCEMENT 381
4. LIABILITY OF SEVERAL DEBTORS 382
5. SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPS AND COMPANIES 383
6. SECURITY OF CREDIT 385
7. CONSTITUTIVE ACTS 385
8. TOTAL INDEBTEDNESS CLAUSE 386
CHAPTER 14. MONEY CLAIMS - CONTENTS, TERMINATION,
AND ENFORCEMENT 387
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 387
2. CONTENTS 388
2.1. THE DEBTOR S OBLIGATIONS 388
2.1.1. MEANS OF PAYMENT: LEGAL TENDER 388
2.1.2. TIME OF PAYMENT 388
2.1.3. PLACE OF PAYMENT 389
2.1.4. INTEREST 390
2.2. BREACH 390
18
2.2.1. THE CREDITOR S RIGHT TO CLAIM PREMATURE PAYMENT 390
2.2.2. DAMAGES 391
2.3. CLAIMANT S NON-PERFORMANCE 392
3. TERMINATION BY MEANS OTHER THAN PAYMENT 393
3.1. WAIVER 393
3.2. SET-OFF 393
3.2.1. EQUALIZATION CAPABILITY 394
3.2.2. MATURITY 394
3.2.3. MUTUALITY 394
3.2.4. EXCLUSION OF SET-OFF 395
3.3. LIMITATION 395
3.3.1. DANISH CODE 5-14-4 396
3.3.2. THE LIMITATION ACT 397
3.3.3. OTHER LIMITATION RULES 398
3.4. BARRING OF CLAIMS UPON PRECLUSIVE NOTICE 398
4. ENFORCEMENT 399
4.1. EXECUTION BASIS 399
4.2. THE PROCEDURE 399
4.3. THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF EXECUTION 400
4.4. LEGAL EFFECTS OF THE EXECUTION 400
4.5. COMPULSORY SALE 401
CHAPTER 15. TRANSFER OF CLAIMS 403
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 403
2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ASSIGNOR AND ASSIGNEE 403
3. ORDINARY CLAIMS 404
3.1. THE DEBTOR S DEFENCES 404
3.2. APPARENT PAYEE AUTHORITY 405
3.3. TRANSFER PROTECTION 406
3.4. INVOICE AND CONTRACTS DISCOUNTING 406
4. NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS 407
4.1. THE CONCEPT 407
4.2. THE DOCUMENT AS REPRESENTING THE CLAIM 408
4.3. LAPSE OF RIGHTS 409
4.4. LAPSE OF DEFENCES 409
4.5. RULES OF APPARENT AUTHORITY 410
4.6. TRANSFER PROTECTION 411
5. REGISTERED (ELECTRONIC) SECURITIES 411
5.1. THE REGISTRATION SYSTEM 412
5.2. LEGAL EFFECTS OF REGISTRATION 412
5.2.1. TRANSFER PROTECTION 412
19
5.2.2. LAPSE OF RIGHTS 413
5.2.3. LAPSE OF DEFENCES 413
5.2.4. AUTHORITY 413
5.2.5. LIABILITY IN DAMAGES 413
6. CHEQUES AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE 414
6.1. CONCEPTS, TERMINOLOGY AND APPLICATION 414
6.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRAWER AND PAYEE 416
6.3. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRAWER AND DRAWEE 416
6.4. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PAYEE AND DRAWEE 417
6.5. THE OBLIGATION IN CHEQUES AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE 418
6.6. TRANSFER OF CHEQUES AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE 418
6.6.1. THE NEGOTIABILITY BASIS 418
6.6.2. APPARENT AUTHORITY 418
6.6.3. LAPSE OF RIGHTS 419
6.6.4. LAPSE OF DEFENCES 420
6.6.5. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAPSE OF RIGHTS
AND LAPSE OF DEFENCES 420
6.7. RECOURSE AND PROTEST 421
CHAPTER 16. REAL ESTATE - SALE AND MORTGAGE 423
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 423
2. THE REGISTRATION SYSTEM 424
2.1. SOURCES OF LAW 424
2.2. THE FORMAL RULES ON REGISTRATION 424
2.2.1. REGISTRATION AUTHORITY 424
2.2.2. REGISTRATION BASIS 424
2.2.3. THE REGISTER AND THE FILES 425
2.2.4. REGISTRATION PROCESS 425
2.3. THE LEGAL EFFECTS OF REGISTRATION 427
2.3.1. THE REGISTRATION OF PROPERTY ACT S. 1 427
2.3.2. THE REGISTRATION OF PROPERTY ACT S. 27 429
3. CONVEYANCING OF REAL PROPERTY 430
3.1. SOURCES OF LAW 430
3.2. CONCLUSION OF THE CONTRACT 431
3.3. REAL ESTATE INTERMEDIARY BUSINESS 431
3.4. DEED OF CONVEYANCE - CONDITIONAL OR UNCONDITIONAL
(CONCLUSIVE) 431
3.5. THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES 432
3.5.1. THE VENDOR S OBLIGATIONS 432
3.5.2. THE PURCHASER S OBLIGATIONS 433
4. MORTGAGE RIGHTS OVER REAL PROPERTY 434
20
4.1. FUNCTION 434
4.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORTGAGOR AND MORTGAGEE 434
4.3. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUCCESSIVELY CREATED
MORTGAGE RIGHTS 437
4.4. ADVANCEMENT RIGHT 438
4.5. THE EXTENT OF THE MORTGAGE RIGHT 439
CHAPTER 17. SECURITY RIGHTS OVER CHATTEB 441
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 441
2. PLEDGE 441
2.1. CONCEPT 441
2.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLEDGOR AND PLEDGEE 442
2.3. CONSTITUTIVE ACT 442
2.4. APPLICATION 443
3. MORTGAGE 443
3.1. SOURCES OF LAW 443
3.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORTGAGOR AND MORTGAGEE 444
3.3. THE REGISTRATION PROCESS 445
3.4. IDENTIFICATION 446
3.5. LEGAL EFFECTS OF REGISTRATION 446
3.6. THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF A REGISTERED MORTGAGE RIGHT 447
4. EQUIPMENT MORTGAGE RIGHTS 447
4.1. CHARACTERISTICS 447
4.2. REQUIREMENTS OF LOCALISATION 448
4.3. THE EXTENT AND SUBSTANCE OF THE MORTGAGE RIGHT IN EQUIPMENT. 449
4.4. THE AGRICULTURAL HOLDING RULE 449
4.5. MORTGAGE RIGHTS OVER EQUIPMENT V. SEPARATE RIGHTS 450
5. RETENTION OF TITLE 451
6. LEASING 452
CHAPTER 18. GUARANTEE 453
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. THE CONCEPT OF GUARANTEE 453
2. ESTABLISHMENT 454
3. REALITY OF THE GUARANTEE PROMISE 455
3.1. VALIDITY OF THE PRINCIPAL OBLIGATION 455
3.2. THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF COMMITMENT 455
3.3. VARIOUS TYPES OF GUARANTEE 455
4. TERMINATION 456
4.1. TERMINATION IN CONNECTION WITH THE PRINCIPAL OBLIGATION 456
4.2. INDEPENDENT TERMINATION OF THE GUARANTEE OBLIGATION 456
21
5. RIGHT OF RECOURSE 457
6. JOINT GUARANTORS 457
6.1. CO-GUARANTEE 457
6.2. SECONDARY GUARANTEE 458
CHAPTER 19. BUSINESS COLLAPSE - LIQUIDATION OR RECONSTRUCTION 459
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 459
2. DATE OF NOTICE 460
3. BANKRUPTCY 461
3.1. PURPOSE AND MAIN PRINCIPLES 461
3.2. THE BANKRUPTCY REQUIREMENTS 462
3.2.1. INSOLVENCY 462
3.2.2. BANKRUPTCY ON A CREDITOR S PETITION 462
3.2.3. BANKRUPTCY ON DEBTOR S PETITION 463
3.3. LEGAL EFFECTS OF BANKRUPTCY 463
3.4. THE ASSETS IN THE BANKRUPT ESTATE 464
3.4.1. THE DEBTOR S PROPERTY AT THE MOMENT OF BANKRUPTCY . 464
3.4.2. DEBTOR S ACQUISITIONS DURING THE BANKRUPTCY 464
3.4.3. ASSETS EXEMPT FROM BANKRUPTCY 465
3.5. INVALIDATION 465
3.5.1. APPLICATION AND FUNCTION 465
3.5.2. INVALIDATION OF CREDITOR PREFERENCES 466
3.5.3. INVALIDATION OF EXECUTION 468
3.5.4. INVALIDATION OF IMPAIRING DISPOSITIONS 468
3.6. PRIORITY OF DEBTS - THE LIABILITIES OF THE ESTATE 470
3.6.1. PREFERENTIAL CLAIMS 470
3.6.2. SUSPENSION OF PAYMENTS CLAIMS 470
3.6.3. WAGE AND SALARY PRIVILEGE 470
3.6.4. SUPPLIERS PRIVILEGE 471
3.6.5. THE ORDINARY CREDITORS 471
3.6.6. THE DEFERRED CLAIMS 471
3.7. THE LEGAL POSITION OF MORTGAGEES 471
3.8. THE ADMINISTRATION AND CONCLUSION OF THE BANKRUPT ESTATE 472
4. COMPULSORY COMPOSITION 473
4.1. VOLUNTARY COMPOSITION OR COMPULSORY COMPOSITION 473
4.2. THE COMPULSORY COMPOSITION PROCESS 473
4.3. TYPES OF COMPULSORY COMPOSITION 474
4.4. THE CLAIMS IN COMPULSORY COMPOSITION 475
4.4.1. THE NON-AFFECTED CLAIMS 475
4.4.2. THE COMPOSITION CLAIMS 476
4.4.3. THE ELIMINATED CLAIMS 476
22
4.4.4. THE PARI PASSU PRINCIPLE 476
4.4.5. MINIMUM DIVIDEND 476
4.4.6. THE LEGAL POSITION OF MORTGAGEES 477
4.5. LEGAL EFFECTS OF THE COMPULSORY COMPOSITION 477
5. DEBT RESCHEDULING 477
CHAPTER 20. THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYERS
AND EMPLOYEES 479
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. THE EMPLOYMENT LAW AND ITS SOURCES 479
2. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS LAW 480
2.1. THE LEGAL BASIS 480
2.2. RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES 481
2.2.1. THE LAWFUL MEANS IN INDUSTRIAL CONFLICTS 481
2.2.2. LEGAL DISPUTES AND CONFLICTS OF INTEREST 482
2.2.3. RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTS UNDER PREVAILING COLLECTIVE
AGREEMENTS 482
2.2.4. SANCTIONS AGAINST VIOLATION OF COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS 484
2.2.5. RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTS IN THE ABSENCE OF A COLLECTIVE
AGREEMENT 484
3. THE LEGAL POSITION IN THE INDIVIDUAL CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 485
3.1. INTRODUCTION 485
3.2. FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 487
3.3. THE DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYEE 488
3.3.1. THE PRINCIPAL DUTY 488
3.3.2. ANCILLARY DUTIES 489
3.4. THE RIGHTS OF THE EMPLOYEE 490
3.4.1. PAY AND OTHER REMUNERATION 490
3.4.2. HOLIDAY 491
3.4.3. LAWFUL ABSENCE, ETC 492
3.5. NORMAL TERMINATION OF THE CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 495
3.5.1. INTRODUCTION 495
3.5.2. THE REASON FOR TERMINATION 495
3.5.3. THE PERIOD OF NOTICE 496
3.5.4. OTHER FORMS OF PROTECTION AGAINST DISMISSAL 496
3.6. SUMMARY TERMINATION. DAMAGES 498
3.6.1. SUMMARY TERMINATION 498
3.6.2. DAMAGES 499
4. DIFFERENT KINDS OF COOPERATIVE RELATIONS WITHIN THE WORKPLACE 499
4.1. THE SHOP STEWARD ARRANGEMENT 499
4.2. WORKS COUNCILS 500
4.3. HEALTH AND SAFETY REPRESENTATIVES 500
23
4.4. EMPLOYEE BOARD MEMBERS 500
CHAPTER 21. BUSINESS ORGANISATION COMPANY LAW 501
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 501
2. PARTNERSHIPS 502
2.1. INTRODUCTION 502
2.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PARTNERS 502
2.2.1. CAPITAL INVESTMENT - SURPLUS AND DEFICITS 502
2.2.2. THE PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP IN THE PARTNERSHIP 503
2.2.3. OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTNERS 503
2.2.4. MANAGEMENT OF THE PARTNERSHIP 503
2.2.5. NEW PARTNERS 504
2.3. THE RELATIONSHIP TO THIRD PARTIES 504
2.3.1. WHO MAY BIND THE PARTNERSHIP TOWARDS THIRD PARTIES? 504
2.3.2. THE LIABILITY TOWARDS THE CREDITORS 504
2.3.2.1. TO THE PARTNERSHIP CREDITORS 504
2.3.2.2. TO THE INDIVIDUAL PARTNER S CREDITORS
(SEPARATE CREDITORS) 504
2.4. DISSOLUTION OF A PARTNERSHIP 505
3. LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS 505
4. JOINT OWNERSHIP SHIPPING COMPANIES 505
5. COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES 506
6. FUNDS - INDEPENDENT INSTITUTIONS 506
7. LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES 507
7.1. INTRODUCTION 507
7.2. FORMATION 508
7.3. REGISTRATION 508
7.4. INCREASE OF CAPITAL 508
7.5. REDUCTION OF CAPITAL -OWN SHARES -SHAREHOLDERS LOANS 509
7.5.1. REDUCTION OF CAPITAL 509
7.5.2. OWN SHARES 509
7.5.3. SHAREHOLDERS LOANS 510
7.6. COMPANY MANAGEMENT 510
7.6.1. INTERNAL MANAGEMENT 510
7.6.2. WHO MAY BIND THE COMPANY TOWARDS THIRD PARTIES? ... 511
7.6.3. THE GENERAL MEETING 511
7.8. PROTECTION OF MINORITY INTERESTS 512
7.8. ANNUAL ACCOUNTS - DIVIDEND - AUDITORS 512
7.8.1. THE ANNUAL ACCOUNTS 512
7.8.2. DIVIDENDS 513
7.8.3. AUDITING 513
24
7.9 DISSOLUTION OF COMPANIES 514
7.9.1. LIQUIDATION 514
7.9.2. MERGER 514
7.9.3. SPLITTING UP 515
7.10.4. CONVERTING A PUBLIC LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY INTO
A PRIVATE COMPANY - OR VICE VERSA 515
8. GROUPS 515
CHAPTER 22. INTERNATIONAL CHOICE OF LAW
AND INTERNATIONAL PROCEDURAL LAW 517
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 517
2. BACKGROUND AND RELEVANCE 518
3. SOURCES OF LAW 519
4. FORMATION OF CONTRACT 521
4.1. CAPACITY 521
4.2. FORMATION OF CONTRACT AND VALIDITY 521
4.3. AGENCY 522
5. TORT DAMAGES 523
6. SALE OF GOODS 523
6.1. THE (UNIFORM LAWS ON) INTERNATIONAL SALES OF GOODS ACT 523
6.2. THE SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE ACT 523
6.2.1. WHICH CONTRACTS? 523
6.2.2. WHICH LEGAL ISSUES? 524
6.3. CHOICE OF LAW RULES IN THE INTERNATIONAL SALES ACT 524
6.3.1. PARTIES AUTONOMY 524
6.3.2. THE NON-MANDATORY CHOICE OF LAW RULES 525
6.3.3. PROCEDURE IN EXAMINATION OF THE GOODS 525
7. OTHER CONTRACT RELATIONSHIPS 526
7.1. THE CHOICE OF LAW CONVENTION 526
7.2. SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION 526
7.2.1. WHICH CONTRACT RELATIONSHIPS? 526
7.2.2. WHICH LEGAL ISSUES? 526
7.3. THE CHOICE OF LAW RULES IN THE CONVENTION 527
7.3.1. PARTY AUTONOMY 527
7.3.2. THE NON-MANDATORY CHOICE OF LAW RULES 528
7.3.3. CERTAIN CONSUMER CONTRACTS 529
7.3.4. INDIVIDUAL EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 529
8. INTERNATIONAL PROCEDURAL LAW 530
8.1. THE EU-CONVENTION ON JUDGMENTS 530
8.1.1. THE AREA OF APPLICATION ETC. OF THE CONVENTION 530
8.1.2. THE ORDINARY COMPETENCE RULE OF THE CONVENTION 532
25
8.1.3. COMPETENCE RULES IN ARTS. 5-15 532
8.1.4. EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION RULES IN ART. 16 533
8.1.5. JURISDICTION AGREEMENTS 534
8.1.6. SPECIAL NOTE ON PRELIMINARY REMEDIES 534
8.2. OUTSIDE THE AMBIT OF THE CONVENTION 535
8.2.1. THE MAIN RULE 535
8.2.2. EXCEPTIONAL JURISDICTION 536
8.2.3. JURISDICTION AGREEMENTS 536
8.2.4. SOJOURN AND GOODS JURISDICTION 536
9. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 537
9.1. INTRODUCTION 537
9.2. THE EU-AREA 537
9.2.1. RECOGNITION 537
9.2.2. ENFORCEMENT 538
9.3. NORDIC DECISIONS 538
9.4. OTHER DECISIONS 538
10. INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION 539
10.1. THE ARBITRATION CONCEPT. LEGAL BASIS 539
10.2. TERRITORIAL IDENTIFICATION OF THE ARBITRATION:
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION 539
10.3. THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT 539
10.4. CHOICE OF LAW 540
10.5. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS .... 540
10.6. INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 540
CHAPTER 23. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 541
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AS AN AREA OF LEGAL REGULATION 541
2. THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT IN OUTLINE 543
2.1. PURPOSE AND BASIC PRINCIPLES 543
2.2. ADMINISTRATION 545
2.3. REGULATION TECHNIQUE 545
2.4. SCOPE OF THE ACT 546
2.5. SUBSTANCE OF THE REGULATION 547
2.6. SUPERVISION 548
2.7. APPEALS, ETC 549
2.8. ENFORCEMENT 550
2.8.1. CRIMINAL LIABILITY 550
2.8.2. CIVIL LIABILITY 551
26
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| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 31
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. BUSINESS LAW AS A BRANCH OF LAW 31
2. THE CONCEPT OF LEGAL RULE 33
2.1. GENERAL SUBSTANTIVE CONTENT 33
2.2. THE LEGAL SYSTEM 34
3. VARIOUS TYPES OF LEGAL RULE 35
3.1. INTRODUCTION 35
3.2. OBLIGATION RULES AND COMPETENCE RULES 35
3.3. WRITTEN AND UNWRITTEN LAW 36
3.4. THE HIERARCHY OF RULES 37
3.5. DIRECTORY AND MANDATORY RULES 37
3.6. PRECISE AND IMPRECISE RULES 38
4. SOURCES OF LAW AND LAW SOURCE FACTORS 39
5. THE LEGAL DECISION 41
CHAPTER 2. NATIONAL SOURCE OF LAW FACTORS 43
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. INTRODUCTION 43
2. THE CONSTITUTION 43
3. LEGISLATION 44
3.1. THE STATUTORY PROCESS AND THE IMPORTANCE OF LEGISLATION
AS A SOURCE OF LAW 44
3.2. REFERENCE PLACES 45
3.3. TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 46
4. MINISTERIAL ORDERS AND OTHER STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS 46
4.1. ORIGIN AND IMPORTANCE AS A SOURCE OF LAW 46
4.2. REFERENCE PLACES 47
5. CASE LAW 47
5.1. ORIGIN AND IMPORTANCE AS A SOURCE OF LAW 47
5.2. REFERENCE PLACES 49
6. OTHER FORMS OF "UNWRITTEN" PRACTICE 49
6.1. LEGAL CUSTOMS AND USAGE 49
6.2. CODES AND PRACTICES OF SPECIFIC LINES OF TRADE ETC 50
6.3. ADMINISTRATIVE PRACTICE 51
6.4. PRACTICE FROM PRIVATE DISPUTE-SOLVING BOARDS 52
6.5. OMBUDSMAN'S PRACTICE 52
7. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 52
7.1. GENERAL ON THE CONCEPT OF CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE 52
7.2. THE POSSIBLE IMPORTANCE OF LAW AND ECONOMICS 53
8. LEGISLATIVE INTERPRETATION 54
8.1. THE NEED TO INTERPRET LEGISLATION AND THE BASIS OF INTERPRETATION
54
8.2. AIDS TO INTERPRETATION 56
8.2.1. INTRODUCTION 56
8.2.2. LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS 56
8.2.3. THE IMPORTANCE OF TRAVAUX PREPARATOIRES 57
8.2.4. THE OBJECT OF A LEGISLATIVE MEASURE 58
8.3. WHEN STATUTORY PROVISIONS ARE CONTRADICTORY 58
8.4. VARIOUS TYPES OF INTERPRETATION RESULTS 59
8.4.1. INTRODUCTION 59
8.4.2. NARROW INTERPRETATION 59
8.4.3. WIDE INTERPRETATION 60
8.4.4. CONTRARY INFERENCE 60
CHAPTER 3. EU LAW AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL SOURCE OF LAW FACTORS 61
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. THE EU LAW. CHARACTER OF LEGAL BASIS 61
2. SOME FUNDAMENTAL EU LAW PRINCIPLES 64
3. THE CENTRAL EU INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR COMPETENCE 65
3.1. THE COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS: GENERAL 65
3.2. THE EUROPEAN COUNCIL 65
3.3. THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION 66
3.4. THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 66
3.5. THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 68
3.6. THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE 68
4. EU LAW AS A SOURCE OF LAW FACTOR 69
4.1. INTRODUCTION 69
4.2. WRITTEN SOURCES 70
4.2.1. THE TREATY 70
4.2.2. REGULATIONS 70
4.2.3. DIRECTIVES 71
4.2.4. DECISIONS 72
4.2.5. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OPINIONS 72
4.2.6. OTHER TYPES 72
4.2.7. THE HIERARCHY OF RULES. THE LANGUAGE 73
4.3. UNWRITTEN SOURCES 73
4.3.1. DECISIONS BY THE COURT OF JUSTICE 73
4.3.2. OTHER UNWRITTEN SOURCE OF LAW FACTORS 74
4.4. INTERPRETATION OF EU LAW 74
4.5. REFERENCE PLACES FOR EU LAW 75
4.6. THE SUPREMACY OF COMMUNITY LAW AND DIRECT EFFECT 76
4.6.1. THE CONCEPTS OF "DIRECT APPLICABILITY"
AND "DIRECT EFFECT" 76
4.6.2. WHICH EU RULES ARE DIRECTLY APPLICABLE? 76
4.6.3. WHICH PARTS OF COMMUNITY LAW HAVE DIRECT EFFECTS? . 77
4.6.4. SUPREMACY OF EU LAW 78
4.6.5. THE DUTY TO APPLY EU INTERPRETATIONAL PRACTICE
TO NATIONAL LAW INTERPRETATION 79
5. COOPERATION OUTSIDE THE EU SCOPE 79
6. OTHER INTERNATIONAL SOURCE OF LAW FACTORS 80
6.1. INTRODUCTION 80
6.2. ORDINARY PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 80
6.2.1. SUBJECT MATTER AND CHARACTER OF ORDINARY PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW 80
6.2.2. THE INCORPORATION OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL RULES
IN DANISH LAW 82
6.2.3. SOURCE OF LAW IMPORTANCE OF NON-INCORPORATED
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 82
6.2.4. OTHER CONFLICTS BETWEEN PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
AND NATIONAL LAW 83
6.2.5. INTERPRETATION OF RULES OF A PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
BACKGROUND 84
6.3. INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMS 84
6.4. OTHER INTERNATIONAL MATERIALS 86
6.4.1. FOREIGN COURT DECISIONS 86
6.4.2. NORDIC LEGISLATIVE COOPERATION 86
6. 5. REFERENCE PLACES FOR INTERNATIONAL SOURCE OF LAW FACTORS 86
CHAPTER 4. SURVEY OF THE DANISH COURT SYSTEM 89
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. INTRODUCTION 89
2. ORGANISATION OF THE COURTS 89
3. PROCEDURE IN CIVIL CASES 91
3.1. PARTIES AND THEIR CLAIMS 91
3.2. PROCEDURAL PRINCIPLES 91
3.3. THE QUESTION OF VENUE 92
3.4. PROCEDURAL STEPS IN FIRST INSTANCE CASES 93
4. APPEALS 94
5. LEGAL ASSISTANCE AND LEGAL AID (COURT REPRESENTATION) 95
6. ARBITRATION 97
7. COMPLAINTS BOARDS' HEARINGS OF CONSUMER CASES 98
CHAPTER 5. COMPENSATION IN TORT LAW 101
BY BENT IVERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 101
2. TORT DAMAGES 102
2.1. THE BASIS OF LIABILITY 103
.1. FAULT LIABILITY (CULPA LIABILITY) 103
.2. VICARIOUS LIABILITY 104
.3. STRICT LIABILITY 106
.4. PRESUMPTION LIABILITY 109
.5. CHILDREN'S LIABILITY AND MENTALLY DISORDERED PERSONS'
LIABILITY 109
2.1.6. OBJECTIVE DEFENCES 110
2.2. THE INJURED PARTY'S LOSS 110
2.2.1. WHICH LOSSES WILL BE RECOVERED? 110
2.2.2. LIMITATION OF PLAINTIFF GROUP ILL
2.2.3. MAY THE INJURED PARTY RECOVER BOTH FROM
THE INSURANCE COMPANY AND FROM THE TORTFEASOR? ILL
2.3. CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE FROM INJURED PARTY 113
2.4. JOINT TORTFEASORS 113
3. PRODUCT LIABILITY 114
3.1. THE PRODUCT LIABILITY DEVELOPED IN CASE LAW 115
3.2. THE PRODUCT LIABILITY ACT 116
3.2.1. THE CONCEPT OF "DAMAGE" 116
3.2.2. THE CONCEPT OF PRODUCT 117
3.2.3. THE CONCEPTS OF PRODUCER AND INTERMEDIARY 117
3.2.4. THE CONCEPT OF "DEFECT" 117
3.2.5. THE LIABILITY 118
3.2.5.1. PRODUCER'S LIABILITY 118
3.2.5.2. INTERMEDIARIES' LIABILITY 119
3.2.6. JOINT LIABILITY AND RECOURSE 119
3.2.7. LIMITATION 120
3.2.8. THE CHOICE OF LAW ISSUE 120
CHAPTER 6. INSURANCE 121
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 121
2. WHAT IS INSURANCE? 121
3. VARIOUS TYPES OF INSURANCE - TERMINOLOGY OF THE INSURANCE
CONTRACTS ACT 122
4. THE CONTRACT OF INSURANCE 122
5. THE DUTIES OF THE PARTIES 123
5.1. THE DUTIES OF THE COMPANY 123
5.2. THE DUTIES OF THE INSURED AND OF THE BENEFICIARY 123
5.2.1. THE DUTY TO PAY PREMIUMS 123
5.2.2. THE DUTY OF DISCLOSURE AT THE TAKING OUT OF INSURANCE 124
5.2.3. DUTY TO DISCLOSE INCREASED RISKS 125
5.2.4. THE DUTY TO OBSERVE SAFETY REGULATIONS 126
5.2.5. THE DUTY TO REFRAIN FROM CAUSING THE OCCURRENCE
OF THE INSURED EVENT 126
5.2.6. THE DUTY TO MITIGATE THE LOSS/AVERT THE DAMAGE 127
5.2.7. THE DUTY TO NOTIFY THE INSURED EVENT 127
6. THE INSURANCE COMPENSATION 128
6.1. THE MEASURE OF INSURANCE COMPENSATION 129
6.1.1. TOTAL LOSS 129
6.1.2. PARTIAL LOSS 130
6.2. OVER-INSURANCE 130
6.3. UNDERINSURANCE 130
6.4. DOUBLE INSURANCE 130
6.5. OWN RISK 131
7. SPECIAL RULES IN RESPECT OF LIFE ASSURANCE AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE 131
8. CHOICE OF LAW ISSUES 132
CHAPTER 7. FORMATION OF CONTRACT ETC 133
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. INTRODUCTION 133
2. FURTHER TO THE CONCLUSION OF THE CONTRACT 137
2.1. THE MODEL OF THE CONTRACTS ACT FOR FORMATION OF CONTRACT 137
2.1.1. OFFER 137
2.1.2. ACCEPTANCE 138
2.1.2.1. WHAT IS AN ACCEPTANCE? 138
2.1.2.2. THE PERIOD FOR ACCEPTANCE 138
2.1.3. DELAYED ACCEPTANCE 140
2.1.2.4. REJECTION OF OFFER 140
2.1.2.5. NON-CONFORMING ACCEPTANCE 140
2.1.2.6. WHO IS CONTRACT PARTNER? 141
2.2. FORMATION OF CONTRACT PATTERNS OTHER THAN THAT OF THE
CONTRACTS ACT 141
2.2.1. STANDARD CONTRACTS - THE ADOPTION PROBLEM 142
2.2.2. QUASI CONTRACT 144
2.2.3. WILL A PARTY BE BOUND BY PASSIVITY? 144
2.2.4. EDI 145
2.3. FORMATION OF CONTRACT ON AN INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 146
2.3.1. INTRODUCTION 146
2.3.2. DISPUTE SOLVING THROUGH CONVENTIONS 147
2.3.3. SOLUTIONS VIA CHOICE OF LAW 149
2.4. THE RIGHT TO WITHDRAW IN VALID CONTRACTS 149
3. INTERPRETATION AND GAP-FILLING IN CONTRACT 150
3.1. INTERPRETATION 151
3.1.1. INTERPRETATION ELEMENTS 151
3.1.2. PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETATION 152
3.2. "GAP-FILLING" 153
4. INVALIDITY OF CONTRACT (PROMISES) 153
4.1. INTRODUCTION 153
4.2. "OPERATIVE" AND "NON-OPERATIVE" AVOIDANCE FACTORS 155
4.3. FORGERY AND FRAUD 155
4.4. INCAPACITY 156
4.5. MENTAL INCAPACITY - UNSOUNDNESS OF MIND 158
4.6. DURESS 158
4.6.1. DURESS WITH PHYSICAL, OR THREATENED PHYSICAL VIOLENCE
AND MECHANICAL DURESS 158
4.6.2. OTHER CONSTRAINT 158
4.7. FRAUD 159
4.8. UNDUE INFLUENCE 159
4.9. DISAGREEMENT BETWEEN THE WILL OF PROMISOR
AND THE DECLARATION GIVEN 160
4.9.1. THE RULE INS. 32(1) OF THE CONTRACTS ACT 160
4.9.2. THE RULE IN S. 32(2) OF THE CONTRACTS ACT 160
4.9.3. "PRO FORMA" PROMISES - CONTRACTS ACT S. 34 161
4.10. BREACH OF BASIC ASSUMPTIONS - THE GENERAL CLAUSE IN
S. 36 OF THE CONTRACTS ACT 161
4.10.1. THE CONTRACTS ACT S. 33 161
4.10.2. S. 36 OF THE CONTRACTS ACT
- THE GENERAL CLAUSE OF CONTRACT LAW 162
4.10.3. THE PRESUMPTION PRINCIPLE 163
4.11. INVALIDITY FOR CONTRACT CONTENTS - SPECIAL NOTE ON THE SETTING
ASIDE OF STANDARD TERMS 164
4.12. COMPETITION CLAUSES 165
4.13. LEGAL EFFECTS OF THE INVALIDITY 165
4.14. THE CONSUMER CONTRACTS ACT 166
5. THIRD PARTY PROMISES 168
6. FORMATION OF CONTRACT VIA AGENTS 168
10
6.1. INTRODUCTION 168
6.2. AGENCY - GENERAL 169
6.2.1. AGENCY WITHOUT SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION 170
6.2.2. AGENCY OF SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION 170
6.2.3. THE AGENT'S SCOPE OF AUTHORITY 171
6.2.3.1. AGENCY WITHOUT SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION 172
6.2.3.2. AGENCY OF SPECIAL IDENTIFICATION 172
6.2.4. REVOCATION OF AUTHORITY 173
6.2.5. THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGENT AND THIRD PARTY 173
6.2.6. THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRINCIPAL AND AGENT. 173
6.3. FACTORS 173
6.3.1. THE LEGAL POSITION TOWARDS THIRD PARTIES 174
6.3.1.1. WHO BECOMES LIABLE TOWARDS THIRD PARTIES? 174
6.3.1.2. THE PROPERTY IN GOODS IN THE FACTOR'S POSSESSION 174
6.3.1.3. THE PROPERTY IN THE CLAIM AGAINST THE THIRD PARTY 175
6.3.1.4. THE PROPERTY IN THE MONEY PAID BY THE THIRD PARTY . 175
6.3.1.5. THE FACTOR'S UNAUTHORIZED RESALE
OF THE PRINCIPAL'S GOODS 175
6.3.2. THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PRINCIPAL
AND THE FACTOR 176
6.4. COMMERCIAL AGENTS 177
6.4.1. INTRODUCTION 177
6.4.2. WILL A COMMERCIAL AGENT HAVE AUTHORITY? 178
6.4.3. THE PARTIES'DUTY OF FIDELITY 179
6.4.4. THE COMMERCIAL AGENT'S RIGHT TO COMMISSION 179
6.4.5. COMPETITION CLAUSES 179
6.4.6. TERMINATION OF THE AGENCY CONTRACT 180
6.4.7. HOW FAR MAY THE RULES OF THE COMMERCIAL AGENTS
ACT BE DEVIATED FROM? 180
6.4.8. THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COMMERCIAL AGENT
AND THE THIRD PARTY 181
6.5. COMMERCIAL TRAVELLERS 181
6.6. OTHER INTERMEDIARIES 181
CHAPTER 8. SALE OF GOODS 183
BY BENT IVERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 183
1.1. THE RULES ON SALE 183
1.2. THE SALE OF GOODS ACT 184
1.2.1. NON-MANDATORY AND MANDATORY RULES 184
1.2.2. SALE OF SPECIFIC GOODS AND GENERIC GOODS 185
11
1.2.3. CONTRACTS FOR THE SUPPLY OF GOODS TO BE PRODUCED
OR MANUFACTURED UPON SPECIFICATION 186
1.2.4. COMMERCIAL SALE AND OTHER SALE 186
2. DUTIES OF THE PARTIES 187
2.1. DUTIES OF THE SELLER (DELIVERY) 187
2.1.1. PLACE OF DELIVERY 187
2.1.2. TRANSPORT TERMS 189
2.1.3. TIME OF DELIVERY 191
2.1.4. THE SELLER'S PERFORMANCE 191
2.1.5. PASSING OF RISK 192
2.2. DUTIES OF THE BUYER 195
2.3. TEMPORAL CONTEXT BETWEEN THE DUTIES OF THE PARTIES 195
2.3.1. CASH SALES 195
2.3.2. SPECIAL NOTE ON DOCUMENTARY CREDITS 197
3. SELLER'S BREACH 198
3.1. DELAY 199
3.1.1. AFFIRMING THE CONTRACT 199
3.1.2. AVOIDING THE CONTRACT OF SALE 199
3.1.3. THE REMEDY OF DAMAGES 201
3.1.4. THE BUYER'S DUTY TO GIVE NOTICE 202
3.2. DEFECTS 203
3.2.1. PROPORTIONATE PRICE REDUCTION 205
3.2.2. THE REMEDY OF AVOIDING THE SALE 206
3.2.3. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM NON-DEFECTIVE PERFORMANCE 206
3.2.4. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM DAMAGES 207
3.2.5. THE SELLER'S RIGHT TO CURE A DEFECT 208
3.2.6. NOTICE REQUIREMENTS 209
3.3. DEFECTIVE TITLE 211
4. BUYER'S BREACH 211
4.1. DELAY 211
4.1.1. THE REMEDY OF AFFIRMING THE SALE 212
4.1.2. THE REMEDY OF CANCELLING THE CONTRACT OF SALE 212
4.1.3. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM DAMAGES 213
4.2. BUYER'S INABILITY TO PAY 213
4.2.1. RIGHT OF STOPPAGE 214
4.2.2. ANTICIPATORY LIEN 215
4.2.3. RETAINING POSSESSION 215
4.2.4. NOTICE REQUIREMENTS 215
5. CLAIMANT'S NON-PERFORMANCE 216
5.1. CLAIMANT'S NON-PERFORMANCE BY SELLER 216
5.2. CLAIMANT'S NON-PERFORMANCE BY BUYER 216
6. SPECIAL NOTE ON AVOIDANCE 218
12
7. THE PASSING OF PROPERTY 219
7.1. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BUYER AND THE SELLER'S CREDITORS . 219
7.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SELLER AND THE BUYER'S CREDITORS . 220
7.2.1. CASH SALES 221
7.2.2. SALES WITH RESERVATION OF TITLE 221
7.2.3. CONSIGNMENT 222
8. RESTITUTION IN SALE OF GOODS 222
8.1. WHERE POSSESSION IS NOT BASED ON CONTRACT 222
8.1.1. THEFT 222
8.1.2. LOST PROPERTY 222
8.2. WHERE POSSESSION IS BASED ON A VOID OR VOIDABLE CONTRACT
RELATIONSHIP 223
8.2.1. OPERATIVE INVALIDITY FACTORS 223
8.2.2. NON-OPERATIVE INVALIDITY FACTORS 223
8.2.3. AGENCY 223
8.2.4. INVALIDATION IN BANKRUPTCY 223
8.3. WHERE POSSESSION IS BASED ON A VALID CONTRACT WITH CONDITIONAL
OR UNCONDITIONAL DUTY TO RETURN 223
8.3.1. BAILMENT 223
8.3.2. PLEDGE 223
8.3.3. FACTORING 223
8.3.4. RESERVATION OF TITLE 224
8.3.5. CASH SALES 224
9.4. DOUBLE TRANSFER 224
CHAPTER 9. INTERNATIONAL SALES 225
BY BENT IVERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 225
2. SPHERE OF APPLICATION ETC. OF THE CONVENTION 226
3. PART III OF THE CISG CONVENTION: SALE OF GOODS 228
3.1. GENERAL PROVISIONS 228
3.2. THE SELLER'S OBLIGATIONS 229
3.2.1. DELIVERY OF THE GOODS AND HANDING OVER
OF DOCUMENTS 229
3.2.2. DEFECTS AND THIRD PARTY CLAIMS 230
4. THE BUYER'S REMEDIES IN THE EVENT OF THE SELLER'S BREACH OF CONTRACT
. 232
4.1. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE 232
4.2. THE RIGHT TO AVOID THE CONTRACT OF SALE 234
4.3. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM DAMAGES 234
5. OBLIGATIONS OF THE BUYER 234
5.1. PAYMENT OF THE PURCHASE PRICE 234
5.2. TAKING DELIVERY 235
13
6. THE SELLER'S REMEDIES FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT BY THE BUYER 236
6.1. THE RIGHT TO AFFIRM THE CONTRACT 236
6.2. THE RIGHT TO AVOID THE CONTRACT 236
7. PASSING OF RISK 237
8. COMMON RULES ON THE SELLER'S AND THE BUYER'S OBLIGATIONS 238
8.1. ANTICIPATORY BREACH AND INSTALMENT CONTRACTS 238
8.2. THE RIGHT TO CLAIM DAMAGES 240
8.3. INTEREST 241
8.4. EXEMPTION FROM LIABILITY 241
8.5. EFFECTS OF AVOIDANCE OF THE CONTRACT 242
8.6. THE PRESERVATION DUTY OF THE PARTIES 244
9. DOCUMENTARY CREDIT 245
9.1. THE CONCEPT 245
9.2. VARIOUS TYPES OF DOCUMENTARY CREDIT 247
9.2.1. REVOCABLE V. IRREVOCABLE CREDITS 247
9.2.2. CONFIRMED V. UNCONFIRMED CREDITS 247
9.2.3. PAYMENT DOCUMENTARY CREDIT V. NEGOTIATION CREDIT 248
9.2.4. SIGHT V. LONG-TERM CREDITS 248
9.3. THE CREDIT DOCUMENTS 248
10. EXPORT CREDIT SCHEMES 250
LL.INCOTERMS 252
11.1. INTRODUCTION 252
11.2. THE STRUCTURE OF INCOTERMS 252
11.2.1. E-TERMS 253
11.2.2. F-TERMS 254
11.2.3. C-TERMS 255
11.2.4. D-TERMS 256
12.THE CARRIER'S LIABILITY 258
13. INSURANCE OF GOODS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE 261
13.1. CHOICE OF INSURANCE FORM 261
13.2. INSURANCE TERMS 262
CHAPTER 10. CREDIT AGREEMENTS 263
BY BENT IVERSEN
1. THE CREDIT AGREEMENTS ACT 263
1.1. VALIDITY OF THE RESERVATION OF TITLE 264
1.2. SATISFACTION OF THE CREDITOR 266
1.3. REQUIREMENTS FOR RECOVERY 266
1.4. COMPUTATION OF THE CLAIM 266
1.5. EVALUATION OF THE GOODS SOLD 267
1.6. THE CONSUMER'S REDEMPTION AND EXEMPTION RIGHTS 268
1.7. RECOVERY PROCEEDINGS 268
14
2. COMMERCIAL SALE 269
2.1. COMMON RULES: THE CREDIT AGREEMENTS ACT S. 49 269
2.2. SPECIAL NOTE ON RESERVATION OF TITLE 269
2.3. SPECIAL NOTE ON S. 2 OF THE CREDIT AGREEMENTS ACT
AND,CREDIT CONSIGNMENT 270
CHAPTER 11. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 273
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. INTRODUCTION 273
2. COPYRIGHT 275
2.1. WHAT QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 275
2.2. SUBSISTENCE OF COPYRIGHT 276
2.3. WHO QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 277
2.4. COPYRIGHT POWERS 278
2.4.1. GENERAL SUBSTANCE OF THE COPYRIGHT 278
2.4.2. EXHAUSTION OF COPYRIGHT 279
2.4.3. SPECIAL NOTE ON THE RIGHT OF PERFORMANCE 281
2.4.4. SPECIAL NOTE ON MORAL RIGHTS 282
2.5. OTHER LIMITATIONS OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT 282
2.5.1. THE COPYING RIGHT 283
2.5.2. THE RIGHT TO QUOTE 285
2.5.3. OTHER LIMITATIONS 286
2.6. INFRINGEMENT OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT BY COPYING 286
2.7. DURATION OF COPYRIGHT 287
2.8. RELATED RIGHTS 287
3. PATENTS 288
3.1. WHAT QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 288
3.1.1. THE INVENTION CONCEPT 288
3.1.2. EXEMPT AREAS 289
3.1.3. THE REQUIREMENTS OF NOVELTY AND INVENTIVE STEP 290
3.2. ACQUISITION OF RIGHT 291
3.3. WHO QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 291
3.4. PATENT RIGHTS 292
3.5. SPECIAL LIMITATIONS OF PATENTS 293
3.6. DURATION OF PATENTS 294
3.7. REVOCATION OF PATENTS 294
3.8. TRANSBOUNDARY PATENTS 295
4. UTILITY MODELS 296
4.1. THE CONCEPT 296
4.2. ACQUISITION OF RIGHT 296
5.3. SCOPE OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT 297
4.4. DURATION OF THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT 297
15
5. DESIGN 298
5.1. WHAT QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 298
5.1.1. THE DESIGN CONCEPT 298
5.1.2. EXEMPT AREAS 299
5.1.3. THE FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN PROTECTION 299
5.2. ACQUISITION OF RIGHT 300
5.3. SCOPE OF EXCLUSIVE RIGHT 301
5.4. DURATION OF PROTECTION 301
5.5. EU DESIGN AND INTERNATIONAL DESIGN 302
6. SEMICONDUCTORS 302
7. TRADE MARKS 303
7.1. WHAT QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 303
7.1.1. THE TRADE MARK CONCEPT 303
7.1.2. THE DISTINCTIVE MARK REQUIREMENT, ETC 304
7.2. ACQUISITION OF RIGHT 304
7.3. WHO QUALIFIES FOR PROTECTION? 305
7.4. TRADE MARK RIGHTS 306
7.5. SPECIAL LIMITATIONS OF TRADE MARK RIGHTS 307
7.6. INFRINGEMENT OF TRADE MARK RIGHTS 308
7.7. DURATION 308
7.8. DETAILS ON EU TRADE MARKS, ETC 309
7.9. SPECIAL NOTE ON DOMAIN NAMES 310
8. SPECIAL NOTE ON KNOW-HOW 313
9. REMEDIES FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INFRINGEMENT 314
CHAPTER 12. MARKETING AND COMPETITION LAW 317
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. INTRODUCTION 317
2. THE MARKETING PRACTICES ACT 318
2.1. SCOPE OF THE ACT 318
2.2. THE CONSUMER OMBUDSMAN 319
2.3. THE GENERAL CLAUSE. GENERAL PROVISIONS 320
2.4. THE GENERAL CLAUSE. APPLICATION IN PRACTICE 322
2.4.1. DISLOYAL MARKET DISPLACEMENT 322
2.4.2. INDECENT, ETC. MARKETING MEANS 323
2.4.3. PYRAMID SELLING, ETC 324
2.4.4. UNFAIR CONTRACT TERMS 324
2.4.5. HIDDEN ADVERTISING 325
2.5. MISLEADING, ETC 326
2.6. DUTY TO PROVIDE DIRECTIONS FOR USE ETC 328
2.7. WARRANTIES 329
2.8. BUSINESS DISTINGUISHING FEATURES 330
16
2.9. TRADE SECRETS 331
2.10. MARKETING PROHIBITION 332
2.10.1. PREMIUMS 332
2.10.2. QUANTITY AND CUSTOMER RESTRICTIONS 334
2.10.3. TRADE STAMPS, ETC 335
2.10.4. LOTTERIES AND PRIZE COMPETITIONS 335
2.10.5. DIRECT MARKETING 336
2.11. LABELLING AND PACKAGING REGULATIONS 337
2.12. SPECIAL NOTE ON E-TRADE 338
2.12.1. APPLICATION AREA 338
2.12.2. THE MARKETING PRACTICES REQUIREMENTS POSED
TO THE SUPPLIER 340
2.12.3. OTHER RULES 342
2.13. ENFORCEMENT 343
2.13.1. SANCTIONS 343
2.12.2. INJUNCTIONS AND ORDERS 343
2.13.3. DAMAGES. INVALIDITY. REMEDIES FOR BREACH
OF CONTRACT 345
3. THE COMPETITION ACT 346
3.1. INTRODUCTION. PURPOSE OF THE ACT 346
3.2. SCOPE OF THE ACT 348
3.2.1. PRINCIPAL RULE ON ACTIVITIES COVERED 348
3.2.2. EXEMPTION IN RESPECT OF CERTAIN EFFECTS OF PUBLIC
REGULATION 349
3.2.3. EXEMPTION IN RESPECT OF PAY AND WORKING CONDITIONS 350
3.2.4. DELIMITATION AS TOWARDS EU LAW 350
3.2.5. SPECIAL NOTE ON CORPORATE GROUPS 352
3.3. ADMINISTRATION OF THE ACT 353
3.3.1. THE COMPETITION COUNCIL AND THE
COMPETITION AGENCY 353
3.3.2. APPEALS RULES AND JUDICIAL REVIEW 354
3.4. GENERAL MEANING AND CHARACTER OF THE DELIMITATION OF MARKETS 355
3.5. PROHIBITION OF ANTI-COMPETITIVE AGREEMENTS, ETC 357
3.5.1. THE PRINCIPAL RULE CONTAINED IN S. 6 357
3.5.1.1. DEFINITION OF AGREEMENT, ETC 358
3.5.1.2. THE RESTRICTION-OF-COMPETITION REQUIREMENT 359
3.5.1.3. EXAMPLES OF PROHIBITED AGREEMENTS/TERMS 359
3.5.1.4. ORDERS 361
3.5.1.5. VITIATING FACTORS 362
3.5.2. THE LOWER THRESHOLDS CONTAINED IN S. 7 362
3.5.2.1. THE EXCLUSIONS INS. 7(1) 362
3.5.2.2. THE MODIFICATION IN S. 7(2) 364
17
3.5.3. POSSIBLE EXEMPTIONS UNDER SS. 8 AND 10 364
3.5.3.1. INDIVIDUAL EXEMPTION UNDER S. 8 364
3.5.3.2. GROUP EXEMPTION UNDER S. 10 367
3.5.4. NEGATIVE CLEARANCE UNDER S. 9 367
3.5.5. THE PRACTICAL ROUTE THROUGH THE SYSTEM 368
3.6. PROHIBITION OF ABUSE OF DOMINANT POSITION 369
3.6.1. WHAT IS "DOMINANT POSITION"? 369
3.6.2. WHEN IS A DOMINANT POSITION "ABUSED"? 370
3.6.2.1. THE GENERAL SUBSTANCE OF THE CONCEPT OF ABUSE 370
3.6.2.2. EXAMPLES OF ABUSE 370
3.6.3. ORDERS. NEGATIVE CLEARANCE 371
3.7. ANTI-COMPETITIVE SUBSIDIES 372
3.8. SPECIAL NOTE ON MERGERS '. 373
3.9. ENFORCEMENT 375
3.9.1. ORDERS 375
3.9.2. DEFAULT FINES 375
3.9.3. CRIMINAL SANCTIONS 375
3.9.4. DAMAGES 375
4. THE EU COMPETITION RULES IN BRIEF 376
CHAPTER 13. BASIC ELEMENTS OF FINANCING LAW 379
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. SOURCES OF FINANCE 379
2. THE LAW ON CLAIMS 380
3. INDIVIDUAL ENFORCEMENT AND COLLECTIVE ENFORCEMENT 381
4. LIABILITY OF SEVERAL DEBTORS 382
5. SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPS AND COMPANIES 383
6. SECURITY OF CREDIT 385
7. CONSTITUTIVE ACTS 385
8. TOTAL INDEBTEDNESS CLAUSE 386
CHAPTER 14. MONEY CLAIMS - CONTENTS, TERMINATION,
AND ENFORCEMENT 387
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 387
2. CONTENTS 388
2.1. THE DEBTOR'S OBLIGATIONS 388
2.1.1. MEANS OF PAYMENT: LEGAL TENDER 388
2.1.2. TIME OF PAYMENT 388
2.1.3. PLACE OF PAYMENT 389
2.1.4. INTEREST 390
2.2. BREACH 390
18
2.2.1. THE CREDITOR'S RIGHT TO CLAIM PREMATURE PAYMENT 390
2.2.2. DAMAGES 391
2.3. CLAIMANT'S NON-PERFORMANCE 392
3. TERMINATION BY MEANS OTHER THAN PAYMENT 393
3.1. WAIVER 393
3.2. SET-OFF 393
3.2.1. EQUALIZATION CAPABILITY 394
3.2.2. MATURITY 394
3.2.3. MUTUALITY 394
3.2.4. EXCLUSION OF SET-OFF 395
3.3. LIMITATION 395
3.3.1. DANISH CODE 5-14-4 396
3.3.2. THE LIMITATION ACT 397
3.3.3. OTHER LIMITATION RULES 398
3.4. BARRING OF CLAIMS UPON PRECLUSIVE NOTICE 398
4. ENFORCEMENT 399
4.1. EXECUTION BASIS 399
4.2. THE PROCEDURE 399
4.3. THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF EXECUTION 400
4.4. LEGAL EFFECTS OF THE EXECUTION 400
4.5. COMPULSORY SALE 401
CHAPTER 15. TRANSFER OF CLAIMS 403
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 403
2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ASSIGNOR AND ASSIGNEE 403
3. ORDINARY CLAIMS 404
3.1. THE DEBTOR'S DEFENCES 404
3.2. APPARENT PAYEE AUTHORITY 405
3.3. TRANSFER PROTECTION 406
3.4. INVOICE AND CONTRACTS DISCOUNTING 406
4. NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS 407
4.1. THE CONCEPT 407
4.2. THE DOCUMENT AS REPRESENTING THE CLAIM 408
4.3. LAPSE OF RIGHTS 409
4.4. LAPSE OF DEFENCES 409
4.5. RULES OF APPARENT AUTHORITY 410
4.6. TRANSFER PROTECTION 411
5. REGISTERED (ELECTRONIC) SECURITIES 411
5.1. THE REGISTRATION SYSTEM 412
5.2. LEGAL EFFECTS OF REGISTRATION 412
5.2.1. TRANSFER PROTECTION 412
19
5.2.2. LAPSE OF RIGHTS 413
5.2.3. LAPSE OF DEFENCES 413
5.2.4. AUTHORITY 413
5.2.5. LIABILITY IN DAMAGES 413
6. CHEQUES AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE 414
6.1. CONCEPTS, TERMINOLOGY AND APPLICATION 414
6.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRAWER AND PAYEE 416
6.3. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DRAWER AND DRAWEE 416
6.4. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PAYEE AND DRAWEE 417
6.5. THE OBLIGATION IN CHEQUES AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE 418
6.6. TRANSFER OF CHEQUES AND BILLS OF EXCHANGE 418
6.6.1. THE NEGOTIABILITY BASIS 418
6.6.2. APPARENT AUTHORITY 418
6.6.3. LAPSE OF RIGHTS 419
6.6.4. LAPSE OF DEFENCES 420
6.6.5. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAPSE OF RIGHTS
AND LAPSE OF DEFENCES 420
6.7. RECOURSE AND PROTEST 421
CHAPTER 16. REAL ESTATE - SALE AND MORTGAGE 423
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 423
2. THE REGISTRATION SYSTEM 424
2.1. SOURCES OF LAW 424
2.2. THE FORMAL RULES ON REGISTRATION 424
2.2.1. REGISTRATION AUTHORITY 424
2.2.2. REGISTRATION BASIS 424
2.2.3. THE REGISTER AND THE FILES 425
2.2.4. REGISTRATION PROCESS 425
2.3. THE LEGAL EFFECTS OF REGISTRATION 427
2.3.1. THE REGISTRATION OF PROPERTY ACT S. 1 427
2.3.2. THE REGISTRATION OF PROPERTY ACT S. 27 429
3. CONVEYANCING OF REAL PROPERTY 430
3.1. SOURCES OF LAW 430
3.2. CONCLUSION OF THE CONTRACT 431
3.3. REAL ESTATE INTERMEDIARY BUSINESS 431
3.4. DEED OF CONVEYANCE - CONDITIONAL OR UNCONDITIONAL
(CONCLUSIVE) 431
3.5. THE OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES 432
3.5.1. THE VENDOR'S OBLIGATIONS 432
3.5.2. THE PURCHASER'S OBLIGATIONS 433
4. MORTGAGE RIGHTS OVER REAL PROPERTY 434
20
4.1. FUNCTION 434
4.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORTGAGOR AND MORTGAGEE 434
4.3. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUCCESSIVELY CREATED
MORTGAGE RIGHTS 437
4.4. ADVANCEMENT RIGHT 438
4.5. THE EXTENT OF THE MORTGAGE RIGHT 439
CHAPTER 17. SECURITY RIGHTS OVER CHATTEB 441
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 441
2. PLEDGE 441
2.1. CONCEPT 441
2.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLEDGOR AND PLEDGEE 442
2.3. CONSTITUTIVE ACT 442
2.4. APPLICATION 443
3. MORTGAGE 443
3.1. SOURCES OF LAW 443
3.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MORTGAGOR AND MORTGAGEE 444
3.3. THE REGISTRATION PROCESS 445
3.4. IDENTIFICATION 446
3.5. LEGAL EFFECTS OF REGISTRATION 446
3.6. THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF A REGISTERED MORTGAGE RIGHT 447
4. EQUIPMENT MORTGAGE RIGHTS 447
4.1. CHARACTERISTICS 447
4.2. REQUIREMENTS OF LOCALISATION 448
4.3. THE EXTENT AND SUBSTANCE OF THE MORTGAGE RIGHT IN EQUIPMENT. 449
4.4. THE AGRICULTURAL HOLDING RULE 449
4.5. MORTGAGE RIGHTS OVER EQUIPMENT V. SEPARATE RIGHTS 450
5. RETENTION OF TITLE 451
6. LEASING 452
CHAPTER 18. GUARANTEE 453
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. THE CONCEPT OF GUARANTEE 453
2. ESTABLISHMENT 454
3. REALITY OF THE GUARANTEE PROMISE 455
3.1. VALIDITY OF THE PRINCIPAL OBLIGATION 455
3.2. THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF COMMITMENT 455
3.3. VARIOUS TYPES OF GUARANTEE 455
4. TERMINATION 456
4.1. TERMINATION IN CONNECTION WITH THE PRINCIPAL OBLIGATION 456
4.2. INDEPENDENT TERMINATION OF THE GUARANTEE OBLIGATION 456
21
5. RIGHT OF RECOURSE 457
6. JOINT GUARANTORS 457
6.1. CO-GUARANTEE 457
6.2. SECONDARY GUARANTEE 458
CHAPTER 19. BUSINESS COLLAPSE - LIQUIDATION OR RECONSTRUCTION 459
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 459
2. DATE OF NOTICE 460
3. BANKRUPTCY 461
3.1. PURPOSE AND MAIN PRINCIPLES 461
3.2. THE BANKRUPTCY REQUIREMENTS 462
3.2.1. INSOLVENCY 462
3.2.2. BANKRUPTCY ON A CREDITOR'S PETITION 462
3.2.3. BANKRUPTCY ON DEBTOR'S PETITION 463
3.3. LEGAL EFFECTS OF BANKRUPTCY 463
3.4. THE ASSETS IN THE BANKRUPT ESTATE 464
3.4.1. THE DEBTOR'S PROPERTY AT THE MOMENT OF BANKRUPTCY . 464
3.4.2. DEBTOR'S ACQUISITIONS DURING THE BANKRUPTCY 464
3.4.3. ASSETS EXEMPT FROM BANKRUPTCY 465
3.5. INVALIDATION 465
3.5.1. APPLICATION AND FUNCTION 465
3.5.2. INVALIDATION OF CREDITOR PREFERENCES 466
3.5.3. INVALIDATION OF EXECUTION 468
3.5.4. INVALIDATION OF IMPAIRING DISPOSITIONS 468
3.6. PRIORITY OF DEBTS - THE LIABILITIES OF THE ESTATE 470
3.6.1. PREFERENTIAL CLAIMS 470
3.6.2. SUSPENSION OF PAYMENTS CLAIMS 470
3.6.3. WAGE AND SALARY PRIVILEGE 470
3.6.4. SUPPLIERS' PRIVILEGE 471
3.6.5. THE ORDINARY CREDITORS 471
3.6.6. THE DEFERRED CLAIMS 471
3.7. THE LEGAL POSITION OF MORTGAGEES 471
3.8. THE ADMINISTRATION AND CONCLUSION OF THE BANKRUPT ESTATE 472
4. COMPULSORY COMPOSITION 473
4.1. VOLUNTARY COMPOSITION OR COMPULSORY COMPOSITION 473
4.2. THE COMPULSORY COMPOSITION PROCESS 473
4.3. TYPES OF COMPULSORY COMPOSITION 474
4.4. THE CLAIMS IN COMPULSORY COMPOSITION 475
4.4.1. THE NON-AFFECTED CLAIMS 475
4.4.2. THE COMPOSITION CLAIMS 476
4.4.3. THE ELIMINATED CLAIMS 476
22
4.4.4. THE PARI PASSU PRINCIPLE 476
4.4.5. MINIMUM DIVIDEND 476
4.4.6. THE LEGAL POSITION OF MORTGAGEES 477
4.5. LEGAL EFFECTS OF THE COMPULSORY COMPOSITION 477
5. DEBT RESCHEDULING 477
CHAPTER 20. THE LEGAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYERS
AND EMPLOYEES 479
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. THE EMPLOYMENT LAW AND ITS SOURCES 479
2. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS LAW 480
2.1. THE LEGAL BASIS 480
2.2. RESOLUTION OF DISPUTES 481
2.2.1. THE LAWFUL MEANS IN INDUSTRIAL CONFLICTS 481
2.2.2. LEGAL DISPUTES AND CONFLICTS OF INTEREST 482
2.2.3. RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTS UNDER PREVAILING COLLECTIVE
AGREEMENTS 482
2.2.4. SANCTIONS AGAINST VIOLATION OF COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS 484
2.2.5. RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTS IN THE ABSENCE OF A COLLECTIVE
AGREEMENT 484
3. THE LEGAL POSITION IN THE INDIVIDUAL CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 485
3.1. INTRODUCTION 485
3.2. FORMATION OF THE CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 487
3.3. THE DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYEE 488
3.3.1. THE PRINCIPAL DUTY 488
3.3.2. ANCILLARY DUTIES 489
3.4. THE RIGHTS OF THE EMPLOYEE 490
3.4.1. PAY AND OTHER REMUNERATION 490
3.4.2. HOLIDAY 491
3.4.3. LAWFUL ABSENCE, ETC 492
3.5. NORMAL TERMINATION OF THE CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT 495
3.5.1. INTRODUCTION 495
3.5.2. THE REASON FOR TERMINATION 495
3.5.3. THE PERIOD OF NOTICE 496
3.5.4. OTHER FORMS OF PROTECTION AGAINST DISMISSAL 496
3.6. SUMMARY TERMINATION. DAMAGES 498
3.6.1. SUMMARY TERMINATION 498
3.6.2. DAMAGES 499
4. DIFFERENT KINDS OF COOPERATIVE RELATIONS WITHIN THE WORKPLACE 499
4.1. THE SHOP STEWARD ARRANGEMENT 499
4.2. WORKS COUNCILS 500
4.3. HEALTH AND SAFETY REPRESENTATIVES 500
23
4.4. EMPLOYEE BOARD MEMBERS 500
CHAPTER 21. BUSINESS ORGANISATION COMPANY LAW 501
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 501
2. PARTNERSHIPS 502
2.1. INTRODUCTION 502
2.2. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PARTNERS 502
2.2.1. CAPITAL INVESTMENT - SURPLUS AND DEFICITS 502
2.2.2. THE PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP IN THE PARTNERSHIP 503
2.2.3. OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTNERS 503
2.2.4. MANAGEMENT OF THE PARTNERSHIP 503
2.2.5. NEW PARTNERS 504
2.3. THE RELATIONSHIP TO THIRD PARTIES 504
2.3.1. WHO MAY BIND THE PARTNERSHIP TOWARDS THIRD PARTIES? 504
2.3.2. THE LIABILITY TOWARDS THE CREDITORS 504
2.3.2.1. TO THE PARTNERSHIP CREDITORS 504
2.3.2.2. TO THE INDIVIDUAL PARTNER'S CREDITORS
(SEPARATE CREDITORS) 504
2.4. DISSOLUTION OF A PARTNERSHIP 505
3. LIMITED PARTNERSHIPS 505
4. JOINT OWNERSHIP SHIPPING COMPANIES 505
5. COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES 506
6. FUNDS - INDEPENDENT INSTITUTIONS 506
7. LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES 507
7.1. INTRODUCTION 507
7.2. FORMATION 508
7.3. REGISTRATION 508
7.4. INCREASE OF CAPITAL 508
7.5. REDUCTION OF CAPITAL -OWN SHARES -SHAREHOLDERS' LOANS 509
7.5.1. REDUCTION OF CAPITAL 509
7.5.2. OWN SHARES 509
7.5.3. SHAREHOLDERS' LOANS 510
7.6. COMPANY MANAGEMENT 510
7.6.1. INTERNAL MANAGEMENT 510
7.6.2. WHO MAY BIND THE COMPANY TOWARDS THIRD PARTIES? . 511
7.6.3. THE GENERAL MEETING 511
7.8. PROTECTION OF MINORITY INTERESTS 512
7.8. ANNUAL ACCOUNTS - DIVIDEND - AUDITORS 512
7.8.1. THE ANNUAL ACCOUNTS 512
7.8.2. DIVIDENDS 513
7.8.3. AUDITING 513
24
7.9 DISSOLUTION OF COMPANIES 514
7.9.1. LIQUIDATION 514
7.9.2. MERGER 514
7.9.3. SPLITTING UP 515
7.10.4. CONVERTING A PUBLIC LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY INTO
A PRIVATE COMPANY - OR VICE VERSA 515
8. GROUPS 515
CHAPTER 22. INTERNATIONAL CHOICE OF LAW
AND INTERNATIONAL PROCEDURAL LAW 517
BY LARS LINDENCRONE PETERSEN
1. INTRODUCTION 517
2. BACKGROUND AND RELEVANCE 518
3. SOURCES OF LAW 519
4. FORMATION OF CONTRACT 521
4.1. CAPACITY 521
4.2. FORMATION OF CONTRACT AND VALIDITY 521
4.3. AGENCY 522
5. TORT DAMAGES 523
6. SALE OF GOODS 523
6.1. THE (UNIFORM LAWS ON) INTERNATIONAL SALES OF GOODS ACT 523
6.2. THE SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE ACT 523
6.2.1. WHICH CONTRACTS? 523
6.2.2. WHICH LEGAL ISSUES? 524
6.3. CHOICE OF LAW RULES IN THE INTERNATIONAL SALES ACT 524
6.3.1. PARTIES' AUTONOMY 524
6.3.2. THE NON-MANDATORY CHOICE OF LAW RULES 525
6.3.3. PROCEDURE IN EXAMINATION OF THE GOODS 525
7. OTHER CONTRACT RELATIONSHIPS 526
7.1. THE CHOICE OF LAW CONVENTION 526
7.2. SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION 526
7.2.1. WHICH CONTRACT RELATIONSHIPS? 526
7.2.2. WHICH LEGAL ISSUES? 526
7.3. THE CHOICE OF LAW RULES IN THE CONVENTION 527
7.3.1. PARTY AUTONOMY 527
7.3.2. THE NON-MANDATORY CHOICE OF LAW RULES 528
7.3.3. CERTAIN CONSUMER CONTRACTS 529
7.3.4. INDIVIDUAL EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 529
8. INTERNATIONAL PROCEDURAL LAW 530
8.1. THE EU-CONVENTION ON JUDGMENTS 530
8.1.1. THE AREA OF APPLICATION ETC. OF THE CONVENTION 530
8.1.2. THE ORDINARY COMPETENCE RULE OF THE CONVENTION 532
25
8.1.3. COMPETENCE RULES IN ARTS. 5-15 532
8.1.4. EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION RULES IN ART. 16 533
8.1.5. JURISDICTION AGREEMENTS 534
8.1.6. SPECIAL NOTE ON PRELIMINARY REMEDIES 534
8.2. OUTSIDE THE AMBIT OF THE CONVENTION 535
8.2.1. THE MAIN RULE 535
8.2.2. EXCEPTIONAL JURISDICTION 536
8.2.3. JURISDICTION AGREEMENTS 536
8.2.4. SOJOURN AND GOODS JURISDICTION 536
9. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 537
9.1. INTRODUCTION 537
9.2. THE EU-AREA 537
9.2.1. RECOGNITION 537
9.2.2. ENFORCEMENT 538
9.3. NORDIC DECISIONS 538
9.4. OTHER DECISIONS 538
10. INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION 539
10.1. THE ARBITRATION CONCEPT. LEGAL BASIS 539
10.2. TERRITORIAL IDENTIFICATION OF THE ARBITRATION:
NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION 539
10.3. THE ARBITRATION AGREEMENT 539
10.4. CHOICE OF LAW 540
10.5. RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN ARBITRATION AWARDS . 540
10.6. INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 540
CHAPTER 23. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 541
BY MORTEN WEGENER
1. THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AS AN AREA OF LEGAL REGULATION 541
2. THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT IN OUTLINE 543
2.1. PURPOSE AND BASIC PRINCIPLES 543
2.2. ADMINISTRATION 545
2.3. REGULATION TECHNIQUE 545
2.4. SCOPE OF THE ACT 546
2.5. SUBSTANCE OF THE REGULATION 547
2.6. SUPERVISION 548
2.7. APPEALS, ETC 549
2.8. ENFORCEMENT 550
2.8.1. CRIMINAL LIABILITY 550
2.8.2. CIVIL LIABILITY 551
26 |
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| author | Iversen, Bent Lindencrone Petersen, Lars Wegener, Morten |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:38:42Z |
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| spelling | Iversen, Bent Verfasser aut Laerebog i dansk & international erhvervsret Danish business law Bent Iversen ; Lars Lindencrone Petersen ; Morten Wegener 3. ed. Copenhagen DJØF Publ. 2004 560 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Aus dem Dän. übers. Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 gnd rswk-swf Dänemark (DE-588)4010877-6 gnd rswk-swf Dänemark (DE-588)4010877-6 g Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 s DE-604 Lindencrone Petersen, Lars Verfasser aut Wegener, Morten Verfasser aut SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014778846&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Iversen, Bent Lindencrone Petersen, Lars Wegener, Morten Danish business law Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066510-0 (DE-588)4010877-6 |
| title | Danish business law |
| title_alt | Laerebog i dansk & international erhvervsret |
| title_auth | Danish business law |
| title_exact_search | Danish business law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Danish business law |
| title_full | Danish business law Bent Iversen ; Lars Lindencrone Petersen ; Morten Wegener |
| title_fullStr | Danish business law Bent Iversen ; Lars Lindencrone Petersen ; Morten Wegener |
| title_full_unstemmed | Danish business law Bent Iversen ; Lars Lindencrone Petersen ; Morten Wegener |
| title_short | Danish business law |
| title_sort | danish business law |
| topic | Wirtschaftsrecht (DE-588)4066510-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaftsrecht Dänemark |
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