Italian private law:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York , NY [u.a.]
Routledge-Cavendish
2007
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | The University of Texas at Austin studies in foreign and transnational law
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XVIII, 291 S. |
| ISBN: | 1844720519 9781844720514 |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135185372938240 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | FIRST PUBLISHED 2007
BY ROUTLEDGE-CAVENDISH
2 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, OXON OX14 4RN
SIMULTANEOUSLY PUBLISHED IN THE USA AND CANADA
BY ROUTLEDGE-CAVENDISH
270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016
ROUTLEDGE-CAVENDISH IS AN IMPRINT OF THE TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP,
AN INFORMA BUSINESS
2007 GUIDO ALPA AND VINCENZO ZENO-ZENCOVICH
TYPESET IN SABON BY
NEWGEN IMAGING SYSTEMS (P) LTD, CHENNAI, INDIA
PRINTED AND BOUND IN GREAT BRITAIN BY
ANTONY ROWE LTD, CHIPPENHAM, WILTSHIRE
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRINTED OR REPRODUCED
OR UTILISED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHER
MEANS,
NOW KNOWN OR HEREAFTER INVENTED, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPYING AND RECORDING,
OR IN ANY INFORMATION STORAGE OR RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN
WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHERS.
BRITISH LIBRARY CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION DATA
A CATALOGUE RECORD FOR THIS BOOK IS AVAILABLE FROM THE BRITISH LIBRARY
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA
ALPA, GUIDO.
ITALIAN PRIVATE LAW / GUIDO ALPA AND VINCENZO ZENO-ZENCOVICH.
P. CM.
1. CIVIL LAW*ITALY. I. ZENO-ZENCOVICH VINCENZO. II. TITLE.
KKH500.A4876 2007
346.45*DC22 2006037175
ISBN10: 1-84472-051-9 (HBK)
ISBN13: 978-1-84472-051^4 (HBK)
CONTENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHORS XV
FOREWORD XVII
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS 1
1.1. PRIVATE LAW TODAY 1
1.1.1. PRIVATE LAW, CIVIL LAW AND COMMERCIAL LAW 1
1.1.2. HISTORY AND FUNCTION OF THE CIVIL CODE 1
1.1.3. THE CIVIL CODE AND LEGISLATIVE REFORM 2
1.1.4. PRIVATE AND PUBLIC LAW 4
1.2. CONSTITUTION AND PRIVATE LAW 5
1.2.1. CONSTITUTIONAL RULES THAT CONCERN PRIVATE RELATIONS 5
1.2.2. THE DIRECT APPLICATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RULES ON
PRIVATE RELATIONS 7
1.2.3. THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY IN PRIVATE LAW 9
1.3. THE NEW SOURCES OF PRIVATE LAW 9
1.3.1. THE PROBLEM OF REGIONAL PRIVATE LAW 9
1.3.2. SUPERNATIONAL SOURCES AND EU LAW 10
1.4. THE ROLE OF JUDGES IN PRIVATE RELATIONS AND GENERAL
PRINCIPLES. GENERAL EQUITY 10
1.4.1. THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES 10
1.4.2. GENERAL EQUITY 12
1.5. LEGAL RELATIONS 12
1.5.1. RIGHTS AND INTERESTS 12
1.5.2. THE PARTIES IN LEGAL RELATIONS 14
1.5.3. THE ACQUISITION OF RIGHTS THROUGH ORIGINATING
AND DERIVED TITLE 14
1.5.4. LOSS OF A RIGHT. TRANSFER, LIMITATION, LAPSE
AND OTHER CAUSES 15
1.6. RIGHTS 16
1.6.1. RIGHTS AND LEGAL SITUATIONS 16
1.6.2. THE IDEA OF SUBJECTIVE RIGHTS AND THE HISTORICAL
SCHOOL PERSPECTIVE 16
I CONTENTS
1.6.3. ABUSE OF A RIGHT
1.6.4. PROPERTY RIGHTS AND CHOSES IN ACTION J
1.6.5. PROPERTY RIGHTS AS ENUMERATED 1
1.7. OBLIGATIONS 1
1.7.1. BASICS 19
1.7.2. SOURCES 20
1.7.3. VARIETIES OF OBLIGATION 21
1.7.4. PECUNIARY OBLIGATIONS AND THE NOMINALIST PRINCIPLE 23
1.7.5. DEFAULT BY THE OBLIGOR; NOTICE TO PERFORM 24
1.7.6. OBLIGEE S DEFAULT 25
1.7.7. TERMINATION OF OBLIGATIONS. PERFORMANCE 26
1.8. POSSESSION. DETENTION 27
CHAPTER H: NATURAL PERSONS 29
2.1. PERSONALITY AND THE PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUALS 29
2.2. LEGAL CAPACITY. BIRTH AND DEATH 29
2.2.1. LEGAL CAPACITY IN GENERAL 29
2.2.2. SPECIAL LEGAL CAPACITY AND ITS LIMITS 30
2.2.3. ACQUISITION AND LOSS OF LEGAL CAPACITY 30
2.2.4. DOMICILE AND RESIDENCE OF THE NATURAL PERSON 32
23. CAPACITY TO EXERCISE RIGHTS 33
2.3.1. BASICS 33
2.3.2. EMANCIPATION 34
2.3.3. NATURAL INCAPACITY 34
2.3.4. DISQUALIFICATION 35
5.3.S. DISABILITY 36
2.3.6. CITIZENSHIP 36
2.4. PERSONALITY RIGHTS 37
2.4.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. PERSON AND STATUS 37
2.4.2. THE RIGHT TO LIFE 39
2.43. SEXUAL IDENTITY, RECTIFICATION AND CHANGE OF SEX 40
2.4.4. SEXUAL FREEDOM 41
2.4.5. PRIVACY AND PRIVATE LIFE 41
2.4.6. PRIVACY AND DATA PROTECTION 42
2.4.7. OTHER PERSONAL RIGHTS 43
2.4.8. PERSONAL IDENTITY 45
2.4.9. RIGHTS OF THE PERSON RELATING TO THE PERSON S STATUS 45
2.4.10. MEANS OF PROTECTING RIGHTS OF THE PERSON 46
APTER 111: THE FAMILY AND SUCCESSION 47
.1. INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY AND SOCIAL GROUPINGS
CONTENTS
3.2. THE PATRIARCHAL FAMILY AND THE NUCLEAR FAMILY.
FAMILY, PROPERTY AND CONTRACT 48
3.2.1. FROM THE PATRIARCHAL TO THE NUCLEAR FAMILY 48
3.2.2. THE ECONOMIC FUNCTION OF THE FAMILY 48
3.3. THE FAMILY IN THE CONSTITUTION AND RECENT LAWS 49
3.3.1. THE FAMILY AS A NATURAL SOCIETY AND
THE EQUALITY OF SPOUSES 49
3.3.2. THE POSITION OF CHILDREN AND THE EDUCATIONAL
ROLE OF PARENTS 50
3.3.3. THE DE FACTO FAMILY 50
3.3.4. THE REFORM OF FAMILY LAW 52
3.3.5. THE LEGAL AND SOCIAL POSITION OF WOMEN 54
3.4. CONCEPTS AND MEASURES IN FAMILY LAW 54
3.4.1. RELATEDNESS AND AFFINITY 54
3.4.2. MATERIAL SUPPORT 55
3.5. WEDDINGS. TYPES OF MARRIAGE 56
3.5.1. CIVIL WEDDINGS 56
3.5.2. MARRIAGE AND THE CONCORDAT WITH THE HOLY SEE 58
3.5.3. PROMISE OF MARRIAGE 59
3.6. MARRIAGE RELATIONS. PERSONAL RELATIONS BETWEEN SPOUSES 59
3.6.1. PERSONAL DUTIES 59
3.6.2. SEPARATION 60
3.6.3. DIVORCE 61
3.6.4. JUDICIAL INTERVENTION IN OTHER FAMILY CRISES 61
3.7. PROPERTY RELATIONS BETWEEN SPOUSES 62
3.7.1. JOINT ESTATES 62
3.7.2. COMMUNITY PROPERTY BY AGREEMENT 63
3.8. LEGITIMATE ISSUE 63
3.8.1. PRINCIPLES OF LEGITIMATE ISSUE 63
3.8.2. ADOPTION 66
3.9. ILLEGITIMATE ISSUE 69
3.9.1. RECOGNITION OF NATURAL CHILDREN 69
3.9.2. JUDICIAL DECLARATION OF MATERNITY AND PATERNITY 70
3.9.3. PRESENT LEGAL POSITION OF CHILDREN BORN OF
ADULTEROUS OR INCESTUOUS RELATIONSHIPS 70
3.9.4. THE RELATION BETWEEN LEGITIMATE AND
NATURAL ISSUE 71
3.10. SUCCESSION, PROPERTY, FAMILY 72
3.10.1. TERMINOLOGY 72
3.10.2. CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES 72
CONTENTS
3.11. ELEMENTS OF SUCCESSION LAW 73
3.11.1. INTESTATE, TESTAMENTARY AND NECESSARY SUCCESSION 73
3.11.2. THE ESTATE 74
3.11.3. LEGACIES 76
3.11.4. CAPACITY TO INHERIT, UNFITNESS, REPRESENTATION,
ACCRETION 76
3.11.5. COMMON INHERITANCE, SEVERANCE, HOTCHPOT 78
CHAPTER IV: INTERMEDIATE COMMUNITIES 79
4.1. INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS OF GROUPS 79
4.1.1. THE GROUP 79
4.1.2. BODIES AND INTERMEDIATE COMMUNITIES 79
4.2. LEGAL PERSONALITY, FORM AND REALITY 80
4.2.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 80
4.3. ARTIFICIAL PERSONS 82
4.3.1. BASIC CONCEPTS 82
4.3.2. PATRIMONIAL AUTONOMY 82
4.3.3. CAPACITY TO HAVE AND TO EXERCISE RIGHTS 83
4.3.4. RESIDENCE OF AN ARTIFICIAL PERSON 83
4.4. RECOGNISED ASSOCIATIONS 84
4.4.1. INTERNAL AFFAIRS 84
4.4.2. JUDICIAL INTERVENTION 86
4.5. FOUNDATIONS 86
4.5.1. ENDOWING THE FOUNDATION 87
4.5.2. CONSTITUTING A TESTAMENTARY FOUNDATION 87
4.5.3. PROTECTION OF BENEFICIARIES 88
4.6. NON-RECOGNISED ASSOCIATIONS. POLITICAL PARTIES AND
TRADE UNIONS IN PRIVATE LAW 88
4.6.1. THE REGIME GOVERNING ASSOCIATION ACTIVITIES 89
4.6.2. COMMITTEES 89
90
90
4.7. VOLUNTARY AND NON-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS
4.7.1. VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS Y J
4.7.2. SOCIALLY BENEFICIAL NON-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS 91
CHAPTER V: BUSINESS AND COMPANIES 93
5.1. THE ENTREPRENEUR 93
5.2. THE ENTREPRENEUR S STATUTE 95
5.3. THE PROPERTY OF THE ENTERPRISE 95
5.4. TRADEMARKS AND COMPETITION 96
5.5. COPYRIGHT AND INDUSTRIAL INVENTIONS 97
5.6. CONTRACTS OF ASSOCIATION 98
5.7. COMMON ACTIVITY AND COMPANY CONTRACTS 99
CONTENTS
5.8. TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF UNDERTAKINGS 100
5.9. VARIOUS AIMS OF A COMPANY CONTRACT 104
5.9.1. CO-OPERATIVES, CONSORTIA, CONSORTIAL COMPANIES 104
5.9.2. SECRET AND OSTENSIBLE COMPANIES 104
5.10. COMPANY FORTUNES 105
CHAPTER VI: PROPERTY AND GOODS 107
6.1. GOODS AND THINGS IN THE LEGAL SENSE 107
6.1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS 107
6.1.2. THE REGIME OF PROPERTY OWNERSHIP 108
6.2. LEGAL CIRCULATION OF PROPERTY 111
6.2.1. RULES ON ACQUISITION 111
6.2.2. CIRCULATION OF IMMOVEABLE GOODS AND FUNCTIONS
OF PROPERTY REGISTERS 112
6.3. PROPERTY 113
6.3.1. TERMINOLOGY EXPLAINED 113
6.3.2. MODELS OF PROPERTY. FEUDAL, ABSOLUTE AND
RELATIVE PROPERTY OWNERSHIP 114
6.4. PROPERTY IN THE CONSTITUTION. WORK AND SAVINGS 118
6.5. PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST 119
6.5.1. THE LIMITS PLACED ON PRIVATE PROPERTY 119
6.5.2. SOCIAL FUNCTION OF PROPERTY 120
6.5.3. COMPULSORY PURCHASE 122
6.5.4. SO-CALLED ACQUISITION BY OCCUPATION 122
6.5.5. PROPERTY AND PUBLIC USE. ENVIRONMENTAL AND
CULTURAL HERITAGE 124
6.6. PROPERTY: BUILDING PROPERTY 125
6.6.1. THE RIGHT TO HOUSING AND THE ACCOMMODATION
PROBLEM 125
6.6.2. THE RIGHT TO BUILD AND PLANNING CONTROLS 126
6.6.3. LETTINGS, TENANCIES AND LEASING 126
6.7. PROPERTY: AGRICULTURAL LAND, RURAL PROPERTY AND
UNCULTIVATED LAND 128
6.8. PROPERTY AND PRIVATE INTEREST 129
6.8.1. CONCEPTS 129
6.8.2. TIMESHARING 130
6.9. CO-OWNERSHIP AND CONDOMINIUM OF BUILDINGS 131
6.9.1. CO-OWNERSHIP: LEGAL NATURE AND REGULATION 131
6.9.2. CONDOMINIUM 132
CONTENTS
6.10. THE MEANS OF ACQUIRING PROPERTY: BY CONVEYANCE 132
6.10.1. TRANSFER OF PROPERTY 132
6.10.2. ACQUISITION BY ORIGINATING TITLE 134
6.11. THE MEANS OF ACQUIRING PROPERTY: BY PURCHASE AND BARTER 135
6.11.1. PURCHASE 135
6.11.2. BARTER AND SIMILAR PHENOMENA 139
6.12. ACTIONS IN DEFENCE OF PROPERTY 140
6.12.1. RECOVERY ACTIONS 140
6.12.2. THE INJUNCTIVE ACTION 141
6.12.3. THE ACTION TO DECLARE BOUNDARIES 141
6.12.4. THE ACTION TO MARK BOUNDARIES 141
6.13. IURA IN RE ALIENA 142
6.13.1. CONCEPTS 142
6.13.2. THE SURFACE RIGHT 142
6.13.3. USUFRUCT, USE, ABODE 143
6.13.4. EMPHYTEUSIS 144
6.13.5. EASEMENTS 145
6.14. RIGHTS OF GUARANTEE AND MEANS OF GUARANTEEING CREDIT 147
6.14.1. PLEDGE AND MORTGAGE 147
6.14.2. LIENS 149
6.15. POSSESSION. RULES AND EFFECTS 150
6.15.1. POSSESSION IN GOOD FAITH 151
6.15.2. ACQUISITION FROM A NON-OWNER 151
6.15.3. PRESCRIPTION 152
6.15.4. ACTIONS IN DEFENCE OF POSSESSION 153
CHAPTER VII: TRANSACTIONS AND CONTRACTS 157
7.1. THE MEANS OF FREEDOM OF TRANSACTION 157
7.1.1. TERMINOLOGY 157
7.1.2. PRIVATE AUTONOMY AND FREEDOM OF TRANSACTION 157
7.1.3. FROM WILL TO DECLARATION 159
7.1.4. THE PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTECTION OF RELIANCE AND
APPARENT RIGHTS 160
7.2. THE ELEMENTS OF A LEGAL TRANSACTION 161
7.2.1. DECLARATION, OBJECT, SUBJECT MATTER, FORM 161
7.2.2. ESSENTIAL AND INCIDENTAL ELEMENTS 162
7.3. DEFECTS OF CONSENT 162
7.3.1. MISTAKE 162
7.3.2. DURESS 165
7.3.3. FRAUD 165
CONTENTS
7.4. OBJECT AND REASONS. THE CONTRACTUAL TYPE 166
7.4.1. CONCEPTS 166
7.4.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OBJECT 167
7.4.3. THE CONTRACTUAL TYPE 168
7.5. SHAM TRANSACTIONS 169
7.5.1. CONCEPTS AND TYPES 169
7.5.2. EFFECTS OF SHAM TRANSACTIONS 170
7.5.3. PROOF. PARTICULAR TYPES OF SHAM TRANSACTION 170
7.6. OBJECT AND TRANSACTIONAL FRAMEWORK 171
7.6.1. UNLAWFUL TRANSACTIONS 171
7.6.2. TRANSACTIONS TO CIRCUMVENT THE LAW 171
7.6.3. FIDUCIARY TRANSACTIONS 172
7.6.4. INDIRECT TRANSACTIONS 173
7.6.5. MIXED AND COMPLEX TRANSACTIONS. LINKING
OF TRANSACTIONS 173
7.7. THE SUBJECT MATTER AND CONTENT OF THE TRANSACTION 174
7.7.1. CONCEPTS 174
7.7.2. CHARACTERISTICS 175
7.8. FORM 176
7.8.1. CONCEPTS 176
7.8.2. CHARACTERISTICS 177
7.9. INCIDENTAL ELEMENTS 177
7.9.1. CONDITIONS 177
7.9.2. TRANSACTION PERIOD 178
7.9.3. MODUS 179
7.10. INTERPRETING A TRANSACTION 179
7.10.1. CONCEPTS 179
7.11. SUPPLEMENTING THE TRANSACTION 180
7.12. VALID AND INVALID TRANSACTIONS. EFFICACY AND INEFFICACY 181
7.13. NULLITY AND VOIDABILITY 182
7.13.1. CONCEPTS 182
7.13.2. DIFFERENCES IN THE REGIMES 183
7.14. AGENCY 184
7.14.1. CONCEPTS 184
7.14.2. POWER OF ATTORNEY 185
7.14.3. DEFECTS OF CONSENT. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST 186
7.14.4. INDIRECT AGENCY 187
7.14.5. AGENCY WITHOUT AUTHORITY. RATIFICATION 187
XII CONTENTS
7.14.6. AGENCY AND MANDATE 188
7.14.7. MANAGEMENT OF OTHERS BUSINESS
(AGENCY OF NECESSITY) 190
7.15. SPECIFIC TYPES OF TRANSACTION 191
7.15.1. FAMILY TRANSACTIONS 191
7.15.2. JUDICIAL TRANSACTIONS 191
7.15.3. FUNDAMENTAL TRANSACTIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS 191
7.15.4. CONSTITUENT AND CONFIRMATIVE TRANSACTIONS 192
7.15.5. COMPROMISE AND ASSIGNMENT FOR THE
BENEFIT OF CREDITORS 192
7.15.6. UNILATERAL TRANSACTIONS. WILLS 193
7.15.7. UNILATERAL PROMISES 196
7.15.8. NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS 197
7.15.9. BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL TRANSACTIONS. CONTRACT 199
7.16. CURRENT ASPECTS OF FREEDOM TO CONTRACT 200
7.16.1. PRIVATE AUTONOMY AND FREEDOM TO CONTRACT 200
7.16.2. INDIVIDUALLY NEGOTIATED AND STANDARD FORM
CONTRACTS. GENERAL CONTRACT CONDITIONS 201
7.16.3. CONSUMER CONTRACTS 203
7.17. CLASSIFICATION OF CONTRACTS 203
7.17.1. CRITERIA 203
7.17.2. CONTINGENCY AND ALEATORY CONTRACTS 204
7.17.3. GRATUITOUS CONTRACTS. GIFTS AND ACTS OF
LIBERALITY 206
7.17.4. CONTRACTS THAT MODIFY OBLIGATIONS FOR
OBLIGOR AND OBLIGEE 207
7.17.5. CONTRACTS FOR SERVICES 210
7.17.6. BANK CONTRACTS 213
7.17.7. EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 214
7.18. CONTRACT FORMATION 214
7.18.1. OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE 214
7.18.2. NEGOTIATIONS, STEPS TO THE FORMATION
OF CONTRACT 217
7.18.3. DELIVERY IN REAL CONTRACTS. DEPOSIT,
SEQUESTRATION, LOAN FOR USE, LOAN 219
7.18.4. PRELIMINARY CONTRACT 222
7.19. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CONTRACT 223
7.19.1. EFFECTS OF THE CONTRACT 223
7.19.2. REPUDIATION 224
7.19.3. PROHIBITION ON ALIENATION 224
7.19.4. CONTRACTS FOR THE BENEFIT OF THIRD PARTIES 225
CONTENTS XIII
7.19.5. CONTRACT FOR PERSON TO BE NAMED 225
7.19.6. CONTRACT FOR THE ACCOUNT OF WHOM IT MAY
CONCERN 226
7.19.7. ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACT. SUB-CONTRACTING.
SUCCESSION AND CONTRACT 226
7.19.8. ADDED COVENANTS 228
7.20. EXECUTION OF THE CONTRACT AND FULFILMENT OF
OBLIGATIONS 231
7.20.1. CONCEPTS 231
7.20.2. PERFORMANCE 231
7.20.3. PAYMENT 233
7.20.4. UNDUE PAYMENT. RECOVERY OF UNDUE PAYMENT 235
7.20.5. UNJUST ENRICHMENT 236
7.21. NON-PERFORMANCE AND CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY 236
7.21.1. CONCEPTS 236
7.21.2. IMPOSSIBILITY, DILIGENCE, FAULT 237
7.22. DISCHARGE OF THE CONTRACT 239
7.22.1. NON-PERFORMANCE 239
7.22.2. SUPERVENING IMPOSSIBILITY 241
7.22.3. SUPERVENING UNCONSCIONABILITY 241
7.22.4. EFFECTS OF DISCHARGE OF CONTRACT 242
7.23. CONTRACTUAL AND NON-CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY. DAMAGES 242
7.23.1. CONCEPTS 242
7.23.2. PENALTY CLAUSES, PENALTY PAYMENT, PART PAYMENT 244
7.24. RESCISSION OF A CONTRACT 245
7.24.1. SITUATIONS WHERE RESCISSION CAN OCCUR 245
7.24.2. CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFECTS OF RESCISSION 246
7.25. GUARANTEEING A DEBT AND DEBTOR S PROPERTY LIABILITY 246
7.25.1. CONCEPTS 246
7.25.2. CONTRACTS OF GUARANTEE: ANTICHRESIS,
SURETY, CREDIT GUARANTEE 247
7.25.3. MEANS OF PROTECTING CREDIT. SUBROGATION.
ACTIONS TO OBTAIN REVOCATION 249
CHAPTER VIII: WRONGFUL ACTS AND CIVIL LIABILITY 251
8.1. CIVIL LIABILITY, WRONGFUL ACTS, LOSS, DAMAGE AND INJURY 251
8.1.1. CONCEPTS 251
8.1.2. THE TRADITIONAL FUNCTIONS OF CIVIL LIABILITY 252
8.2. THE SUBJECTIVE ELEMENTS OF A CIVIL WRONG 253
8.2.1. FAULT AND INTENT. RESPONSIBILITY 253
CONTENTS
8.2.2. THE RISK PRINCIPLE. OBJECTIVE LIABILITY 255
8.2.3. THE OBJECTIVE ELEMENTS OF AN UNLAWFUL ACT 256
8.3. WRONGFULNESS OF LOSS OR DAMAGE. STANDARD AND
NON-STANDARD TORTS 259
8.4. INTERESTS PROTECTED IN THE SPHERE OF CIVIL LIABILITY 260
8.4.1. PERSONAL RIGHTS 260
8.4.2. BIOLOGICAL HARM AND DAMAGE TO HEALTH 260
8.4.3. MENTAL SUFFERING 261
8.4.4. HARM ARISING FROM CHILDBIRTH 261
8.4.5. PROPERTY 262
8.4.6. NUISANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 262
8.4.7. CHOSES IN ACTION, RIGHTS OF ENJOYMENT,
EXPECTATIONS, LEGITIMATE INTERESTS, CLASS INTERESTS 264
8.5. SPECIFIC SITUATIONS IN CIVIL LIABILITY 265
8.5.1. LIABILITY OF EMPLOYERS AND PRINCIPALS 265
8.5.2. EXERCISE OF DANGEROUS ACTIVITIES 266
8.5.3. HARM CAUSED BY ANIMALS 266
8.5.4. CIRCULATION OF VEHICLES 267
8.6. PRODUCERS LIABILITY FOR CONSUMER GOODS 268
8.6.1. LEGISLATIVE INTERVENTION: CONSUMER PROTECTION 269
8.7. LIABILITY OF THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 270
8.7.1. INTRODUCTION 270
8.7.2. THE CURRENT SITUATION 270
8.8. REDRESS IN NON-CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY 272
8.8.1. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING HARM AND ASSESSING
DAMAGES 272
8.8.2. SPECIFIC FORM REMEDIES 272
8.8.3. MENTAL SUFFERING 272
CHAPTER DC: PROTECTION OF RIGHTS 275
9.1. PROTECTION OF RIGHTS 275
9.1.1. MEANS OF DEFENDING A LEGAL POSITION 275
9.1.2. NOTIFICATION 275
9.1.3. EVIDENCE 276
9.2. ACTIONS TO PROTECT RIGHTS AND INTERESTS 277
9.2.1. ACTIONS AND TRIALS 277
9.2.2. PRINCIPLES GOVERNING TRIALS 279
INDEX 281
|
| adam_txt |
FIRST PUBLISHED 2007
BY ROUTLEDGE-CAVENDISH
2 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON, OXON OX14 4RN
SIMULTANEOUSLY PUBLISHED IN THE USA AND CANADA
BY ROUTLEDGE-CAVENDISH
270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016
ROUTLEDGE-CAVENDISH IS AN IMPRINT OF THE TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP,
AN INFORMA BUSINESS
2007 GUIDO ALPA AND VINCENZO ZENO-ZENCOVICH
TYPESET IN SABON BY
NEWGEN IMAGING SYSTEMS (P) LTD, CHENNAI, INDIA
PRINTED AND BOUND IN GREAT BRITAIN BY
ANTONY ROWE LTD, CHIPPENHAM, WILTSHIRE
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRINTED OR REPRODUCED
OR UTILISED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, OR OTHER
MEANS,
NOW KNOWN OR HEREAFTER INVENTED, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPYING AND RECORDING,
OR IN ANY INFORMATION STORAGE OR RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN
WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHERS.
BRITISH LIBRARY CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION DATA
A CATALOGUE RECORD FOR THIS BOOK IS AVAILABLE FROM THE BRITISH LIBRARY
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA
ALPA, GUIDO.
ITALIAN PRIVATE LAW / GUIDO ALPA AND VINCENZO ZENO-ZENCOVICH.
P. CM.
1. CIVIL LAW*ITALY. I. ZENO-ZENCOVICH VINCENZO. II. TITLE.
KKH500.A4876 2007
346.45*DC22 2006037175
ISBN10: "1-84472-051-9 (HBK)
ISBN13: 978-1-84472-051^4 (HBK)
CONTENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHORS XV
FOREWORD XVII
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS 1
1.1. PRIVATE LAW TODAY 1
1.1.1. PRIVATE LAW, CIVIL LAW AND COMMERCIAL LAW 1
1.1.2. HISTORY AND FUNCTION OF THE CIVIL CODE 1
1.1.3. THE CIVIL CODE AND LEGISLATIVE REFORM 2
1.1.4. PRIVATE AND PUBLIC LAW 4
1.2. CONSTITUTION AND PRIVATE LAW 5
1.2.1. CONSTITUTIONAL RULES THAT CONCERN PRIVATE RELATIONS 5
1.2.2. THE DIRECT APPLICATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RULES ON
PRIVATE RELATIONS 7
1.2.3. THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY IN PRIVATE LAW 9
1.3. THE NEW SOURCES OF PRIVATE LAW 9
1.3.1. THE PROBLEM OF REGIONAL PRIVATE LAW 9
1.3.2. SUPERNATIONAL SOURCES AND EU LAW 10
1.4. THE ROLE OF JUDGES IN PRIVATE RELATIONS AND GENERAL
PRINCIPLES. GENERAL EQUITY 10
1.4.1. THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES 10
1.4.2. GENERAL EQUITY 12
1.5. LEGAL RELATIONS 12
1.5.1. RIGHTS AND INTERESTS 12
1.5.2. THE PARTIES IN LEGAL RELATIONS 14
1.5.3. THE ACQUISITION OF RIGHTS THROUGH ORIGINATING
AND DERIVED TITLE 14
1.5.4. 'LOSS' OF A RIGHT. TRANSFER, LIMITATION, LAPSE
AND OTHER CAUSES 15
1.6. RIGHTS 16
1.6.1. RIGHTS AND LEGAL SITUATIONS 16
1.6.2. THE IDEA OF 'SUBJECTIVE RIGHTS' AND THE HISTORICAL
SCHOOL PERSPECTIVE 16
I CONTENTS
1.6.3. ABUSE OF A RIGHT
1.6.4. PROPERTY RIGHTS AND CHOSES IN ACTION J
1.6.5. PROPERTY RIGHTS AS ENUMERATED 1
1.7. OBLIGATIONS 1'
1.7.1. BASICS 19
1.7.2. SOURCES 20
1.7.3. VARIETIES OF OBLIGATION 21
1.7.4. PECUNIARY OBLIGATIONS AND THE'NOMINALIST'PRINCIPLE 23
1.7.5. DEFAULT BY THE OBLIGOR; NOTICE TO PERFORM 24
1.7.6. OBLIGEE'S DEFAULT 25
1.7.7. TERMINATION OF OBLIGATIONS. PERFORMANCE 26
1.8. POSSESSION. DETENTION 27
CHAPTER H: NATURAL PERSONS 29
2.1. PERSONALITY AND THE PROTECTION OF INDIVIDUALS 29
2.2. LEGAL CAPACITY. BIRTH AND DEATH 29
2.2.1. LEGAL CAPACITY IN GENERAL 29
2.2.2. SPECIAL LEGAL CAPACITY AND ITS LIMITS 30
2.2.3. ACQUISITION AND LOSS OF LEGAL CAPACITY 30
2.2.4. DOMICILE AND RESIDENCE OF THE NATURAL PERSON 32
23. CAPACITY TO EXERCISE RIGHTS 33
2.3.1. BASICS 33
2.3.2. EMANCIPATION 34
2.3.3. NATURAL INCAPACITY 34
2.3.4. DISQUALIFICATION 35
5.3.S. DISABILITY 36
2.3.6. CITIZENSHIP 36
2.4. PERSONALITY RIGHTS 37
2.4.1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. PERSON AND 'STATUS' 37
2.4.2. THE RIGHT TO LIFE 39
2.43. SEXUAL IDENTITY, RECTIFICATION AND CHANGE OF SEX 40
2.4.4. SEXUAL FREEDOM 41
2.4.5. PRIVACY AND PRIVATE LIFE 41
2.4.6. PRIVACY AND DATA PROTECTION 42
2.4.7. OTHER PERSONAL RIGHTS 43
2.4.8. PERSONAL IDENTITY 45
2.4.9. RIGHTS OF THE PERSON RELATING TO THE PERSON'S 'STATUS' 45
2.4.10. MEANS OF PROTECTING RIGHTS OF THE PERSON 46
APTER 111: THE FAMILY AND SUCCESSION 47
'.1. INDIVIDUAL, FAMILY AND SOCIAL GROUPINGS
CONTENTS
3.2. THE 'PATRIARCHAL' FAMILY AND THE 'NUCLEAR' FAMILY.
FAMILY, PROPERTY AND CONTRACT 48
3.2.1. FROM THE PATRIARCHAL TO THE NUCLEAR FAMILY 48
3.2.2. THE ECONOMIC FUNCTION OF THE FAMILY 48
3.3. THE FAMILY IN THE CONSTITUTION AND RECENT LAWS 49
3.3.1. THE FAMILY AS A NATURAL SOCIETY AND
THE EQUALITY OF SPOUSES 49
3.3.2. THE POSITION OF CHILDREN AND THE EDUCATIONAL
ROLE OF PARENTS 50
3.3.3. THE DE FACTO FAMILY 50
3.3.4. THE REFORM OF FAMILY LAW 52
3.3.5. THE LEGAL AND SOCIAL POSITION OF WOMEN 54
3.4. CONCEPTS AND MEASURES IN FAMILY LAW 54
3.4.1. RELATEDNESS AND AFFINITY 54
3.4.2. MATERIAL SUPPORT 55
3.5. WEDDINGS. TYPES OF MARRIAGE 56
3.5.1. CIVIL WEDDINGS 56
3.5.2. MARRIAGE AND THE CONCORDAT WITH THE HOLY SEE 58
3.5.3. PROMISE OF MARRIAGE 59
3.6. MARRIAGE RELATIONS. PERSONAL RELATIONS BETWEEN SPOUSES 59
3.6.1. PERSONAL DUTIES 59
3.6.2. SEPARATION 60
3.6.3. DIVORCE 61
3.6.4. JUDICIAL INTERVENTION IN OTHER FAMILY 'CRISES' 61
3.7. PROPERTY RELATIONS BETWEEN SPOUSES 62
3.7.1. JOINT ESTATES 62
3.7.2. COMMUNITY PROPERTY BY AGREEMENT 63
3.8. LEGITIMATE ISSUE 63
3.8.1. PRINCIPLES OF LEGITIMATE ISSUE 63
3.8.2. ADOPTION 66
3.9. ILLEGITIMATE ISSUE 69
3.9.1. RECOGNITION OF NATURAL CHILDREN 69
3.9.2. JUDICIAL DECLARATION OF MATERNITY AND PATERNITY 70
3.9.3. PRESENT LEGAL POSITION OF CHILDREN BORN OF
ADULTEROUS OR INCESTUOUS RELATIONSHIPS 70
3.9.4. THE RELATION BETWEEN LEGITIMATE AND
NATURAL ISSUE 71
3.10. SUCCESSION, PROPERTY, FAMILY 72
3.10.1. TERMINOLOGY 72
3.10.2. CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES 72
CONTENTS
3.11. ELEMENTS OF SUCCESSION LAW 73
3.11.1. INTESTATE, TESTAMENTARY AND NECESSARY SUCCESSION 73
3.11.2. THE ESTATE 74
3.11.3. LEGACIES 76
3.11.4. CAPACITY TO INHERIT, UNFITNESS, REPRESENTATION,
ACCRETION 76
3.11.5. COMMON INHERITANCE, SEVERANCE, HOTCHPOT 78
CHAPTER IV: INTERMEDIATE COMMUNITIES 79
4.1. INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS OF GROUPS 79
4.1.1. THE GROUP 79
4.1.2. BODIES AND INTERMEDIATE COMMUNITIES 79
4.2. LEGAL PERSONALITY, 'FORM' AND 'REALITY' 80
4.2.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 80
4.3. ARTIFICIAL PERSONS 82
4.3.1. BASIC CONCEPTS 82
4.3.2. PATRIMONIAL AUTONOMY 82
4.3.3. CAPACITY TO HAVE AND TO EXERCISE RIGHTS 83
4.3.4. RESIDENCE OF AN ARTIFICIAL PERSON 83
4.4. RECOGNISED ASSOCIATIONS 84
4.4.1. INTERNAL AFFAIRS 84
4.4.2. JUDICIAL INTERVENTION 86
4.5. FOUNDATIONS 86
4.5.1. ENDOWING THE FOUNDATION 87
4.5.2. CONSTITUTING A TESTAMENTARY FOUNDATION 87
4.5.3. PROTECTION OF BENEFICIARIES 88
4.6. NON-RECOGNISED ASSOCIATIONS. POLITICAL PARTIES AND
TRADE UNIONS IN PRIVATE LAW 88
4.6.1. THE REGIME GOVERNING ASSOCIATION ACTIVITIES 89
4.6.2. COMMITTEES 89
90
90
4.7. VOLUNTARY AND NON-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS
4.7.1. VOLUNTARY ORGANISATIONS Y\J
4.7.2. SOCIALLY BENEFICIAL NON-PROFIT ORGANISATIONS 91
CHAPTER V: BUSINESS AND COMPANIES 93
5.1. THE ENTREPRENEUR 93
5.2. THE ENTREPRENEUR'S STATUTE 95
5.3. THE PROPERTY OF THE ENTERPRISE 95
5.4. TRADEMARKS AND COMPETITION 96
5.5. COPYRIGHT AND INDUSTRIAL INVENTIONS 97
5.6. CONTRACTS OF ASSOCIATION 98
5.7. COMMON ACTIVITY AND COMPANY CONTRACTS 99
CONTENTS
5.8. TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF UNDERTAKINGS 100
5.9. VARIOUS AIMS OF A COMPANY CONTRACT 104
5.9.1. CO-OPERATIVES, CONSORTIA, CONSORTIAL COMPANIES 104
5.9.2. SECRET AND OSTENSIBLE COMPANIES 104
5.10. COMPANY FORTUNES 105
CHAPTER VI: PROPERTY AND GOODS 107
6.1. GOODS AND THINGS IN THE LEGAL SENSE 107
6.1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS 107
6.1.2. THE REGIME OF PROPERTY OWNERSHIP 108
6.2. LEGAL CIRCULATION OF PROPERTY 111
6.2.1. RULES ON ACQUISITION 111
6.2.2. CIRCULATION OF IMMOVEABLE GOODS AND FUNCTIONS
OF PROPERTY REGISTERS 112
6.3. PROPERTY 113
6.3.1. TERMINOLOGY EXPLAINED 113
6.3.2. MODELS OF PROPERTY. FEUDAL, ABSOLUTE AND
RELATIVE PROPERTY OWNERSHIP 114
6.4. PROPERTY IN THE CONSTITUTION. WORK AND SAVINGS 118
6.5. PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST 119
6.5.1. THE LIMITS PLACED ON PRIVATE PROPERTY 119
6.5.2. SOCIAL FUNCTION OF PROPERTY 120
6.5.3. COMPULSORY PURCHASE 122
6.5.4. SO-CALLED ACQUISITION BY OCCUPATION 122
6.5.5. PROPERTY AND PUBLIC USE. ENVIRONMENTAL AND
CULTURAL HERITAGE 124
6.6. PROPERTY: BUILDING PROPERTY 125
6.6.1. THE RIGHT TO HOUSING AND THE ACCOMMODATION
PROBLEM 125
6.6.2. THE RIGHT TO BUILD AND PLANNING CONTROLS 126
6.6.3. LETTINGS, TENANCIES AND LEASING 126
6.7. PROPERTY: AGRICULTURAL LAND, RURAL PROPERTY AND
UNCULTIVATED LAND 128
6.8. PROPERTY AND PRIVATE INTEREST 129
6.8.1. CONCEPTS 129
6.8.2. TIMESHARING 130
6.9. CO-OWNERSHIP AND CONDOMINIUM OF BUILDINGS 131
6.9.1. CO-OWNERSHIP: LEGAL NATURE AND REGULATION 131
6.9.2. CONDOMINIUM 132
CONTENTS
6.10. THE MEANS OF ACQUIRING PROPERTY: BY CONVEYANCE 132
6.10.1. TRANSFER OF PROPERTY 132
6.10.2. ACQUISITION BY ORIGINATING TITLE 134
6.11. THE MEANS OF ACQUIRING PROPERTY: BY PURCHASE AND BARTER 135
6.11.1. PURCHASE 135
6.11.2. BARTER AND SIMILAR PHENOMENA 139
6.12. ACTIONS IN DEFENCE OF PROPERTY 140
6.12.1. RECOVERY ACTIONS 140
6.12.2. THE INJUNCTIVE ACTION 141
6.12.3. THE ACTION TO DECLARE BOUNDARIES 141
6.12.4. THE ACTION TO MARK BOUNDARIES 141
6.13. IURA IN RE ALIENA 142
6.13.1. CONCEPTS 142
6.13.2. THE SURFACE RIGHT 142
6.13.3. USUFRUCT, USE, ABODE 143
6.13.4. EMPHYTEUSIS 144
6.13.5. EASEMENTS 145
6.14. RIGHTS OF GUARANTEE AND MEANS OF GUARANTEEING CREDIT 147
6.14.1. PLEDGE AND MORTGAGE 147
6.14.2. LIENS 149
6.15. POSSESSION. RULES AND EFFECTS 150
6.15.1. POSSESSION IN GOOD FAITH 151
6.15.2. ACQUISITION FROM A NON-OWNER 151
6.15.3. PRESCRIPTION 152
6.15.4. ACTIONS IN DEFENCE OF POSSESSION 153
CHAPTER VII: TRANSACTIONS AND CONTRACTS 157
7.1. THE MEANS OF FREEDOM OF TRANSACTION 157
7.1.1. TERMINOLOGY 157
7.1.2. PRIVATE AUTONOMY AND FREEDOM OF TRANSACTION 157
7.1.3. FROM 'WILL' TO 'DECLARATION' 159
7.1.4. THE PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTECTION OF RELIANCE AND
APPARENT RIGHTS 160
7.2. THE ELEMENTS OF A LEGAL TRANSACTION 161
7.2.1. DECLARATION, OBJECT, SUBJECT MATTER, FORM 161
7.2.2. ESSENTIAL AND INCIDENTAL ELEMENTS 162
7.3. DEFECTS OF CONSENT 162
7.3.1. MISTAKE 162
7.3.2. DURESS 165
7.3.3. FRAUD 165
CONTENTS
7.4. OBJECT AND REASONS. THE CONTRACTUAL TYPE 166
7.4.1. CONCEPTS 166
7.4.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OBJECT 167
7.4.3. THE CONTRACTUAL TYPE 168
7.5. SHAM TRANSACTIONS 169
7.5.1. CONCEPTS AND TYPES 169
7.5.2. EFFECTS OF SHAM TRANSACTIONS 170
7.5.3. PROOF. PARTICULAR TYPES OF SHAM TRANSACTION 170
7.6. OBJECT AND TRANSACTIONAL FRAMEWORK 171
7.6.1. UNLAWFUL TRANSACTIONS 171
7.6.2. TRANSACTIONS TO CIRCUMVENT THE LAW 171
7.6.3. FIDUCIARY TRANSACTIONS 172
7.6.4. INDIRECT TRANSACTIONS 173
7.6.5. MIXED AND COMPLEX TRANSACTIONS. LINKING
OF TRANSACTIONS 173
7.7. THE SUBJECT MATTER AND CONTENT OF THE TRANSACTION 174
7.7.1. CONCEPTS 174
7.7.2. CHARACTERISTICS 175
7.8. FORM 176
7.8.1. CONCEPTS 176
7.8.2. CHARACTERISTICS 177
7.9. INCIDENTAL ELEMENTS 177
7.9.1. CONDITIONS 177
7.9.2. TRANSACTION PERIOD 178
7.9.3. MODUS 179
7.10. INTERPRETING A TRANSACTION 179
7.10.1. CONCEPTS 179
7.11. SUPPLEMENTING THE TRANSACTION 180
7.12. VALID AND INVALID TRANSACTIONS. EFFICACY AND INEFFICACY 181
7.13. NULLITY AND VOIDABILITY 182
7.13.1. CONCEPTS 182
7.13.2. DIFFERENCES IN THE REGIMES 183
7.14. AGENCY 184
7.14.1. CONCEPTS 184
7.14.2. POWER OF ATTORNEY 185
7.14.3. DEFECTS OF CONSENT. CONFLICTS OF INTEREST 186
7.14.4. INDIRECT AGENCY 187
7.14.5. AGENCY WITHOUT AUTHORITY. RATIFICATION 187
XII CONTENTS
7.14.6. AGENCY AND MANDATE 188
7.14.7. MANAGEMENT OF OTHERS' BUSINESS
(AGENCY OF NECESSITY) 190
7.15. SPECIFIC TYPES OF TRANSACTION 191
7.15.1. FAMILY TRANSACTIONS 191
7.15.2. JUDICIAL TRANSACTIONS 191
7.15.3. FUNDAMENTAL TRANSACTIONS AND ASSIGNMENTS 191
7.15.4. CONSTITUENT AND CONFIRMATIVE TRANSACTIONS 192
7.15.5. COMPROMISE AND ASSIGNMENT FOR THE
BENEFIT OF CREDITORS 192
7.15.6. UNILATERAL TRANSACTIONS. WILLS 193
7.15.7. UNILATERAL PROMISES 196
7.15.8. NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS 197
7.15.9. BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL TRANSACTIONS. CONTRACT 199
7.16. CURRENT ASPECTS OF FREEDOM TO CONTRACT 200
7.16.1. PRIVATE AUTONOMY AND FREEDOM TO CONTRACT 200
7.16.2. INDIVIDUALLY NEGOTIATED AND STANDARD FORM
CONTRACTS. GENERAL CONTRACT CONDITIONS 201
7.16.3. CONSUMER CONTRACTS 203
7.17. CLASSIFICATION OF CONTRACTS 203
7.17.1. CRITERIA 203
7.17.2. CONTINGENCY AND ALEATORY CONTRACTS 204
7.17.3. GRATUITOUS CONTRACTS. GIFTS AND ACTS OF
LIBERALITY 206
7.17.4. CONTRACTS THAT MODIFY OBLIGATIONS FOR
OBLIGOR AND OBLIGEE 207
7.17.5. CONTRACTS FOR SERVICES 210
7.17.6. BANK CONTRACTS 213
7.17.7. EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS 214
7.18. CONTRACT FORMATION 214
7.18.1. OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE 214
7.18.2. NEGOTIATIONS, STEPS TO THE FORMATION
OF CONTRACT 217
7.18.3. 'DELIVERY' IN REAL CONTRACTS. DEPOSIT,
SEQUESTRATION, LOAN FOR USE, LOAN 219
7.18.4. PRELIMINARY CONTRACT 222
7.19. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CONTRACT 223
7.19.1. EFFECTS OF THE CONTRACT 223
7.19.2. REPUDIATION 224
7.19.3. PROHIBITION ON ALIENATION 224
7.19.4. CONTRACTS FOR THE BENEFIT OF THIRD PARTIES 225
CONTENTS XIII
7.19.5. CONTRACT FOR PERSON TO BE NAMED 225
7.19.6. CONTRACT FOR THE ACCOUNT OF WHOM IT MAY
CONCERN 226
7.19.7. ASSIGNMENT OF CONTRACT. SUB-CONTRACTING.
SUCCESSION AND CONTRACT 226
7.19.8. ADDED COVENANTS 228
7.20. EXECUTION OF THE CONTRACT AND FULFILMENT OF
OBLIGATIONS 231
7.20.1. CONCEPTS 231
7.20.2. PERFORMANCE 231
7.20.3. PAYMENT 233
7.20.4. UNDUE PAYMENT. RECOVERY OF UNDUE PAYMENT 235
7.20.5. UNJUST ENRICHMENT 236
7.21. NON-PERFORMANCE AND CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY 236
7.21.1. CONCEPTS 236
7.21.2. IMPOSSIBILITY, DILIGENCE, FAULT 237
7.22. DISCHARGE OF THE CONTRACT 239
7.22.1. NON-PERFORMANCE 239
7.22.2. SUPERVENING IMPOSSIBILITY 241
7.22.3. SUPERVENING UNCONSCIONABILITY 241
7.22.4. EFFECTS OF DISCHARGE OF CONTRACT 242
7.23. CONTRACTUAL AND NON-CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY. DAMAGES 242
7.23.1. CONCEPTS 242
7.23.2. PENALTY CLAUSES, PENALTY PAYMENT, PART PAYMENT 244
7.24. RESCISSION OF A CONTRACT 245
7.24.1. SITUATIONS WHERE RESCISSION CAN OCCUR 245
7.24.2. CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFECTS OF RESCISSION 246
7.25. GUARANTEEING A DEBT AND DEBTOR'S PROPERTY LIABILITY 246
7.25.1. CONCEPTS 246
7.25.2. CONTRACTS OF GUARANTEE: ANTICHRESIS,
SURETY, CREDIT GUARANTEE 247
7.25.3. MEANS OF PROTECTING CREDIT. SUBROGATION.
ACTIONS TO OBTAIN REVOCATION 249
CHAPTER VIII: WRONGFUL ACTS AND CIVIL LIABILITY 251
8.1. CIVIL LIABILITY, WRONGFUL ACTS, LOSS, DAMAGE AND INJURY 251
8.1.1. CONCEPTS 251
8.1.2. THE TRADITIONAL FUNCTIONS OF CIVIL LIABILITY 252
8.2. THE SUBJECTIVE ELEMENTS OF A CIVIL WRONG 253
8.2.1. FAULT AND INTENT. RESPONSIBILITY 253
CONTENTS
8.2.2. THE RISK PRINCIPLE. OBJECTIVE LIABILITY 255
8.2.3. THE OBJECTIVE ELEMENTS OF AN UNLAWFUL ACT 256
8.3. 'WRONGFULNESS' OF LOSS OR DAMAGE. STANDARD AND
NON-STANDARD TORTS 259
8.4. INTERESTS PROTECTED IN THE SPHERE OF CIVIL LIABILITY 260
8.4.1. PERSONAL RIGHTS 260
8.4.2. BIOLOGICAL HARM AND DAMAGE TO HEALTH 260
8.4.3. MENTAL SUFFERING 261
8.4.4. HARM ARISING FROM CHILDBIRTH 261
8.4.5. PROPERTY 262
8.4.6. NUISANCE AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 262
8.4.7. CHOSES IN ACTION, RIGHTS OF ENJOYMENT,
EXPECTATIONS, LEGITIMATE INTERESTS, CLASS INTERESTS 264
8.5. SPECIFIC SITUATIONS IN CIVIL LIABILITY 265
8.5.1. LIABILITY OF EMPLOYERS AND PRINCIPALS 265
8.5.2. EXERCISE OF DANGEROUS ACTIVITIES 266
8.5.3. HARM CAUSED BY ANIMALS 266
8.5.4. CIRCULATION OF VEHICLES 267
8.6. PRODUCERS' LIABILITY FOR CONSUMER GOODS 268
8.6.1. LEGISLATIVE INTERVENTION: CONSUMER PROTECTION 269
8.7. LIABILITY OF THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 270
8.7.1. INTRODUCTION 270
8.7.2. THE CURRENT SITUATION 270
8.8. REDRESS IN NON-CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY 272
8.8.1. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING HARM AND ASSESSING
DAMAGES 272
8.8.2. SPECIFIC FORM REMEDIES 272
8.8.3. MENTAL SUFFERING 272
CHAPTER DC: PROTECTION OF RIGHTS 275
9.1. PROTECTION OF RIGHTS 275
9.1.1. MEANS OF DEFENDING A LEGAL POSITION 275
9.1.2. NOTIFICATION 275
9.1.3. EVIDENCE 276
9.2. ACTIONS TO PROTECT RIGHTS AND INTERESTS 277
9.2.1. ACTIONS AND TRIALS 277
9.2.2. PRINCIPLES GOVERNING TRIALS 279
INDEX 281 |
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| author | Alpa, Guido 1947- Zeno-Zencovich, Vincenzo 1954- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)133245926 (DE-588)1047948117 |
| author_facet | Alpa, Guido 1947- Zeno-Zencovich, Vincenzo 1954- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Alpa, Guido 1947- |
| author_variant | g a ga v z z vzz |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021461586 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | KKH500 |
| callnumber-raw | KKH500 |
| callnumber-search | KKH500 |
| callnumber-sort | KKH 3500 |
| classification_rvk | PU 3215 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)900476977 (DE-599)BVBBV021461586 |
| dewey-full | 346.45 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 346 - Private law |
| dewey-raw | 346.45 |
| dewey-search | 346.45 |
| dewey-sort | 3346.45 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Italien |
| geographic_facet | Italien |
| id | DE-604.BV021461586 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:07:55Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:36:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1844720519 9781844720514 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014681532 |
| oclc_num | 900476977 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 DE-12 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-12 DE-188 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XVIII, 291 S. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Routledge-Cavendish |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | The University of Texas at Austin studies in foreign and transnational law |
| spelling | Alpa, Guido 1947- Verfasser (DE-588)133245926 aut Italian private law Guido Alpa ; Vincenzo Zeno-Zencovich 1. publ. New York , NY [u.a.] Routledge-Cavendish 2007 XVIII, 291 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The University of Texas at Austin studies in foreign and transnational law Civil law Italy Italien Zeno-Zencovich, Vincenzo 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)1047948117 aut SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014681532&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Alpa, Guido 1947- Zeno-Zencovich, Vincenzo 1954- Italian private law Civil law Italy |
| title | Italian private law |
| title_auth | Italian private law |
| title_exact_search | Italian private law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Italian private law |
| title_full | Italian private law Guido Alpa ; Vincenzo Zeno-Zencovich |
| title_fullStr | Italian private law Guido Alpa ; Vincenzo Zeno-Zencovich |
| title_full_unstemmed | Italian private law Guido Alpa ; Vincenzo Zeno-Zencovich |
| title_short | Italian private law |
| title_sort | italian private law |
| topic | Civil law Italy |
| topic_facet | Civil law Italy Italien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014681532&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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