Aspects of Cameroon English usage: a lexical appraisal
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
München
LINCOM EUROPA
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | LINCOM studies in English linguistics
10 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 314 S. |
| ISBN: | 3895868779 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Aspects of Cameroon English usage |b a lexical appraisal |c Jean-Paul Kouega |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
This study examines the innovative and creative development of lexis in
Cameroon English. English in Cameroon evolves in a foreign geographical setting
where its users are people of different cultures who speak several other
languages.
The broad corpus of the study consists of written texts such as official and
literary documents, and of spoken texts such as media programmes,
conversations and speeches. The narrow corpus, on the other hand, is made up of
a collection of new and adapted words which are widespread in the variety. As for
the informants, they are mature Cameroonians who are holders of the GCE O'
Level and higher diplomas; they can fully operate in the English language and
many of them actually make use of this language in their profession.
The analysis reveals several interesting facts about Cameroon English. First of
all, there exist a great number of adapted lexical terms in the English used in
Cameroon, which is a common feature observed elsewhere in the world in most
places where several languages come into contact. Secondly, the vast majority of
new and adapted words in Cameroon English come from two widespread
languages, namely French, the co-official language of the country, and Pidgin
English, a popular non-ethnic lingua franca. Thirdly, while French donates words
referring to government institutions and procedural processes. Pidgin English
contributes loans for culture-specific domains such as traditional practices and
foodstuffs. Fourthly, of the various word formative processes observed in
language, the process of borrowing is by far the most productive in Cameroon
English. Lastly, because Cameroonians already speak two or more languages
before they start schooling and because, while in school, they learn to speak
English exclusively from written materials
the sound system of English in the country is greatly modified: RP phonemes are
greatly simplified, and foreign sounds are constantly used; word-stress is often
shifted to different syllables, and tonal features are occasionally attached to
certain words.
While some of these adapted terms do have English equivalents, many of them
refer to concepts and objects which are new to the English community. There is
therefore a need for educationists and language teachers in particular, to adjust
their syllabus so as to accommodate those adapted terms whose English
equivalents are unknown to Cameroonian users
is also a need for lexicographers to bring together those terms which refer to new
entities unknown to the English community: these will constitute Cameroon's
contribution to the development of English as a world language.
ш
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Abstract
vii
Acknowledgements
vii
List of tables
χ
Phonetic symbols
xi
Introduction
1
Chapter One: Review of literature and method of work
3
1.1.
Evolution and spread of English in the world
3
1.2.
Some lexical innovations in World English
6
1.2.1.
English in the American continent
6
1.2.2.
English in the Asian continent
7
1.2.3.
English in Australasia
10
1.2.4.
English in the African continent
12
1.2.4.1.
English in South Africa
13
1.2.4.2.
English in Eastern and Southern Africa
14
1.2.4.3.
English in West Africa
16
1.3.
Languages in contact situations
20
1.3.1.
Bilingualism and interference
21
1.3.2.
Borrowing
23
1.3.3.
Code-switching
23
1.3.4.
Diglossia
24
1.3.5. Pidgins and
creóles
26
1.4.
Word construction processes in language
27
1.4.1.
Borrowing
27
1.4.1.1.
Loan word
27
1.4.1.2.
Loan shift
28
1.4.1.3.
Loan blend
28
1.4.2.
Coinage
29
1.4.3.
Compounding
29
1.4.4.
Affixation
30
1.4.5.
Conversion
31
1.4.6.
Reduplication
31
1.4.7.
Shortening
31
1.4.8.
Semantic extension
31
1.4.9.
Semantic shift
33
1.4.10.
Collocational extension
33
1.4.11.
New idiomatic expressions
34
l.S. Language situation in Cameroon
34
1.5.1.
Cameroon home languages
34
1.5.2.
Official languages of Cameroon
35
1.5.3.
Evolution of English in Cameroon
36
1.6.
Early studies of Cameroon English
38
1.6.1.
Grammar
39
1.6.2.
Phonology
40
1.6.3.
Lexis
42
IV
1.7.
Method of woik
45
1.7.1.
Textual material
46
1.7.2.
Method of data collection
48
1.7.3.
Informants
50
1.7.3.1.
Level of education
50
1.7.3.2.
Gender
51
1.7.3.3.
Place of residence
52
1.7.3.4.
Age
53
1.7.3.5.
Province of origin
53
1.7.3.6.
Occupation
53
1.7.4.
Research hypotheses
54
Chapter Two: Lexical domains of the new terms in the textual
Material
56
2.1.
Traditional practices
56
2.1.1.
Traditional ruling systems
57
2.1.2.
Titles and kinship terms
57
2.1.3.
Traditional interactional behaviour
59
2.1.3.1.
Greetings
59
2.1.3.2.
Leave-taking
60
2.1.3.3.
Empathy
60
2.1.3.4.
Questions
61
2.1.3.5.
Requests and discourse features
62
2.1.4.
Traditional economic systems
62
2.1.5.
Gathering events and clothing
63
2.1.6.
Foodstuffs
64
2.1.6.1.
Meat
65
2.1.6.2.
Fruits, vegetables and seeds
65
2.1.6.3.
Beverages and drinks
66
2.1.6
A. Meals and utensils
67
2.2.
Administration
70
2.3.
Finance
74
2.3.1.
Department of salaries
75
2.3.2.
Department of treasury and of budget
77
2.4.
Territory management and politics
78
2.5.
Law and police
82
2.5.1.
Law
82
2.5.2.
Police
82
2.6.
Army
83
2.7.
Public service, health and post-office
88
2.8.
Education
88
2.8.1.
Education up to the secondary level
88
2.8.2.
Education at tertiary level
89
2.9.
Decorations and sports
93
2.10.
Technology
95
2.10.1.
Transport and tourism
95
2.10.2.
Housing and technical equipment
98
2.11. Lexico-grammatical
features
100
2.12.
Names of people
105
2.12.1.
Structure of people's names
105
2.12.2.
Sources and uses of forenames
106
2.12.3.
Structure of pet-names
108
2.13.
Count of the new terms in the textual material
110
Chapter Three: Word construction processes in Cameroon English
113
3.1.
Borrowing in the corpus
113
3.1.1.
Loan words in the corpus
113
3.1.2.
Loan shift in the corpus
119
3.1.3.
Loan blend in the corpus
125
3.1.4.
Evaluation of the process of borrowing
128
3.1.4.1.
Evaluation of direct loans
128
3.1.4.1.
Evaluation of loan translation
130
3.1.4.1.
Evaluation of loan blend
132
3.2.
Compounding
133
3.3.
Affixation
139
3.4.
Shortening
142
3.5.
Semantic extension
146
3.6.
Collocational extension
149
3.6.1.
Collocational extension in the word corpus
150
3.6.2.
Interplay of collocational extension and other
word formation processes
155
3.7.
New idiomatic expressions
157
3.8.
Other processes
162
3.8.1.
Coinage
162
3.8.2.
Reduplication
163
3.8.3.
Semantic shift
165
3.9.
Contribution of each word formation process to the corpus
166
Chapter Four: Spelling and pronunciation of adapted terms
168
4.1.
Spelling of the adapted terms
168
4.1.1.
Spelling of loans from non-standardised languages
168
4.12.
Spelling of common words from French
169
5.1.3.
Spelling of European forenames
170
4.2.
Pronunciation of adapted terms in the word corpus
174
4.2.1.
Segmental
features of words
174
4.2.1.1.
Consonants
174
4.2.1.2.
Vowels
177
4.2.1.2.1.
Vowel phonemes in the corpus
178
4.2.1.2.2.
RP and CamE vowel systems compared
179
4.2.1.2.2.1.
Split of RP vowels
179
4.2.1.2.2.2.
Merger of RP vowels
181
4.2.2. Suprasegmental
features of words
184
4.2.2.1.
Stress in the word corpus
184
4.2.2.1.1.
Stress within the word
184
4.2.2.1.1.1.
Stress in Standard English words
185
VI
4.2.2.1.2.2.
Stress in
French loans and Pidgin words
185
4.2.2.1.2.
The stressing of compound words
187
4.2.2.1.3.
The stressing of common forenames
189
4.2.2.2.
Tone in the word corpus
190
4.2.2.2.1.
Simple tones in the corpus
190
4.2.2.2.2.
Complex tones in the corpus
192
Chapter Five: Summary of findings and conclusions
197
5.1.
Summary of findings
197
5.2.
Implications of the study
199
5.3.
Suggestions for future research
200
Appendices
202
Appendix A: Questionnaire: Sentence construction
202
Appendix B: Sample words having failed the integration test
203
Appendix C: Reading aloud
205
Appendix
Đ:
List of forenames and pet-names cited in the study
206
Appendix E: Word corpus and lexical domains
210
Appendix F: Word formation processes in the corpus
218
Appendix G: Pronunciation of the adapted terms
231
Appendix H: Lexicographic description of the adapted terms
246
Appendix I: Index of the adapted terms
292
References
306 |
| adam_txt |
This study examines the innovative and creative development of lexis in
Cameroon English. English in Cameroon evolves in a foreign geographical setting
where its users are people of different cultures who speak several other
languages.
The broad corpus of the study consists of written texts such as official and
literary documents, and of spoken texts such as media programmes,
conversations and speeches. The narrow corpus, on the other hand, is made up of
a collection of new and adapted words which are widespread in the variety. As for
the informants, they are mature Cameroonians who are holders of the GCE O'
Level and higher diplomas; they can fully operate in the English language and
many of them actually make use of this language in their profession.
The analysis reveals several interesting facts about Cameroon English. First of
all, there exist a great number of adapted lexical terms in the English used in
Cameroon, which is a common feature observed elsewhere in the world in most
places where several languages come into contact. Secondly, the vast majority of
new and adapted words in Cameroon English come from two widespread
languages, namely French, the co-official language of the country, and Pidgin
English, a popular non-ethnic lingua franca. Thirdly, while French donates words
referring to government institutions and procedural processes. Pidgin English
contributes loans for culture-specific domains such as traditional practices and
foodstuffs. Fourthly, of the various word formative processes observed in
language, the process of borrowing is by far the most productive in Cameroon
English. Lastly, because Cameroonians already speak two or more languages
before they start schooling and because, while in school, they learn to speak
English exclusively from written materials
the sound system of English in the country is greatly modified: RP phonemes are
greatly simplified, and foreign sounds are constantly used; word-stress is often
shifted to different syllables, and tonal features are occasionally attached to
certain words.
While some of these adapted terms do have English equivalents, many of them
refer to concepts and objects which are new to the English community. There is
therefore a need for educationists and language teachers in particular, to adjust
their syllabus so as to accommodate those adapted terms whose English
equivalents are unknown to Cameroonian users
is also a need for lexicographers to bring together those terms which refer to new
entities unknown to the English community: these will constitute Cameroon's
contribution to the development of English as a world language.
ш
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Abstract
vii
Acknowledgements
vii
List of tables
χ
Phonetic symbols
xi
Introduction
1
Chapter One: Review of literature and method of work
3
1.1.
Evolution and spread of English in the world
3
1.2.
Some lexical innovations in World English
6
1.2.1.
English in the American continent
6
1.2.2.
English in the Asian continent
7
1.2.3.
English in Australasia
10
1.2.4.
English in the African continent
12
1.2.4.1.
English in South Africa
13
1.2.4.2.
English in Eastern and Southern Africa
14
1.2.4.3.
English in West Africa
16
1.3.
Languages in contact situations
20
1.3.1.
Bilingualism and interference
21
1.3.2.
Borrowing
23
1.3.3.
Code-switching
23
1.3.4.
Diglossia
24
1.3.5. Pidgins and
creóles
26
1.4.
Word construction processes in language
27
1.4.1.
Borrowing
27
1.4.1.1.
Loan word
27
1.4.1.2.
Loan shift
28
1.4.1.3.
Loan blend
28
1.4.2.
Coinage
29
1.4.3.
Compounding
29
1.4.4.
Affixation
30
1.4.5.
Conversion
31
1.4.6.
Reduplication
31
1.4.7.
Shortening
31
1.4.8.
Semantic extension
31
1.4.9.
Semantic shift
33
1.4.10.
Collocational extension
33
1.4.11.
New idiomatic expressions
34
l.S. Language situation in Cameroon
34
1.5.1.
Cameroon home languages
34
1.5.2.
Official languages of Cameroon
35
1.5.3.
Evolution of English in Cameroon
36
1.6.
Early studies of Cameroon English
38
1.6.1.
Grammar
39
1.6.2.
Phonology
40
1.6.3.
Lexis
42
IV
1.7.
Method of woik
45
1.7.1.
Textual material
46
1.7.2.
Method of data collection
48
1.7.3.
Informants
50
1.7.3.1.
Level of education
50
1.7.3.2.
Gender
51
1.7.3.3.
Place of residence
52
1.7.3.4.
Age
53
1.7.3.5.
Province of origin
53
1.7.3.6.
Occupation
53
1.7.4.
Research hypotheses
54
Chapter Two: Lexical domains of the new terms in the textual
Material
56
2.1.
Traditional practices
56
2.1.1.
Traditional ruling systems
57
2.1.2.
Titles and kinship terms
57
2.1.3.
Traditional interactional behaviour
59
2.1.3.1.
Greetings
59
2.1.3.2.
Leave-taking
60
2.1.3.3.
Empathy
60
2.1.3.4.
Questions
61
2.1.3.5.
Requests and discourse features
62
2.1.4.
Traditional economic systems
62
2.1.5.
Gathering events and clothing
63
2.1.6.
Foodstuffs
64
2.1.6.1.
Meat
65
2.1.6.2.
Fruits, vegetables and seeds
65
2.1.6.3.
Beverages and drinks
66
2.1.6
A. Meals and utensils
67
2.2.
Administration
70
2.3.
Finance
74
2.3.1.
Department of salaries
75
2.3.2.
Department of treasury and of budget
77
2.4.
Territory management and politics
78
2.5.
Law and police
82
2.5.1.
Law
82
2.5.2.
Police
82
2.6.
Army
83
2.7.
Public service, health and post-office
88
2.8.
Education
88
2.8.1.
Education up to the secondary level
88
2.8.2.
Education at tertiary level
89
2.9.
Decorations and sports
93
2.10.
Technology
95
2.10.1.
Transport and tourism
95
2.10.2.
Housing and technical equipment
98
2.11. Lexico-grammatical
features
100
2.12.
Names of people
105
2.12.1.
Structure of people's names
105
2.12.2.
Sources and uses of forenames
106
2.12.3.
Structure of pet-names
108
2.13.
Count of the new terms in the textual material
110
Chapter Three: Word construction processes in Cameroon English
113
3.1.
Borrowing in the corpus
113
3.1.1.
Loan words in the corpus
113
3.1.2.
Loan shift in the corpus
119
3.1.3.
Loan blend in the corpus
125
3.1.4.
Evaluation of the process of borrowing
128
3.1.4.1.
Evaluation of direct loans
128
3.1.4.1.
Evaluation of loan translation
130
3.1.4.1.
Evaluation of loan blend
132
3.2.
Compounding
133
3.3.
Affixation
139
3.4.
Shortening
142
3.5.
Semantic extension
146
3.6.
Collocational extension
149
3.6.1.
Collocational extension in the word corpus
150
3.6.2.
Interplay of collocational extension and other
word formation processes
155
3.7.
New idiomatic expressions
157
3.8.
Other processes
162
3.8.1.
Coinage
162
3.8.2.
Reduplication
163
3.8.3.
Semantic shift
165
3.9.
Contribution of each word formation process to the corpus
166
Chapter Four: Spelling and pronunciation of adapted terms
168
4.1.
Spelling of the adapted terms
168
4.1.1.
Spelling of loans from non-standardised languages
168
4.12.
Spelling of common words from French
169
5.1.3.
Spelling of European forenames
170
4.2.
Pronunciation of adapted terms in the word corpus
174
4.2.1.
Segmental
features of words
174
4.2.1.1.
Consonants
174
4.2.1.2.
Vowels
177
4.2.1.2.1.
Vowel phonemes in the corpus
178
4.2.1.2.2.
RP and CamE vowel systems compared
179
4.2.1.2.2.1.
Split of RP vowels
179
4.2.1.2.2.2.
Merger of RP vowels
181
4.2.2. Suprasegmental
features of words
184
4.2.2.1.
Stress in the word corpus
184
4.2.2.1.1.
Stress within the word
184
4.2.2.1.1.1.
Stress in Standard English words
185
VI
4.2.2.1.2.2.
Stress in
French loans and Pidgin words
185
4.2.2.1.2.
The stressing of compound words
187
4.2.2.1.3.
The stressing of common forenames
189
4.2.2.2.
Tone in the word corpus
190
4.2.2.2.1.
Simple tones in the corpus
190
4.2.2.2.2.
Complex tones in the corpus
192
Chapter Five: Summary of findings and conclusions
197
5.1.
Summary of findings
197
5.2.
Implications of the study
199
5.3.
Suggestions for future research
200
Appendices
202
Appendix A: Questionnaire: Sentence construction
202
Appendix B: Sample words having failed the integration test
203
Appendix C: Reading aloud
205
Appendix
Đ:
List of forenames and pet-names cited in the study
206
Appendix E: Word corpus and lexical domains
210
Appendix F: Word formation processes in the corpus
218
Appendix G: Pronunciation of the adapted terms
231
Appendix H: Lexicographic description of the adapted terms
246
Appendix I: Index of the adapted terms
292
References
306 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Kouega, Jean-Paul 1960- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)104785306X |
| author_facet | Kouega, Jean-Paul 1960- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kouega, Jean-Paul 1960- |
| author_variant | j p k jpk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021516949 |
| callnumber-first | P - Language and Literature |
| callnumber-label | PE3442 |
| callnumber-raw | PE3442.C3 |
| callnumber-search | PE3442.C3 |
| callnumber-sort | PE 43442 C3 |
| callnumber-subject | PE - English Languages |
| classification_rvk | HF 440 HF 564 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)69983554 (DE-599)BVBBV021516949 |
| discipline | Anglistik / Amerikanistik |
| discipline_str_mv | Anglistik / Amerikanistik |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kamerun (DE-588)4029413-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kamerun |
| id | DE-604.BV021516949 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:21:11Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:18:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3895868779 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014733495 |
| oclc_num | 69983554 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-384 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-384 DE-11 |
| physical | XIII, 314 S. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | LINCOM EUROPA |
| record_format | marc |
| series | LINCOM studies in English linguistics |
| series2 | LINCOM studies in English linguistics |
| spelling | Kouega, Jean-Paul 1960- Verfasser (DE-588)104785306X aut Aspects of Cameroon English usage a lexical appraisal Jean-Paul Kouega München LINCOM EUROPA 2006 XIII, 314 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier LINCOM studies in English linguistics 10 Dialecten gtt Engels gtt Englisch Mundart Sprache Cameroon Languages English language Cameroon Lexikologie (DE-588)4114409-0 gnd rswk-swf Wortschatz (DE-588)4126555-5 gnd rswk-swf Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd rswk-swf Kamerun (DE-588)4029413-4 gnd rswk-swf Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 s Kamerun (DE-588)4029413-4 g Lexikologie (DE-588)4114409-0 s DE-604 Wortschatz (DE-588)4126555-5 s LINCOM studies in English linguistics 10 (DE-604)BV014744069 10 Digitalisierung UBRegensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014733495&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014733495&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Kouega, Jean-Paul 1960- Aspects of Cameroon English usage a lexical appraisal LINCOM studies in English linguistics Dialecten gtt Engels gtt Englisch Mundart Sprache Cameroon Languages English language Cameroon Lexikologie (DE-588)4114409-0 gnd Wortschatz (DE-588)4126555-5 gnd Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4114409-0 (DE-588)4126555-5 (DE-588)4014777-0 (DE-588)4029413-4 |
| title | Aspects of Cameroon English usage a lexical appraisal |
| title_auth | Aspects of Cameroon English usage a lexical appraisal |
| title_exact_search | Aspects of Cameroon English usage a lexical appraisal |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Aspects of Cameroon English usage a lexical appraisal |
| title_full | Aspects of Cameroon English usage a lexical appraisal Jean-Paul Kouega |
| title_fullStr | Aspects of Cameroon English usage a lexical appraisal Jean-Paul Kouega |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aspects of Cameroon English usage a lexical appraisal Jean-Paul Kouega |
| title_short | Aspects of Cameroon English usage |
| title_sort | aspects of cameroon english usage a lexical appraisal |
| title_sub | a lexical appraisal |
| topic | Dialecten gtt Engels gtt Englisch Mundart Sprache Cameroon Languages English language Cameroon Lexikologie (DE-588)4114409-0 gnd Wortschatz (DE-588)4126555-5 gnd Englisch (DE-588)4014777-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Dialecten Engels Englisch Mundart Sprache Cameroon Languages English language Cameroon Lexikologie Wortschatz Kamerun |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014733495&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014733495&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV014744069 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kouegajeanpaul aspectsofcameroonenglishusagealexicalappraisal |