Thin film solar cells: fabrication, characterization and applications
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| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester
Wiley
2007
|
| Ausgabe: | Reprinted with corr. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Wiley series in materials for electronic and optoelectronic applications
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Beschreibung für Leser Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXIX, 471 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0470091266 9780470091265 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Thin film solar cells |b fabrication, characterization and applications |c ed. by Jef Poortmans ... |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester |b Wiley |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XXIX, 471 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Wiley series in materials for electronic and optoelectronic applications | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Thin film devices | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1805088366798045184 |
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| adam_text |
THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS FABRICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS
EDITED BY JEF POORTMANS AND VLADIMIR ARKHIPOV IMEC, LEUVEN, BELGIUM JOHN
WILEY & SONS, LTD CONTENTS SERIES PREFACE XIII PREFACE XV 1 EPITAXIAL
THIN FILM CRYSTAUINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS ON LOW COST SILICON CARRIERS 1
JEF POORTMANS 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 DEPOSITION TECHNOLOGIES 4 1.2.1
THERMALLY ASSISTED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION 5 1.2.2 LIQUID PHASE
EPITAXY - ELECTRODEPOSITION 6 1.2.3 CLOSE SPACE VAPOR TRANSPORT
TECHNIQUE 8 1.2.4 ION ASSISTED DEPOSITION 9 1.2.5 LOW ENERGY PLASMA
ENHANCED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION/ELECTRON CYCLOTRON RESONANCE CHEMICAL
VAPOR DEPOSITION 10 1.3 SILICON BASED EPITAXIAL LAYER STRUCTURES FOR
INCREASED ABSORBANCE 11 1.3.1 EPITAXIAL GROWTH ON TEXTURED SUBSTRATES 11
1.3.2 SILICON-GERMANIUM ALLOYS 12 1.3.3 GERMANIUM-SILICON STRUCTURES 15
1.3.4 EPITAXIAL LAYERS ON A BURIED BACKSIDE REFLECTOR 17 1.4 EPITAXIAL
SOLAR CELL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 21 1.4.1 LABORATORY TYPE EPITAXIAL SOLAR
CELLS 21 1.4.2 INDUSTRIAL EPITAXIAL SOLAR CELLS 22 1.4.3 SPECIAL
EPITAXIAL SOLAR CELL STRUCTURES 24 1.5 HIGH THROUGHPUT SILICON
DEPOSITION 24 1.5.1 CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION REACTOR UPSCALING 25 1.5.2
LIQUID PHASE EPITAXY REACTOR UPSCALING 29 1.6 CONCLUSIONS 32 REFERENCES
32 2 CRYSTAUINE SILICON THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS ON FOREIGN SUBSTRATES BY
HIGH TEMPERATURE DEPOSITION AND RECRYSTALLIZATION 39 STEFAN REBER,
THOMAS KIELIBA, SANDRA BAU 2.1 MOTIVATION AND INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR CELL
CONCEPT 39 2.2 SUBSTRATE AND INTERMEDIATE LAYER 42 THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS
EDITED BY J. POORTMANS AND V. ARKHIPOV 2006 JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD
VLLL CONTENTS 2.2.1 SUBSTRATE 42 2.2.2 INTERMEDIATE LAYER 44 2.3 ZONE
MELTING RECRYSTALLIZATION 48 2.3.1 INTRODUCTION 48 2.3.2 ZONE MELTING
RECRYSTALLIZATION FILM GROWTH 51 2.3.3 FEATURES OF SILICON LAYERS
RECRYSTALLIZED BY ZONE MELTING RECRYSTALLIZATION 53 2.3.4 DEVELOPMENT OF
LAMP HEATED ZONE MELTING RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESSORS 59 2.3.5 ZONE
MELTING RECRYSTALLIZATION ON CERAMIC SUBSTRATES 64 2.4 SILICON
DEPOSITION 66 2.4.1 REQUIREMENTS OF SILICON DEPOSITION FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS
67 2.4.2 SOME BASICS ON THERMAL SILICON ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CHEMICAL
VAPOR DEPOSITION FROM CHLOROSILANES 68 2.4.3 R&D TRENDS IN SILICON
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS 71
2.4.4 SILICON CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION ON CERAMIC SUBSTRATES 73 2.5
SOLAR CELLS ON FOREIGN SUBSTRATES 75 2.5.1 OPTIONS FOR SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION 76 2.5.2 SOLAR CELLS ON MODEL SUBSTRATES 78 2.5.3 SOLAR
CELLS ON LOW COST SUBSTRATES 82 2.6 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 85
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 87 REFERENCES 87 3 THIN FILM POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON
SOLAR CELLS 97 GUY BEAUCARNE, ABDELLILAH SLAOUI 3.1 INTRODUCTION 97
3.1.1 DEFINITION 97 3.1.2 WHY POLYCRYSTALLINE THIN FILM SILICON SOLAR
CELLS? 98 3.2 POTENTIAL OF POLYSILICON SOLAR CELLS 98 3.2.1 LIGHT
CONFINEMENT 98 3.2.2 DIFFUSION LENGTH 99 3.2.3 MODELING 100 3.3
SUBSTRATES FOR POLYSILICON CELLS 101 3.4 FILM FORMATION 103 3.4.1
INITIAL STEP FOR GRAIN SIZE ENHANCEMENT 103 3.4.2 TECHNIQUES FOR ACTIVE
LAYER FORMATION 106 3.4.3 DEFECT DENSITY AND ACTIVITY 112 3.5 SOLAR CELL
AND MODULE PROCESSING 115 3.5.1 DEVICE STRUCTURE 115 3.5.2 JUNCTION
FORMATION 117 3.5.3 DEFECT PASSIVATION 118 3.5.4 ISOLATION AND
INTERCONNECTION 118 3.6 POLYSILICON SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGIES 120 3.6.1
SOLID PHASE CRYSTALLIZATION HETEROJUNCTION WITH INTRINSIC THIN LAYER
SOLAR CELLS 120 3.6.2 SURFACE TEXTURE AND ENHANCED ABSORPTION WITH BACK
REFLECTOR SOLAR CELLS 121 CONTENTS IX 3.6.3 CRYSTALLINE SILICON ON GLASS
TECHNOLOGY 121 3.6.4 OTHER RESEARCH EFFORTS AROUND THE WORLD 122 3.7
CONCLUSION 123 REFERENCES 123 4 ADVANCES IN MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON
SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGIES 133 EVELYNE VALLAT-SAUVAIN, ARVIND SHAH AND
JULIEN BAILAT 4.1 INTRODUCTION 133 4.2 MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON:
MATERIAL FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION 134 4.2.1 MICROCRYSTALLINE
SILICON DEPOSITION TECHNIQUES 134 4.2.2 UNDOPED MICROCRYSTALLINE LAYERS
137 4.2.3 DOPED LAYERS 147 4.3 MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS 148
4.3.1 LIGHT MANAGEMENT ISSUES 149 4.3.2 SINGLE JUNCTION MICROCRYSTALLINE
SILICON SOLAR CELLS 154 4.3.3 TANDEM AMORPHOUS/MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON
SOLAR CELLS: THE MICROMORPH CONCEPT 159 4.4 CONCLUSIONS 163 REFERENCES 1
65 5 ADVANCED AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGIES 173 MIRO ZEMAN
5.1 INTRODUCTION 173 5.2 OVERVIEW OF AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELL
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT ISSUES 174 5.2.1 1970S 174 5.2.2
1980S 174 5.2.3 1990S 174 5.2.4 AFTER 2000 175 5.2.5 CURRENT TECHNOLOGY
ISSUES 175 5.3 HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON , 177 5.3.1 ATOMIC
STRUCTURE 177 5.3.2 DENSITY OF STATES 179 5.3.3 MODELS FOR THE DENSITY
OF STATES AND RECOMBINATION-GENERATION STATISTICS 180 5.3.4 OPTICAL
PROPERTIES 181 5.3.5 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 183 5.3.6 DETERMINATION OF
DENSITY OF STATES 187 5.3.7 METASTABILITY 190 5.3.8 HYDROGENATED
AMORPHOUS SILICON FROM HYDROGEN DILUTED SILANE 192 5.3.9 DOPING OF
HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON 194 5.3.10 ALLOYING OF HYDROGENATED
AMORPHOUS SILICON 196 5.4 DEPOSITION OF HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON
197 5.4.1 RADIO FREQUENCY PLASMA ENHANCED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION 198
5.4.2 DIRECT PLASMA ENHANCED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION TECHNIQUES 200
5.4.3 REMOTE PLASMA ENHANCED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION TECHNIQUES 202
5.4.4 HOTWIRE CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION 203 X CONTENTS 5.5 AMORPHOUS
SILICON SOLAR CELLS 204 5.5.1 HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELL
STRUCTURE 204 5.5.2 HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELL
CONFIGURATIONS 207 5.5.3 DESIGN APPROACHES FOR HIGHLY EFFICIENT SOLAR
CELLS 208 5.5.4 LIGHT TRAPPING AND TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE OXIDES 209
5.5.5 DEGRADATION OF HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELLS 211
5.5.6 MULTIJUNCTION HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELLS 212 5.6
PERFORMANCE AND FABRICATION OF HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON BASED
MODULES 219 5.6.1 ENERGY YIELD 221 5.6.2 FABRICATION OF HYDROGENATED
AMORPHOUS SILICON BASED MODULES 223 5.6.3 PLASMA ENHANCED CHEMICAL VAPOR
DEPOSITION SYSTEMS 223 5.7 APPLICATIONS 227 5.8 OUTLOOK 229
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS , 230 REFERENCES 230 6 CHALCOPYRITE BASED SOLAR CELLS
237 REINER KLENK, MARTHA CH. LUX-STEINER 6.1 INTRODUCTION 237 6.2
POTENTIAL OF CHALCOPYRITE PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES 237 6.3 TECHNOLOGY FOR
THE PREPARATION OF CHALCOPYRITE SOLAR CELLS AND MODULES 239 6.3.1
ABSORBER 240 6.3.2 CONTACTS 244 6.4 CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING 247
6.4.1 CELLCONCEPT 248 6.4.2 CARRIER DENSITY AND TRANSPORT 250 6.4.3 LOSS
MECHANISMS 251 6.5 SCALING UP AND PRODUCTION 254 6.5.1 COST ESTIMATIONS
257 6.5.2 MODULE PERFORMANCE 258 6.5.3 SUSTAINABILITY 259 6.6 DEVELOPING
FUTURE CHALCOPYRITE TECHNOLOGY 260 6.6.1 LIGHTWEIGHT AND FLEXIBLE
SUBSTRATES 260 6.6.2 CADMIUM FREE CELLS 261 6.6.3 INDIUM FREE ABSORBERS
263 6.6.4 NOVEL BACK CONTACTS 263 6.6.5 BIFACIAL CELLS AND SUPERSTRATE
CELLS 263 6.6.6 NONVACUUM PROCESSING 264 6.6.7 WIDE GAP AND TANDEM CELLS
265 REFERENCES 266 7 CADMIUM TELLURIDE THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS:
CHARACTERIZATION, FABRICATION AND MODELING 277 MARC BURGELMAN 7.1
INTRODUCTION 277 CONTENTS XI 7.2 MATERIALS AND CELL CONCEPTS FOR CADMIUM
TELLURIDE BASED SOLAR CELLS 278 7.2.1 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CADMIUM
TELLURIDE 279 7.2.2 ELECTRICA! PROPERTIES OF CADMIUM TELLURIDE 281 7.2.3
THE BUFFER MATERIAL: CADMIUM SULFIDE 283 7.2.4 WINDOW MATERIALS FOR
CADMIUM TELLURIDE BASED SOLAR CELLS 285 7.3 RESEARCH AREAS AND TRENDS IN
CADMIUM TELLURIDE SOLAR CELLS 286 7.3.1 THE ACTIVATION TREATMENT OF
CADMIUM TELLURIDE 286 7.3.2 THE BACK CONTACT STRUCTURE 288 7.3.3
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 290 7.3.4 OTHER RESEARCH AREAS AND TRENDS 291 7.4
FABRICATION OF CADMIUM TELLURIDE CELLS AND MODULES 294 7.4.1 DEPOSITION
METHODS FOR CADMIUM TELLURIDE BASED SOLAR CELLS 294 7.4.2 DESIGN OF
SERIES INTEGRATED CADMIUM TELLURIDE MODULES 296 7.4.3 PRODUCTION OF
CADMIUM TELLURIDE SOLAR MODULES 297 7.5 ADVANCED CHARACTERIZATION AND
MODELING OF CADMIUM TELLURIDE SOLAR CELLS 298 7.5.1 CHARACTERIZATION AND
MODELING: INTRODUCTION 298 7.5.2 CHARACTERIZATION METHODS FOR CADMIUM
TELLURIDE MATERIALS AND CELLS 298 7.5.3 MODELING OF THIN FILM CADMIUM
TELLURIDE SOLAR CELLS 303 7.6 CONCLUSIONS 314 ACKNOW LEDGMENTS 314
REFERENCES 314 8 CHARGE CARRIER PHOTOGENERATION IN DOPED AND BLENDED
ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS 325 VLADIMIR I. ARKHIPOV, HEINZ BAESSLER 8.1
INTRODUCTION 325 8.2 EXCITON DISSOCIATION IN NEAT AND HOMOGENEOUSLY
DOPED RANDOM ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS 326 8.2.1 INTRINSIC PHOTOGENERATION
IN CONJUGATED POLYMERS 326 8.2.2 SENSITIZED PHOTOGENERATION OF CHARGE
CARRIERS IN HOMOGENOUSLY DOPED CONJUGATED POLYMERS 328 8.2.3
PHOTOGENERATION OF CHARGE CARRIERS AT A DONOR-ACCEPTOR INTERFACE 335 8.3
MODELS OF EXCITON DISSOCIATION IN HOMOGENEOUSLY DOPED CONJUGATED
POLYMERS AND IN POLYMER BASED DONOR/ACCEPTOR BLENDS 349 8.3.1 THE
ONSAGER-BRAUN MODEL 349 8.3.2 EXCITON DISSOCIATION IN CONJUGATED
POLYMERS HOMOGENEOUSLY DOPED WITH ELECTRON SCAVENGERS 351 8.3.3 EXCITON
DISSOCIATION AT A POLYMER DONOR/ACCEPTOR INTERFACE 353 8.4 CONCLUSIONS
357 REFERENCES 358 9 NANOCRYSTALLINE INJECTION SOLAR CELLS 363 MICHAEL
GRAETZEL 9.1 INTRODUCTION 363 9.2 BAND DIAGRAM AND OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE
OF THE DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL 364 XLL CONTENTS 9.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF
THE NANOSTRUCTURE 365 9.3.1 LIGHT HARVESTING BY A SENSITIZER MONOLAYER
ADSORBED ON A MESOSCOPIC SEMICONDUCTOR FILM 366 9.3.2 ENHANCED RED AND
NEAR INFRARED RESPONSE BY LIGHT CONTAINMENT 368 9.3.3 LIGHT INDUCED
CHARGE SEPARATION AND CONVERSION OF PHOTONS TO ELECTRIC CURRENT 369
9.3.4 CHARGE CARRIER COLLECTION 371 9.3.5 QUANTUM DOT SENSITIZERS 374
9.4 PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE OF THE DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL 375 9.4.1
PHOTOCURRENT ACTION SPECTRA 375 9.4.2 OVERALL CONVERSION EFFICIENCY
UNDER GLOBAL AM 1.5 STANDARD REPORTING CONDITIONS 376 9.4.3 INCREASING
THE OPEN CIRCUIT PHOTOVOLTAGE 377 9.5 DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SENSITIZERS AND
REDOX SYSTEMS 378 9.6 SOLID STATE DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS 379 9.7 DYE
SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL STABILITY 379 9.7.1 CRITERIA FOR LONG TERM
STABILITY OF THE DYE 379 9.7.2 KINETIC MEASUREMENTS 380 9.7.3 RECENT
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL STABILITY 381 9.7.4
FIRST LARGE SCALE FIELD TESTS AND COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS 382 9.8 FUTURE
PROSPECTS 384 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 384 REFERENCES 384 10 CHARGE TRANSPORT AND
RECOMBINATION IN DONOR-ACCEPTOR BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS 387 A.
J. MOZER, N. S. SARICIFTCI 10.1 INTRODUCTION 387 10.2 DEVELOPMENT OF
BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS 388 10.3 BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS
391 10.3.1 OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLES 391 10.3.2 NANOMORPHOLOGY-PROPERTY
RELATIONS 394 10.3.3 IMPROVING THE PHOTON HARVESTING 397 10.4 CHARGE
CARRIER MOBILITY AND RECOMBINATION 399 10.4.1 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 399
10.4.2 CHARGE TRANSPORT IN CONJUGATED POLYMERS 401 10.4.3 CHARGE
TRANSPORT AND RECOMBINATION IN BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS 412 10.5
SUMMARY 421 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 421 REFERENCES 422 11 THE TERAWATT CHALLENGE
FOR THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAICS 427 KEN ZWEIBEL 11.1 PROLOGUE 427 11.2 'THE
ONLY BIG NUMBER OUT THERE - 125 000 TW (QUOTE, NATE LEWIS, 2004) 428
11.3 LOW COST AND THE IDEA OF THIN FILMS 11.4 A BOTTOM UP ANALYSIS OF
THIN FILM MODULE COSTS 11.4.1 APPROACH 11.4.2 RESULTS 11.5 OTHER ASPECTS
OF THE 'TERAWATT CHALLENGE' 11.6 RISKS AND PERSPECTIVE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
APPENDIX 11.1 APPENDIX 11.2 REFERENCES CONTENTS XIII 431 431 432 435 455
458 459 459 460 460 INDEX 463 |
| adam_txt |
THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS FABRICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS
EDITED BY JEF POORTMANS AND VLADIMIR ARKHIPOV IMEC, LEUVEN, BELGIUM JOHN
WILEY & SONS, LTD CONTENTS SERIES PREFACE XIII PREFACE XV 1 EPITAXIAL
THIN FILM CRYSTAUINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS ON LOW COST SILICON CARRIERS 1
JEF POORTMANS 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 DEPOSITION TECHNOLOGIES 4 1.2.1
THERMALLY ASSISTED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION 5 1.2.2 LIQUID PHASE
EPITAXY - ELECTRODEPOSITION 6 1.2.3 CLOSE SPACE VAPOR TRANSPORT
TECHNIQUE 8 1.2.4 ION ASSISTED DEPOSITION 9 1.2.5 LOW ENERGY PLASMA
ENHANCED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION/ELECTRON CYCLOTRON RESONANCE CHEMICAL
VAPOR DEPOSITION 10 1.3 SILICON BASED EPITAXIAL LAYER STRUCTURES FOR
INCREASED ABSORBANCE 11 1.3.1 EPITAXIAL GROWTH ON TEXTURED SUBSTRATES 11
1.3.2 SILICON-GERMANIUM ALLOYS 12 1.3.3 GERMANIUM-SILICON STRUCTURES 15
1.3.4 EPITAXIAL LAYERS ON A BURIED BACKSIDE REFLECTOR 17 1.4 EPITAXIAL
SOLAR CELL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 21 1.4.1 LABORATORY TYPE EPITAXIAL SOLAR
CELLS 21 1.4.2 INDUSTRIAL EPITAXIAL SOLAR CELLS 22 1.4.3 SPECIAL
EPITAXIAL SOLAR CELL STRUCTURES 24 1.5 HIGH THROUGHPUT SILICON
DEPOSITION 24 1.5.1 CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION REACTOR UPSCALING 25 1.5.2
LIQUID PHASE EPITAXY REACTOR UPSCALING 29 1.6 CONCLUSIONS 32 REFERENCES
32 2 CRYSTAUINE SILICON THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS ON FOREIGN SUBSTRATES BY
HIGH TEMPERATURE DEPOSITION AND RECRYSTALLIZATION 39 STEFAN REBER,
THOMAS KIELIBA, SANDRA BAU 2.1 MOTIVATION AND INTRODUCTION TO SOLAR CELL
CONCEPT 39 2.2 SUBSTRATE AND INTERMEDIATE LAYER 42 THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS
EDITED BY J. POORTMANS AND V. ARKHIPOV 2006 JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD
VLLL CONTENTS 2.2.1 SUBSTRATE 42 2.2.2 INTERMEDIATE LAYER 44 2.3 ZONE
MELTING RECRYSTALLIZATION 48 2.3.1 INTRODUCTION 48 2.3.2 ZONE MELTING
RECRYSTALLIZATION FILM GROWTH 51 2.3.3 FEATURES OF SILICON LAYERS
RECRYSTALLIZED BY ZONE MELTING RECRYSTALLIZATION 53 2.3.4 DEVELOPMENT OF
LAMP HEATED ZONE MELTING RECRYSTALLIZATION PROCESSORS 59 2.3.5 ZONE
MELTING RECRYSTALLIZATION ON CERAMIC SUBSTRATES 64 2.4 SILICON
DEPOSITION 66 2.4.1 REQUIREMENTS OF SILICON DEPOSITION FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS
67 2.4.2 SOME BASICS ON THERMAL SILICON ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CHEMICAL
VAPOR DEPOSITION FROM CHLOROSILANES 68 2.4.3 R&D TRENDS IN SILICON
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS 71
2.4.4 SILICON CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION ON CERAMIC SUBSTRATES 73 2.5
SOLAR CELLS ON FOREIGN SUBSTRATES 75 2.5.1 OPTIONS FOR SOLAR CELL
FABRICATION 76 2.5.2 SOLAR CELLS ON MODEL SUBSTRATES 78 2.5.3 SOLAR
CELLS ON LOW COST SUBSTRATES 82 2.6 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK 85
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 87 REFERENCES 87 3 THIN FILM POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON
SOLAR CELLS 97 GUY BEAUCARNE, ABDELLILAH SLAOUI 3.1 INTRODUCTION 97
3.1.1 DEFINITION 97 3.1.2 WHY POLYCRYSTALLINE THIN FILM SILICON SOLAR
CELLS? 98 3.2 POTENTIAL OF POLYSILICON SOLAR CELLS 98 3.2.1 LIGHT
CONFINEMENT 98 3.2.2 DIFFUSION LENGTH 99 3.2.3 MODELING 100 3.3
SUBSTRATES FOR POLYSILICON CELLS 101 3.4 FILM FORMATION 103 3.4.1
INITIAL STEP FOR GRAIN SIZE ENHANCEMENT 103 3.4.2 TECHNIQUES FOR ACTIVE
LAYER FORMATION 106 3.4.3 DEFECT DENSITY AND ACTIVITY 112 3.5 SOLAR CELL
AND MODULE PROCESSING 115 3.5.1 DEVICE STRUCTURE 115 3.5.2 JUNCTION
FORMATION 117 3.5.3 DEFECT PASSIVATION 118 3.5.4 ISOLATION AND
INTERCONNECTION 118 3.6 POLYSILICON SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGIES 120 3.6.1
SOLID PHASE CRYSTALLIZATION HETEROJUNCTION WITH INTRINSIC THIN LAYER
SOLAR CELLS 120 3.6.2 SURFACE TEXTURE AND ENHANCED ABSORPTION WITH BACK
REFLECTOR SOLAR CELLS 121 CONTENTS IX 3.6.3 CRYSTALLINE SILICON ON GLASS
TECHNOLOGY 121 3.6.4 OTHER RESEARCH EFFORTS AROUND THE WORLD 122 3.7
CONCLUSION 123 REFERENCES 123 4 ADVANCES IN MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON
SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGIES 133 EVELYNE VALLAT-SAUVAIN, ARVIND SHAH AND
JULIEN BAILAT 4.1 INTRODUCTION 133 4.2 MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON:
MATERIAL FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION 134 4.2.1 MICROCRYSTALLINE
SILICON DEPOSITION TECHNIQUES 134 4.2.2 UNDOPED MICROCRYSTALLINE LAYERS
137 4.2.3 DOPED LAYERS 147 4.3 MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS 148
4.3.1 LIGHT MANAGEMENT ISSUES 149 4.3.2 SINGLE JUNCTION MICROCRYSTALLINE
SILICON SOLAR CELLS 154 4.3.3 TANDEM AMORPHOUS/MICROCRYSTALLINE SILICON
SOLAR CELLS: THE MICROMORPH CONCEPT 159 4.4 CONCLUSIONS 163 REFERENCES 1
65 5 ADVANCED AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGIES 173 MIRO ZEMAN
5.1 INTRODUCTION 173 5.2 OVERVIEW OF AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELL
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND CURRENT ISSUES 174 5.2.1 1970S 174 5.2.2
1980S 174 5.2.3 1990S 174 5.2.4 AFTER 2000 175 5.2.5 CURRENT TECHNOLOGY
ISSUES 175 5.3 HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON , 177 5.3.1 ATOMIC
STRUCTURE 177 5.3.2 DENSITY OF STATES 179 5.3.3 MODELS FOR THE DENSITY
OF STATES AND RECOMBINATION-GENERATION STATISTICS 180 5.3.4 OPTICAL
PROPERTIES 181 5.3.5 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 183 5.3.6 DETERMINATION OF
DENSITY OF STATES 187 5.3.7 METASTABILITY 190 5.3.8 HYDROGENATED
AMORPHOUS SILICON FROM HYDROGEN DILUTED SILANE 192 5.3.9 DOPING OF
HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON 194 5.3.10 ALLOYING OF HYDROGENATED
AMORPHOUS SILICON 196 5.4 DEPOSITION OF HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON
197 5.4.1 RADIO FREQUENCY PLASMA ENHANCED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION 198
5.4.2 DIRECT PLASMA ENHANCED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION TECHNIQUES 200
5.4.3 REMOTE PLASMA ENHANCED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION TECHNIQUES 202
5.4.4 HOTWIRE CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION 203 X CONTENTS 5.5 AMORPHOUS
SILICON SOLAR CELLS 204 5.5.1 HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELL
STRUCTURE 204 5.5.2 HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELL
CONFIGURATIONS 207 5.5.3 DESIGN APPROACHES FOR HIGHLY EFFICIENT SOLAR
CELLS 208 5.5.4 LIGHT TRAPPING AND TRANSPARENT CONDUCTIVE OXIDES 209
5.5.5 DEGRADATION OF HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELLS 211
5.5.6 MULTIJUNCTION HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON SOLAR CELLS 212 5.6
PERFORMANCE AND FABRICATION OF HYDROGENATED AMORPHOUS SILICON BASED
MODULES 219 5.6.1 ENERGY YIELD 221 5.6.2 FABRICATION OF HYDROGENATED
AMORPHOUS SILICON BASED MODULES 223 5.6.3 PLASMA ENHANCED CHEMICAL VAPOR
DEPOSITION SYSTEMS 223 5.7 APPLICATIONS 227 5.8 OUTLOOK 229
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS , 230 REFERENCES 230 6 CHALCOPYRITE BASED SOLAR CELLS
237 REINER KLENK, MARTHA CH. LUX-STEINER 6.1 INTRODUCTION 237 6.2
POTENTIAL OF CHALCOPYRITE PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES 237 6.3 TECHNOLOGY FOR
THE PREPARATION OF CHALCOPYRITE SOLAR CELLS AND MODULES 239 6.3.1
ABSORBER 240 6.3.2 CONTACTS 244 6.4 CHARACTERIZATION AND MODELING 247
6.4.1 CELLCONCEPT 248 6.4.2 CARRIER DENSITY AND TRANSPORT 250 6.4.3 LOSS
MECHANISMS 251 6.5 SCALING UP AND PRODUCTION 254 6.5.1 COST ESTIMATIONS
257 6.5.2 MODULE PERFORMANCE 258 6.5.3 SUSTAINABILITY 259 6.6 DEVELOPING
FUTURE CHALCOPYRITE TECHNOLOGY 260 6.6.1 LIGHTWEIGHT AND FLEXIBLE
SUBSTRATES 260 6.6.2 CADMIUM FREE CELLS 261 6.6.3 INDIUM FREE ABSORBERS
263 6.6.4 NOVEL BACK CONTACTS 263 6.6.5 BIFACIAL CELLS AND SUPERSTRATE
CELLS 263 6.6.6 NONVACUUM PROCESSING 264 6.6.7 WIDE GAP AND TANDEM CELLS
265 REFERENCES 266 7 CADMIUM TELLURIDE THIN FILM SOLAR CELLS:
CHARACTERIZATION, FABRICATION AND MODELING 277 MARC BURGELMAN 7.1
INTRODUCTION 277 CONTENTS XI 7.2 MATERIALS AND CELL CONCEPTS FOR CADMIUM
TELLURIDE BASED SOLAR CELLS 278 7.2.1 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF CADMIUM
TELLURIDE 279 7.2.2 ELECTRICA! PROPERTIES OF CADMIUM TELLURIDE 281 7.2.3
THE BUFFER MATERIAL: CADMIUM SULFIDE 283 7.2.4 WINDOW MATERIALS FOR
CADMIUM TELLURIDE BASED SOLAR CELLS 285 7.3 RESEARCH AREAS AND TRENDS IN
CADMIUM TELLURIDE SOLAR CELLS 286 7.3.1 THE ACTIVATION TREATMENT OF
CADMIUM TELLURIDE 286 7.3.2 THE BACK CONTACT STRUCTURE 288 7.3.3
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 290 7.3.4 OTHER RESEARCH AREAS AND TRENDS 291 7.4
FABRICATION OF CADMIUM TELLURIDE CELLS AND MODULES 294 7.4.1 DEPOSITION
METHODS FOR CADMIUM TELLURIDE BASED SOLAR CELLS 294 7.4.2 DESIGN OF
SERIES INTEGRATED CADMIUM TELLURIDE MODULES 296 7.4.3 PRODUCTION OF
CADMIUM TELLURIDE SOLAR MODULES 297 7.5 ADVANCED CHARACTERIZATION AND
MODELING OF CADMIUM TELLURIDE SOLAR CELLS 298 7.5.1 CHARACTERIZATION AND
MODELING: INTRODUCTION 298 7.5.2 CHARACTERIZATION METHODS FOR CADMIUM
TELLURIDE MATERIALS AND CELLS 298 7.5.3 MODELING OF THIN FILM CADMIUM
TELLURIDE SOLAR CELLS 303 7.6 CONCLUSIONS 314 ACKNOW LEDGMENTS 314
REFERENCES 314 8 CHARGE CARRIER PHOTOGENERATION IN DOPED AND BLENDED
ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS 325 VLADIMIR I. ARKHIPOV, HEINZ BAESSLER 8.1
INTRODUCTION 325 8.2 EXCITON DISSOCIATION IN NEAT AND HOMOGENEOUSLY
DOPED RANDOM ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS 326 8.2.1 INTRINSIC PHOTOGENERATION
IN CONJUGATED POLYMERS 326 8.2.2 SENSITIZED PHOTOGENERATION OF CHARGE
CARRIERS IN HOMOGENOUSLY DOPED CONJUGATED POLYMERS 328 8.2.3
PHOTOGENERATION OF CHARGE CARRIERS AT A DONOR-ACCEPTOR INTERFACE 335 8.3
MODELS OF EXCITON DISSOCIATION IN HOMOGENEOUSLY DOPED CONJUGATED
POLYMERS AND IN POLYMER BASED DONOR/ACCEPTOR BLENDS 349 8.3.1 THE
ONSAGER-BRAUN MODEL 349 8.3.2 EXCITON DISSOCIATION IN CONJUGATED
POLYMERS HOMOGENEOUSLY DOPED WITH ELECTRON SCAVENGERS 351 8.3.3 EXCITON
DISSOCIATION AT A POLYMER DONOR/ACCEPTOR INTERFACE 353 8.4 CONCLUSIONS
357 REFERENCES 358 9 NANOCRYSTALLINE INJECTION SOLAR CELLS 363 MICHAEL
GRAETZEL 9.1 INTRODUCTION 363 9.2 BAND DIAGRAM AND OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE
OF THE DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL 364 XLL CONTENTS 9.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF
THE NANOSTRUCTURE 365 9.3.1 LIGHT HARVESTING BY A SENSITIZER MONOLAYER
ADSORBED ON A MESOSCOPIC SEMICONDUCTOR FILM 366 9.3.2 ENHANCED RED AND
NEAR INFRARED RESPONSE BY LIGHT CONTAINMENT 368 9.3.3 LIGHT INDUCED
CHARGE SEPARATION AND CONVERSION OF PHOTONS TO ELECTRIC CURRENT 369
9.3.4 CHARGE CARRIER COLLECTION 371 9.3.5 QUANTUM DOT SENSITIZERS 374
9.4 PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE OF THE DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL 375 9.4.1
PHOTOCURRENT ACTION SPECTRA 375 9.4.2 OVERALL CONVERSION EFFICIENCY
UNDER GLOBAL AM 1.5 STANDARD REPORTING CONDITIONS 376 9.4.3 INCREASING
THE OPEN CIRCUIT PHOTOVOLTAGE 377 9.5 DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SENSITIZERS AND
REDOX SYSTEMS 378 9.6 SOLID STATE DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS 379 9.7 DYE
SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL STABILITY 379 9.7.1 CRITERIA FOR LONG TERM
STABILITY OF THE DYE 379 9.7.2 KINETIC MEASUREMENTS 380 9.7.3 RECENT
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON DYE SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL STABILITY 381 9.7.4
FIRST LARGE SCALE FIELD TESTS AND COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS 382 9.8 FUTURE
PROSPECTS 384 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 384 REFERENCES 384 10 CHARGE TRANSPORT AND
RECOMBINATION IN DONOR-ACCEPTOR BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS 387 A.
J. MOZER, N. S. SARICIFTCI 10.1 INTRODUCTION 387 10.2 DEVELOPMENT OF
BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS 388 10.3 BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS
391 10.3.1 OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLES 391 10.3.2 NANOMORPHOLOGY-PROPERTY
RELATIONS 394 10.3.3 IMPROVING THE PHOTON HARVESTING 397 10.4 CHARGE
CARRIER MOBILITY AND RECOMBINATION 399 10.4.1 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 399
10.4.2 CHARGE TRANSPORT IN CONJUGATED POLYMERS 401 10.4.3 CHARGE
TRANSPORT AND RECOMBINATION IN BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS 412 10.5
SUMMARY 421 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 421 REFERENCES 422 11 THE TERAWATT CHALLENGE
FOR THIN FILM PHOTOVOLTAICS 427 KEN ZWEIBEL 11.1 PROLOGUE 427 11.2 'THE
ONLY BIG NUMBER OUT THERE - 125 000 TW (QUOTE, NATE LEWIS, 2004) 428
11.3 LOW COST AND THE IDEA OF THIN FILMS 11.4 A BOTTOM UP ANALYSIS OF
THIN FILM MODULE COSTS 11.4.1 APPROACH 11.4.2 RESULTS 11.5 OTHER ASPECTS
OF THE 'TERAWATT CHALLENGE' 11.6 RISKS AND PERSPECTIVE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
APPENDIX 11.1 APPENDIX 11.2 REFERENCES CONTENTS XIII 431 431 432 435 455
458 459 459 460 460 INDEX 463 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:34:52Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T09:06:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0470091266 9780470091265 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2006010650 |
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| spelling | Thin film solar cells fabrication, characterization and applications ed. by Jef Poortmans ... Reprinted with corr. Chichester Wiley 2007 XXIX, 471 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wiley series in materials for electronic and optoelectronic applications Solar cells Thin film devices Dünnschichtsolarzelle (DE-588)4150833-6 gnd rswk-swf Solarzelle (DE-588)4181740-0 gnd rswk-swf Dünnschichttechnik (DE-588)4136339-5 gnd rswk-swf Dünnschichtsolarzelle (DE-588)4150833-6 s DE-604 Solarzelle (DE-588)4181740-0 s Dünnschichttechnik (DE-588)4136339-5 s 1\p DE-604 Poortmans, Jef Sonstige oth http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2875805&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Beschreibung für Leser http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0611/2006010650.html Inhaltsverzeichnis GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014777292&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Thin film solar cells fabrication, characterization and applications Solar cells Thin film devices Dünnschichtsolarzelle (DE-588)4150833-6 gnd Solarzelle (DE-588)4181740-0 gnd Dünnschichttechnik (DE-588)4136339-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4150833-6 (DE-588)4181740-0 (DE-588)4136339-5 |
| title | Thin film solar cells fabrication, characterization and applications |
| title_auth | Thin film solar cells fabrication, characterization and applications |
| title_exact_search | Thin film solar cells fabrication, characterization and applications |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Thin film solar cells fabrication, characterization and applications |
| title_full | Thin film solar cells fabrication, characterization and applications ed. by Jef Poortmans ... |
| title_fullStr | Thin film solar cells fabrication, characterization and applications ed. by Jef Poortmans ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Thin film solar cells fabrication, characterization and applications ed. by Jef Poortmans ... |
| title_short | Thin film solar cells |
| title_sort | thin film solar cells fabrication characterization and applications |
| title_sub | fabrication, characterization and applications |
| topic | Solar cells Thin film devices Dünnschichtsolarzelle (DE-588)4150833-6 gnd Solarzelle (DE-588)4181740-0 gnd Dünnschichttechnik (DE-588)4136339-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Solar cells Thin film devices Dünnschichtsolarzelle Solarzelle Dünnschichttechnik |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2875805&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0611/2006010650.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014777292&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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