Handbook of agricultural economics: 3 Agricultural development: Farmers, farm production and farm markets
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| Sprache: | English |
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Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier
2007
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| Ausgabe: | 1. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Handbooks in economics
18,3 |
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| ISBN: | 9780444518736 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Bd. 3. Handbook of agricultural economics. Agricultural development: farmers, farm production and fa
Autor:
Jahr: 2007
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 3
Introduction to the Series í
Contents of the Handbook vii
PART 1 : INTRODUCTION
Overview
ROBERT E. EVENSON and PRABHU PINGALI 2253
PART 2: HUMAN RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY MASTERY
Chapter 43
Agriculture and Human Capital in Economic Growth: Fanners, Schooling and
Nutrition
WALLACE E. HUFFMAN and PETER F. ORAZEM 2281
Abstract 2282
Keywords 2282
1. Introduction 2283
2. A conceptual framework for visualizing economic growth from agriculture
and human capital investments 2283
2.1. Two-sector model: Agriculture and non-agriculture 2283
2.2. A multiperiod agricultural household model 2286
3. A summary of 2000 years of world economic growth experiences 2292
3.1. Early evidence 2292
3.2. Jump-starting economic growth with an agricultural transformation 2298
3.3. Contemporary cross-sectional comparisons 2301
4. An overview of econometric evidence that schooling contributes to economic
growth 2305
4.1. Micro-evidence for schooling and economic growth 2305
4.2. Macro-evidence 2308
5. Production of health, nutritional inputs, and work 2315
5.1. Micro-evidence 2316
5.2. Effects of nutrition on physical and mental development 2320
5.3. Nutrition and labor productivity: Micro-evidence 2321
5.4. Nutritional and labor productivity: Macro-evidence 2324
5.5. Obesity (over-nourished) 2327
5.6. Poverty traps 2328
xiv Contents of Volume 3
6. Schooling in agriculture 2329
6.1. Child labor and schooling 2329
6.2. The choice of where to work: Rural-urban population shift and brain drain 2329
6.3. Technology adoption and information acquisition 2331
6.4. Agricultural production 2333
7. Conclusions and implications 2333
References 2335
Chapter 44
Agricultural Extension
JOCK R. ANDERSON and GERSHON FEDER 2343
Abstract 2344
Keywords 2344
1. Introduction 2345
2. Conceptual frameworks 2348
2.1. Information as an input to productivity growth: Demand for information 2348
2.2. Welfare economics contextualization 2349
2.3. A conceptual framework for analyzing extension organizations 2355
3. Alternative extension modalities to overcome generic weaknesses 2362
3.1. Training and visit (T V) extension 2362
3.2. Decentralization 2363
3.3. Fee-for-service and privatized extension 2365
3.4. Farmer field schools 2366
4. The impact of extension 2367
5. Conclusion 2371
References 2372
PART 3: INVENTION AND INNOVATION
Chapter 45
The Role of International Agricultural Research in Contributing to Global Food
Security and Poverty Alleviation: The Case of the CGIAR
PRABHU PINGALI and TIM KELLEY 2381
Abstract 2382
Keywords 2382
1. Evolution and funding of the CGIAR 2384
1.1. Growth in funding base for the CGIAR 2385
1.2. Trends in CGIAR investment by activity/undertaking 2387
1.3. Investments by center type 2389
1.4. The changing nature of the investment: From unrestricted to restricted 2391
2. Diffusion and impact of CGIAR research and technology generation 2393
2.1. Crop genetic improvements 2393
2.2. Crop and resource management impacts 2395
2.3. Lack of sustained critical mass investment 2396
Contents of Volume 3 xv
2.4. Inappropriate methods for measuring NRM impact 2396
2.5. Lack of impact per se 2398
3. Rates of returns to I ARC research investment 2399
3.1. Returns to crop improvement research investment 2399
3.2. Non-commodity focused efforts 2401
4. Impacts on poverty and food security 2403
4.1. Food supplies and food prices 2403
4.2. Differential impact of technological change 2404
5. Challenges ahead 2406
5.1. CGIAR public goods 2410
References 2414
Chapter 46
Contributions of National Agricultural Research Systems to Crop Productivity
ROBERT E. E VENSON and DOUGLAS GOLLIN 2419
Abstract 2420
Keywords 2420
1. Introduction 2421
2. Background 2422
3. NARS institutions: Investment patterns and characteristics 2423
3.1. NARS expenditures 2423
3.2. The political economy of support for NARS programs 2425
4. NARS contributions to crop improvement: The Green Revolution 2428
4.1. The development of Green Revolution M Vs: An overview 2430
4.2. GRMV production and adoption 2433
4.3. GRMV production: A summary 2446
5. Impacts of the Green Revolution 2446
5.1. GRMV production and adoption 2446
5.2. Productivity effects of GRMVs 2447
5.3. Returns to investment in IARC and NARS programs 2449
6. NARS and the Gene Revolution 2450
6.1. Gene-Green Revolution congruity 2452
6.2. GM crop coverage to 2003 2453
6.3. IARC and NARS failures in the Gene Revolution 2454
7. Economic impact of NARS programs 2455
7.1. Yield-cropland tradeoffs (land for nature) 2455
7.2. Prices of agricultural commodities and mass poverty 2455
8. Policy issues for NARS and IARC programs 2457
References 2458
Chapter 47
Livestock Productivity in Developing Countries: An Assessment
ALEJANDRO NIN, SIMEON EHUI and SAMUEL BENIN 2461
xvi Contents of Volume 3
Abstract 2462
Keywords 2463
1. Introduction 2464
2. Factors affecting livestock development 2465
2.1. The process of livestock development 2468
2.2. Vertical coordination in the livestock sector 2469
3. Demand for livestock products 2471
3.1. Consumption structure 2472
3.2. Trends in consumption 2475
3.3. Elasticities 2479
3.4. Transformation of the livestock sector and consequences for international trade 2481
4. Livestock production 2485
4.1. Production structure 2485
4.2. Output growth 2487
4.3. Output growth in different sectors 2492
5. Partial factor productivity and resource use 2492
5.1. PFP and input use in different developing regions and countries 2494
5.2. PFP of livestock sub-sectors 2497
6. Total factor productivity measures 2500
7. Livestock R D systems 2507
7.1. Livestock R D in Sub-Saharan Africa 2507
7.2. Livestock R D in East, South and Southeast Asia 2509
7.3. Livestock R D in North Africa and West Asia 2511
7.4. Livestock R D in Latin America 2511
7.5. International agricultural research centers 2512
7.6. R D and investment in livestock research 2513
7.7. Strategies for improving impact of livestock research 2519
8. Summary and conclusions 2523
Appendix A: Estimating the Malmquist index 2526
References 2529
Chapter 48
Agricultural Innovation: Investments and Incentives
BRIAN D. WRIGHT, PHILIP G. PARDEY, CAROL NOTTENBURG and
BONWOO KOO 2533
Abstract 2534
Keywords 2535
1. Introduction 2536
2. Research investments and the structure of funding 2539
2.1. International trends 2539
2.2. Research intensities 2541
2.3. Private and public research roles 2543
Contents of Volume 3 xvii
2.5. International dimensions of agricultural R D 2545
3. The economics of innovation incentives - in brief 2551
3.1. Static patent theory 2552
3.2. The implications of competition in research 2555
3.3. Innovation dynamics and the role of patents 2556
3.4. Is the anti-commons impeding agricultural research? 2557
3.5. Alternative inducements to innovate 2561
3.6. Intangible incentives - open source initiatives 2564
4. Means of protecting innovations relevant to the agricultural biosciences 2565
4.1. Intellectual property rights 2565
4.2. Alternatives to intellectual property rights 2574
5. The globally evolving institutional environment for agricultural IPR 2577
5.1. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) 2577
5.2. International undertaking on plant genetic resources 2578
5.3. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 2579
5.4. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) 2580
5.5. International treaty on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture 2582
6. Instruments for transactions in agricultural IPR 2583
6.1. Licenses 2584
6.2. Material transfer agreements (MTAs) 2585
6.3. Bag-label contracts 2586
6.4. Technology use agreements 2586
7. IPR trends for plant varieties 2586
7.1. Global trends in crop-related IPRs 2587
7.2. Biotechnology patenting patterns 2593
8. Conclusion 2595
References 2596
Chapter 49
Private Agricultural Research
CARL E. PRAY, KEITH O. FUGUE and DANIEL K.N. JOHNSON 2605
Abstract 2606
Keywords 2606
1. Introduction 2607
2. History, size and structure of private agricultural research 2607
3. Private agricultural research output 2615
4. Diffusion of private agricultural technology 2622
5. Impact of private agricultural research 2627
5.1. Econometric estimates of impact of private research and technology transfer 2628
5.2. Micro-level studies of private research impact and the distribution of benefits between pri-
vate firms and farms 2630
6. Incentives for private agricultural research and the role of public policy 2633
6.1. Appropriating benefits of agricultural research 2633
xviii Contents of Volume 3
6.2. The role of public research 2635
6.3. Industrial and regulatory policies 2636
7. Conclusions 2636
References 2638
Chapter 50
Plant Biotechnology for Developing Countries
ROBERT HERDT, GARY TOENNIESSEN and JOHN O TOOLE 2641
Abstract 2642
Keywords 2642
1. Introduction 2643
2. Biotechnology tools 2644
2.1. Tissue culture 2644
2.2. Marker-aided selection 2645
2.3. Genetic engineering 2646
2.4. Plant genomics 2647
3. Crop variety development in developing countries 2648
3.1. The continuing Green Revolution 2649
3.2. Near-term crop biotechnology possibilities for developing countries 2651
3.3. Capacity-building for biotechnology 2654
4. Institutional capacity 2657
4.1. Proprietary property 2657
4.2. Regulatory systems 2660
4.3. Public acceptance and farmer adoption 2661
5. Conclusions 2663
References 2664
PART 4: MARKETS, INSTITUTIONS AND TRANSACTION COSTS
Chapter 51
Efficiency and Equity Effects of Land Markets
KEIJIRO OTSUKA 2671
Abstract 2672
Keywords 2672
1. Introduction 2673
2. An overview of agrarian economies 2675
3. Theoretical framework 2679
3.1. A simple model of land and labor transactions 2680
3.2. On the dominance of land tenancy transactions 2681
3.3. Advantages of share tenancy 2683
3.4. Competing models of share tenancy 2684
3.5. Land tenure security and investment 2687
3.6. Adjustment costs and allocative efficiency 2688
Contents of Volume 3 xix
4. A review of empirical studies 2689
4.1. Efficiency of share tenancy 2689
4.2. Efficiency of land allocation and use 2691
4.3. Land tenure security and investment 2694
4.4. Equity effects of tenancy transactions 2695
5. Concluding remarks 2696
References 2698
Chapter 52
Labor: Decisions, Contracts and Organization
JAMES ROUMASSET and SANG-HYOP LEE 2705
Abstract 2706
Keywords 2706
1. Introduction 2707
2. Theoretical and empirical issues 2708
2.1. The wedge-model farm-household decisions 2708
2.2. Farm size, transaction cost, and efficiency 2710
2.3. Separability and substitutability 2713
2.4. Share, piece-rate and wage contracts 2716
2.5. Efficiency wages 2720
2.6. Casual vs permanent workers 2721
3. Extensions: Toward a co-evolutionary view of agricultural organization 2723
3.1. Interdependency of markets, contracts, and farm-household organization 2723
3.2. The co-evolution of contracts, markets, and specialization 2724
3.3. Unresolved questions and conceptual challenges 2730
4. Policy considerations and directions for further research 2733
References 2734
Chapter 53
Fertilizers and Other Farm Chemicals
PAUL W. HEISE Y and GEORGE W. NORTON 2741
Abstract 2742
Keywords 2742
1. Introduction 2743
2. Consumption of fertilizers and pesticides 2744
2.1. Fertilizer consumption by region 2744
2.2. Consumption by crop 2747
2.3. Pesticide consumption 2751
3. Determinants of consumption 2753
3.1. Level of analysis 2753
3.2. Determinants of fertilizer supply 2754
3.3. Demand side factors 2755
3.4. Prices 2757
xx Contents of Volume 3
3.5. Determinants of pesticide consumption 2761
4. Issues in market development 2764
4.1. Price and regulatory policy for fertilizer and other farm chemicals in developing countries 2765
4.2. Experiences with market reform 2766
4.3. Fertilizer, pesticides, and negative externalities in developing countries 2769
5. Summary 2770
References 2772
Chapter 54
Agricultural Mechanization: Adoption Patterns and Economic Impact
PRABHU PINGALI 2779
Abstract 2780
Keywords 2780
1. Introduction 2781
2. Trends and patterns in agricultural mechanization 2782
2.1. Power tillers/tractors 2783
2.2. Milling and other post-harvest operations 2787
2.3. Harvesting and threshing operations 2788
2.4. Labor substitution for control-intensive operations 2790
3. Impacts of agricultural mechanization 2792
3.1. Land preparation 2792
3.2. Mechanization of post-harvest operations 2796
4. Implications for mechanization policy 2799
4.1. Tractors are a poor instrument for stimulating agricultural growth 2799
4.2. Agricultural mechanization policy ought to be seen within the context of an overall agricul-
tural growth strategy 2799
4.3. The demand for motorizing power intensive operations, such as tillage and threshing, is
closely associated with the intensification of farming systems, while the mechanization of
control-intensive operations, such as weeding, is driven by rising real wages 2800
4.4. Promotion of small stationary machines for power-intensive operations such as milling and
pumping can have significant benefits for the poor 2800
4.5. Clearly established property rights could minimize the risk of displacement of small farmers
from their land 2801
4.6. Adoption of labor saving technology does not always imply labor displacement 2801
4.7. Public sector run tractor promotion projects, including tractor-hire operations, have neither
been successful nor equitable 2801
4.8. Alleviating supply side constraints to mechanization is important, but only where the de-
mand conditions are right and the enabling environment is in place 2802
4.9. Conservation agriculture is not a panacea for farming systems that are not mechanized
today 2802
4.10. Global integration of food and input markets can have positive as well as negative conse-
quences for small farm mechanization 2803
References 2803
Contents of Volume 3 xxi
Chapter 55
Transformation of Markets for Agricultural Output in Developing Countries
Since 1950: How Has Thinking Changed?
THOMAS REARDON and C. PETER TIMMER 2807
Abstract 2808
Keywords 2808
1. Introduction 2809
2. Analytical framework 2811
3. Transformation of markets: Commodity market development, 1950s to 1980s 2814
3.1. Phase 1 - 1950s-1960s: Growth as the policy objective for grain commodity markets 2815
3.2. Phase 2 - 1970s to early 1980s: The policy objective becomes improving income distribu-
tion from the transactions in grain commodity markets 2818
3.3. Phase 3 - early-mid 1980s to the early-mid 1990s: Structural adjustment of markets and
getting prices right 2820
3.4. Phase 4 - 1990s: Second generation of reforms, getting institutions right and the rise of
new institutional economics research on developing country markets 2822
4. Phase 5 - mid-1990s to the present: Globalization and product market devel-
opment in developing countries 2823
4.1. The impact of globalization on output markets in developing countries: Trade liberalization
is just the tip of the iceberg - FDI liberalization was crucial 2824
4.2. The rise of supermarkets: Downstream changes in food systems in the 1990s drive agrifood
market transformation 2827
5. Who wins and who loses in the retail-driven transformation of agrifood prod-
uct markets during globalization? 2841
5.1. Drivers of the distribution of net benefits from output market transformation: The broad
view 2841
5.2. Emerging evidence of the distributional effects of the demand-side (food industry transfor-
mation) on the supply-side (producers) 2844
6. What we do not know: A research agenda 2847
References 2849
Chapter 56
Rural Financial Markets in Developing Countries
JONATHAN CONNING and CHRISTOPHER UDRY 2857
Abstract 2858
Keywords 2858
1. Introduction 2859
2. Salient characteristics of rural financial markets 2861
2.1. Fragmented or absent markets 2861
2.2. Government interventions 2864
3. Models of rural financial markets 2868
3.1. The complete markets benchmark 2870
xxii Contents of Volume 3
3.3. Consequences of imperfect financial markets 2872
3.4. Contracting under asymmetric information and imperfect enforcement 2875
3.5. Moral hazard 2877
3.6. Multi-period and repeated contracts, limited commitment, and reputation 2880
3.7. Limited liability, collateral and its substitutes 2884
3.8. Property rights and credit supply 2888
4. Rural financial intermediaries 2889
4.1. Crowding-in vs crowding-out of financial services 2894
4.2. Group loans, cooperatives, ROSCAs, and mutuais 2896
4.3. Policies to promote rural financial intermediation 2898
5. Conclusion 2899
References 2900
PART 5: NATURAL RESOURCES
Chapter 57
Soil Quality and Agricultural Development
PIERRE CROSSON 2911
Abstract 2912
Keywords 2912
1. Introduction 2913
2. Impacts of land degradation on productivity: The U.S. 2914
3. Why are the productivity impacts of erosion so low in the U.S.? 2915
4. Impact of land degradation on productivity: Europe 2917
5. Impacts of land degradation on productivity: Global scale 2918
6. Soil degradation and property rights in parts of Asia 2921
7. Conclusion 2929
References 2930
Chapter 58
The Economics of Water, Irrigation, and Development
KARINA SCHOENGOLD and DAVID ZILBERMAN 2933
Abstract 2934
Keywords 2935
1. Overview 2936
2. The multiple dimensions of water management 2938
2.1. Micro-level water management choices 2939
2.2. Regional allocation of water 2942
2.3. Intertemporal aspects of water 2954
2.4. Interregional choices 2958
3. The benefits and costs of irrigation 2960
3.1. Benefits of irrigation 2960
3.2. Costs of irrigation 2963
Contents of Volume 3 xx¡¡¡
4. Conclusion 2969
Appendix A 2969
Inclusion of environmental costs of water runoff 2971
Appendix ? 2972
B.I. Social planner s decision 2972
B.2. Individual user s decision 2973
References 2973
Chapter 59
Land Use: Forest, Agriculture, and Biodiversity Competition
ROGER A. SEDJO and R. DAVID SIMPSON 2979
Abstract 2980
Keywords 2980
1. Global land resources: An overview 2982
1.1. Croplands and pasture 2982
1.2. Forestlands 2982
2. Pressure on the resources 2984
2.1. Agriculture and land conversion 2984
2.2. Timber supply and demand 2984
2.3. Deforestation 2986
2.4. Population 2987
3. Protected areas 2988
4. Activities to relieve pressures 2990
4.1. Biotechnology 2990
4.2. Forest certification 2990
4.3. A vision of future land use 2991
4.4. Developed and developing world experience 2991
5. Land use and its impacts on natural habitats 2992
6. The economics of natural habitats 2994
7. Institutional considerations in conservation policy 2998
8. Summary and conclusions 3001
References 3002
Chapter 60
Past Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture
ROBERT MENDELSOHN 3009
Abstract 3010
Keywords 3010
1. Introduction 3011
2. Historic climate change 3013
3. Climate and carbon sensitivity 3014
4. Results 3017
5. Conclusion 3021
xx¡v Contents of Volume 3
Appendix A 3022
References 3030
Author Index I 1
Subject Index 1-31
|
| adam_txt |
Titel: Bd. 3. Handbook of agricultural economics. Agricultural development: farmers, farm production and fa
Autor:
Jahr: 2007
CONTENTS OF VOLUME 3
Introduction to the Series í
Contents of the Handbook vii
PART 1 : INTRODUCTION
Overview
ROBERT E. EVENSON and PRABHU PINGALI 2253
PART 2: HUMAN RESOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY MASTERY
Chapter 43
Agriculture and Human Capital in Economic Growth: Fanners, Schooling and
Nutrition
WALLACE E. HUFFMAN and PETER F. ORAZEM 2281
Abstract 2282
Keywords 2282
1. Introduction 2283
2. A conceptual framework for visualizing economic growth from agriculture
and human capital investments 2283
2.1. Two-sector model: Agriculture and non-agriculture 2283
2.2. A multiperiod agricultural household model 2286
3. A summary of 2000 years of world economic growth experiences 2292
3.1. Early evidence 2292
3.2. Jump-starting economic growth with an agricultural transformation 2298
3.3. Contemporary cross-sectional comparisons 2301
4. An overview of econometric evidence that schooling contributes to economic
growth 2305
4.1. Micro-evidence for schooling and economic growth 2305
4.2. Macro-evidence 2308
5. Production of health, nutritional inputs, and work 2315
5.1. Micro-evidence 2316
5.2. Effects of nutrition on physical and mental development 2320
5.3. Nutrition and labor productivity: Micro-evidence 2321
5.4. Nutritional and labor productivity: Macro-evidence 2324
5.5. Obesity (over-nourished) 2327
5.6. Poverty traps 2328
xiv Contents of Volume 3
6. Schooling in agriculture 2329
6.1. Child labor and schooling 2329
6.2. The choice of where to work: Rural-urban population shift and brain drain 2329
6.3. Technology adoption and information acquisition 2331
6.4. Agricultural production 2333
7. Conclusions and implications 2333
References 2335
Chapter 44
Agricultural Extension
JOCK R. ANDERSON and GERSHON FEDER 2343
Abstract 2344
Keywords 2344
1. Introduction 2345
2. Conceptual frameworks 2348
2.1. Information as an input to productivity growth: Demand for information 2348
2.2. Welfare economics contextualization 2349
2.3. A conceptual framework for analyzing extension organizations 2355
3. Alternative extension modalities to overcome generic weaknesses 2362
3.1. Training and visit (T V) extension 2362
3.2. Decentralization 2363
3.3. Fee-for-service and privatized extension 2365
3.4. Farmer field schools 2366
4. The impact of extension 2367
5. Conclusion 2371
References 2372
PART 3: INVENTION AND INNOVATION
Chapter 45
The Role of International Agricultural Research in Contributing to Global Food
Security and Poverty Alleviation: The Case of the CGIAR
PRABHU PINGALI and TIM KELLEY 2381
Abstract 2382
Keywords 2382
1. Evolution and funding of the CGIAR 2384
1.1. Growth in funding base for the CGIAR 2385
1.2. Trends in CGIAR investment by activity/undertaking 2387
1.3. Investments by center type 2389
1.4. The changing nature of the investment: From unrestricted to restricted 2391
2. Diffusion and impact of CGIAR research and technology generation 2393
2.1. Crop genetic improvements 2393
2.2. Crop and resource management impacts 2395
2.3. Lack of sustained critical mass investment 2396
Contents of Volume 3 xv
2.4. Inappropriate methods for measuring NRM impact 2396
2.5. Lack of impact per se 2398
3. Rates of returns to I ARC research investment 2399
3.1. Returns to crop improvement research investment 2399
3.2. Non-commodity focused efforts 2401
4. Impacts on poverty and food security 2403
4.1. Food supplies and food prices 2403
4.2. Differential impact of technological change 2404
5. Challenges ahead 2406
5.1. CGIAR public goods 2410
References 2414
Chapter 46
Contributions of National Agricultural Research Systems to Crop Productivity
ROBERT E. E VENSON and DOUGLAS GOLLIN 2419
Abstract 2420
Keywords 2420
1. Introduction 2421
2. Background 2422
3. NARS institutions: Investment patterns and characteristics 2423
3.1. NARS expenditures 2423
3.2. The political economy of support for NARS programs 2425
4. NARS contributions to crop improvement: The Green Revolution 2428
4.1. The development of Green Revolution M Vs: An overview 2430
4.2. GRMV production and adoption 2433
4.3. GRMV production: A summary 2446
5. Impacts of the Green Revolution 2446
5.1. GRMV production and adoption 2446
5.2. Productivity effects of GRMVs 2447
5.3. Returns to investment in IARC and NARS programs 2449
6. NARS and the "Gene Revolution" 2450
6.1. Gene-Green Revolution congruity 2452
6.2. GM crop coverage to 2003 2453
6.3. IARC and NARS "failures" in the Gene Revolution 2454
7. Economic impact of NARS programs 2455
7.1. Yield-cropland tradeoffs (land for nature) 2455
7.2. Prices of agricultural commodities and mass poverty 2455
8. Policy issues for NARS and IARC programs 2457
References 2458
Chapter 47
Livestock Productivity in Developing Countries: An Assessment
ALEJANDRO NIN, SIMEON EHUI and SAMUEL BENIN 2461
xvi Contents of Volume 3
Abstract 2462
Keywords 2463
1. Introduction 2464
2. Factors affecting livestock development 2465
2.1. The process of livestock development 2468
2.2. Vertical coordination in the livestock sector 2469
3. Demand for livestock products 2471
3.1. Consumption structure 2472
3.2. Trends in consumption 2475
3.3. Elasticities 2479
3.4. Transformation of the livestock sector and consequences for international trade 2481
4. Livestock production 2485
4.1. Production structure 2485
4.2. Output growth 2487
4.3. Output growth in different sectors 2492
5. Partial factor productivity and resource use 2492
5.1. PFP and input use in different developing regions and countries 2494
5.2. PFP of livestock sub-sectors 2497
6. Total factor productivity measures 2500
7. Livestock R D systems 2507
7.1. Livestock R D in Sub-Saharan Africa 2507
7.2. Livestock R D in East, South and Southeast Asia 2509
7.3. Livestock R D in North Africa and West Asia 2511
7.4. Livestock R D in Latin America 2511
7.5. International agricultural research centers 2512
7.6. R D and investment in livestock research 2513
7.7. Strategies for improving impact of livestock research 2519
8. Summary and conclusions 2523
Appendix A: Estimating the Malmquist index 2526
References 2529
Chapter 48
Agricultural Innovation: Investments and Incentives
BRIAN D. WRIGHT, PHILIP G. PARDEY, CAROL NOTTENBURG and
BONWOO KOO 2533
Abstract 2534
Keywords 2535
1. Introduction 2536
2. Research investments and the structure of funding 2539
2.1. International trends 2539
2.2. Research intensities 2541
2.3. Private and public research roles 2543
Contents of Volume 3 xvii
2.5. International dimensions of agricultural R D 2545
3. The economics of innovation incentives - in brief 2551
3.1. Static patent theory 2552
3.2. The implications of competition in research 2555
3.3. Innovation dynamics and the role of patents 2556
3.4. Is the anti-commons impeding agricultural research? 2557
3.5. Alternative inducements to innovate 2561
3.6. Intangible incentives - open source initiatives 2564
4. Means of protecting innovations relevant to the agricultural biosciences 2565
4.1. Intellectual property rights 2565
4.2. Alternatives to intellectual property rights 2574
5. The globally evolving institutional environment for agricultural IPR 2577
5.1. International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) 2577
5.2. International undertaking on plant genetic resources 2578
5.3. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 2579
5.4. Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) 2580
5.5. International treaty on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture 2582
6. Instruments for transactions in agricultural IPR 2583
6.1. Licenses 2584
6.2. Material transfer agreements (MTAs) 2585
6.3. Bag-label contracts 2586
6.4. Technology use agreements 2586
7. IPR trends for plant varieties 2586
7.1. Global trends in crop-related IPRs 2587
7.2. Biotechnology patenting patterns 2593
8. Conclusion 2595
References 2596
Chapter 49
Private Agricultural Research
CARL E. PRAY, KEITH O. FUGUE and DANIEL K.N. JOHNSON 2605
Abstract 2606
Keywords 2606
1. Introduction 2607
2. History, size and structure of private agricultural research 2607
3. Private agricultural research output 2615
4. Diffusion of private agricultural technology 2622
5. Impact of private agricultural research 2627
5.1. Econometric estimates of impact of private research and technology transfer 2628
5.2. Micro-level studies of private research impact and the distribution of benefits between pri-
vate firms and farms 2630
6. Incentives for private agricultural research and the role of public policy 2633
6.1. Appropriating benefits of agricultural research 2633
xviii Contents of Volume 3
6.2. The role of public research 2635
6.3. Industrial and regulatory policies 2636
7. Conclusions 2636
References 2638
Chapter 50
Plant Biotechnology for Developing Countries
ROBERT HERDT, GARY TOENNIESSEN and JOHN O'TOOLE 2641
Abstract 2642
Keywords 2642
1. Introduction 2643
2. Biotechnology tools 2644
2.1. Tissue culture 2644
2.2. Marker-aided selection 2645
2.3. Genetic engineering 2646
2.4. Plant genomics 2647
3. Crop variety development in developing countries 2648
3.1. The continuing Green Revolution 2649
3.2. Near-term crop biotechnology possibilities for developing countries 2651
3.3. Capacity-building for biotechnology 2654
4. Institutional capacity 2657
4.1. Proprietary property 2657
4.2. Regulatory systems 2660
4.3. Public acceptance and farmer adoption 2661
5. Conclusions 2663
References 2664
PART 4: MARKETS, INSTITUTIONS AND TRANSACTION COSTS
Chapter 51
Efficiency and Equity Effects of Land Markets
KEIJIRO OTSUKA 2671
Abstract 2672
Keywords 2672
1. Introduction 2673
2. An overview of agrarian economies 2675
3. Theoretical framework 2679
3.1. A simple model of land and labor transactions 2680
3.2. On the dominance of land tenancy transactions 2681
3.3. Advantages of share tenancy 2683
3.4. Competing models of share tenancy 2684
3.5. Land tenure security and investment 2687
3.6. Adjustment costs and allocative efficiency 2688
Contents of Volume 3 xix
4. A review of empirical studies 2689
4.1. Efficiency of share tenancy 2689
4.2. Efficiency of land allocation and use 2691
4.3. Land tenure security and investment 2694
4.4. Equity effects of tenancy transactions 2695
5. Concluding remarks 2696
References 2698
Chapter 52
Labor: Decisions, Contracts and Organization
JAMES ROUMASSET and SANG-HYOP LEE 2705
Abstract 2706
Keywords 2706
1. Introduction 2707
2. Theoretical and empirical issues 2708
2.1. The wedge-model farm-household decisions 2708
2.2. Farm size, transaction cost, and efficiency 2710
2.3. Separability and substitutability 2713
2.4. Share, piece-rate and wage contracts 2716
2.5. Efficiency wages 2720
2.6. Casual vs permanent workers 2721
3. Extensions: Toward a co-evolutionary view of agricultural organization 2723
3.1. Interdependency of markets, contracts, and farm-household organization 2723
3.2. The co-evolution of contracts, markets, and specialization 2724
3.3. Unresolved questions and conceptual challenges 2730
4. Policy considerations and directions for further research 2733
References 2734
Chapter 53
Fertilizers and Other Farm Chemicals
PAUL W. HEISE Y and GEORGE W. NORTON 2741
Abstract 2742
Keywords 2742
1. Introduction 2743
2. Consumption of fertilizers and pesticides 2744
2.1. Fertilizer consumption by region 2744
2.2. Consumption by crop 2747
2.3. Pesticide consumption 2751
3. Determinants of consumption 2753
3.1. Level of analysis 2753
3.2. Determinants of fertilizer supply 2754
3.3. Demand side factors 2755
3.4. Prices 2757
xx Contents of Volume 3
3.5. Determinants of pesticide consumption 2761
4. Issues in market development 2764
4.1. Price and regulatory policy for fertilizer and other farm chemicals in developing countries 2765
4.2. Experiences with market reform 2766
4.3. Fertilizer, pesticides, and negative externalities in developing countries 2769
5. Summary 2770
References 2772
Chapter 54
Agricultural Mechanization: Adoption Patterns and Economic Impact
PRABHU PINGALI 2779
Abstract 2780
Keywords 2780
1. Introduction 2781
2. Trends and patterns in agricultural mechanization 2782
2.1. Power tillers/tractors 2783
2.2. Milling and other post-harvest operations 2787
2.3. Harvesting and threshing operations 2788
2.4. Labor substitution for "control-intensive" operations 2790
3. Impacts of agricultural mechanization 2792
3.1. Land preparation 2792
3.2. Mechanization of post-harvest operations 2796
4. Implications for mechanization policy 2799
4.1. Tractors are a poor instrument for stimulating agricultural growth 2799
4.2. Agricultural mechanization policy ought to be seen within the context of an overall agricul-
tural growth strategy 2799
4.3. The demand for motorizing power intensive operations, such as tillage and threshing, is
closely associated with the intensification of farming systems, while the mechanization of
control-intensive operations, such as weeding, is driven by rising real wages 2800
4.4. Promotion of small stationary machines for power-intensive operations such as milling and
pumping can have significant benefits for the poor 2800
4.5. Clearly established property rights could minimize the risk of displacement of small farmers
from their land 2801
4.6. Adoption of labor saving technology does not always imply labor displacement 2801
4.7. Public sector run tractor promotion projects, including tractor-hire operations, have neither
been successful nor equitable 2801
4.8. Alleviating supply side constraints to mechanization is important, but only where the de-
mand conditions are right and the enabling environment is in place 2802
4.9. Conservation agriculture is not a panacea for farming systems that are not mechanized
today 2802
4.10. Global integration of food and input markets can have positive as well as negative conse-
quences for small farm mechanization 2803
References 2803
Contents of Volume 3 xxi
Chapter 55
Transformation of Markets for Agricultural Output in Developing Countries
Since 1950: How Has Thinking Changed?
THOMAS REARDON and C. PETER TIMMER 2807
Abstract 2808
Keywords 2808
1. Introduction 2809
2. Analytical framework 2811
3. Transformation of markets: Commodity market development, 1950s to 1980s 2814
3.1. Phase 1 - 1950s-1960s: Growth as the policy objective for grain commodity markets 2815
3.2. Phase 2 - 1970s to early 1980s: The policy objective becomes improving income distribu-
tion from the transactions in grain commodity markets 2818
3.3. Phase 3 - early-mid 1980s to the early-mid 1990s: Structural adjustment of markets and
"getting prices right" 2820
3.4. Phase 4 - 1990s: Second generation of reforms, "getting institutions right" and the rise of
new institutional economics research on developing country markets 2822
4. Phase 5 - mid-1990s to the present: Globalization and product market devel-
opment in developing countries 2823
4.1. The impact of globalization on output markets in developing countries: Trade liberalization
is just the "tip of the iceberg" - FDI liberalization was crucial 2824
4.2. The rise of supermarkets: Downstream changes in food systems in the 1990s drive agrifood
market transformation 2827
5. Who wins and who loses in the retail-driven transformation of agrifood prod-
uct markets during globalization? 2841
5.1. Drivers of the distribution of net benefits from output market transformation: The broad
view 2841
5.2. Emerging evidence of the distributional effects of the demand-side (food industry transfor-
mation) on the supply-side (producers) 2844
6. What we do not know: A research agenda 2847
References 2849
Chapter 56
Rural Financial Markets in Developing Countries
JONATHAN CONNING and CHRISTOPHER UDRY 2857
Abstract 2858
Keywords 2858
1. Introduction 2859
2. Salient characteristics of rural financial markets 2861
2.1. Fragmented or absent markets 2861
2.2. Government interventions 2864
3. Models of rural financial markets 2868
3.1. The complete markets benchmark 2870
xxii Contents of Volume 3
3.3. Consequences of imperfect financial markets 2872
3.4. Contracting under asymmetric information and imperfect enforcement 2875
3.5. Moral hazard 2877
3.6. Multi-period and repeated contracts, limited commitment, and reputation 2880
3.7. Limited liability, collateral and its substitutes 2884
3.8. Property rights and credit supply 2888
4. Rural financial intermediaries 2889
4.1. Crowding-in vs crowding-out of financial services 2894
4.2. Group loans, cooperatives, ROSCAs, and mutuais 2896
4.3. Policies to promote rural financial intermediation 2898
5. Conclusion 2899
References 2900
PART 5: NATURAL RESOURCES
Chapter 57
Soil Quality and Agricultural Development
PIERRE CROSSON 2911
Abstract 2912
Keywords 2912
1. Introduction 2913
2. Impacts of land degradation on productivity: The U.S. 2914
3. Why are the productivity impacts of erosion so low in the U.S.? 2915
4. Impact of land degradation on productivity: Europe 2917
5. Impacts of land degradation on productivity: Global scale 2918
6. Soil degradation and property rights in parts of Asia 2921
7. Conclusion 2929
References 2930
Chapter 58
The Economics of Water, Irrigation, and Development
KARINA SCHOENGOLD and DAVID ZILBERMAN 2933
Abstract 2934
Keywords 2935
1. Overview 2936
2. The multiple dimensions of water management 2938
2.1. Micro-level water management choices 2939
2.2. Regional allocation of water 2942
2.3. Intertemporal aspects of water 2954
2.4. Interregional choices 2958
3. The benefits and costs of irrigation 2960
3.1. Benefits of irrigation 2960
3.2. Costs of irrigation 2963
Contents of Volume 3 xx¡¡¡
4. Conclusion 2969
Appendix A 2969
Inclusion of environmental costs of water runoff 2971
Appendix ? 2972
B.I. Social planner's decision 2972
B.2. Individual user's decision 2973
References 2973
Chapter 59
Land Use: Forest, Agriculture, and Biodiversity Competition
ROGER A. SEDJO and R. DAVID SIMPSON 2979
Abstract 2980
Keywords 2980
1. Global land resources: An overview 2982
1.1. Croplands and pasture 2982
1.2. Forestlands 2982
2. Pressure on the resources 2984
2.1. Agriculture and land conversion 2984
2.2. Timber supply and demand 2984
2.3. Deforestation 2986
2.4. Population 2987
3. Protected areas 2988
4. Activities to relieve pressures 2990
4.1. Biotechnology 2990
4.2. Forest certification 2990
4.3. A vision of future land use 2991
4.4. Developed and developing world experience 2991
5. Land use and its impacts on natural habitats 2992
6. The economics of natural habitats 2994
7. Institutional considerations in conservation policy 2998
8. Summary and conclusions 3001
References 3002
Chapter 60
Past Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture
ROBERT MENDELSOHN 3009
Abstract 3010
Keywords 3010
1. Introduction 3011
2. Historic climate change 3013
3. Climate and carbon sensitivity 3014
4. Results 3017
5. Conclusion 3021
xx¡v Contents of Volume 3
Appendix A 3022
References 3030
Author Index I" 1
Subject Index 1-31 |
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| title_full | Handbook of agricultural economics 3 Agricultural development: Farmers, farm production and farm markets ed. by Bruce L. Gardner ... |
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