The WTO, the internet and trade in digital products: EC-US Perspectives
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Hart
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Studies in international trade law
3 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XXXI, 295 S. |
| ISBN: | 1841135739 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 650 | 4 | |a Commerce électronique - Politique gouvernementale | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Médias numériques | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Politik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Digital media | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Digital media |x Law and legislation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Electronic commerce |x Government policy | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Foreign trade regulation | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135183439364096 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Table of Figures
xi
Acknowledgements
xiii
Disclaimer
xv
List of Acronyms
xvii
Table of Cases
xxi
Table of Legislation
xxiii
Introduction
1
I. The Starting Point: Growing Trade in Digitally-Delivered Content
Products
2
II. The Research Question
7
III. Research Approach and Structure of the Study
8
IV.Contribution of this Research
11
V. Research Context
12
Part One: The WTO Negotiation Context
13
1
The WTO s Work Relating to Digitally-Delivered Content Products
15
1.1
WTO Work Programme on Electronic Commerce
16
1.1.1
Phase One: Geneva Ministerial Conference
—
Seattle
Ministerial Conference
16
1.1.2
Phase Two: Seattle Ministerial Conference
—
Doha
Ministerial Conference
19
1.1.3
Phase Three: Doha Ministerial Conference
—
Preparations
for Cancun Ministerial Conference
22
1.1.4
Phase Four: Preparations for the
Cancún
Ministerial
Conference and the General Council Decision of July
2004 23
1.2
Doha Development Agenda
24
1.2.1
Non-Agricultural Market Access Negotiations
(NAMA)
26
1.2.2
Trade in Service Negotiations
27
1.3
Conclusion
31
Part Two: Requirements for Free Trade in Digitally-Delivered
Content Products
33
2
Unresolved Horizontal WTO E-Commerce Questions
35
2.1
The WTO Duty-free Moratorium on Electronic Transmissions
37
2.2
The Customs Valuation of Digital Content
43
2.3
Unresolved Questions of Classification
48
2.3.1
Digitally-Delivered Content Products: Goods
(GATT),
Services (GATS) or Intellectual Property (TRIPS)?
51
2.3.2
If under GATS: Which Service Trade Commitments Apply?
62
viii Contents
3
Essential Improvements of WTO Trade Commitments
81
3.1
Goods:
NAMA
Negotiations and the Information Technology
Agreement
81
3.2
Services: The GATS Negotiations
84
3.2.1
Stock-Taking of GATS Commitments for the
Cross-Border
Delivery of Services
84
3.2.2
Computer and Related Services
90
3.2.3
Value-Added Telecommunication Services
91
3.2.4
Audiovisual Services
92
3.2.5
Entertainment Services
98
Conclusion to Part Two
98
Part Three: Internal US and EC Negotiation Parameters
101
4
LIS
Negotiation Parameters: Internal Measures and Trade
Jurisdiction
103
4.1
Internal Dimension: US Freedom of Speech and Laissez-Faire
Approach
104
4.1.1
Quasi-Inexistence
of US Audiovisual Policy and an Export-
Oriented US Content Industry
104
4.1.2
New US Policies for the Digital Age
107
4.2
External Dimension: The US Trade Policy Jurisdiction Relating
to Digital Content
112
4.2.1
Fundamentals of the US Trade Policy Jurisdiction
113
4.2.2
From Stalemate Concerning Renewed Fast-Track
Legislation to the Trade Act of
2002 115
4.2.3
The Trade Act of
2002:
A Mandate for Free Trade in
Digital content
117
4.2.4
Competitive Liberalisation of Trade in Digital Content
126
4.3
Conclusion
128
5
EC Negotiation Parameters: Internal Measures and Trade
Jurisdiction
129
5.1
Internal Dimension: Expanding Audiovisual and Information
Society Policies
130
5.1.1
Evolving Mandate of the EC as Regards Culture and
Content
131
5.1.2
Evolving Scope of EC Content Policies: Update of
Traditional and Creation of New Content Measures
133
5.1.3
Link Between the Evolving Content and Information
Society Policies and the EC s Negotiation Flexibility in
the WTO
143
Contents ix
5.2
External
Dimension:
The EC s Common Commercial Policy
Powers Relating to Digital Content
145
5.2.1
The Cultural and Audiovisual Service Carve-Out in the EC s
Negotiation Mandate for the Doha Round: The First
Safety Lock
146
5.2.2
The Cultural and Audiovisual Service Carve-Out from
the EC s Common Commercial Policy: Further Safety
Locks
147
5.3
Conclusion
163
Part Four: Outcomes of the Doha Round and US-driven
Preferential Trade Negotiations
165
6
Digital Trade Achievements of the Doha Development Agenda:
Slow or Absent Progress
167
6.1
Unresolved Horizontal E-Commerce Questions: No Solutions
Forthcoming in the Doha Negotiations
168
6.1.1
Assessment of Work Leading to the
Cancún
Ministerial:
Adoption of a Minimalist Stance
169
6.1.2
Assessment of the Situation after the
Cancún
Ministerial
and the Council Decision of July
2004:
Lack of Progress on
All Fronts
170
6.1.3
Implications of the WTO Rulings Concerning the GATS US
Internet Gambling Case
174
6.2
Essential Market Access: Slow Progress of the WTO s Doha
Negotiations
176
6.2.1
NAMA
and the Information Technology Agreement: Still
Working on Negotiation Modalities
177
6.2.2
Service Negotiations: Ambitious Negotiation Proposals but
Modest GATS Offers and Resistance to Liberalise Content
Services
180
6.3
Parallel Negotiations on a UNESCO Convention on the Diversity
of Cultural Expressions
195
6.3.1
Scope and Objective of the UNESCO Convention on
Cultural Diversity
195
6.3.2
Possible Implications of the UNESCO Convention on the
Specified WTO Negotiation Requirements for Digital
Trade
197
6.4
Conclusion
199
7
Digital Trade Achievements of Parallel US Bilateral and Regional
Trade Negotiations: Mixed Results
201
7.1
Towards Liberal Digital Trade Laws: US-Chile and US-Singapore
FTAs Break New Ground
202
χ
Contents
7.1.1
Successful Conclusion of E-Commerce Chapters with
a Focus on Digital Content Products
204
7.1.2
Cross-Border
Trade in Services Chapters: Liberalisation
due to Negative List Approach but Remaining
Audiovisual Limitations
213
7.2
Assessment of the Bilateral US Trade Agreements: Half-Way
House or Remarkable Step Forward?
219
7.2.1
Does the US Digital Trade Template Constitute a
Stumbling Block for the WTO
? 221
7.2.2
Regional or Global Consensus via US-Driven Preferential
Trade Agreements?
224
7.3
Conclusion
227
8
Conclusion
229
Annex
233
A.
1.1 HS
Codes for Physical Carrier Media
233
A.
1.2
GATS Market Access and National Treatment Commitments
234
A.
1.3
Correspondence between GATS Services Classification List and
the Provisional CPC
235
A.
1.4
Central Product Classification
1.1,
Version
2002 237
A.2.1 Decision on the Valuation of Carrier Media Bearing Software for
Data Processing Equipment
240
Relevant Provisions of the Trade Act of
2002 240
A.4.1 Congressional Oversight Committee and Consultation
Requirements
240
A.4.2 Comparison of the Negotiation Objectives of the Trade Act of
1974,
the
ОСТА
of
1988
and the Trade Act of
2002 243
A.4.3 Comparison of the Procedural Requirements of the Trade Act of
1974,
the
ОСТА
of
1988
and the Trade Act of
2002 245
Relevant Provisions of the Treaties of the European Communities
249
A.5.1 The Evolution of the EC s Common Commercial Policy
Competence in the Treaties
249
A.
5.2
Culture in the Treaties of the European Communities
252
A.5.3 Acronyms used for Treaties of the EC/EU
253
A.
6.1
GATS Negotiations Proposals
254
A.7.
1
US Free Trade Agreements on Digitally-Delivered Content
Products
257
Bibliography
265
Index
289
The rapid development of the Internet has led to
a growing potential for electronic trade in digital
content such as movies, music and software. As a
result, there is a need for a global trade framework
applicable to such digitally-delivered content
products. Yet, digital trade is currently not explicitly
recognised by the trade rules and obligations of the
World Trade Organization (WTO).
This study provides a complete analysis of the
related challenges in the ongoing WTO Doha
Negotiations to remedy this state of affairs. It
elaborates on the required measures in the
multilateral negotiations to achieve market access
for digital content and examines the obstacles that
lie on the path to reaching consensus between the
United States and the European Communities.
Negotiation parameters analysed include the
current US and EC regulatory approach to
audiovisual and information society services and
the evolution oftheir applicable trade policy
jurisdiction. Finally, this examination takes stock
of how the Doha Negotiations and parallel US-
driven preferential trade agreements have so tar
contributed to securing free trade in digital content.
As new technologies are an increasingly prominent
source of trade dispute, this book is an assessment
of how WTO Members can maintain the relevance
of the multilateral trade framework in a changing
technological and economic environment.
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Table of Figures
xi
Acknowledgements
xiii
Disclaimer
xv
List of Acronyms
xvii
Table of Cases
xxi
Table of Legislation
xxiii
Introduction
1
I. The Starting Point: Growing Trade in Digitally-Delivered Content
Products
2
II. The Research Question
7
III. Research Approach and Structure of the Study
8
IV.Contribution of this Research
11
V. Research Context
12
Part One: The WTO Negotiation Context
13
1
The WTO's Work Relating to Digitally-Delivered Content Products
15
1.1
WTO Work Programme on Electronic Commerce
16
1.1.1
Phase One: Geneva Ministerial Conference
—
Seattle
Ministerial Conference
16
1.1.2
Phase Two: Seattle Ministerial Conference
—
Doha
Ministerial Conference
19
1.1.3
Phase Three: Doha Ministerial Conference
—
Preparations
for Cancun Ministerial Conference
22
1.1.4
Phase Four: Preparations for the
Cancún
Ministerial
Conference and the General Council Decision of July
2004 23
1.2
Doha Development Agenda
24
1.2.1
Non-Agricultural Market Access Negotiations
(NAMA)
26
1.2.2
Trade in Service Negotiations
27
1.3
Conclusion
31
Part Two: Requirements for Free Trade in Digitally-Delivered
Content Products
33
2
Unresolved Horizontal WTO E-Commerce Questions
35
2.1
The WTO Duty-free Moratorium on Electronic Transmissions
37
2.2
The Customs Valuation of Digital Content
43
2.3
Unresolved Questions of Classification
48
2.3.1
Digitally-Delivered Content Products: Goods
(GATT),
Services (GATS) or Intellectual Property (TRIPS)?
51
2.3.2
If under GATS: Which Service Trade Commitments Apply?
62
viii Contents
3
Essential Improvements of WTO Trade Commitments
81
3.1
Goods:
NAMA
Negotiations and the Information Technology
Agreement
81
3.2
Services: The GATS Negotiations
84
3.2.1
Stock-Taking of GATS Commitments for the
Cross-Border
Delivery of Services
84
3.2.2
Computer and Related Services
90
3.2.3
Value-Added Telecommunication Services
91
3.2.4
Audiovisual Services
92
3.2.5
Entertainment Services
98
Conclusion to Part Two
98
Part Three: Internal US and EC Negotiation Parameters
101
4
LIS
Negotiation Parameters: Internal Measures and Trade
Jurisdiction
103
4.1
Internal Dimension: US Freedom of Speech and Laissez-Faire
Approach
104
4.1.1
Quasi-Inexistence
of US Audiovisual Policy and an Export-
Oriented US Content Industry
104
4.1.2
New US Policies for the Digital Age
107
4.2
External Dimension: The US Trade Policy Jurisdiction Relating
to Digital Content
112
4.2.1
Fundamentals of the US Trade Policy Jurisdiction
113
4.2.2
From Stalemate Concerning Renewed Fast-Track
Legislation to the 'Trade Act of
2002' 115
4.2.3
The Trade Act of
2002:
A Mandate for Free Trade in
Digital content
117
4.2.4
'Competitive Liberalisation' of Trade in Digital Content
126
4.3
Conclusion
128
5
EC Negotiation Parameters: Internal Measures and Trade
Jurisdiction
129
5.1
Internal Dimension: Expanding Audiovisual and Information
Society Policies
130
5.1.1
Evolving Mandate of the EC as Regards Culture and
Content
131
5.1.2
Evolving Scope of EC Content Policies: Update of
Traditional and Creation of New Content Measures
133
5.1.3
Link Between the Evolving Content and Information
Society Policies and the EC's Negotiation Flexibility in
the WTO
' 143
Contents ix
5.2
External
Dimension:
The EC's Common Commercial Policy
Powers Relating to Digital Content
145
5.2.1
The Cultural and Audiovisual Service Carve-Out in the EC's
Negotiation Mandate for the Doha Round: The First
'Safety Lock'
146
5.2.2
The Cultural and Audiovisual Service Carve-Out from
the EC's Common Commercial Policy: Further 'Safety
Locks'
147
5.3
Conclusion
163
Part Four: Outcomes of the Doha Round and US-driven
Preferential Trade Negotiations
165
6
Digital Trade Achievements of the Doha Development Agenda:
Slow or Absent Progress
167
6.1
Unresolved Horizontal E-Commerce Questions: No Solutions
Forthcoming in the Doha Negotiations
168
6.1.1
Assessment of Work Leading to the
Cancún
Ministerial:
Adoption of a Minimalist Stance
169
6.1.2
Assessment of the Situation after the
Cancún
Ministerial
and the Council Decision of July
2004:
Lack of Progress on
All Fronts
170
6.1.3
Implications of the WTO Rulings Concerning the GATS US
Internet Gambling Case
174
6.2
Essential Market Access: Slow Progress of the WTO's Doha
Negotiations
176
6.2.1
NAMA
and the Information Technology Agreement: Still
Working on Negotiation Modalities
177
6.2.2
Service Negotiations: Ambitious Negotiation Proposals but
Modest GATS Offers and Resistance to Liberalise Content
Services
180
6.3
Parallel Negotiations on a UNESCO Convention on the Diversity
of Cultural Expressions
195
6.3.1
Scope and Objective of the UNESCO Convention on
Cultural Diversity
195
6.3.2
Possible Implications of the UNESCO Convention on the
Specified WTO Negotiation Requirements for Digital
Trade
197
6.4
Conclusion
199
7
Digital Trade Achievements of Parallel US Bilateral and Regional
Trade Negotiations: Mixed Results
201
7.1
Towards Liberal Digital Trade Laws: US-Chile and US-Singapore
FTAs Break New Ground
202
χ
Contents
7.1.1
Successful Conclusion of E-Commerce Chapters with
a Focus on Digital Content Products
204
7.1.2
Cross-Border
Trade in Services Chapters: Liberalisation
due to Negative List Approach but Remaining
Audiovisual Limitations
213
7.2
Assessment of the Bilateral US Trade Agreements: Half-Way
House or Remarkable Step Forward?
219
7.2.1
Does the US Digital Trade Template Constitute a
Stumbling Block for the WTO
? 221
7.2.2
Regional or Global Consensus via US-Driven Preferential
Trade Agreements?
224
7.3
Conclusion
227
8
Conclusion
229
Annex
233
A.
1.1 HS
Codes for Physical Carrier Media
233
A.
1.2
GATS Market Access and National Treatment Commitments
234
A.
1.3
Correspondence between GATS Services Classification List and
the Provisional CPC
235
A.
1.4
Central Product Classification
1.1,
Version
2002 237
A.2.1 Decision on the Valuation of Carrier Media Bearing Software for
Data Processing Equipment
240
Relevant Provisions of the Trade Act of
2002 240
A.4.1 Congressional Oversight Committee and Consultation
Requirements
240
A.4.2 Comparison of the Negotiation Objectives of the Trade Act of
1974,
the
ОСТА
of
1988
and the Trade Act of
2002 243
A.4.3 Comparison of the Procedural Requirements of the Trade Act of
1974,
the
ОСТА
of
1988
and the Trade Act of
2002 245
Relevant Provisions of the Treaties of the European Communities
249
A.5.1 The Evolution of the EC's Common Commercial Policy
Competence in the Treaties
249
A.
5.2
Culture in the Treaties of the European Communities
252
A.5.3 Acronyms used for Treaties of the EC/EU
253
A.
6.1
GATS Negotiations Proposals
254
A.7.
1
US Free Trade Agreements on Digitally-Delivered Content
Products
257
Bibliography
265
Index
289
The rapid development of the Internet has led to
a growing potential for electronic trade in digital
content such as movies, music and software. As a
result, there is a need for a global trade framework
applicable to such digitally-delivered content
products. Yet, digital trade is currently not explicitly
recognised by the trade rules and obligations of the
World Trade Organization (WTO).
This study provides a complete analysis of the
related challenges in the ongoing WTO Doha
Negotiations to remedy this state of affairs. It
elaborates on the required measures in the
multilateral negotiations to achieve market access
for digital content and examines the obstacles that
lie on the path to reaching consensus between the
United States and the European Communities.
Negotiation parameters analysed include the
current US and EC regulatory approach to
audiovisual and information society services and
the evolution oftheir applicable trade policy
jurisdiction. Finally, this examination takes stock
of how the Doha Negotiations and parallel US-
driven preferential trade agreements have so tar
contributed to securing free trade in digital content.
As new technologies are an increasingly prominent
source of trade dispute, this book is an assessment
of how WTO Members can maintain the relevance
of the multilateral trade framework in a changing
technological and economic environment. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha |
| author_facet | Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha |
| author_variant | s w v swv |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV021459970 |
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| callnumber-search | HF5548.32 K4610 |
| callnumber-sort | HF 45548.32 |
| callnumber-subject | HF - Commerce |
| classification_rvk | PR 2353 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)59138652 (DE-599)BVBBV021459970 |
| dewey-full | 382.92 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 382 - International commerce (Foreign trade) |
| dewey-raw | 382.92 |
| dewey-search | 382.92 |
| dewey-sort | 3382.92 |
| dewey-tens | 380 - Commerce, communications, transportation |
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| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV021459970 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:07:23Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:36:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1841135739 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014679956 |
| oclc_num | 59138652 |
| open_access_boolean | |
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| physical | XXXI, 295 S. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Hart |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Studies in international trade law |
| series2 | Studies in international trade law |
| spelling | Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha Verfasser aut The WTO, the internet and trade in digital products EC-US Perspectives Sacha Wunsch-Vincent Oxford [u.a.] Hart 2006 XXXI, 295 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Studies in international trade law 3 Organisation mondiale du commerce World Trade Organization World Trade Organization (DE-588)2145784-0 gnd rswk-swf Commerce extérieur - Réglementation Commerce électronique - Politique gouvernementale Médias numériques Politik Recht Digital media Digital media Law and legislation Electronic commerce Government policy Foreign trade regulation Internationales Handelsrecht (DE-588)4027429-9 gnd rswk-swf Multimediaprodukt (DE-588)4465385-2 gnd rswk-swf Multimediaprodukt (DE-588)4465385-2 s Internationales Handelsrecht (DE-588)4027429-9 s World Trade Organization (DE-588)2145784-0 b DE-604 Studies in international trade law 3 (DE-604)BV022190262 3 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014679956&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014679956&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha The WTO, the internet and trade in digital products EC-US Perspectives Studies in international trade law Organisation mondiale du commerce World Trade Organization World Trade Organization (DE-588)2145784-0 gnd Commerce extérieur - Réglementation Commerce électronique - Politique gouvernementale Médias numériques Politik Recht Digital media Digital media Law and legislation Electronic commerce Government policy Foreign trade regulation Internationales Handelsrecht (DE-588)4027429-9 gnd Multimediaprodukt (DE-588)4465385-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)2145784-0 (DE-588)4027429-9 (DE-588)4465385-2 |
| title | The WTO, the internet and trade in digital products EC-US Perspectives |
| title_auth | The WTO, the internet and trade in digital products EC-US Perspectives |
| title_exact_search | The WTO, the internet and trade in digital products EC-US Perspectives |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The WTO, the internet and trade in digital products EC-US Perspectives |
| title_full | The WTO, the internet and trade in digital products EC-US Perspectives Sacha Wunsch-Vincent |
| title_fullStr | The WTO, the internet and trade in digital products EC-US Perspectives Sacha Wunsch-Vincent |
| title_full_unstemmed | The WTO, the internet and trade in digital products EC-US Perspectives Sacha Wunsch-Vincent |
| title_short | The WTO, the internet and trade in digital products |
| title_sort | the wto the internet and trade in digital products ec us perspectives |
| title_sub | EC-US Perspectives |
| topic | Organisation mondiale du commerce World Trade Organization World Trade Organization (DE-588)2145784-0 gnd Commerce extérieur - Réglementation Commerce électronique - Politique gouvernementale Médias numériques Politik Recht Digital media Digital media Law and legislation Electronic commerce Government policy Foreign trade regulation Internationales Handelsrecht (DE-588)4027429-9 gnd Multimediaprodukt (DE-588)4465385-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Organisation mondiale du commerce World Trade Organization Commerce extérieur - Réglementation Commerce électronique - Politique gouvernementale Médias numériques Politik Recht Digital media Digital media Law and legislation Electronic commerce Government policy Foreign trade regulation Internationales Handelsrecht Multimediaprodukt |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014679956&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014679956&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022190262 |
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