Reflections on 30 years of EU environmental law: a high level of protection?
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Groningen
Europa Law Publ.
2006
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| Series: | The Avosetta series
7 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Beschreibung für Leser Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XX, 628 S. |
| ISBN: | 9076871507 9789089521309 |
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Record in the Search Index
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REFLECTIONS ON 30 YEARS OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW A HIGH LEVEL OF
PROTECTION? EDITED BY PROF. RICHARD MACRORY THE AVOSETTA SERIES (7)
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AVOSETTA GROUP OF EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAWYERS
PREFACE V CHAPTER I THE BATTLE ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY COMPETENCES;
CHALLENGING THE STRICTER APPROACH: STRICTER MIGHT LEAD TO WEAKER
PROTECTION PETER PAGH I INTRODUCTION: THE DISPUTE ON COMPETENCE 3 II
CHALLENGING THE STRICTER APPROACH 5 11.I THE DEROGATION CLAUSES OF THE
EC TREATY 5 11.1.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL GUARANTEE CLAUSE (ARTICLE 95) 5
11.1.2 EMPIRICAL EXPERIENCE WITH THE USE OF ARTICLE 176 8 11.2 THE
APPLICATION OF THE "STRICTER APPROACH" IN COURT CASES 8 11.3 THE
"STRICTER APPROACH" KEEPS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AS AN INTERNAL
NATIONAL MATTER 10 11.4 STRICTER MEASURES AND EXTRATERRITORIAL DEMANDS N
11.4.1 IMPOSING NATIONAL STANDARDS ON OTHER MEMBER STATES BY IMPORT
RESTRICTIONS 12 11.4.2 IMPOSING NATIONAL STANDARDS ON OTHER
JURISDICTIONS BY EXPORT RESTRICTIONS 12 III SUMMARY: SIX OBJECTIONS TO
THE "STRICTER APPROACH" 15 CHAPTER 2 ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES ASTRID
EPINEY I INTRODUCTION 19 II THE LEGALLY BINDING CHARACTER OF
ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES 20 III LEGAL EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PRINCIPLES 22 111.1 "GLOBAL OBJECTIVES" 23 111.1.1 ARTICLE 174(1) 24
111.1.2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 26 111.1.3 ARTICLE I74(2)(I) 27 111.1.4
CONCLUSION 29 111.2 OBLIGATIONS TO "TAKE INTO ACCOUNT" 29 111.3
OBLIGATIONS REFERRING TO THE RESULT 30 111.3.1 THE DEGREE OF PRECISION
OF ARTICLES I74(2)(2) AND 6 30 111.3.2 POINT OF REFERENCE: DEFINITION OF
THE CONTENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES 31 111.3.3 LEGAL
IMPLICATIONS/OBLIGATION 33 111.3.4 RESUME: SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES AS TO
THE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF "OBLIGATIONS REFERRING TO THE RESULT" 36 IV
SUMMARY CONCLUSION 38 3O YEARS OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW CHAPTER 3 I II
II.I II.2 II.3 II.4 III III.I III.2 III.3 III.4 IV IV.I IV.2 V VI
CHAPTER 4 I II II.I II.2 II.3 II.4 II.5 II.6 III III.I III.2 III.3 III.4
IV IV.I IV.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN EC LAW; A CRITICAL
APPRAISAL ANGEL-MANUEL MORENO INTRODUCTION 43 CONTROVERSIAL ASPECTS OF
DIRECTIVE 85/337 IN THE CASE-LAW OF THE COURT 44 THE POSSIBLE DIRECT
EFFECT OF THE DIRECTIVE 44 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN EIA AND THE AUTHORISATION
OF THE PROJECT 47 THE PROJECTS COVERED BY THE DIRECTIVE 49 EXCEPTIONS
ALLOWED BY THE DIRECTIVE 50 THE MAIN WEAKNESSES OF DIRECTIVE 85/337 52
LOOSE PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS 52 LACK OF SUBSTANTIVE STANDARDS OF THE
EIA 52 SAME ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE FOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PROJECTS 52
EFFECTS OF EIA ON THE AUTHORISATION 53 STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT IN EC LAW 53
RATIONALE FOR SEA 53 MAIN REQUIREMENTS OF THE SEA DIRECTIVE 55 THE
PERFORMANCE OF MEMBER STATES 57 CONCLUSIONS 58 PUBLIC INFORMATION AND
PARTICIPATION IN EC ENVIRONMENTAL LAW; ORIGINS, MILESTONES AND TRENDS
JERZY JENDROSKA BACKGROUND TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AARHUS CONVENTION
63 DIFFERENT CONCEPTUAL ROOTS PROTECTION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS
DEMOCRATIZATION GOOD GOVERNANCE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO AN ENVIRONMENT CONSEQUENCES
MILESTONES THE ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT DIRECTIVE OF 1985 ACCESS TO
INFORMATION DIRECTIVE OF 1990 IPPC DIRECTIVE OF 1996 THE AARHUS
CONVENTION OF 1998 AND ITS FOLLOW-UP THE AARHUS CONVENTION - A
BREAKTHROUGH THE PROCESS APPROACHES TO NEGOTIATIONS 64 65 65 65 66 66 67
67 67 68 68 69 70 70 IV-3 SCOPE OF THE CONVENTION 71 V ACCESS TO
INFORMATION AFTER AARHUS CONVENTION 72 V.I PASSIVE AND ACTIVE
DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION 72 V.2 THE NEW DIRECTIVE ON ACCESS TO
INFORMATION: A STEP AHEAD 73 V.3 PRTR AND EPER 74 VI PUBLIC
PARTICIPATION AFTER AARHUS CONVENTION 75 VI. 1 LADDER OF PUBLIC
PARTICIPATION 75 VI.2 SPECIFIC DECISIONS 75 VI.3 PLANS AND PROGRAMMES 76
VI.4 POLICIES AND LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS 76 VI.5 LEGAL NATURE OF
OBLIGATIONS 76 VI.6 IMPLEMENTATION IN THE EU 77 VI.7 GAPS IN
IMPLEMENTATION? 78 VI.8 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT (SEA) 78 VI.9 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN GMO-RELATED DECISIONS
79 VII ACCESS TO JUSTICE AFTER ADOPTION OF THE AARHUS CONVENTION 80
VII.I SCOPE OF THE THIRD PILLAR 80 VI1.2 ACTIO POPULARIS 81 VII.3 THE
DRAFT DIRECTIVE ON ACCESS TO JUSTICE 82 VIII THE APPLICATION OF THE
AARHUS CONVENTION TO EU INSTITUTIONS 82 IX CONCLUSIONS 84 CHAPTER 5 THE
EU AND CLIMATE CHANGE CHARLOTTE STRECK & DAVID FREESTONE I THE CONTEXT
87 II EU CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY BEFORE KYOTO 89 11.1 THE ENVIRONMENT
ACTION PROGRAMMES 89 11.2 TOWARDS A CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 92 III THE
EUROPEAN UNION AND THE KYOTO PROTOCOL 94 IV POLICIES AND MEASURES TO
REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES: EU APPROACHES 97 V FISCAL MEASURES - THE
PROPOSED CARBON TAX 98 VI ENERGY POLICIES; RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY
EFFICIENCY 100 VI. 1 RENEWABLE ENERGY 100 VI.2 ENERGY EFFICIENCY 101 VII
THE PROBLEM OF TRANSPORT 102 VIII THE MOST RECENT APPROACH: EMISSIONS
TRADING 103 IX CONCLUSIONS 105 3O YEARS OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW CHAPTER
6 I II III IV V VI V.2 V.3 V.3.1 V.3.2 V.3.3 VI THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
ECO-LABELLING SCHEME MAR CAMPINS ERITJA 109 110 "3 115 CHAPTER 7 THE
LOGIC OF ECO-LABELLING SCHEMES BACKGROUND OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
REGULATION THE AIMS OF THE EC ECO-LABELLING SCHEME CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE EC ECO-LABELLING SCHEME KEY ISSUES RAISED BY THE REGULATION OF THE
EC ECO-LABELLING SCHEME 118 PARTICIPANTS IN THE PROCESS 118 SETTING THE
ECO-LABEL CRITERIA 119 THE PROCEDURE FOR AWARDING THE LABEL 121 THE
APPLICATIONS 121 ASSESSING THE PRODUCT AND TAKING THE DECISION TO AWARD
THE LABEL 122 THE CONTRACT COVERING THE TERMS OF THE USE OF THE
ECO-LABEL 123 FINAL REMARKS 123 LIABILITY GERHARD ROLLER I INTRODUCTION
II PRODUCT LIABILITY III THE SUITABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITY LAW TO
PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT IV ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY IN EU LAW IV.I FIRST
STEPS: A SECTORAL APPROACH IV.2 TOWARDS A HORIZONTAL APPROACH: THE
DEBATE ON ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY IN THE EC IV.2.1 GREEN PAPER IV.2.2
WHITE PAPER IV.2.3 THE ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY DIRECTIVE V EVALUATION
AND OUTLOOK CHAPTER 8 I I.I I.1.1 I.1.2 1.2 129 129 131 132 132 133 133
134 134 139 COMPETITION AND ENVIRONMENT: AN ECOLOGICALLY RATIONAL
AGREEMENT CAROLINE LONDON AGREEMENTS FOR AN INCREASED INDUSTRIAL
INVOLVEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS THE COMMISSION'S POSITION
COMPATIBILITY WITH COMPETITION RULES ASSOCIATIONS OF ENTERPRISES FOR
PACKAGING RECOVERY 143 143 144 146 148 I.2.I 1.2.2 II II.I II.I.I II.I.2
II.2 II.2.I II.2.2 III III.I III.2 CHAPTER Q CONTENTS THE DIFFERENT
UNDERTAKINGS CONDITIONS TO BE COMPLIED WITH STATE AIDS TO PROMOTE
ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATION GUIDELINES 1974 TO 1994 THE 2001 GUIDELINES
EXAMPLES STATE AID DEFINITION APPLICATION OF THE 2001 GUIDELINES
DOMINANT POSITIONS FOR A TASK OF GENERAL INTEREST JUSTIFICATION OF A
DOMINANT POSITION PROHIBITION OF ABUSE 148 150 151 151 151 152 154 154
155 155 156 157 INTEERATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL REAUIREMENTS INTO EC I II
II. II. II. II. II. II. II. III III III III IV CHAPTER IO I I.I 1.2 2
2.1 2.2 2.3 .1 .2 *3 I II III ENERGY POLICY FLORIAN ERMACORA
INTRODUCTION LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES MEASURES ON THE ENERGY DEMAND SIDE
STRENGTHENING ENERGY EFFICIENCY TAXATION OF ENERGY PRODUCTS AND
ELECTRICITY MEASURES ON THE ENERGY SUPPLY SIDE PROMOTION OF ELECTRICITY
PRODUCED FROM RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES LIMITS IN EC LAW FOR THE
PROMOTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES SUBSTITUTION OF FOSSIL FUELS
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND NUCLEAR ENERGY LEGAL AND POLITICAL
QUESTIONS SAFETY OF NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS MANAGEMENT AND STOCKPILING OF
NUCLEAR WASTE OUTLOOK INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS INTO
TRANSPORT SAID MAHMOUDI INTRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATION OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS INTO TRANSPORT CURRENT ISSUES AND A VIEW OF
THE FUTURE 161 163 163 163 168 169 169 171 174 175 175 176 178 179 185
187 192 3O YEARS OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW CHAPTER II EC CHEMICALS
LEGISLATION: A HORIZONTAL PERSPECTIVE MARE PALLEMAERTS I THE PRESENT
STATE OF CHEMICALS REGULATION IN THE EC 199 II DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING
OF CHEMICALS 202 III IMPORT 205 IV PRODUCTION 207 IV.I PROCESS EMISSIONS
TO WATER 209 IV.2 PROCESS EMISSIONS TO AIR 211 IV.3 STORAGE 212 IV.4
TRANSPORT 213 IV.5 USE IN PROCESSES 214 V PACKAGING AND LABELLING 217 VI
MARKETING 218 VII USE IN PREPARATIONS OR OTHER PRODUCTS 221 VIII EXPORTS
AS OR IN PRODUCTS 222 IX DIFFUSE USE EMISSIONS 224 X DISPOSAL AS OR IN
WASTE 225 X.I EMISSIONS FROM WASTE DISPOSAL 226 X.2 EXPORT AS OR IN
WASTE 227 XI OVERVIEW AND CONCLUSIONS 228 CHAPTER 12 PRODUCTS AND THE
ENVIRONMENT MARCO ONIDA I INTRODUCTION 235 II THE IMPACT OF PRODUCTS ON
THE ENVIRONMENT: RELEVANT FACTORS 236 III THE STRATEGIC APPROACH TO
ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT POLICY IN THE PAST 30 YEARS 238 111.1 INTRODUCTION
238 111.2 PRODUCTS IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PROGRAMMES 238 111.3
PRODUCTS AND THE INTERNAL MARKET 244 IV PRESENT APPROACHES AND
PERSPECTIVES 249 IV.I "HORIZONTAL" APPROACHES TO PRODUCTS AND THE
ENVIRONMENT 250 IV.1.1 INTEGRATED PRODUCT POLICY (IPP) 251 IV.1.2
SUSTAINABLEUSEOF NATURAL RESOURCES 251 IV.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES
ACTION PLAN (ETAP) 252 IV.1.4 STANDARDISATION 252 IV.1.5 VOLUNTARY
AGREEMENTS 254 IV.2 SPECIFIC OR TARGETED APPROACHES TO PRODUCTS AND THE
ENVIRONMENT 258 IV.2.1 CHEMICALS 258 IV.2.2 WASTE LEGISLATION 259 IV.2.3
THE PROPOSED DIRECTIVE ON ENERGY-USING PRODUCTS 262 IV.2.4 THE COMMUNITY
ECO-LABEL SYSTEM 264 V SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS 266 CHAPTER 13
TRANSNATIONAL LAW MAKING AND EC PRODUCT POLICY; THE EXAMPLE OF WASTE
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT (WEEE) MARTIN FUHR I INTRODUCTION
273 II CROSS BORDER PRODUCT RESPONSIBILITY AS A NEW CHALLENGE 274 III
INTERFACE PROBLEMS ON DIFFERENT LEVELS 275 111.1 PRACTICAL INTERFACES:
THE MONITORING SYSTEM (DIRECTIVE 2002/96, ARTICLE 12(1)) 275 111.1.1
DATA TO BE NOTIFIED, WHEN EEE IS PUT ON THE MARKET 276 111.1.2 DATA TO
BE NOTIFIED, WHEN EEE IS GIVEN BACK AS WEEE 277 111.2 CONCLUSION WITH
RESPECT TO THE DIFFERENT INTERFACES 278 111.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR AN
APPROPRIATE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 279 IV RECIPROCAL
TRANSNATIONAL LEGAL OBLIGATIONS 281 V RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 282 VI PREREQUISITES OF TRANSNATIONAL
PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY 284 CHAPTER 14 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR EUROPEAN
WASTE MANAGEMENT; UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES MORITZ
REESE I THIRTY YEARS OF EUROPEAN WASTE POLICY - ACHIEVEMENTS AND
REMAINING CHALLENGES 289 II SYSTEMATIC CONFLICTS IN THE WASTE FRAMEWORK
DIRECTIVE AND THE WASTE SHIPMENT PROVISIONS WITH REGARD TO EUROPEAN
WASTE MANAGEMENT 290 11.1 A HISTORICAL GLANCE AT WASTE-RELATED EU
LEGISLATION 290 11.2 THE ESSENTIAL OBJECTIVES OF EU WASTE POLICY 292
11.3 SYSTEMATIC CONFLICTS AND STRATEGIC LEGAL QUESTIONS 293 III SCOPE
AND FUNCTIONS OF EU WASTE LAW - HOW TO PUT THEM IN LINE WITH EACH OTHER?
296 IV TRANSBOUNDARY WASTE SHIPMENT - SELF-SUFFICIENCY AND PROXIMITY V.
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS 300 V HIGH-GRADE RECOVERY - THE BEST REGULATORY
PATH TO PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES? 303 VI CONCLUSION 305
3O YEARS OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW CHAPTER 15 MARINE SAFETY AND PROTECTION
OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT HANS-JOACHIM KOCH & CORNELIA ZIEHM I NEED FOR
ACTION 39 II MARINE SAFETY AND PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT -
NEW AREAS OF EU POLICY 310 11.1 MARINE SAFETY 310 11.2 PROTECTION OF THE
MARINE ENVIRONMENT 312 III THE SPECIFIC MEASURES OF THE EU MARINE-SAFETY
POLICY 313 111.1 PORT STATE CONTROLS 314 111.2 CLASSIFICATION 315 111.3
PHASING OUT OF SINGLE-HULL TANKERS 316 111.4 REPORTING OBLIGATIONS AND
MONITORING SYSTEMS 317 IV EU - AID TO IMPLEMENTATION AND MAKER OF
MARINE-SAFETY POLICY 318 IV.I EU AS AN AID TO IMPLEMENTATION 319 IV.2 EU
AS A POLICY MAKER 320 V PROSPECTS 323 CHAPTER 16 SOME REFLECTIONS ON EU
BIOTECHNOLOGY REGULATION HAN SOMSEN CHAPTER 17 I II III I INTRODUCTION
II MODEM BIOTECHNOLOGY III LEARNING LESSONS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL
REGULATION 111.1 ISSUES OF RISK REGULATION 111.2 ETHICS AND EU LAW 111.3
ISSUES OF LEGITIMACY AND GLOBALIZATION 111.4 INSTRUMENT CHOKE IV
CONCLUSIONS EC LAW AND BIODIVERSITY NICOLAS DE SADELEER INTRODUCTION THE
STATE OF BIODIVERSITY IN EUROPE LEGAL BASIS OF THE EC DIRECTIVES AND
REGULATIONS ON THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY 111.1 BIODIVERSITY AND
THE INTERNAL MARKET 111.2 BIODIVERSITY AND COMMON TRADE POLICY 111.3
BIODIVERSITY AND THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY IV POLICY DEVELOPMENTS
IV.I CORE ISSUES 327 327 329 329 334 335 342 347 351 354 355 355 356 357
357 357 IV.2 INSTRUMENTS DEDICATED TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 358 IV.3
SIXTH ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PROGRAMME 358 IV.4 PROGRAMMING SPECIFIC TO
BIODIVERSITY 359 IV.5 OTHER PROGRAMS 360 V CONSERVATION OF SPECIES AND
ECOSYSTEMS 361 V.I EC OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW 361 V.2 A
TWO-TIER CONSERVATIONIST APPROACH UNDER THE HABITATS AND BIRDS
DIRECTIVES 361 V.3 CONSERVATION OF HABITATS 363 V.4 CONSERVATION OF
INDIGENOUS SPECIES 364 V.5 CONSERVATION OF EXOTIC SPECIES 365 VI
CONSERVATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY 366 VI.1 THE CONSERVATION OF GENETIC
RESOURCES 366 VI.2 MANAGEMENT OF GMOS 367 VII CONCLUSION 368 CHAPTER 18
EUROPEAN NOISE LAW FRANCIS MCMANUS I INTRODUCTION 373 II DIRECTIVE
2002/49 ON ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE 375 11.1 THE CONTENT OF THE DIRECTIVE 375
11.2 ACTION PLANS 377 III NOISE AND SUBSIDIARITY 378 IV CONCLUSIONS 382
CHAPTER 19 THE ENFORCEMENT OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW; SOME PROPOSALS FOR
REFORM RICHARD MACRORY I THE CONTEXT 385 II THE PRESENT PICTURE 386 III
SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT 388 111.1 CONFORMITY OF NATIONAL
TRANSPOSITION MEASURES 388 111.2 NON-APPLICATION IN PRACTICE 390 IV THE
EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE 393 V CONCLUSIONS 394 CHAPTER 20 MATCHING
TASKS AND COMPETENCES IN THE EC MULTI-LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATION
GERD WINTER I THE PHENOMENON OF MULTI-LEVEL ADMINISTRATION 399 I.I
NATIONAL ("INDIRECT") EXECUTION OF COMMUNITY LAW PRO STATU 400 3O YEARS
OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 1.2 NATIONAL ("INDIRECT") EXECUTION OF COMMUNITY
LAW PRO COMMUNITATE 401 1.3 COMMUNITY-OWN ("DIRECT") EXECUTION OF
COMMUNITY LAW 402 1.4 CIVIL SELF GOVERNANCE OF COMMUNITY LAW 404 I.3
SHARED ADMINISTRATION 45 II EVALUATION 46 11.1 CRITERIA 47 11.2
APPLICATION 412 CHAPTER 21 THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW LUE LAVRYSEN I ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
AND THE COMMON MARKET 417 LI INTRODUCTION 417 1.2 ARTICLE 25 EC TREATY
AND PRODUCT LEVIES 418 1.3 ARTICLES 28 TO 30 EC TREATY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
REGULATIONS FOR PRODUCTS 419 1.4 IMPORT AND EXPORT-RESTRICTING MEASURES
FOR WASTE 428 1.5 PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATORY TAXES 432 II SOME
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EC LAW 436 11.1 REGULATIONS 436 11.2 DIRECTIVES
437 11.3 STATE LIABILITY 444 III CONCLUSION 447 CHAPTER 22 COLLECTIVE
ACTION OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS IN EUROPEAN CONSUMER AND
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW; A MUTUAL LEARNING PROCESS? HANS-WOLFGANG MICKLITZ I
EC CONSUMER LAW AND EC ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 451 II DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO
ENFORCEMENT IN MEMBER STATES 454 III ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS - COMPARISON OF APPLES AND PEARS? 458 IV
REGISTRATION AND RECOGNITION OF ORGANISATIONS 464 V PROCEDURAL QUESTIONS
467 VI INTERNAL REVIEW, PROCEDURAL AND SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES, REMEDIES 470
VII SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS 472 CHAPTER 23 DID BARON VON MUNCHHAUSEN
EVER VISIT AARHUS? SOME CRITICAL REMARKS ON THE PROPOSAL FOR A
REGULATION ON THE APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE AARHUS CONVENTION
TO EC INSTITUTIONS AND BODIES JAN H. JANS I II III IV V CHAPTER 24
INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM ACCESS TO JUSTICE AND THE
PROPOSAL FOR A REGULATION ACCESS TO JUSTICE CONDUDING REMARKS THE NEED
TO CONSOLIDATE EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW; 477 477 479 483 484 A POLISH
PERSPECTIVE BARBARA IWANSKA I THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AS AN
OBJECT OF REGULATION IN LEGAL SYSTEMS OF MEMBER STATES 493 II THE
PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AS A SUBJECT OF EU LEGAL REGULATION - THE
QUESTION OF CONSOLIDATION 494 11.1 LACK OF COHERENCE 494 11. 2
CONSOLIDATION IN EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: PROGRESS TO DATE 495 11.3 GAPS IN
THE CONSOLIDATION OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 498 III THE INFLUENCE OF EU
LAW ON POLISH LAW - THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSOLIDATING EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
500 111.1 THE EFFECT OF EU LAW ON THE POLISH LEGISLATIVE ACTIVITY 500
111.2 THE EFFECT OF EU LAW ON THE APPLICATION OF POLISH ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW 502 CHAPTER 25 THE IMPACT OF EC ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ON PORTUGUESE LAW
ALEXANDRA ARAGAO I INTRODUCTION II A GAP BETWEEN LAW AND SOCIETY III
OVERALL APPRAISAL 111.1 OVER-COMPLIANCE? 111.1.1 ZERO OPTION 111.1.2
BINDING EFFECTS 111. 2 NON COMPLIANCE 111.2.1 LATE TRANSPOSITION 111.
2.2 TACIT GRANTING OR TACIT REFUSAL? 111. 2.3 SLUDGE-DEPOSITION SITES IV
CONCLUSION 55 505 506 507 507 507 510 510 5" 51 2 3O YEARS OF EU
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW CHAPTER 26 I II III IV CHAPTER 27 I II III III.I III.2
III.3 IV V VI VII CHAPTER 28 I I.I 1.2 1-3 1.4 II II.I II.2 II.3 II.4
III III.I III.2 EC ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND FUTURE ACCESSION STATES GYULA
BANDI THE RELEVANCE OF EC ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 517 THE SITUATION IN
ACCESSION COUNTRIES 519 PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW-MAKING IN
ACCESSION COUNTRIES 523 ALIGNING ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS - TOWARDS A
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH 5 2 4 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION; THE TREATMENT OF NATIONAL MEASURES INTRODUCING TRADE
RESTRICTIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL GROUNDS UNDER WTO LAW MASSIMILIANO MONTINI
INTRODUCTION 531 THE APPLICAHLE PROVISIONS: FROM GATT TO WTO 532 THE
GATT CASE-LAW 533 GENERAL REMARKS ON THE APPLICABLE GATT PROVISIONS 533
THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE XX(B) GATT 534 THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE
XX(G) GATT 54 THE SPS AGREEMENT CASE-LAW 543 THE TBT AGREEMENT CASE-LAW
545 THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS AND PPM'S 546 FINAL
REMARKS ON THE EC BEHAVIOUR IN THE WTO CONTEXT 548 THIRTY YEARS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION LUDWIG KRAMER
INSTITUTIONS 555 EUROPEAN COUNCIL 555 EC COMMISSION 556 EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT 558 COUNCIL 559 INTEGRATION 560 GENERAL QUESTIONS 560
AGRICULTURAL AND FISHERIES POLICY 562 TRANSPORT POLICY 563 ENERGY POLICY
563 OPENNESS, PARTICIPATION AND BETTER REGULATION 564 ACCESS TO
INFORMATION 564 PARTICIPATION IN DECISION-MAKING 565 III.3 IV IV.I IV.2
IV.3 IV.4 V VI VII CONTENTS BETTER REGULATION ACTIONS PROGRAMMES
LEGISLATION REPORTING FUNDING GLOBAL PLAYER AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
ENFORCEMENT AND APPLICATION CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY TAHLE OFCASES TABLE
OF LEGISLATION ABBREVIATIONS INDEX CONTRIBUTORS 567 568 568 569 570 571
571 573 575 578 598 604 614 618 622 |
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REFLECTIONS ON 30 YEARS OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW A HIGH LEVEL OF
PROTECTION? EDITED BY PROF. RICHARD MACRORY THE AVOSETTA SERIES (7)
PROCEEDINGS OF THE AVOSETTA GROUP OF EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAWYERS
PREFACE V CHAPTER I THE BATTLE ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY COMPETENCES;
CHALLENGING THE STRICTER APPROACH: STRICTER MIGHT LEAD TO WEAKER
PROTECTION PETER PAGH I INTRODUCTION: THE DISPUTE ON COMPETENCE 3 II
CHALLENGING THE STRICTER APPROACH 5 11.I THE DEROGATION CLAUSES OF THE
EC TREATY 5 11.1.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL GUARANTEE CLAUSE (ARTICLE 95) 5
11.1.2 EMPIRICAL EXPERIENCE WITH THE USE OF ARTICLE 176 8 11.2 THE
APPLICATION OF THE "STRICTER APPROACH" IN COURT CASES 8 11.3 THE
"STRICTER APPROACH" KEEPS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AS AN INTERNAL
NATIONAL MATTER 10 11.4 STRICTER MEASURES AND EXTRATERRITORIAL DEMANDS N
11.4.1 IMPOSING NATIONAL STANDARDS ON OTHER MEMBER STATES BY IMPORT
RESTRICTIONS 12 11.4.2 IMPOSING NATIONAL STANDARDS ON OTHER
JURISDICTIONS BY EXPORT RESTRICTIONS 12 III SUMMARY: SIX OBJECTIONS TO
THE "STRICTER APPROACH" 15 CHAPTER 2 ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES ASTRID
EPINEY I INTRODUCTION 19 II THE LEGALLY BINDING CHARACTER OF
ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES 20 III LEGAL EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PRINCIPLES 22 111.1 "GLOBAL OBJECTIVES" 23 111.1.1 ARTICLE 174(1) 24
111.1.2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 26 111.1.3 ARTICLE I74(2)(I) 27 111.1.4
CONCLUSION 29 111.2 OBLIGATIONS TO "TAKE INTO ACCOUNT" 29 111.3
OBLIGATIONS REFERRING TO THE RESULT 30 111.3.1 THE DEGREE OF PRECISION
OF ARTICLES I74(2)(2) AND 6 30 111.3.2 POINT OF REFERENCE: DEFINITION OF
THE CONTENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES 31 111.3.3 LEGAL
IMPLICATIONS/OBLIGATION 33 111.3.4 RESUME: SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES AS TO
THE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF "OBLIGATIONS REFERRING TO THE RESULT" 36 IV
SUMMARY CONCLUSION 38 3O YEARS OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW CHAPTER 3 I II
II.I II.2 II.3 II.4 III III.I III.2 III.3 III.4 IV IV.I IV.2 V VI
CHAPTER 4 I II II.I II.2 II.3 II.4 II.5 II.6 III III.I III.2 III.3 III.4
IV IV.I IV.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN EC LAW; A CRITICAL
APPRAISAL ANGEL-MANUEL MORENO INTRODUCTION 43 CONTROVERSIAL ASPECTS OF
DIRECTIVE 85/337 IN THE CASE-LAW OF THE COURT 44 THE POSSIBLE DIRECT
EFFECT OF THE DIRECTIVE 44 CONNECTIONS BETWEEN EIA AND THE AUTHORISATION
OF THE PROJECT 47 THE PROJECTS COVERED BY THE DIRECTIVE 49 EXCEPTIONS
ALLOWED BY THE DIRECTIVE 50 THE MAIN WEAKNESSES OF DIRECTIVE 85/337 52
LOOSE PROCEDURAL REQUIREMENTS 52 LACK OF SUBSTANTIVE STANDARDS OF THE
EIA 52 SAME ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE FOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PROJECTS 52
EFFECTS OF EIA ON THE AUTHORISATION 53 STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT IN EC LAW 53
RATIONALE FOR SEA 53 MAIN REQUIREMENTS OF THE SEA DIRECTIVE 55 THE
PERFORMANCE OF MEMBER STATES 57 CONCLUSIONS 58 PUBLIC INFORMATION AND
PARTICIPATION IN EC ENVIRONMENTAL LAW; ORIGINS, MILESTONES AND TRENDS
JERZY JENDROSKA BACKGROUND TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AARHUS CONVENTION
63 DIFFERENT CONCEPTUAL ROOTS PROTECTION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS
DEMOCRATIZATION GOOD GOVERNANCE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO AN ENVIRONMENT CONSEQUENCES
MILESTONES THE ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT DIRECTIVE OF 1985 ACCESS TO
INFORMATION DIRECTIVE OF 1990 IPPC DIRECTIVE OF 1996 THE AARHUS
CONVENTION OF 1998 AND ITS FOLLOW-UP THE AARHUS CONVENTION - A
BREAKTHROUGH THE PROCESS APPROACHES TO NEGOTIATIONS 64 65 65 65 66 66 67
67 67 68 68 69 70 70 IV-3 SCOPE OF THE CONVENTION 71 V ACCESS TO
INFORMATION AFTER AARHUS CONVENTION 72 V.I PASSIVE AND ACTIVE
DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION 72 V.2 THE NEW DIRECTIVE ON ACCESS TO
INFORMATION: A STEP AHEAD 73 V.3 PRTR AND EPER 74 VI PUBLIC
PARTICIPATION AFTER AARHUS CONVENTION 75 VI. 1 LADDER OF PUBLIC
PARTICIPATION 75 VI.2 SPECIFIC DECISIONS 75 VI.3 PLANS AND PROGRAMMES 76
VI.4 POLICIES AND LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS 76 VI.5 LEGAL NATURE OF
OBLIGATIONS 76 VI.6 IMPLEMENTATION IN THE EU 77 VI.7 GAPS IN
IMPLEMENTATION? 78 VI.8 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT (SEA) 78 VI.9 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN GMO-RELATED DECISIONS
79 VII ACCESS TO JUSTICE AFTER ADOPTION OF THE AARHUS CONVENTION 80
VII.I SCOPE OF THE THIRD PILLAR 80 VI1.2 ACTIO POPULARIS 81 VII.3 THE
DRAFT DIRECTIVE ON ACCESS TO JUSTICE 82 VIII THE APPLICATION OF THE
AARHUS CONVENTION TO EU INSTITUTIONS 82 IX CONCLUSIONS 84 CHAPTER 5 THE
EU AND CLIMATE CHANGE CHARLOTTE STRECK & DAVID FREESTONE I THE CONTEXT
87 II EU CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY BEFORE KYOTO 89 11.1 THE ENVIRONMENT
ACTION PROGRAMMES 89 11.2 TOWARDS A CLIMATE CHANGE STRATEGY 92 III THE
EUROPEAN UNION AND THE KYOTO PROTOCOL 94 IV POLICIES AND MEASURES TO
REDUCE GREENHOUSE GASES: EU APPROACHES 97 V FISCAL MEASURES - THE
PROPOSED CARBON TAX 98 VI ENERGY POLICIES; RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY
EFFICIENCY 100 VI. 1 RENEWABLE ENERGY 100 VI.2 ENERGY EFFICIENCY 101 VII
THE PROBLEM OF TRANSPORT 102 VIII THE MOST RECENT APPROACH: EMISSIONS
TRADING 103 IX CONCLUSIONS 105 3O YEARS OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW CHAPTER
6 I II III IV V VI V.2 V.3 V.3.1 V.3.2 V.3.3 VI THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
ECO-LABELLING SCHEME MAR CAMPINS ERITJA 109 110 "3 115 CHAPTER 7 THE
LOGIC OF ECO-LABELLING SCHEMES BACKGROUND OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
REGULATION THE AIMS OF THE EC ECO-LABELLING SCHEME CHARACTERISTICS OF
THE EC ECO-LABELLING SCHEME KEY ISSUES RAISED BY THE REGULATION OF THE
EC ECO-LABELLING SCHEME 118 PARTICIPANTS IN THE PROCESS 118 SETTING THE
ECO-LABEL CRITERIA 119 THE PROCEDURE FOR AWARDING THE LABEL 121 THE
APPLICATIONS 121 ASSESSING THE PRODUCT AND TAKING THE DECISION TO AWARD
THE LABEL 122 THE CONTRACT COVERING THE TERMS OF THE USE OF THE
ECO-LABEL 123 FINAL REMARKS 123 LIABILITY GERHARD ROLLER I INTRODUCTION
II PRODUCT LIABILITY III THE SUITABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITY LAW TO
PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT IV ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY IN EU LAW IV.I FIRST
STEPS: A SECTORAL APPROACH IV.2 TOWARDS A HORIZONTAL APPROACH: THE
DEBATE ON ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY IN THE EC IV.2.1 GREEN PAPER IV.2.2
WHITE PAPER IV.2.3 THE ENVIRONMENTAL LIABILITY DIRECTIVE V EVALUATION
AND OUTLOOK CHAPTER 8 I I.I I.1.1 I.1.2 1.2 129 129 131 132 132 133 133
134 134 139 COMPETITION AND ENVIRONMENT: AN ECOLOGICALLY RATIONAL
AGREEMENT CAROLINE LONDON AGREEMENTS FOR AN INCREASED INDUSTRIAL
INVOLVEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS THE COMMISSION'S POSITION
COMPATIBILITY WITH COMPETITION RULES ASSOCIATIONS OF ENTERPRISES FOR
PACKAGING RECOVERY 143 143 144 146 148 I.2.I 1.2.2 II II.I II.I.I II.I.2
II.2 II.2.I II.2.2 III III.I III.2 CHAPTER Q CONTENTS THE DIFFERENT
UNDERTAKINGS CONDITIONS TO BE COMPLIED WITH STATE AIDS TO PROMOTE
ENVIRONMENTAL INNOVATION GUIDELINES 1974 TO 1994 THE 2001 GUIDELINES
EXAMPLES STATE AID DEFINITION APPLICATION OF THE 2001 GUIDELINES
DOMINANT POSITIONS FOR A TASK OF GENERAL INTEREST JUSTIFICATION OF A
DOMINANT POSITION PROHIBITION OF ABUSE 148 150 151 151 151 152 154 154
155 155 156 157 INTEERATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL REAUIREMENTS INTO EC I II
II. II. II. II. II. II. II. III III III III IV CHAPTER IO I I.I 1.2 2
2.1 2.2 2.3 .1 .2 *3 I II III ENERGY POLICY FLORIAN ERMACORA
INTRODUCTION LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES MEASURES ON THE ENERGY DEMAND SIDE
STRENGTHENING ENERGY EFFICIENCY TAXATION OF ENERGY PRODUCTS AND
ELECTRICITY MEASURES ON THE ENERGY SUPPLY SIDE PROMOTION OF ELECTRICITY
PRODUCED FROM RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES LIMITS IN EC LAW FOR THE
PROMOTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES SUBSTITUTION OF FOSSIL FUELS
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND NUCLEAR ENERGY LEGAL AND POLITICAL
QUESTIONS SAFETY OF NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS MANAGEMENT AND STOCKPILING OF
NUCLEAR WASTE OUTLOOK INTEGRATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS INTO
TRANSPORT SAID MAHMOUDI INTRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATION OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS INTO TRANSPORT CURRENT ISSUES AND A VIEW OF
THE FUTURE 161 163 163 163 168 169 169 171 174 175 175 176 178 179 185
187 192 3O YEARS OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW CHAPTER II EC CHEMICALS
LEGISLATION: A HORIZONTAL PERSPECTIVE MARE PALLEMAERTS I THE PRESENT
STATE OF CHEMICALS REGULATION IN THE EC 199 II DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING
OF CHEMICALS 202 III IMPORT 205 IV PRODUCTION 207 IV.I PROCESS EMISSIONS
TO WATER 209 IV.2 PROCESS EMISSIONS TO AIR 211 IV.3 STORAGE 212 IV.4
TRANSPORT 213 IV.5 USE IN PROCESSES 214 V PACKAGING AND LABELLING 217 VI
MARKETING 218 VII USE IN PREPARATIONS OR OTHER PRODUCTS 221 VIII EXPORTS
AS OR IN PRODUCTS 222 IX DIFFUSE USE EMISSIONS 224 X DISPOSAL AS OR IN
WASTE 225 X.I EMISSIONS FROM WASTE DISPOSAL 226 X.2 EXPORT AS OR IN
WASTE 227 XI OVERVIEW AND CONCLUSIONS 228 CHAPTER 12 PRODUCTS AND THE
ENVIRONMENT MARCO ONIDA I INTRODUCTION 235 II THE IMPACT OF PRODUCTS ON
THE ENVIRONMENT: RELEVANT FACTORS 236 III THE STRATEGIC APPROACH TO
ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT POLICY IN THE PAST 30 YEARS 238 111.1 INTRODUCTION
238 111.2 PRODUCTS IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PROGRAMMES 238 111.3
PRODUCTS AND THE INTERNAL MARKET 244 IV PRESENT APPROACHES AND
PERSPECTIVES 249 IV.I "HORIZONTAL" APPROACHES TO PRODUCTS AND THE
ENVIRONMENT 250 IV.1.1 INTEGRATED PRODUCT POLICY (IPP) 251 IV.1.2
SUSTAINABLEUSEOF NATURAL RESOURCES 251 IV.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES
ACTION PLAN (ETAP) 252 IV.1.4 STANDARDISATION 252 IV.1.5 VOLUNTARY
AGREEMENTS 254 IV.2 SPECIFIC OR TARGETED APPROACHES TO PRODUCTS AND THE
ENVIRONMENT 258 IV.2.1 CHEMICALS 258 IV.2.2 WASTE LEGISLATION 259 IV.2.3
THE PROPOSED DIRECTIVE ON ENERGY-USING PRODUCTS 262 IV.2.4 THE COMMUNITY
ECO-LABEL SYSTEM 264 V SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS 266 CHAPTER 13
TRANSNATIONAL LAW MAKING AND EC PRODUCT POLICY; THE EXAMPLE OF WASTE
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT (WEEE) MARTIN FUHR I INTRODUCTION
273 II CROSS BORDER PRODUCT RESPONSIBILITY AS A NEW CHALLENGE 274 III
INTERFACE PROBLEMS ON DIFFERENT LEVELS 275 111.1 PRACTICAL INTERFACES:
THE MONITORING SYSTEM (DIRECTIVE 2002/96, ARTICLE 12(1)) 275 111.1.1
DATA TO BE NOTIFIED, WHEN EEE IS PUT ON THE MARKET 276 111.1.2 DATA TO
BE NOTIFIED, WHEN EEE IS GIVEN BACK AS WEEE 277 111.2 CONCLUSION WITH
RESPECT TO THE DIFFERENT INTERFACES 278 111.3 REQUIREMENTS FOR AN
APPROPRIATE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 279 IV RECIPROCAL
TRANSNATIONAL LEGAL OBLIGATIONS 281 V RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 282 VI PREREQUISITES OF TRANSNATIONAL
PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY 284 CHAPTER 14 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR EUROPEAN
WASTE MANAGEMENT; UNRESOLVED PROBLEMS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES MORITZ
REESE I THIRTY YEARS OF EUROPEAN WASTE POLICY - ACHIEVEMENTS AND
REMAINING CHALLENGES 289 II SYSTEMATIC CONFLICTS IN THE WASTE FRAMEWORK
DIRECTIVE AND THE WASTE SHIPMENT PROVISIONS WITH REGARD TO EUROPEAN
WASTE MANAGEMENT 290 11.1 A HISTORICAL GLANCE AT WASTE-RELATED EU
LEGISLATION 290 11.2 THE ESSENTIAL OBJECTIVES OF EU WASTE POLICY 292
11.3 SYSTEMATIC CONFLICTS AND STRATEGIC LEGAL QUESTIONS 293 III SCOPE
AND FUNCTIONS OF EU WASTE LAW - HOW TO PUT THEM IN LINE WITH EACH OTHER?
296 IV TRANSBOUNDARY WASTE SHIPMENT - SELF-SUFFICIENCY AND PROXIMITY V.
ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS 300 V HIGH-GRADE RECOVERY - THE BEST REGULATORY
PATH TO PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCES? 303 VI CONCLUSION 305
3O YEARS OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW CHAPTER 15 MARINE SAFETY AND PROTECTION
OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT HANS-JOACHIM KOCH & CORNELIA ZIEHM I NEED FOR
ACTION 39 II MARINE SAFETY AND PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT -
NEW AREAS OF EU POLICY 310 11.1 MARINE SAFETY 310 11.2 PROTECTION OF THE
MARINE ENVIRONMENT 312 III THE SPECIFIC MEASURES OF THE EU MARINE-SAFETY
POLICY 313 111.1 PORT STATE CONTROLS 314 111.2 CLASSIFICATION 315 111.3
PHASING OUT OF SINGLE-HULL TANKERS 316 111.4 REPORTING OBLIGATIONS AND
MONITORING SYSTEMS 317 IV EU - AID TO IMPLEMENTATION AND MAKER OF
MARINE-SAFETY POLICY 318 IV.I EU AS AN AID TO IMPLEMENTATION 319 IV.2 EU
AS A POLICY MAKER 320 V PROSPECTS 323 CHAPTER 16 SOME REFLECTIONS ON EU
BIOTECHNOLOGY REGULATION HAN SOMSEN CHAPTER 17 I II III I INTRODUCTION
II MODEM BIOTECHNOLOGY III LEARNING LESSONS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL
REGULATION 111.1 ISSUES OF RISK REGULATION 111.2 ETHICS AND EU LAW 111.3
ISSUES OF LEGITIMACY AND GLOBALIZATION 111.4 INSTRUMENT CHOKE IV
CONCLUSIONS EC LAW AND BIODIVERSITY NICOLAS DE SADELEER INTRODUCTION THE
STATE OF BIODIVERSITY IN EUROPE LEGAL BASIS OF THE EC DIRECTIVES AND
REGULATIONS ON THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY 111.1 BIODIVERSITY AND
THE INTERNAL MARKET 111.2 BIODIVERSITY AND COMMON TRADE POLICY 111.3
BIODIVERSITY AND THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY IV POLICY DEVELOPMENTS
IV.I CORE ISSUES 327 327 329 329 334 335 342 347 351 354 355 355 356 357
357 357 IV.2 INSTRUMENTS DEDICATED TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 358 IV.3
SIXTH ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PROGRAMME 358 IV.4 PROGRAMMING SPECIFIC TO
BIODIVERSITY 359 IV.5 OTHER PROGRAMS 360 V CONSERVATION OF SPECIES AND
ECOSYSTEMS 361 V.I EC OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW 361 V.2 A
TWO-TIER CONSERVATIONIST APPROACH UNDER THE HABITATS AND BIRDS
DIRECTIVES 361 V.3 CONSERVATION OF HABITATS 363 V.4 CONSERVATION OF
INDIGENOUS SPECIES 364 V.5 CONSERVATION OF EXOTIC SPECIES 365 VI
CONSERVATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY 366 VI.1 THE CONSERVATION OF GENETIC
RESOURCES 366 VI.2 MANAGEMENT OF GMOS 367 VII CONCLUSION 368 CHAPTER 18
EUROPEAN NOISE LAW FRANCIS MCMANUS I INTRODUCTION 373 II DIRECTIVE
2002/49 ON ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE 375 11.1 THE CONTENT OF THE DIRECTIVE 375
11.2 ACTION PLANS 377 III NOISE AND SUBSIDIARITY 378 IV CONCLUSIONS 382
CHAPTER 19 THE ENFORCEMENT OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW; SOME PROPOSALS FOR
REFORM RICHARD MACRORY I THE CONTEXT 385 II THE PRESENT PICTURE 386 III
SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT 388 111.1 CONFORMITY OF NATIONAL
TRANSPOSITION MEASURES 388 111.2 NON-APPLICATION IN PRACTICE 390 IV THE
EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE 393 V CONCLUSIONS 394 CHAPTER 20 MATCHING
TASKS AND COMPETENCES IN THE EC MULTI-LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATION
GERD WINTER I THE PHENOMENON OF MULTI-LEVEL ADMINISTRATION 399 I.I
NATIONAL ("INDIRECT") EXECUTION OF COMMUNITY LAW PRO STATU 400 3O YEARS
OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 1.2 NATIONAL ("INDIRECT") EXECUTION OF COMMUNITY
LAW PRO COMMUNITATE 401 1.3 COMMUNITY-OWN ("DIRECT") EXECUTION OF
COMMUNITY LAW 402 1.4 CIVIL SELF GOVERNANCE OF COMMUNITY LAW 404 I.3
SHARED ADMINISTRATION 45 II EVALUATION 46 11.1 CRITERIA 47 11.2
APPLICATION 412 CHAPTER 21 THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE AND THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW LUE LAVRYSEN I ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
AND THE COMMON MARKET 417 LI INTRODUCTION 417 1.2 ARTICLE 25 EC TREATY
AND PRODUCT LEVIES 418 1.3 ARTICLES 28 TO 30 EC TREATY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
REGULATIONS FOR PRODUCTS 419 1.4 IMPORT AND EXPORT-RESTRICTING MEASURES
FOR WASTE 428 1.5 PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATORY TAXES 432 II SOME
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EC LAW 436 11.1 REGULATIONS 436 11.2 DIRECTIVES
437 11.3 STATE LIABILITY 444 III CONCLUSION 447 CHAPTER 22 COLLECTIVE
ACTION OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS IN EUROPEAN CONSUMER AND
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW; A MUTUAL LEARNING PROCESS? HANS-WOLFGANG MICKLITZ I
EC CONSUMER LAW AND EC ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 451 II DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO
ENFORCEMENT IN MEMBER STATES 454 III ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS - COMPARISON OF APPLES AND PEARS? 458 IV
REGISTRATION AND RECOGNITION OF ORGANISATIONS 464 V PROCEDURAL QUESTIONS
467 VI INTERNAL REVIEW, PROCEDURAL AND SUBSTANTIVE ISSUES, REMEDIES 470
VII SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS 472 CHAPTER 23 DID BARON VON MUNCHHAUSEN
EVER VISIT AARHUS? SOME CRITICAL REMARKS ON THE PROPOSAL FOR A
REGULATION ON THE APPLICATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF THE AARHUS CONVENTION
TO EC INSTITUTIONS AND BODIES JAN H. JANS I II III IV V CHAPTER 24
INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM ACCESS TO JUSTICE AND THE
PROPOSAL FOR A REGULATION ACCESS TO JUSTICE CONDUDING REMARKS THE NEED
TO CONSOLIDATE EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW; 477 477 479 483 484 A POLISH
PERSPECTIVE BARBARA IWANSKA I THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AS AN
OBJECT OF REGULATION IN LEGAL SYSTEMS OF MEMBER STATES 493 II THE
PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AS A SUBJECT OF EU LEGAL REGULATION - THE
QUESTION OF CONSOLIDATION 494 11.1 LACK OF COHERENCE 494 11. 2
CONSOLIDATION IN EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW: PROGRESS TO DATE 495 11.3 GAPS IN
THE CONSOLIDATION OF EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 498 III THE INFLUENCE OF EU
LAW ON POLISH LAW - THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSOLIDATING EU ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
500 111.1 THE EFFECT OF EU LAW ON THE POLISH LEGISLATIVE ACTIVITY 500
111.2 THE EFFECT OF EU LAW ON THE APPLICATION OF POLISH ENVIRONMENTAL
LAW 502 CHAPTER 25 THE IMPACT OF EC ENVIRONMENTAL LAW ON PORTUGUESE LAW
ALEXANDRA ARAGAO I INTRODUCTION II A GAP BETWEEN LAW AND SOCIETY III
OVERALL APPRAISAL 111.1 OVER-COMPLIANCE? 111.1.1 ZERO OPTION 111.1.2
BINDING EFFECTS 111. 2 NON COMPLIANCE 111.2.1 LATE TRANSPOSITION 111.
2.2 TACIT GRANTING OR TACIT REFUSAL? 111. 2.3 SLUDGE-DEPOSITION SITES IV
CONCLUSION 55 505 506 507 507 507 510 510 5" 51 2 3O YEARS OF EU
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW CHAPTER 26 I II III IV CHAPTER 27 I II III III.I III.2
III.3 IV V VI VII CHAPTER 28 I I.I 1.2 1-3 1.4 II II.I II.2 II.3 II.4
III III.I III.2 EC ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND FUTURE ACCESSION STATES GYULA
BANDI THE RELEVANCE OF EC ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 517 THE SITUATION IN
ACCESSION COUNTRIES 519 PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW-MAKING IN
ACCESSION COUNTRIES 523 ALIGNING ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS - TOWARDS A
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH 5 2 4 INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION; THE TREATMENT OF NATIONAL MEASURES INTRODUCING TRADE
RESTRICTIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL GROUNDS UNDER WTO LAW MASSIMILIANO MONTINI
INTRODUCTION 531 THE APPLICAHLE PROVISIONS: FROM GATT TO WTO 532 THE
GATT CASE-LAW 533 GENERAL REMARKS ON THE APPLICABLE GATT PROVISIONS 533
THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE XX(B) GATT 534 THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE
XX(G) GATT 54 THE SPS AGREEMENT CASE-LAW 543 THE TBT AGREEMENT CASE-LAW
545 THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRODUCT REQUIREMENTS AND PPM'S 546 FINAL
REMARKS ON THE EC BEHAVIOUR IN THE WTO CONTEXT 548 THIRTY YEARS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION LUDWIG KRAMER
INSTITUTIONS 555 EUROPEAN COUNCIL 555 EC COMMISSION 556 EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT 558 COUNCIL 559 INTEGRATION 560 GENERAL QUESTIONS 560
AGRICULTURAL AND FISHERIES POLICY 562 TRANSPORT POLICY 563 ENERGY POLICY
563 OPENNESS, PARTICIPATION AND BETTER REGULATION 564 ACCESS TO
INFORMATION 564 PARTICIPATION IN DECISION-MAKING 565 III.3 IV IV.I IV.2
IV.3 IV.4 V VI VII CONTENTS BETTER REGULATION ACTIONS PROGRAMMES
LEGISLATION REPORTING FUNDING GLOBAL PLAYER AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
ENFORCEMENT AND APPLICATION CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY TAHLE OFCASES TABLE
OF LEGISLATION ABBREVIATIONS INDEX CONTRIBUTORS 567 568 568 569 570 571
571 573 575 578 598 604 614 618 622 |
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| classification_rvk | PS 3900 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)62362292 (DE-599)BVBBV021489571 |
| dewey-full | 344.046 |
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| dewey-ones | 344 - Labor, social, education & cultural law |
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| era | Geschichte 1975-2005 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1975-2005 |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| geographic_facet | Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| id | DE-604.BV021489571 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:12:19Z |
| indexdate | 2025-02-21T09:01:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9076871507 9789089521309 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014706418 |
| oclc_num | 62362292 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-521 DE-634 DE-N2 DE-188 DE-703 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-521 DE-634 DE-N2 DE-188 DE-703 DE-20 |
| physical | XX, 628 S. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Europa Law Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| series | The Avosetta series |
| series2 | The Avosetta series |
| spelling | Reflections on 30 years of EU environmental law a high level of protection? ed. by Richard Macrory Groningen Europa Law Publ. 2006 XX, 628 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The Avosetta series 7 Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1975-2005 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Umweltschutz Environmental law European Union countries Environmental law European Union countries History Environmental protection European Union countries Umweltrecht (DE-588)4061643-5 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Umweltrecht (DE-588)4061643-5 s Geschichte 1975-2005 z DE-604 Macrory, Richard 1950- Sonstige (DE-588)111306426 oth The Avosetta series 7 (DE-604)BV017281487 7 http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2680286&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Beschreibung für Leser GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014706418&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Reflections on 30 years of EU environmental law a high level of protection? The Avosetta series Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Geschichte Umweltschutz Environmental law European Union countries Environmental law European Union countries History Environmental protection European Union countries Umweltrecht (DE-588)4061643-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4061643-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Reflections on 30 years of EU environmental law a high level of protection? |
| title_auth | Reflections on 30 years of EU environmental law a high level of protection? |
| title_exact_search | Reflections on 30 years of EU environmental law a high level of protection? |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Reflections on 30 years of EU environmental law a high level of protection? |
| title_full | Reflections on 30 years of EU environmental law a high level of protection? ed. by Richard Macrory |
| title_fullStr | Reflections on 30 years of EU environmental law a high level of protection? ed. by Richard Macrory |
| title_full_unstemmed | Reflections on 30 years of EU environmental law a high level of protection? ed. by Richard Macrory |
| title_short | Reflections on 30 years of EU environmental law |
| title_sort | reflections on 30 years of eu environmental law a high level of protection |
| title_sub | a high level of protection? |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Geschichte Umweltschutz Environmental law European Union countries Environmental law European Union countries History Environmental protection European Union countries Umweltrecht (DE-588)4061643-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Geschichte Umweltschutz Environmental law European Union countries Environmental law European Union countries History Environmental protection European Union countries Umweltrecht Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2680286&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014706418&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV017281487 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT macroryrichard reflectionson30yearsofeuenvironmentallawahighlevelofprotection |