Law of consumer protection: principles and practice ; being a study of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Lucknow [u.a.]
Eastern Book Company
2005
|
| Ausgabe: | 4. ed. |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | CXII, 720 S. |
| ISBN: | 8170128544 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 020 | |a 8170128544 |9 81-7012-854-4 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV021457702 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-M382 | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Singh, Avtar |d 1932- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)13054373X |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Law of consumer protection |b principles and practice ; being a study of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 |c by Avtar Singh |
| 250 | |a 4. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Lucknow [u.a.] |b Eastern Book Company |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a CXII, 720 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m SWB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014677792&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-014677792 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804135180765495296 |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PAGES
TABLE OF CASES .. .. XXXVII
PREAMBLE . . . . 1
AIMS AND OBJECTS OF THE ACT . . . . 2
IMPORTANCE OF PREAMBLE AS STRESSED BY SUPREME COURT . . . . 3
CONSTRUING PROVISIONS IN FAVOUR OF CONSUMER . . 4
1. PRELIMINARY .. .. 6
CAUSE OF ACTION ARISING PRIOR TO COMING INTO FORCE OF CHAPTER HI . . . .
6
INTRODUCTION . . . . 7
DEFINITIONS . . . . 8
WHO IS CONSUMER . . . . 18
PURCHASER OF GOODS . . . . 18
TRADE SALES . . . . 23
SALE IN COURSE OF BUSINESS (SELLER TO SELL IN COURSE OF HIS BUSINESS) .
. . . 24
BUSINESSES OF ALL KIND COVERED . . . . 25
BUYING OR DEALING AS CONSUMER, NOT FOR RESALE OR COMMERCIAL PURPOSE . .
. . 26
PURCHASES BY CHARITABLE TRUST . . . . 31
NON-CONSUMER TRANSACTIONS . . . . 31
DISTINCTION BETWEEN COMMERCIAL AND DOMESTIC PURPOSE . . . . 33
PURCHASE FOR SELF-EMPLOYMENT . . . . 34
APPLICATION OF LIMITATION LAWS . . . . 39
AGREEMENT TO PURCHASE . . . . 40
FORM OF AGREEMENT . . . . 40
HIRER OF SERVICES . . . . 40
SERVICES OF COMMERCIAL NATURE. . . . 43
HIRING OF SERVICES FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSE 44 INSURANCE COMPANY NOT A
CONSUMER . . 44
PURCHASER OF IMMOVABLE PROPERTY . . 45
POSTAL * * * * 45
GOVERNMENT GUEST HOUSE . . . . 45
PATIENTS * * * * 46
[ X I]
IMAGE 2
XII LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
1. PRELIMINARY (CONTD.)
PERMITS * * * * 47
COMPLAINT AFTER SETTLEMENT OF CLAIM . . 47
EMPLOYEE WELFARE * * * * 47
APPROVAL OF BUILDING MAP PLANS . . . . 48
APPOINTMENT OF AGENT . . * * 48
AFTER-SALES SERVICES . . * * 48
PASSPORT . . . . 48
TRAVELLERS CHEQUES . . . . 48
WATER-SUPPLY . . . . 49
ELECTRICITY . . . . 49
SUPPLIER OF ELECTRICITY . . . . 49
/FORION CARD . . . . 49
MUNICIPAL SERVICES . . . . 50
FRANCHISEE . . . . 50
JURISDICTION TO DECIDE WHETHER APPLICANT A CONSUMER 51 JUDICIAL REVIEW .
. . . 53
NATURE OF PROTECTION . . . . 55
NEW FORUM FOR ENFORCEMENT OF PRODUCT LIABILITY . . 58 REMEDIES UNDER
OTHER LAWS . . . . 61
JURISDICTION OF CIVIL COURTS . . . . 62
ACCIDENT AND RAILWAY CLAIMS TRIBUNAL . . 64
MATTERS SUB JUDICE BEFORE CIVIL COURTS . . 65
GENUINENESS OF DOCUMENTS . . . . 67
BREACH OF CONTRACT . . . . 68
ARBITRATION CLAUSES . . . . 69
RES JUDICATA . . . . 71
WRIT PETITION . . . . 72
OUT OF COURT SETTLEMENT . . . 72
CASES INVOLVING COMPLEX QUESTIONS OF LAW AND FACT 73 DISCRETION OF
NATIONAL COMMISSION IN COMPLICATED ISSUES . . . 79
PROVISION OF SUMMARY TRIAL: NO GROUND FOR DIRECTING CONSUMER TO APPROACH
CIVIL COURT. . 80 FULL AND FINAL PAYMENT . . . 81
DELAYED FINDING OF COMPLICATED QUESTIONS .. 81
SUPREME COURT VIEW AS TO APPROACH TO COMPLICATED QUESTIONS . . . 82
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS XIII
1. PRELIMINARY (CONTD.)
BANKING SERVICES . . . . 83
INDIAN TELEGRAPH ACT-BILLING DISPUTE . . 83
WELFARE FUND . . . . 84
ECONOMIC LOSS . . . . 84
CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS . . . . 84
ACCOUNTS . . . . 84
RECOVERY OF LOAN . . . . 85
DELAY IN DISPOSAL OF COMPLAINT: NO GROUND FOR REJECTION . . . . 85
PROCEDURAL HURDLES . . . . 86
2. CONSUMER PROTECTION COUNCILS .. .. 86
CENTRAL CONSUMER PROTECTION COUNCIL [S. 4] . . 86
COMPULSORY DUTY OF CONSTITUTING COUNCIL . . 88
PROCEDURE OF CENTRAL COUNCIL [S. 5]. . . . 88
AIMS AND OBJECTS OF THE ACT . . . . 89
1. PROTECTION AGAINST HAZARDOUS GOODS . . 90
CONSIGNER PRODUCT SAFETY IN USA . . 94
2. RIGHT TO CONSUMER INFORMATION . . . . 95
3. RIGHT OF ACCESS TO VARIETY AND COMPETITIVE PRICES 97 4. RIGHT TO DUE
ATTENTION AT APPROPRIATE FORUMS . . 98 5. UNSCRUPULOUS EXPLOITATION,
RESTRICTIVE AND UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES . . . . 99
6. RIGHT TO CONSUMER EDUCATION . . . . 100
CHANGES MADE BY ACT IN EXISTING STRUCTURE OF CONSUMER REMEDIES . . . .
101
PRIVITY OF CONTRACT . . . . 101
TORT OF NEGLIGENCE . . . . 102
EXEMPTION CLAUSES . . . . 102
STATE OF ENGLISH LAW . . . . 103
STATE OF LAW IN UNITED STATES . . . . 104
POSITION OF USERS WHO ARE NOT BUYERS . . 105
STATE CONSUMER PROTECTION COUNCILS [SS. 7 AND 8] . . 106 3. CONSUMER
DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES .. 108
ESTABLISHMENT [S. 9] . . . . 108
DISPUTE REDRESSAL AGENCIES . . . . 108
DISTRICT FORUMS . . . . 109
IMAGE 4
XIV LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES {CONTD.)
COMPOSITION [S. 10] . . * * 109
ESTABLISHMENT OF DISTRICT FORUMS: RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES . * * * HI
QUALIFICATION OF MEMBERS . . * * 112
DISQUALIFICATIONS * . * * 112
APPOINTMENT ON WHOLE TIME BASIS. . . . 114
DUTY TO ESTABLISH FORUMS . . . . 114
SALARY OF PRESIDENT OF DISTRICT FORUM. . . . 115
TRANSFER OF MEMBERS AND PRESIDENT . . . . 115
JURISDICTION OF DISTRICT FORUMS [S. 11] . . 116
MATTERS OF JURISDICTION . . . . 117
CAUSE OF ACTION . . . . 117
PECUNIARY JURISDICTION . . . . 118
REVIEW POWER . . . . 119
INTERIM ORDERS . . . . 120
AMENDMENT OF ORDERS . . . . 121
TRANSFER OF CASES [S. 17-A] . . . . 121
JURISDICTION TERRITORIAL . . . . 121
CLAUSES RESTRICTING JURISDICTION . . . . 124
ESTOPPEL AS TO JURISDICTION . . . . 124
EFFECT OF CIVIL SUIT . . . . 124
COMPLICATED CONTRACTUAL MATTERS . . . . 125
RESTORATION OF COMPLAINT . . . . 125
COMPLAINTS AND PROCEDURE . . . . 127
MEANING OF COMPLAINT [S. 2(1 )(C)] . . 127
COMPLAINANT . . . . 130
WHO CAN MAKE COMPLAINT AND ITS MANNER . . 131
COMPLAINT BY CONSUMER . . . . 133
COMPLAINT BY ATTORNEY HOLDER . . . . 133
COMPLAINT BY CONSUMER ASSOCIATION . . . . 134
CLAUSES OUSTING JURISDICTION . . . . 135
CROSS-OBJECTIONS . . . 135
STATUS QUO DURING PENDENCY . . . . 136
PRICE FIXED BY LAW . . . 136
FILING FEE [SUB-SECTION (2)] . , . . 136
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS XV
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
ADMISSION AND REJECTION OF COMPLAINT [SUB-SECTION (3)] . . . . 136
TRANSFER OF CASES. . . . . . 136
PROCEDURE ON ADMISSION OF COMPLAINT [S. 13] . . 137
PROCEDURE MANDATORY [S. 13(2)] . . 143
FAILURE OF COMPLAINANT TO APPEAR [S. 13(2)(C)] . . 143 PERSONS AGAINST
WHOM COMPLAINT CAN BE MADE . . 144 SALE IN COURSE OF BUSINESS . . . .
145
LABORATORY TESTING . . . . 147
PROCEDURE WHERE LABORATORY TESTING NOT POSSIBLE OR NOT REQUIRED . . . .
148
REFERENCE TO EXPERT . . . . 149
COMPLICATED QUESTIONS . . . . 149
APPOINTMENT OF COMMISSION FOR FINDING OUT FACTS . . 149 VALIDITY OF
PROCEEDINGS [S. 13(3)] . . 149
DUTY OF EXPEDITIOUS DISPOSAL [S. 13(3-A)] . . 150
ADJOURNMENTS [SUB-SECTION (3-A) PROVISO]. . . . 150 POWERS OF CIVIL
COURT FOR CERTAIN PURPOSES. . . . 150 LAWYERS STRIKE . . . . 150
WITHDRAWAL OF COMPLAINT AND RES JUDICATA . . 153
DEATH OF COMPLAINANT OR OPPOSITE PARTY [SECTION 13(7)] . . 153
REVIEW POWER . . . . 153
SUBJECT-MATTER OF COMPLAINT . . . . 153
UNFAIR OR RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES . . . . 154
CAVEAT EMPTOR REPLACED BY CAVEAT VENDITOR . . 157
PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR METHODS OR DECEPTIVE PRACTICES .
. . . 158
SUPREME COURT TRACES THE NEED FOR THE PROVISION 160 OBJECT OF
DEFINITION: HONESTY AND TRUTH IN MANUFACTURER-CUSTOMER RELATION . . 160
FIVE INGREDIENTS OF UTP AS LAID DOWN BY SUPREME COURT . . 162
ISSUE OF SECURITIES . . . . 163
1. FALSE REPRESENTATION [S. 2(L)(R)(L)] . . 163
FORM OF REPRESENTATION [S. 2(L)(R)(L) EXPLANATION] 166 SOME EXAMPLES . .
. . 166
IMAGE 6
XVI LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.) STANDARD OR QUALITY, A
SUBJECTIVE JUDGMENT . . 168 ADVERTISEMENT ALSO SUBJECTIVE-MATTER . . 169
PREVENTIVE MEASURES AND ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION . . 170 USE OF FOREIGN
BRAND NAME . . * * * 1 71
FALSE REPRESENTATION AS TO STANDARDS, ETC. [S. 2(L)(R)(L)(I)] * * 1 71
REPRESENTATION AS TO COMPOSITION . . 173
STANDARD, ETC., OF SERVICES [S. 2(L)(R)(L)(II)] . . 173 OLD GOODS
DESCRIBED AS NEW [S. 2(L)(R)(L)(III)] 174 SPONSORSHIP, APPROVAL, ETC.
[S. 2(L)(R)(L)(IV) AND (V)] . . 175
ARTIFICIAL NEED [S. 2(L)(R)(VI) . . . . 176
WARRANTY OR GUARANTEE [S. 2(L)(R)(L)(VII) & (VIII)] 176
MISREPRESENTATION AS TO PRICES [S. 2(L)(R)(L)(IX)] 178 DISPARAGEMENT OF
GOODS, SERVICES OR TRADE OF OTHERS [S. 2(L)(R)(L)(X)] . . 179
WARRANTY AS TO DURABILITY, PERFORMANCE . . 180
UNCONSCIONABLE REPRESENTATIONS . . . . 180
2. FALSE OFFER OF BARGAIN PRICE [S. 2(L)(R)(2)] . . 181
3. SCHEMES OFFERING GIFTS, PRIZES, ETC. . . 182
PRICE REPRESENTATION AS A DECEPTIVE TRADE PRACTICE: FREE GOODS WITH
OTHER PURCHASES. . . . 187
PROPER ADMINISTRATION OF SCHEME. . . . 188
4. NON-COMPLIANCE WITH PRESCRIBED STANDARDS [S. 2(L)(R)(4)] . . 188
5. HOARDING, DESTRUCTION OR REFUSAL [S. 2(L)(R)(5)] 189 6. SPURIOUS
GOODS, DECEPTIVE PRACTICES . . 190
FAILURE TO KEEP TIME OF DELIVERY . . . . 190
RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICE [S. 2 (L)(NNN) . . 190
FINDINGS OF THE DISTRICT FORUM [S. 14] . . 192
TYPES OF RELIEF WHICH CAN BE PROVIDED UNDER THE ACT 194 POWER TO ISSUE
DIRECTIONS . . . 196
SOME EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF RELIEF .. 197
COMPENSATION FOR PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HARASSMENT. , 198 DUTY TO MINIMISE
LOSS . 198
PROCEEDINGS, DIFFERENCE OF OPINION, INADEQUACY IN FORUM [S. 14(2) AND
(2-A)] . . . . 199
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XVII
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
TYPES OF RELIEF NOT ALLOWED UNDER THE ACT . . 199
TELEPHONE DIRECTORY SERVICE . . . . 200
ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP . . . . 201
ELECTRICITY . . 201
TARIFF . . 201
CUTS IN SUPPLY . . . . 201
SHIFTING OF TRANSMISSION LINE. . . . 201
GOVERNMENT ORDERS . . . . 201
PROPERTY DEALINGS . . . . 202
LANDLORD AND TENANT . . . . 202
LAND ACQUISITION . . . . 202
PRICING OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES [S.L(C)(IV)] . . 203
QUOTA FIXATION AND ALLOTMENT . . . . 203
WATER-SUPPLY . . . . 204
JUDICIAL SET-UP . . . . 204
POLICE SERVICE . . . . 205
SERVICE MATTERS . . . . 205
PUBLIC SERVICES . . . . 205
GOVERNMENTAL WORKS . . . . 205
PENSION SERVICES . . . . 208
MUNICIPAL SERVICES . . . . 208
MUNICIPAL AGE CERTIFICATE . . . . 209
STATUTORY AUTHORITY . . . . 209
ACCIDENT RELIEFS . . . . 210
INTERIM RELIEF . . . . 211
SIGNATURE UPON ORDERS [S. 14(2-A)] . . . . 211
VACANCY IN OFFICE OR FAILURE IN DISCHARGING FUNCTIONS [S. 14(2)] . . 212
DEFECTIVE GOODS [S. 2(1 )(C)(K)] * * 214
DEFECT . . 215
APPLICABLE LEGAL REQUIREMENT . . . . 215
REQUIRED BY LAW . . . . 216
PROMISED STANDARDS . . . . 216
CONSUMER REMEDIES UNDER SALE OF GOODS ACT . . 218 EXCLUSION CLAUSES IN
CONSUMER SALES AND SERVICES NOT ALLOWED . . 218
IMAGE 8
XVIII LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IN A SERVICE CONTRACT . . 218 MERCHANTABLE
QUALITY IN CONSUMER SALES . . 219
QUANTITY OF STICKS IN MATCH-BOX . . . . 221
AIR-CONDITIONER . . * * 221
DEFECTIVE SCOOTER, MOTORCYCLE, ETC. . . . . 221
WARRANTY PERIOD . . * * 222
TELEVISION . . * * 223
VIDEO CASSETTE PLAYER . . . . 223
ADULTERATED EDIBLE OIL . . . * 223
EUROPEAN-STYLE CLOSET . . . . 224
DEFECTIVE CAR . . . . 224
DEFECTIVE MOTOR LORRY . . . . 227
DEDUCTION FOR USE VALUE . . . . 227
COMPUTERS . . . . 227
FREE COMPUTER . . . . 228
PRINTING MACHINERY . . . . 228
LASER PRINTER . . . . 229
DEFECTIVE UPS [UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY] . . 229 DEFECTIVE STABILIZER
. . 229
DEFECTIVE PHOTO COPIER . . . . 229
DEFECTIVE FURNITURE . . . . 230
DEFECTIVE CYCLE . . . . 230
DEFECTIVE REFRIGERATOR . . . . 230
CHILLING UNIT . . . . 231
SOLAR WATER HEATERS OF DIFFERENT MAKE. . . . 231
PRESSURE COOKER . . . . 231
DEFECTIVE LPG GAS CYLINDER . . 232
DEFECTIVE PLANT AND MACHINERY . . . . 232
DEFECTIVE MAGNETIC CRACK DETECTOR . . . . 234
DEFECTIVE BEARING . . . . 235
MEDICAL EQUIPMENT . . . . 235
DEFECTIVE CABLE T.V. ACCESSORIES . . . . 235
MUSICAL FOUNTAIN AT CHILDREN S PARK. . . . 236
TRACTOR . . 236
SUB-STANDARD TRAILER . . 237
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XIX
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
TILLER MACHINE . . . . 237
ARRANGEMENT FOR SUPPLY OF GOODS . . . . 237
WRONG DESCRIPTION . . . . 238
DEFECTIVE CEMENT . . . . 238
RAW HIDES AND SKINS . . . . 238
SEEDS . . 239
CERTIFIED SEEDS . . . . 242
TISSUE CULTURE BANANA PLANT (COMPLEX ISSUES). . . . 242 DEFECTIVE
STOREWELL ALMIRAH . . . . 242
WRONG MEDICINE DELIVERED BY RETAILER . . 242
HIRE-PURCHASE . . . . 243
TEXTILE . . 243
FAILURE TO SUPPLY . . . . 243
LATE DELIVERY . . . . 244
HAND PUMP . . . . 244
PUMP SET . . . . 244
BURDEN OF PROVING INCONVENIENCE, ETC. . . 245
DEFICIENT SERVICES . . . . 245
SERVICE : SUPREME COURT ANALYSIS OF DEFINITION . . 246 DOCTRINE OF
COMMERCIAL PURPOSE NOT APPLICABLE . . 247 AMENABILITY OF PUBLIC
AUTHORITIES TO JURISDICTION UNDER CONSUMER LEGISLATION . . . . 247
TEST OF DEFICIENCY . . 249
IMPOSSIBILITY . . . . 252
DEFICIENCY DUE TO FRAUD, ETC. . . . . 252
PRIVITY OF CONTRACT . . 252
GOBAR GAS PLANT . . 254
BUILDING AND HOUSING SERVICES . . . . 254
DIRECTION FOR DELIVERY OF POSSESSION . . 257
DIRECTION FOR EXECUTION OF CONVEYANCE . . 258
TRANSFER AND EXECUTION OF CONVEYANCE . . 259
DIRECTION FOR ISSUE OF OCCUPANCY CERTIFICATE . . 259 REFUND OF EARNEST
MONEY AND SUBSEQUENT . PAYMENTS . . . . 259
REFUND OF REGISTRATION MONEY . . . . 260
WITHDRAWAL OF REGISTRATION . . . . 260
IMAGE 10
XX LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES {CONTD.)
MEASUREMENT . . . . 261
ADDITIONAL CONSTRUCTION . . * * 262
MECHANICAL DEVICES . . . . 262
ESCALATION OF CONSTRUCTION COSTS, DELAY, PRICING * * * * 262
DELAY IN GIVING INFORMATION REQUISITE TO SECURE HOUSING LOAN . . . - 266
REJECTION OF CLAIM WITHOUT REFERRING TO MERITS . . 266 UNAPPROVED
HOUSING SCHEME . . . . 267
SUBSTANCE CANNOT BE ALTERED BY CLEVER DRAFTING. . 267 DEFICIENCY IN
SERVICE: ORDER FOR REMOVAL . . 268 BUILDER S RESPONSIBILITY TO PROVIDE
VACANT POSSESSION . . . . 269
COMPLICATED QUESTIONS IN CONNECTION WITH HOUSING 271 LIMITATION . . . .
271
CHANCE FOR FURTHER OPTION TO ALLOTTEES . . 272
PLOT, SHORTFALL IN AREA . . . . 272
RELIEF TO APPLICANT LEFT OUT OF ALLOTMENT .. . 272
FAILURE TO PROVIDE PROPERTY . . . . 274
CANCELLATION OF ALLOTMENT FOR NON-PAYMENT .. 21A CORNER VALUE . . . .
274
FAILURE TO TAKE NOTE OF INTIMATED CHANGE OF ADDRESS 275 GOVERNMENT
HOUSING SERVICES: USE OF SUB-STANDARD MATERIAL . . 275
COMPENSATION FOR POOR HOUSING SERVICE . . 278
WHO SHOULD PAY COMPENSATION . . . . 280
COMPENSATION FOR DELAY . . . . 284
LIABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES TO PAY INTEREST . . . . 287
LIABILITY TO PAY INTEREST ON DELAYED INSTALMENTS. . 292 MUTUAL DELAY . .
. . 293
DELAYED CONVERSION OF LEASEHOLD INTO FREEHOLD . . 293 DIVERSION OF
BUILDING FUND . . . . 293
PROVISION OF LIFT . . . . 294
PROPERTY . . . . 294
SANCTIONING OF BUILDING PLAN . . . . 295
MEMBERSHIP OF HOUSING SOCIETY . . . . 295
TRANSFER OF PLOT . . 295
IMAGE 11
CONTENTS XXI
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
HOLIDAY HOME . . . . 295
ADVERTISEMENT . . . . 296
CYCLE STAND SERVICE . . 296
PARKING SERVICE . . . . 297
ALLOTMENT OF BOOTHS . . 297
TRANSPORT SERVICES . . . . 297
JURISDICTION . . . . 297
MISDELIVERY BY CARRIERS . . * . . 298
LIABILITY FOR LOSS OR DAMAGE . . . . 299
NON-DELIVERY . . . . 303
NON-DELIVERY OF BOOKING UNDER OWNER S RISK . . 304 REFUSAL TO PERFORM
CONTRACT OF CARRIAGE . . 304
CARRIAGE ON SPECIAL TERMS . . . . 305
SHIPMENT WITHOUT INSTRUCTIONS . . . . 305
CARRIER S DUES . . . . 306
DELAY BY CARRIER . . . . 306
DELAY IN COLLECTING CONSIGNMENT. . . . 306
LOCUS STANDI OF EMPLOYEE TO FILE COMPLAINT . . 306 ASSIGNMENT . . . .
306
NOTICE OF LOSS . . . . 307
DEFECTIVE DELIVERY OF MOTOR VEHICLE . . 307
LUCKY DRAW CONTEST . . . . 307
SALE COMMISSION . . . . 307
LOANING AGREEMENTS . . . . 308
LOANING AND ECONOMIC LOSS . . . . 309
PROVISION OF ENGINEERING SERVICE BY LENDER . . 311 INSURANCE OF PREMISES
CONSTITUTING SECURITY . . 311 GUARANTOR OF LOANS . . . . 312
RATES OF INTEREST . . . . 312
RELIEF OF INTEREST RATE TO SICK COMPANIES . . 312
FINANCIAL SERVICES, LOANING AND DELAY . . 312
DEFAULT IN REPAYMENT OF LOAN . . . , 313
RE-SCHEDULING OF LOAN . . . . 314
SHARES AND DEBENTURES . . . . 314
ALLOTMENT . . . . 314
TRANSFER OF SHARES . . . . 315
ALLOTMENT OF RIGHTS ISSUE .. .. 316
IMAGE 12
XXII LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
INVESTMENT * * * * 316
ALLOTMENT IN WRONG NAME . . * * 317
COURIER SERVICE * * * * 317
TIME OF PERFORMANCE . . * * 321
TELEPHONE SERVICE * * * * 321
BILLING . . * * 321
EXCESS TELEPHONE BILLING . . . . 323
SERVICE OF TELEPHONE BILL BY ORDINARY POST . . 325
STD . . . * 325
DEATH OF SUBSCRIBER . . * . 325
SHIFTING OF CONNECTION . . . . 325
DELAYS . . * * 326
DISCONNECTION OF TELEPHONE SERVICE WITHOUT NOTICE 327 BREAKDOWN OF
SERVICE . . . * 327
LIMITATION: RECTIFICATION OF WRONG TELEPHONE BILLING . . 328
FREE CALLS . . * * 328
ALTERATION OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE . . 328 INTEREST ON
SECURITY DEPOSIT . . . . 329
FAX . . 329
EPABX SYSTEM . . 329
INSURANCE . . . . 330
COMPLICATED INSURANCE CLAIMS . . - . . 330
ARBITRATION CLAUSE . . . . 332
INSURABLE INTEREST . . . . 332
INSURANCE SERVICE . . . . 333
CURRENCY IN WHICH CLAIM PAYABLE. . . . 336
EXCLUSION CLAUSES . . . . 337
EFFECTIVE DATE OF POLICY . . . . 338
VEHICLE INSURANCE . . . . 338
LIABILITY WITHIN LIMITS OF POLICY . . . . 341
REMOTE EFFECT OF ACCIDENT . . . . 341
THIRD PARTY RISK INSURANCE . . . . 341
DRIVER WITHOUT LICENCE . . . . 342
INTERNATIONAL LICENCE . . . . 343
ASSESSMENT OF LOSS: TOTAL LOSS . . . . 343
INSURANCE OF NURSING HOME . . . . 343
ISSUE OF COVER NOTE . . . . 343
IMAGE 13
CONTENTS XXIII
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
DISHONOUR OF PREMIUM CHEQUE . . . . 344
LOSS BY BREACH OF TRUST BY EMPLOYEES . . 345
THEFT, BURGLARY, ROBBERY . . . . 345
THEFT BY EMPLOYEES . . . . 347
PURCHASER OF INSURED VEHICLE!SHIP . . 348
SALE OF INSURED VEHICLE . . . . 348
COMPLAINANT WITHOUT REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE . . 348 TIME FOR FILING
CLAIMS . . . . 348
VALUE AT TIME OF LOSS . . . . 349
DEPRECIATION . . . . 350
VALUE OF SURVEY REPORT . . . . 350
HOUSEHOLD AND OFFICE INSURANCE . . . . 352
ORNAMENT INSURANCE . . . . 353
SHOP INSURANCE: CASH IN TRANSIT . . . . 354
SHOW-ROOM . . . . 355
HOUSE AND BUILDING INSURANCE . . . . 355
FACTORY INSURANCE . . . . 356
DAMAGE BY FIRE . . . . 357
STOCK-IN-TRADE IN FACTORY . . . . 359
STOCK BELONGING TO CUSTOMERS . . . . 359
STOCK IN GODOWN . . . . 360
LOSS DUE TO WORKERS STRIKE . . . . 360
INSURANCE OF PRINTING PRESS . . . . 360
LIME KILN INSURANCE AGAINST FIRE . . . . 360
CONSTRUCTION WORKS INSURANCE . . . . 361
CHANGE OF ADDRESS . . . . 361
PLANT AND MACHINERY . . . . 361
EQUIPMENT INSURANCE . . . . 362
COLD STORE . . 362
LAB INSURANCE . . . . 362
DIAGNOSTIC AND X-RAY EQUIPMENT. . . . 363
LIVESTOCK INSURANCE . . . . 363
CROP INSURANCE . . . . 363
MEDICAL INSURANCE . . . . 364
INSURANCE OF EMPLOYEES IN HAZARDOUS JOBS . . 365 JUNTA PERSONAL
INSURANCE POLICY . . . . 365
POLICY FOR FIDELITY OF EMPLOYEES . . . . . 366
MARINE AND TRANSIT INSURANCE . . . . 366
IMAGE 14
XXIV LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.) DIVERSION OF VOYAGE * *
* * 369
INSURANCE FOR TOTAL LOSS NOT APPLICABLE TO PARTIAL LOSS * * 369
INSURANCE OF FISHING BOATS . . * * 370
LOSS BY ADULTERATION IN TRANSIT . . . . 370
SUBROGATION * * * * 370
JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY . . * * 372
TAKING PASSENGERS ON INSURED VEHICLE FOR CARRIAGE OF GOODS . . . * 372
TAKING PASSENGERS IN PRIVATE VEHICLE . . 314
INSURANCE, DELAY IN PAYMENT . . . . 375
MOTOR VEHICLE, DAMAGE BY TERRORIST, RIOTOUS VIOLENCE 377 CHANGING NATURE
OF POSSESSION OF VEHICLE . . 378 ASSIGNMENT OF POLICY * . * * 378
BENEFICIARY OF POLICY . . . . 380
REPUDIATION . . . . 380
RENEWAL OF POLICY . . . . 381
DISCHARGE VOUCHER IN FULL AND FINAL SETTLEMENT . . 382 LIFE INSURANCE .
. . . 385
PAYMENT UNDER INSURANCE POLICY. . . . 385
DUTY OF DISCLOSURE . . . . 386
SECTION 45 (INSURANCE ACT) REVIVAL OF POLICY . . 389 DOUBTFUL CLAIM . .
. . 391
SUICIDE . . . . 391
DISAPPEARANCE OF INSURED . . . . 392
REFUND OF PREMIUM . . . . 392
ACCEPTANCE OF LIFE INSURANCE PROPOSAL . . 393
TERMS OF POLICY . . . . 393
MISTAKEN ENTRY OF POLICY VALUE . . . . 393
ACCIDENT BENEFIT . . . . 394
PERSONAL ACCIDENT POLICY . . . . 395
ASSIGNMENT . . . . 395
SURRENDER VALUE . . . 396
PAYMENT UNDER GROUP INSURANCE. . . . 396
PAYMENT OF PREMIUM THROUGH EMPLOYER . . 396
PAYMENT OF PREMIUM THROUGH AGENT . . 398
COLLECTION OF PREMIUM BY LIC AGENT . . 398
LAPSE OF POLICY ON NON-PAYMENT OF PREMIUM . . 399
IMAGE 15
CONTENTS XXV
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
REVIVAL OF POLICY . . . . 399
DELAY IN PRESENTMENT OF PREMIUM CHEQUE, DEATH OF PROPOSER , . . . 399
SOCIAL WELFARE SCHEME . . . . 400
COLD STORAGE SERVICE . . . . 400
BANKING SERVICE . . . . 400
COMPLEX QUESTIONS OF LAW AND FACT . . 400
PAYMENT OF CHEQUE DESPITE STOP NOTICE . . 400
DUTY TO HONOUR CHEQUES . . . . 401
COLLECTION OF CHEQUES, ETC . . . . 401
DUTY TO INFORM CUSTOMER IF CHEQUE RETURNED . . 402 BANK S SERVICE
CHARGES . . . . 403
MICR CHEQUES . . 403
DISHONOUR OF BANK DRAFT, CHEQUE. . . . 404
WITHDRAWAL OF MONEY BY PARTNER . . 405
DEFECTIVE BANK DRAFT . . . . 406
DELAY IN ISSUING DUPLICATE BANK DRAFT . . 406
OPERATION OF INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNT. . . . 406
OPERATION OF DECEASED ACCOUNT . . . . 406
DELAY IN PAYMENT OF CROSSED CHEQUE . . 407
SALE BY BANK OF PLEDGED ARTICLES. . . . 407
CONVERSION OF HYPOTHECATION INTO PLEDGE . . 407 REALISATION OF SECURITY
. . . . 407
DUTY TO RETURN SECURITY ON PAYMENT . . 410
DIVERSION OF SECURITY TO OTHER OUTSTANDINGS . . 410 DUTY DURING STRIKE
PERIOD . . . . 411
BANKER S LIEN . . . . 411
SUNDRY BANKING SERVICES . . . . 413
LOANING SERVICES . . . . 414
RECOVERY THROUGH DEBT RECOVERY TRIBUNAL . . 416 RECOVERY THROUGH REVENUE
AUTHORITIES . . 416
MORTGAGE OF JOINT FDR . . . . 416
DUTY TO PROVIDE NOC . . . . ALL
INTEREST RATE ON LOANS . . . . ALL
INTEREST RATE ON DEPOSITS . . . . ALL
UNAUTHORISED DEDUCTION . . . . 418
MISCONDUCT OF LENDING AUTHORITY . . . . 418
ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES ON LOANING. . . . 418
IMAGE 16
XXVI LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
REVERSAL OF WRONG ENTRY * . * * 418
WRITING OFF AGRICULTURAL LOANS .. ** 419
RECALL OF LOAN: NO DUTY OF LENDING BANK TO INSURE HYPOTHECATED GOODS * *
* * 419
MUTUAL SETTLEMENT * * * * 419
LOCKER . . 419
COMPLICATION ABOUT LOCKER . . . . 420
FORGERY OF SIGNATURE . . . * 420
ENCASHMENT OF BANK GUARANTEE AND LETTER OF CREDIT ALL PAYMENT OF PREMIUM
THROUGH BANK . . 413
IMPROPER DELIVERY OF DOCUMENTS BY BANK . . 424
SUPPRESSING LETTERS OF CREDIT . . . . 424
CREDIT CARD . . 424
REFUSAL OF SERVICE . . . . 424
CANCELLATION OF CREDIT CARD . . . . 425
FIXED DEPOSIT SERVICE . . . . 425
CURRENT ACCOUNT SERVICE . . . . 426
CLAIMS OF INTEREST . . . . 426
ACCOUNT IS PROPERTY, LIABILITY TO SEIZURE . . ALL
REFUND OF BOOKING MONEY . . . . 427
AIRLINE SERVICES . . . . 428
CANCELLATION OF FLIGHT . . 429
DISCOMFORT IN BUSINESS CLASS . . . . 430
DEATH ON BOARD . . . . 430
PILFERAGE . . ... 430
LOSS OF TICKETS . . . . 430
FAILURE TO PROVIDE RESERVED ACCOMMODATION . . 431 ARRANGEMENT FOR
ALTERNATIVE FLIGHT . . 432
NO FLIGHT ON BOOKING DATE . . . . 432
INCREASE IN FARE . . . . 432
DELAY IN FLIGHT . . . . 432
SERVICE OF MEALS . . . . 433
TRAVEL AGENT . . . . 433
LIABILITY OF AGENT FOR AIRLINER . . . . 434
CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY AIR . . . . 434
DUTY IN DELIVERING GOODS . . . . 437
DUTY ON ARRIVAL AT DESTINATION . . . . 438
DUTY OF AIRPORT AUTHORITY . . . . 438
IMAGE 17
CONTENTS XXVII
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
LIMITATION . . . . 439
SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY . . . . 439
POOR MAINTENANCE OF SUPPLY LINES . . 443
PAYMENT OF BILL . . . . 444
RESTRICTION ON USE . . . . 444
DISCONNECTION OF POWER SUPPLY, MISUSE . . AAA DISRUPTION OF SUPPLY . . .
. 445
ARREARS OF CHARGES FOR SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY . . 445 RAISING OF CHARGES
. . . . 448
SERVICE LINE CHARGES . . . . 448
REQUEST FOR LOAD REDUCTION . . . . 448
REQUEST FOR CONVERSION FROM COMMERCIAL TO DOMESTIC CONNECTION . . . .
449
INSTALLATION OF GENERATOR CHANGE-OVER SWITCH . . 449 ENTITLEMENT TO
REBATE . . . . 449
REFUND OF OVERCHARGED ELECTRICITY DUTY . . 449
INJURY TO NON-CONSUMER . . . . 450
COMPLICATED ELECTRIC SUPPLY DISPUTE . . . . 450
MUNICIPALITY . . . . 450
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS . . . . 450
AMENITIES OF ACADEMIC SERVICES . . . . 453
RESEARCH . . . . 453
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES . . . . 453
MATTERS OF FEE AND CHARGES . . . . 454
FRAUD ON CANDIDATES . . . . 454
ADMISSION INTO RECOGNISED COURSES . . 454
ACCIDENT ON SCHOOL PREMISES . . . . 455
EDUCATION AS SERVICE . . . . 455
SWIMMING-POOL TRAINING . . . . 458
PURVEYING OF NEWS OR OTHER INFORMATION . . 459
PUBLISHING . . . . 459
EXHIBITION . . . . 461
SERVICE IN THE NATURE OF EMPLOYMENT . . 462
TAILORING * * . . 462
JOB MARKET * * . . 463
SERVICES OF TRAVEL AGENCY . - . . 463
NURSING-HOMES AND MEDICAL SERVICES . . 463
IMAGE 18
XXVIII LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.) CAESAREAN DELIVERY . *
* * 470
PREMATURE DELIVERY . . * * 471
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY . . * * 471
RECANALISATION OPERATION . . * * 473
NEGLIGENCE IN SURGERY . . * * 473
AMPUTATION . . * * 474
CANCER TREATMENT . . * . 474
PRACTICE IN ONE DISCIPLINE, QUALIFIED IN ANOTHER. . 474 BLOOD
TRANSFUSION . . * . 480
INJECTION . . . . 481
FOREIGN MATTER LEFT IN BODY AFTER OPERATION . . 482 WRONG DIAGNOSIS . .
* . 482
ANAESTHESIA . . . . 482
BIOPSY . . 483
WRONG ROD SETTING . . . . 483
STERILISATION . . . . 483
TUBECTOMY OPERATION . . . . 484
OPERATION FOR REMOVAL OF UTERUS . . . . 484
DENTIST . . . . 484
FREE HOSPITALS . . . . 485
EMPLOYEES STATE INSURANCE HOSPITALS (ESI) . . 486 CGHS . . 486
EX GRATIA PAYMENT BY DOCTOR . . . . 486
COMPENSATION ON COMPASSIONATE GROUND . . 486 HOSPITAL INSURANCE . . . .
486
ACTIO PERSONALIS MORTIUR CUM PERSONA . . 487
BREACH OF DUTY TO MAINTAIN CONFIDENTIALITY . . 488 BOOKING VEHICLES,
ETC. . . 488
POSTAL SERVICES - . . . . 490
SPEED POST MONEY ORDER . . . . 492
POST OFFICE SAVINGS ACCOUNT . . . . 492
POST OFFICE FIXED DEPOSITS . . . . 493
DELAY IN DELIVERY OF TELEGRAM . . . . 493
DELAY IN DELIVERY OF MONEY ORDER . . 494
DELIVERY OF WRONG MESSAGE . . . . 494
DELIVERY TO AUTHORISED AGENT . . . . 494
SPEED POST . . . . 494
CHIT FUND . . . . 494
IMAGE 19
CONTENTS XXIX
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
REFUND OF DEPOSITS . . . 496
SUPERANNUATION BENEFITS . . . . 497
EX GRATIA PAYMENT . . . . 497
PROVIDENT FUND . . . . 498
DISABLED PENSION SCHEME . . . . 502
SHARE-BROKER . . . . 502
INVESTMENT IN NSC . . . . 503
INVESTMENT IN INDIRA VIKAS PATRA. . . . 504
INVESTMENT IN INDUSTRY . . . . 504
INVESTMENT IN UTI . . . . 504
MUTUAL FUND . . 505
INVESTMENT IN SECURITIES . . . . 505
PARKING FACILITY . . . . 505
RETURN OF SECURITY . . . . 506
FORFEITURE OF SECURITY MONEY . . . . 506
CARRIER OF PASSENGERS . . . . 506
AIR CRASH . . . . 508
RAILWAY RESERVATION . . . . 509
CLOAK ROOM SERVICE . . . . 510
RESPONSIBILITY FOR LUGGAGE . . . . 510
DISCRIMINATION IN AMENITIES . . . . 511
BUS PASSENGERS . . . . 511
HOTEL . . 512
SICK INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES . . . . 512
COSTS . . 513
TELEPRINTER SERVICES . . . . 513
DEFECTIVE LIFT . . 513
VIDEO SERVICES . . . . 513
DRY-CLEANING . . . . 513
GENERATOR FOR SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY . . . . 514
REFERENCE TO ARBITRATION . . . . 514
DUTY OF REASONABLE CARE AND SKILL IN PRACTICE OF PROFESSIONS . . . . 514
NEGLIGENCE BY FOREST DEPARTMENT . . . . 517
SOLICITOR . . . . 517
LEGAL PRACTITIONER . . . . 518
IMAGE 20
XXX LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES {CONTD.)
PROFESSIONAL ADVICE . . * * 518
GAS SERVICE . . * * 519
INCOMPETENT HANDLING OF GAS . . * * 519
DENIAL OF SERVICE . . * * 519
DEALERSHIP OF GAS AGENCY . . * * 520
BOATING SERVICES * . * * 520
PARTNERSHIP * . * * 520
PRICE [S. 2(L)(C)(IV)] - . 520
MISLEADING INDICATION OF PRICE . . . . 521
PRICE PRINT ON PACKING . . * * 523
PRICE FOR HOUSING SERVICES . . . . 524
PRICING OF PRODUCTS OR SERVICES . . . . 526
ELECTRICITY SERVICE CHARGES . . . . 526
CHARGES FOR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES . . . . 526
AGREED PRICE . . * * 526
SALES TAX . . . . 527
APPEAL [S. 15] . . . . 527
CONDONATION OF DELAY . . . . 528
CROSS-OBJECTIONS . . . . 532
COMMENCEMENT OF PERIOD . . . . 532
REQUIREMENT OF DEPOSIT FOR FILING APPEAL [S. 15 (SECOND PROVISO)] . . .
. 533
FURTHER EVIDENCE AND OBJECTIONS IN APPEAL . . 533
APPEAL AGAINST EX PARTE ORDERS . . . . 534
SETTING ASIDE EX PARTE ORDERS . . . . 535
DISMISSAL IN DEFAULT . . . . 535
INCOMPETENT FORUM . . . . 535
NON-SPEAKING ORDERS . . . . 535
REVIEW . . . . . 536
STATE COMMISSIONS . . . . 536
COMPOSITION OF STATE COMMISSION [S. 16] . . 540
DISQUALIFICATIONS . . . . 540
SELECTION COMMITTEE AND TERMS OF APPOINTMENT . . . . 541
CONSULTATION WITH CHIEF JUSTICE . . . . 541
APPOINTMENT OF SITTING JUDGE . . . . 542
IMAGE 21
CONTENTS XXXI
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
JURISDICTION OF STATE COMMISSION . . . . 543
PLACE OF COMPLAINT OR APPEAL . . . . 544
CLAIMS UNDER MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS . . 547
COMPLAINANT TO COME WITH CLEAN HANDS . . 547
CLAUSES EXCLUDING JURISDICTION . . . . 548
TRANSFER OF CASES IN THE INTEREST OF JUSTICE . . 548
PROCEDURE [S. 18] . . 548
SUPPLY OF DRINKING-WATER . . . . 550
APPEALS . . . . 551
CONDONATION OF DELAY . . . . 552
DEPOSIT TO BE MADE BY APPELLANT [S. 19 (2ND PROVISO)] . . 553
NON-APPLICATION OF MIND TO EVIDENCE . . 554
NATIONAL COMMISSION . . . . 555
COMPOSITION OF NATIONAL COMMISSION [S. 20] . . 558 DISQUALIFICATIONS OF
MEMBERS . . . . 558
PROCEDURE FOR CONSULTATION WITH CHIEF JUSTICE . . 559 SELECTION
COMMITTEE: TERMS OF APPOINTMENT- RESIGNATION * * * * 559
JURISDICTION OF NATIONAL COMMISSION [S. 21] . . 560 ORIGINAL
JURISDICTION . . . . 560
APPELLATE JURISDICTION . . . . 561
REVIEW AND SUPERVISION . . . . 561
DISMISSAL OF REVISION IN DEFAULT . . . . 567
REVIEW OF INTEREST RATE . . . . 568
HOUSING BOARD ALSO ENTITLED TO CLAIM INTEREST . . 568 REVIEW OF OWN
ORDERS . . . . 568
EXPUNGING OF ADVERSE REMARKS . . . . 569
INAPPROPRIATE REMEDY . . . . 569
REFUSAL TO PROVIDE OPPORTUNITY FOR CROSS-EXAMINATION 570 MEDICAL
NEGLIGENCE . . . . 570
DISMISSAL OF APPEAL WITHOUT CONSIDERING MERITS . . 570 DISMISSAL ON THE
BASIS OF EX GRATIA PAYMENT . . 571 EX PARTE DISMISSAL WITHOUT
CONSIDERING MERITS . . 571 EX PARTE ACCEPTANCE OF CLAIM . . . . 571
REHEARING . . .. 572
IMAGE 22
XXXII LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
ORDERS FOR COMPLIANCE . . . . 572
MATTERS OF JURISDICTION . . . . 572
MATTERS OF EVIDENCE . . . . 573
ERROR IN APPRECIATION OF FACTS AND LAW . . 574
DECISION WITHOUT NOTICE TO COMPLAINANT . . 574
DECISION WITHOUT CONSIDERING ISSUES . . . . 574
DECISION WITHOUT CONSIDERING WRITTEN VERSION . . 575 SETING ASIDE ORDERS
. . . . 575
TIME LIMIT FOR REVISION . . . . 576
POWERS AND PROCEDURE OF NATIONAL COMMISSION [S. 22] . . . . 576
CONSENSUAL ADJUDICATION, ARBITRATION . . . . 577
INTERST ON AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION . . . . 577
SETTING ASIDE OF EX PARTE ORDERS . . . . 578
TRANSFER OF CASES . . . . 578
CIRCUIT BENCHES . . . . 578
VACANCY IN OFFICE OF PRESIDENT . . . . 579
APPEALS [S. 23] . . . . 579
REMAND FOR DISPOSAL ON MERITS . . . . 581
DEPOSIT [S. 23 (2ND PROVISO)] . . . . 581
FINALITY OF ORDERS [S. 24] . . . . 582
PERIOD OF LIMITATION . . . . 582
EFFECT OF EXPIRY OF LIMITATION . . . . 583
STAGE FOR RAISING DEFENCE OF LIMITATION . . 587
CONDONATION [SUB-SECTION (2)] . . . . 587
CONTINUING WRONG . . . . 590
CONTRACT TO THE CONTRARY : CUTTING SHORT THE PERIOD OF LIMITATION . . .
. 591
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL OF NATIONAL AND STATE COMMISSIONS . . . 592
ENFORCEMENT OF ORDERS [S. 25] . . . . 593
DISMISSAL OF FRIVOLOUS OR VEXATIOUS COMPLAINTS [S. 26] .. . . 595
COSTS . . . . 597
PENALTIES [S. 27] . . . . 598
ABATEMENT OF PROCEEDINGS . . . . 601
APPLICATION FOR EXECUTION OF ORDERS . . . . 602
IMAGE 23
CONTENTS XXXIII
4. MISCELLANEOUS .. .. 603
ACTIONS IN GOOD FAITH . . . . 604
SERVICE OF NOTICE . . . . 605
REMOVAL OF DIFFICULTIES [S. 29] . . 606
VACANCY AND DEFECT IN APPOINTMENT. . . . 606
POWER TO MAKE RULES . . . . 607
THE CONSUMER PROTECTION RULES, 1987 RULES 1. SHORT TITLE AND
COMMENCEMENT . . . . 610
2. DEFINITIONS . . . . 610
2-A. STATE GOVERNMENTS TO RECOGNISE A LABORATORY AS AN APPROPRIATE
LABORATORY . . . . 610
3. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE CENTRAL CONSUMER PROTECTION COUNCIL AND THE
WORKING GROUPS . . 611 4. PROCEDURE OF THE CENTRAL COUNCIL . . . . 612
5. PLACE OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION . . 613
6. WORKING DAYS AND OFFICE HOURS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION . . . . 613
7. SEAL AND EMBLEM . . . . 613
8. SITTINGS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION . . 613
9. STAFF OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION. . . . 613
10. ADDITIONAL POWERS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION, STATE COMMISSION AND
DISTRICT FORUM . . 613
11. SALARIES, HONORARIUM AND OTHER ALLOWANCES OF THE PRESIDENT AND
MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION . . . , 614
12. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE OF THE PRESIDENT AND MEMBERS OF THE
NATIONAL COMMISSION . . 615 13. REMOVAL OF PRESIDENT OR MEMBERS FROM
OFFICE IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES . . . . 615
14. PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED BY THE NATIONAL COMMISSION . . . . 616
15. PROCEDURE FOR HEARING THE APPEAL . . . . 617
15-A. SITTING OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION AND SIGNING OF ORDERS . . . .
618
APPENDIX I-PRACTICE NOTES .. .. 619
COMPLAINT . . . . 619
SORTING OUT JURISDICTION .. .. 619
IMAGE 24
XXXIV LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
APPENDIX I (CONTD.)
PLURALITY OF OPPOSITE PARTIES . . * * 620
DRAFTING COMPLAINT * * * * 621
MODE OF PRESENTING COMPLAINT . . * * 622
CONTENTS OF COMPLAINT . . * * 622
VERIFICATION . . . . 624
DOCUMENTS TO BE ATTACHED . . * * 624
AFFIDAVIT . . 625
PERMISSION FOR CROSS-EXAMINATION . . . * 626
EXPERT OPINION . . * * 626
EXPERT OPINION THROUGH AFFIDAVIT . . . . 627
EVIDENCE BY AFFIDAVIT . . . * 627
APPRECIATION OF EVIDENCE . . . . 627
NUMBER OF COPIES . . . * 628
NOTICE BEFORE COMPLAINT . . . . 628
WRITTEN STATEMENT OR RESPONSE TO THE COMPLAINT .. 629
CONTENTS OF REPLY . . . . 629
ACTUAL APPEARANCE . . . . 632
APPEARANCE THROUGH AGENT . . . . 632
APPLICATION FOR PERMISSION FOR REPRESENTATIVE ACTION (COMMON CAUSE) . .
. . 632
JOINDER OF PARTIES, IMPLEADMENT . . . . 635
INSURANCE COMPANY AS CO-COMPLAINANT . . 638
OPPORTUNITY TO NEWLY IMPLEADED PARTY . . 638
APPLICATION FOR AMENDMENT OF PLEADINGS .. 638
APPLICATION FOR SEIZURE AND PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS . . . . 639
APPLICATION FOR PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS . . 639
APPLICATION UNDER S. 27 FOR PUNISHMENT FOR VIOLATIOAN OF ORDERS . . . .
639
APPLICATION UNDER S. 25 FOR EXECUTION OF DECREE/ORDER . . . . 640
APPLICATION FOR CONDONATION OF DELAY . . . . 640
APPEALS (RULE 15) .. 641
NOTES . . . . 642
IMAGE 25
CONTENTS XXXV
APPENDIX I (CONTD.)
NOTES AMENDMENT . . . . 643
APPEAL AGAINST FINDINGS OF FACT . . . . 643
FORMAT OF APPEALS . . . . 643
CROSS-OBJECTIONS . . . . 644
ADJOURNMENT . . . . (AA
TIME LIMIT FOR FILING REVISION PETITION BEFORE NATIONAL COMMISSION . . .
. 645
SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION AGAINST INTERIM ORDERS OF NATIONAL COMMISSION . .
. . 645
COMPENSATION .. .. 646
STATUS OF THE PERSON INJURED . . . . 649
IMPACT OF EXCISE CUT . . . . 649
BURDEN OF SHOWING LOSS . . . . 649
REVIEW [S. 22] . . 651
MISCELLANEOUS PETITION BEFORE NATIONAL COMMISSION . . 652 MENTAL PAIN
AND SUFFERING . . . . 653
ESTIMATED AMOUNT . . . . 653
NO COMPENSATION FOR INDIRECT OR REMOTE LOSSES . . 654 COSTS . . 654
DETENTION OF OFFICER, ATTACHMENT OF PROPERTY NOT REQUIRED . . . . 654
APPROPRIATE STEPS FOR AVOIDING DELAY IN DISPOSAL OF COMPLAINTS . . . .
655
APPENDIX II- (1) THE DELHI CONSUMER PROTECTION RULES, 1987 .. 656
(2) THE U.P. CONSUMER PROTECTION RULES, 1987 .. .. 663
APPENDIX III -REDRESSAL AGENCIES UNDER THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 1986
.. .. 674
SUBJECT INDEX .. .. 702
|
| adam_txt |
IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PAGES
TABLE OF CASES . . XXXVII
PREAMBLE . . . . 1
AIMS AND OBJECTS OF THE ACT . . . . 2
IMPORTANCE OF PREAMBLE AS STRESSED BY SUPREME COURT . . . . 3
CONSTRUING PROVISIONS IN FAVOUR OF CONSUMER . . 4
1. PRELIMINARY . . 6
CAUSE OF ACTION ARISING PRIOR TO COMING INTO FORCE OF CHAPTER HI . . . .
6
INTRODUCTION . . . . 7
DEFINITIONS . . . . 8
WHO IS CONSUMER . . . . 18
PURCHASER OF GOODS . . . . 18
TRADE SALES . . . . 23
SALE IN COURSE OF BUSINESS (SELLER TO SELL IN COURSE OF HIS BUSINESS) .
. . . 24
BUSINESSES OF ALL KIND COVERED . . . . 25
BUYING OR DEALING AS CONSUMER, NOT FOR RESALE OR COMMERCIAL PURPOSE . .
. . 26
PURCHASES BY CHARITABLE TRUST . . . . 31
NON-CONSUMER TRANSACTIONS . . . . 31
DISTINCTION BETWEEN COMMERCIAL AND DOMESTIC PURPOSE . . . . 33
PURCHASE FOR SELF-EMPLOYMENT . . . . 34
APPLICATION OF LIMITATION LAWS . . . . 39
AGREEMENT TO PURCHASE . . . . 40
FORM OF AGREEMENT . . . . 40
HIRER OF SERVICES . . . . 40
SERVICES OF COMMERCIAL NATURE. . . . 43
HIRING OF SERVICES FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSE 44 INSURANCE COMPANY NOT A
CONSUMER . . 44
PURCHASER OF IMMOVABLE PROPERTY . . 45
POSTAL * * * * 45
GOVERNMENT GUEST HOUSE . . . . 45
PATIENTS * * * * 46
[ X I]
IMAGE 2
XII LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
1. PRELIMINARY (CONTD.)
PERMITS * * * * 47
COMPLAINT AFTER SETTLEMENT OF CLAIM . . 47
EMPLOYEE WELFARE * * * * 47
APPROVAL OF BUILDING MAP PLANS . . . . 48
APPOINTMENT OF AGENT . . * * 48
AFTER-SALES SERVICES . . * * 48
PASSPORT . . . . 48
TRAVELLERS CHEQUES . . . . 48
WATER-SUPPLY . . . . 49
ELECTRICITY . . . . 49
SUPPLIER OF ELECTRICITY . . . . 49
/FORION CARD . . . . 49
MUNICIPAL SERVICES . . . . 50
FRANCHISEE . . . . 50
JURISDICTION TO DECIDE WHETHER APPLICANT A CONSUMER 51 JUDICIAL REVIEW .
. . . 53
NATURE OF PROTECTION . . . . 55
NEW FORUM FOR ENFORCEMENT OF PRODUCT LIABILITY . . 58 REMEDIES UNDER
OTHER LAWS . . . . 61
JURISDICTION OF CIVIL COURTS . . . . 62
ACCIDENT AND RAILWAY CLAIMS TRIBUNAL . . 64
MATTERS SUB JUDICE BEFORE CIVIL COURTS . . 65
GENUINENESS OF DOCUMENTS . . . . 67
BREACH OF CONTRACT . . . . 68
ARBITRATION CLAUSES . . . . 69
RES JUDICATA . . . . 71
WRIT PETITION . . . . 72
OUT OF COURT SETTLEMENT . . . 72
CASES INVOLVING COMPLEX QUESTIONS OF LAW AND FACT 73 DISCRETION OF
NATIONAL COMMISSION IN COMPLICATED ISSUES . . . 79
PROVISION OF SUMMARY TRIAL: NO GROUND FOR DIRECTING CONSUMER TO APPROACH
CIVIL COURT. . 80 FULL AND FINAL PAYMENT . . . 81
DELAYED FINDING OF COMPLICATED QUESTIONS . 81
SUPREME COURT VIEW AS TO APPROACH TO COMPLICATED QUESTIONS . . . 82
IMAGE 3
CONTENTS XIII
1. PRELIMINARY (CONTD.)
BANKING SERVICES . . . . 83
INDIAN TELEGRAPH ACT-BILLING DISPUTE . . 83
WELFARE FUND . . . . 84
ECONOMIC LOSS . . . . 84
CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS . . . . 84
ACCOUNTS . . . . 84
RECOVERY OF LOAN . . . . 85
DELAY IN DISPOSAL OF COMPLAINT: NO GROUND FOR REJECTION . . . . 85
PROCEDURAL HURDLES . . . . 86
2. CONSUMER PROTECTION COUNCILS . . 86
CENTRAL CONSUMER PROTECTION COUNCIL [S. 4] . . 86
COMPULSORY DUTY OF CONSTITUTING COUNCIL . . 88
PROCEDURE OF CENTRAL COUNCIL [S. 5]. . . . 88
AIMS AND OBJECTS OF THE ACT . . . . 89
1. PROTECTION AGAINST HAZARDOUS GOODS . . 90
CONSIGNER PRODUCT SAFETY IN USA . . 94
2. RIGHT TO CONSUMER INFORMATION . . . . 95
3. RIGHT OF ACCESS TO VARIETY AND COMPETITIVE PRICES 97 4. RIGHT TO DUE
ATTENTION AT APPROPRIATE FORUMS . . 98 5. UNSCRUPULOUS EXPLOITATION,
RESTRICTIVE AND UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES . . . . 99
6. RIGHT TO CONSUMER EDUCATION . . . . 100
CHANGES MADE BY ACT IN EXISTING STRUCTURE OF CONSUMER REMEDIES . . . .
101
PRIVITY OF CONTRACT . . . . 101
TORT OF NEGLIGENCE . . . . 102
EXEMPTION CLAUSES . . . . 102
STATE OF ENGLISH LAW . . . . 103
STATE OF LAW IN UNITED STATES . . . . 104
POSITION OF USERS WHO ARE NOT BUYERS . . 105
STATE CONSUMER PROTECTION COUNCILS [SS. 7 AND 8] . . 106 3. CONSUMER
DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES . 108
ESTABLISHMENT [S. 9] . . . . 108
DISPUTE REDRESSAL AGENCIES . . . . 108
DISTRICT FORUMS . . . . 109
IMAGE 4
XIV LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES {CONTD.)
COMPOSITION [S. 10] . . * * 109
ESTABLISHMENT OF DISTRICT FORUMS: RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES . * * * HI
QUALIFICATION OF MEMBERS . . * * 112
DISQUALIFICATIONS * . * * 112
APPOINTMENT ON WHOLE TIME BASIS. . . . 114
DUTY TO ESTABLISH FORUMS . . . . 114
SALARY OF PRESIDENT OF DISTRICT FORUM. . . . 115
TRANSFER OF MEMBERS AND PRESIDENT . . . . 115
JURISDICTION OF DISTRICT FORUMS [S. 11] . . 116
MATTERS OF JURISDICTION . . . . 117
CAUSE OF ACTION . . . . 117
PECUNIARY JURISDICTION . . . . 118
REVIEW POWER . . . . 119
INTERIM ORDERS . . . . 120
AMENDMENT OF ORDERS . . . . 121
TRANSFER OF CASES [S. 17-A] . . . . 121
JURISDICTION TERRITORIAL . . . . 121
CLAUSES RESTRICTING JURISDICTION . . . . 124
ESTOPPEL AS TO JURISDICTION . . . . 124
EFFECT OF CIVIL SUIT . . . . 124
COMPLICATED CONTRACTUAL MATTERS . . . . 125
RESTORATION OF COMPLAINT . . . . 125
COMPLAINTS AND PROCEDURE . . . . 127
MEANING OF COMPLAINT [S. 2(1 )(C)] . . 127
COMPLAINANT . . . . 130
WHO CAN MAKE COMPLAINT AND ITS MANNER . . 131
COMPLAINT BY CONSUMER . . . . 133
COMPLAINT BY ATTORNEY HOLDER . . . . 133
COMPLAINT BY CONSUMER ASSOCIATION . . . . 134
CLAUSES OUSTING JURISDICTION . . . . 135
CROSS-OBJECTIONS . . . 135
STATUS QUO DURING PENDENCY . . . . 136
PRICE FIXED BY LAW . . . 136
FILING FEE [SUB-SECTION (2)] . , . . 136
IMAGE 5
CONTENTS XV
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
ADMISSION AND REJECTION OF COMPLAINT [SUB-SECTION (3)] . . . . 136
TRANSFER OF CASES. . . . . . 136
PROCEDURE ON ADMISSION OF COMPLAINT [S. 13] . . 137
PROCEDURE MANDATORY [S. 13(2)] . . 143
FAILURE OF COMPLAINANT TO APPEAR [S. 13(2)(C)] . . 143 PERSONS AGAINST
WHOM COMPLAINT CAN BE MADE . . 144 SALE IN COURSE OF BUSINESS . . . .
145
LABORATORY TESTING . . . . 147
PROCEDURE WHERE LABORATORY TESTING NOT POSSIBLE OR NOT REQUIRED . . . .
148
REFERENCE TO EXPERT . . . . 149
COMPLICATED QUESTIONS . . . . 149
APPOINTMENT OF COMMISSION FOR FINDING OUT FACTS . . 149 VALIDITY OF
PROCEEDINGS [S. 13(3)] . . 149
DUTY OF EXPEDITIOUS DISPOSAL [S. 13(3-A)] . . 150
ADJOURNMENTS [SUB-SECTION (3-A) PROVISO]. . . . 150 POWERS OF CIVIL
COURT FOR CERTAIN PURPOSES. . . . 150 LAWYERS STRIKE . . . . 150
WITHDRAWAL OF COMPLAINT AND RES JUDICATA . . 153
DEATH OF COMPLAINANT OR OPPOSITE PARTY [SECTION 13(7)] . . 153
REVIEW POWER . . . . 153
SUBJECT-MATTER OF COMPLAINT . . . . 153
UNFAIR OR RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES . . . . 154
CAVEAT EMPTOR REPLACED BY CAVEAT VENDITOR . . 157
PROTECTION OF CONSUMERS AGAINST UNFAIR METHODS OR DECEPTIVE PRACTICES .
. . . 158
SUPREME COURT TRACES THE NEED FOR THE PROVISION 160 OBJECT OF
DEFINITION: HONESTY AND TRUTH IN MANUFACTURER-CUSTOMER RELATION . . 160
FIVE INGREDIENTS OF UTP AS LAID DOWN BY SUPREME COURT . . 162
ISSUE OF SECURITIES . . . . 163
1. FALSE REPRESENTATION [S. 2(L)(R)(L)] . . 163
FORM OF REPRESENTATION [S. 2(L)(R)(L) EXPLANATION] 166 SOME EXAMPLES . .
. . 166
IMAGE 6
XVI LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.) STANDARD OR QUALITY, A
SUBJECTIVE JUDGMENT . . 168 ADVERTISEMENT ALSO SUBJECTIVE-MATTER . . 169
PREVENTIVE MEASURES AND ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION . . 170 USE OF FOREIGN
BRAND NAME . . * * * 1 71
FALSE REPRESENTATION AS TO STANDARDS, ETC. [S. 2(L)(R)(L)(I)] * * 1 71
REPRESENTATION AS TO COMPOSITION . . 173
STANDARD, ETC., OF SERVICES [S. 2(L)(R)(L)(II)] . . 173 OLD GOODS
DESCRIBED AS 'NEW' [S. 2(L)(R)(L)(III)] 174 SPONSORSHIP, APPROVAL, ETC.
[S. 2(L)(R)(L)(IV) AND (V)] . . 175
ARTIFICIAL NEED [S. 2(L)(R)(VI) . . . . 176
WARRANTY OR GUARANTEE [S. 2(L)(R)(L)(VII) & (VIII)] 176
MISREPRESENTATION AS TO PRICES [S. 2(L)(R)(L)(IX)] 178 DISPARAGEMENT OF
GOODS, SERVICES OR TRADE OF OTHERS [S. 2(L)(R)(L)(X)] . . 179
WARRANTY AS TO DURABILITY, PERFORMANCE . . 180
UNCONSCIONABLE REPRESENTATIONS . . . . 180
2. FALSE OFFER OF BARGAIN PRICE [S. 2(L)(R)(2)] . . 181
3. SCHEMES OFFERING GIFTS, PRIZES, ETC. . . 182
PRICE REPRESENTATION AS A DECEPTIVE TRADE PRACTICE: FREE GOODS WITH
OTHER PURCHASES. . . . 187
PROPER ADMINISTRATION OF SCHEME. . . . 188
4. NON-COMPLIANCE WITH PRESCRIBED STANDARDS [S. 2(L)(R)(4)] . . 188
5. HOARDING, DESTRUCTION OR REFUSAL [S. 2(L)(R)(5)] 189 6. SPURIOUS
GOODS, DECEPTIVE PRACTICES . . 190
FAILURE TO KEEP TIME OF DELIVERY . . . . 190
RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICE [S. 2 (L)(NNN) . . 190
FINDINGS OF THE DISTRICT FORUM [S. 14] . . 192
TYPES OF RELIEF WHICH CAN BE PROVIDED UNDER THE ACT 194 POWER TO ISSUE
DIRECTIONS . . . 196
SOME EXAMPLES OF TYPES OF RELIEF . 197
COMPENSATION FOR PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HARASSMENT. , 198 DUTY TO MINIMISE
LOSS . 198
PROCEEDINGS, DIFFERENCE OF OPINION, INADEQUACY IN FORUM [S. 14(2) AND
(2-A)] . . . . 199
IMAGE 7
CONTENTS XVII
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
TYPES OF RELIEF NOT ALLOWED UNDER THE ACT . . 199
TELEPHONE DIRECTORY SERVICE . . . . 200
ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP . . . . 201
ELECTRICITY . . 201
TARIFF . . 201
CUTS IN SUPPLY . . . . 201
SHIFTING OF TRANSMISSION LINE. . . . 201
GOVERNMENT ORDERS . . . . 201
PROPERTY DEALINGS . . . . 202
LANDLORD AND TENANT . . . . 202
LAND ACQUISITION . . . . 202
PRICING OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES [S.L(C)(IV)] . . 203
QUOTA FIXATION AND ALLOTMENT . . . . 203
WATER-SUPPLY . . . . 204
JUDICIAL SET-UP . . . . 204
POLICE SERVICE . . . . 205
SERVICE MATTERS . . . . 205
PUBLIC SERVICES . . . . 205
GOVERNMENTAL WORKS . . . . 205
PENSION SERVICES . . . . 208
MUNICIPAL SERVICES . . . . 208
MUNICIPAL AGE CERTIFICATE . . . . 209
STATUTORY AUTHORITY . . . . 209
ACCIDENT RELIEFS . . . . 210
INTERIM RELIEF . . . . 211
SIGNATURE UPON ORDERS [S. 14(2-A)] . . . . 211
VACANCY IN OFFICE OR FAILURE IN DISCHARGING FUNCTIONS [S. 14(2)] . . 212
DEFECTIVE GOODS [S. 2(1 )(C)(K)] * * 214
DEFECT . . 215
APPLICABLE LEGAL REQUIREMENT . . . . 215
REQUIRED BY LAW . . . . 216
PROMISED STANDARDS . . . . 216
CONSUMER REMEDIES UNDER SALE OF GOODS ACT . . 218 EXCLUSION CLAUSES IN
CONSUMER SALES AND SERVICES NOT ALLOWED . . 218
IMAGE 8
XVIII LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IN A SERVICE CONTRACT . . 218 MERCHANTABLE
QUALITY IN CONSUMER SALES . . 219
QUANTITY OF STICKS IN MATCH-BOX . . . . 221
AIR-CONDITIONER . . * * 221
DEFECTIVE SCOOTER, MOTORCYCLE, ETC. . . . . 221
WARRANTY PERIOD . . * * 222
TELEVISION . . * * 223
VIDEO CASSETTE PLAYER . . . . 223
ADULTERATED EDIBLE OIL . . . * 223
EUROPEAN-STYLE CLOSET . . . . 224
DEFECTIVE CAR . . . . 224
DEFECTIVE MOTOR LORRY . . . . 227
DEDUCTION FOR USE VALUE . . . . 227
COMPUTERS . . . . 227
FREE COMPUTER . . . . 228
PRINTING MACHINERY . . . . 228
LASER PRINTER . . . . 229
DEFECTIVE UPS [UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY] . . 229 DEFECTIVE STABILIZER
. . 229
DEFECTIVE PHOTO COPIER . . . . 229
DEFECTIVE FURNITURE . . . . 230
DEFECTIVE CYCLE . . . . 230
DEFECTIVE REFRIGERATOR . . . . 230
CHILLING UNIT . . . . 231
SOLAR WATER HEATERS OF DIFFERENT MAKE. . . . 231
PRESSURE COOKER . . . . 231
DEFECTIVE LPG GAS CYLINDER . . 232
DEFECTIVE PLANT AND MACHINERY . . . . 232
DEFECTIVE MAGNETIC CRACK DETECTOR . . . . 234
DEFECTIVE BEARING . . . . 235
MEDICAL EQUIPMENT . . . . 235
DEFECTIVE CABLE T.V. ACCESSORIES . . . . 235
MUSICAL FOUNTAIN AT CHILDREN'S PARK. . . . 236
TRACTOR . . 236
SUB-STANDARD TRAILER . . 237
IMAGE 9
CONTENTS XIX
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
TILLER MACHINE . . . . 237
ARRANGEMENT FOR SUPPLY OF GOODS . . . . 237
WRONG DESCRIPTION . . . . 238
DEFECTIVE CEMENT . . . . 238
RAW HIDES AND SKINS . . . . 238
SEEDS . . 239
CERTIFIED SEEDS . . . . 242
TISSUE CULTURE BANANA PLANT (COMPLEX ISSUES). . . . 242 DEFECTIVE
STOREWELL ALMIRAH . . . . 242
WRONG MEDICINE DELIVERED BY RETAILER . . 242
HIRE-PURCHASE . . . . 243
TEXTILE . . 243
FAILURE TO SUPPLY . . . . 243
LATE DELIVERY . . . . 244
HAND PUMP . . . . 244
PUMP SET . . . . 244
BURDEN OF PROVING INCONVENIENCE, ETC. . . 245
DEFICIENT SERVICES . . . . 245
SERVICE : SUPREME COURT ANALYSIS OF DEFINITION . . 246 DOCTRINE OF
COMMERCIAL PURPOSE NOT APPLICABLE . . 247 AMENABILITY OF PUBLIC
AUTHORITIES TO JURISDICTION UNDER CONSUMER LEGISLATION . . . . 247
TEST OF "DEFICIENCY" . . 249
IMPOSSIBILITY . . . . 252
DEFICIENCY DUE TO FRAUD, ETC. . . . . 252
PRIVITY OF CONTRACT . . 252
GOBAR GAS PLANT . . 254
BUILDING AND HOUSING SERVICES . . . . 254
DIRECTION FOR DELIVERY OF POSSESSION . . 257
DIRECTION FOR EXECUTION OF CONVEYANCE . . 258
TRANSFER AND EXECUTION OF CONVEYANCE . . 259
DIRECTION FOR ISSUE OF OCCUPANCY CERTIFICATE . . 259 REFUND OF EARNEST
MONEY AND SUBSEQUENT . PAYMENTS . . . . 259
REFUND OF REGISTRATION MONEY . . . . 260
WITHDRAWAL OF REGISTRATION . . . . 260
IMAGE 10
XX LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES {CONTD.)
MEASUREMENT ' . . . . 261
ADDITIONAL CONSTRUCTION . . * * 262
MECHANICAL DEVICES . . . . 262
ESCALATION OF CONSTRUCTION COSTS, DELAY, PRICING * * * * 262
DELAY IN GIVING INFORMATION REQUISITE TO SECURE HOUSING LOAN . . . - 266
REJECTION OF CLAIM WITHOUT REFERRING TO MERITS . . 266 UNAPPROVED
HOUSING SCHEME . . . . 267
SUBSTANCE CANNOT BE ALTERED BY CLEVER DRAFTING. . 267 DEFICIENCY IN
SERVICE: ORDER FOR REMOVAL . . 268 BUILDER'S RESPONSIBILITY TO PROVIDE
VACANT POSSESSION . . . . 269
COMPLICATED QUESTIONS IN CONNECTION WITH HOUSING 271 LIMITATION . . . .
271
CHANCE FOR FURTHER OPTION TO ALLOTTEES . . 272
PLOT, SHORTFALL IN AREA . . . . 272
RELIEF TO APPLICANT LEFT OUT OF ALLOTMENT . . 272
FAILURE TO PROVIDE PROPERTY . . . . 274
CANCELLATION OF ALLOTMENT FOR NON-PAYMENT . 21A CORNER VALUE . . . .
274
FAILURE TO TAKE NOTE OF INTIMATED CHANGE OF ADDRESS 275 GOVERNMENT
HOUSING SERVICES: USE OF SUB-STANDARD MATERIAL . . 275
COMPENSATION FOR POOR HOUSING SERVICE . . 278
WHO SHOULD PAY COMPENSATION . . . . 280
COMPENSATION FOR DELAY . . . . 284
LIABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITIES TO PAY INTEREST . . . . 287
LIABILITY TO PAY INTEREST ON DELAYED INSTALMENTS. . 292 MUTUAL DELAY . .
. . 293
DELAYED CONVERSION OF LEASEHOLD INTO FREEHOLD . . 293 DIVERSION OF
BUILDING FUND . . . . 293
PROVISION OF LIFT . . . . 294
PROPERTY . . . . 294
SANCTIONING OF BUILDING PLAN . . . . 295
MEMBERSHIP OF HOUSING SOCIETY . . . . 295
TRANSFER OF PLOT . . 295
IMAGE 11
CONTENTS XXI
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
HOLIDAY HOME . . . . 295
ADVERTISEMENT . . . . 296
CYCLE STAND SERVICE . . 296
PARKING SERVICE . . . . 297
ALLOTMENT OF BOOTHS . . 297
TRANSPORT SERVICES . . . . 297
JURISDICTION . . . . 297
MISDELIVERY BY CARRIERS . . * . . 298
LIABILITY FOR LOSS OR DAMAGE . . . . 299
NON-DELIVERY . . . . 303
NON-DELIVERY OF BOOKING UNDER OWNER'S RISK . . 304 REFUSAL TO PERFORM
CONTRACT OF CARRIAGE . . 304
CARRIAGE ON SPECIAL TERMS . . . . 305
SHIPMENT WITHOUT INSTRUCTIONS . . . . 305
CARRIER'S DUES . . . . 306
DELAY BY CARRIER . . . . 306
DELAY IN COLLECTING CONSIGNMENT. . . . 306
LOCUS STANDI OF EMPLOYEE TO FILE COMPLAINT . . 306 ASSIGNMENT . . . .
306
NOTICE OF LOSS . . . . 307
DEFECTIVE DELIVERY OF MOTOR VEHICLE . . 307
LUCKY DRAW CONTEST . . . . 307
SALE COMMISSION . . . . 307
LOANING AGREEMENTS . . . . 308
LOANING AND ECONOMIC LOSS . . . . 309
PROVISION OF ENGINEERING SERVICE BY LENDER . . 311 INSURANCE OF PREMISES
CONSTITUTING SECURITY . . 311 GUARANTOR OF LOANS . . . . 312
RATES OF INTEREST . . . . 312
RELIEF OF INTEREST RATE TO SICK COMPANIES . . 312
FINANCIAL SERVICES, LOANING AND DELAY . . 312
DEFAULT IN REPAYMENT OF LOAN . . . , 313
RE-SCHEDULING OF LOAN . . . . 314
SHARES AND DEBENTURES . . . . 314
ALLOTMENT . . . . 314
TRANSFER OF SHARES . . . . 315
ALLOTMENT OF RIGHTS ISSUE . . 316
IMAGE 12
XXII LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
INVESTMENT * * * * 316
ALLOTMENT IN WRONG NAME . . * * 317
COURIER SERVICE * * * * 317
TIME OF PERFORMANCE . . * * 321
TELEPHONE SERVICE * * * * 321
BILLING . . * * 321
EXCESS TELEPHONE BILLING . . . . 323
SERVICE OF TELEPHONE BILL BY ORDINARY POST . . 325
STD . . . * 325
DEATH OF SUBSCRIBER . . * . 325
SHIFTING OF CONNECTION . . . . 325
DELAYS . . * * 326
DISCONNECTION OF TELEPHONE SERVICE WITHOUT NOTICE 327 BREAKDOWN OF
SERVICE . . . * 327
LIMITATION: RECTIFICATION OF WRONG TELEPHONE BILLING . . 328
FREE CALLS . . * * 328
ALTERATION OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE . . 328 INTEREST ON
SECURITY DEPOSIT . . . . 329
FAX . . 329
EPABX SYSTEM . . 329
INSURANCE . . . . 330
COMPLICATED INSURANCE CLAIMS . . - . . 330
ARBITRATION CLAUSE . . . . 332
INSURABLE INTEREST . . . . 332
INSURANCE SERVICE . . . . 333
CURRENCY IN WHICH CLAIM PAYABLE. . . . 336
EXCLUSION CLAUSES . . . . 337
EFFECTIVE DATE OF POLICY . . . . 338
VEHICLE INSURANCE . . . . 338
LIABILITY WITHIN LIMITS OF POLICY . . . . 341
REMOTE EFFECT OF ACCIDENT . . . . 341
THIRD PARTY RISK INSURANCE . . . . 341
DRIVER WITHOUT LICENCE . . . . 342
INTERNATIONAL LICENCE . . . . 343
ASSESSMENT OF LOSS: TOTAL LOSS . . . . 343
INSURANCE OF NURSING HOME . . . . 343
ISSUE OF COVER NOTE . . . . 343
IMAGE 13
CONTENTS XXIII
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
DISHONOUR OF PREMIUM CHEQUE . . . . 344
LOSS BY BREACH OF TRUST BY EMPLOYEES . . 345
THEFT, BURGLARY, ROBBERY . . . . 345
THEFT BY EMPLOYEES . . . . 347
PURCHASER OF INSURED VEHICLE!SHIP . . 348
SALE OF INSURED VEHICLE . . . . 348
COMPLAINANT WITHOUT REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE . . 348 TIME FOR FILING
CLAIMS . . . . 348
VALUE AT TIME OF LOSS . . . . 349
DEPRECIATION . . . . 350
VALUE OF SURVEY REPORT . . . . 350
HOUSEHOLD AND OFFICE INSURANCE . . . . 352
ORNAMENT INSURANCE . . . . 353
SHOP INSURANCE: CASH IN TRANSIT . . . . 354
SHOW-ROOM . . . . 355
HOUSE AND BUILDING INSURANCE . . . . 355
FACTORY INSURANCE . . . . 356
DAMAGE BY FIRE . . . . 357
STOCK-IN-TRADE IN FACTORY . . . . 359
STOCK BELONGING TO CUSTOMERS . . . . 359
STOCK IN GODOWN . . . . 360
LOSS DUE TO WORKERS' STRIKE . . . . 360
INSURANCE OF PRINTING PRESS . . . . 360
LIME KILN INSURANCE AGAINST FIRE . . . . 360
CONSTRUCTION WORKS INSURANCE . . . . 361
CHANGE OF ADDRESS . . . . 361
PLANT AND MACHINERY . . . . 361
EQUIPMENT INSURANCE . . . . 362
COLD STORE . . 362
LAB INSURANCE . . . . 362
DIAGNOSTIC AND X-RAY EQUIPMENT. . . . 363
LIVESTOCK INSURANCE . . . . 363
CROP INSURANCE . . . . 363
MEDICAL INSURANCE . . . . 364
INSURANCE OF EMPLOYEES IN HAZARDOUS JOBS . . 365 JUNTA PERSONAL
INSURANCE POLICY . . . . 365
POLICY FOR FIDELITY OF EMPLOYEES . . . . . 366
MARINE AND TRANSIT INSURANCE . . . . 366
IMAGE 14
XXIV LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.) DIVERSION OF VOYAGE * *
* * 369
INSURANCE FOR TOTAL LOSS NOT APPLICABLE TO PARTIAL LOSS * * 369
INSURANCE OF FISHING BOATS . . * * 370
LOSS BY ADULTERATION IN TRANSIT . . . . 370
SUBROGATION * * * * 370
JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY . . * * 372
TAKING PASSENGERS ON INSURED VEHICLE FOR CARRIAGE OF GOODS . . . * 372
TAKING PASSENGERS IN PRIVATE VEHICLE . . 314
INSURANCE, DELAY IN PAYMENT . . . . 375
MOTOR VEHICLE, DAMAGE BY TERRORIST, RIOTOUS VIOLENCE 377 CHANGING NATURE
OF POSSESSION OF VEHICLE . . 378 ASSIGNMENT OF POLICY * . * * 378
BENEFICIARY OF POLICY . . . . 380
REPUDIATION . . . . 380
RENEWAL OF POLICY . . . . 381
DISCHARGE VOUCHER IN FULL AND FINAL SETTLEMENT . . 382 LIFE INSURANCE .
. . . 385
PAYMENT UNDER INSURANCE POLICY. . . . 385
DUTY OF DISCLOSURE . . . . 386
SECTION 45 (INSURANCE ACT) REVIVAL OF POLICY . . 389 DOUBTFUL CLAIM . .
. . 391
SUICIDE . . . . 391
DISAPPEARANCE OF INSURED . . . . 392
REFUND OF PREMIUM . . . . 392
ACCEPTANCE OF LIFE INSURANCE PROPOSAL . . 393
TERMS OF POLICY . . . . 393
MISTAKEN ENTRY OF POLICY VALUE . . . . 393
ACCIDENT BENEFIT . . . . 394
PERSONAL ACCIDENT POLICY . . . . 395
ASSIGNMENT . . . . 395
SURRENDER VALUE . . . 396
PAYMENT UNDER GROUP INSURANCE. . . . 396
PAYMENT OF PREMIUM THROUGH EMPLOYER . . 396
PAYMENT OF PREMIUM THROUGH AGENT . . 398
COLLECTION OF PREMIUM BY LIC AGENT . . 398
LAPSE OF POLICY ON NON-PAYMENT OF PREMIUM . . 399
IMAGE 15
CONTENTS XXV
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
REVIVAL OF POLICY . . . . 399
DELAY IN PRESENTMENT OF PREMIUM CHEQUE, DEATH OF PROPOSER , . . . 399
SOCIAL WELFARE SCHEME . . . . 400
COLD STORAGE SERVICE . . . . 400
BANKING SERVICE . . . . 400
COMPLEX QUESTIONS OF LAW AND FACT . . 400
PAYMENT OF CHEQUE DESPITE STOP NOTICE . . 400
DUTY TO HONOUR CHEQUES . . . . 401
COLLECTION OF CHEQUES, ETC . . . . 401
DUTY TO INFORM CUSTOMER IF CHEQUE RETURNED . . 402 BANK'S SERVICE
CHARGES . . . . 403
MICR CHEQUES . . 403
DISHONOUR OF BANK DRAFT, CHEQUE. . . . 404
WITHDRAWAL OF MONEY BY PARTNER . . 405
DEFECTIVE BANK DRAFT . . . . 406
DELAY IN ISSUING DUPLICATE BANK DRAFT . . 406
OPERATION OF INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNT. . . . 406
OPERATION OF DECEASED ACCOUNT . . . . 406
DELAY IN PAYMENT OF CROSSED CHEQUE . . 407
SALE BY BANK OF PLEDGED ARTICLES. . . . 407
CONVERSION OF HYPOTHECATION INTO PLEDGE . . 407 REALISATION OF SECURITY
. . . . 407
DUTY TO RETURN SECURITY ON PAYMENT . . 410
DIVERSION OF SECURITY TO OTHER OUTSTANDINGS . . 410 DUTY DURING STRIKE
PERIOD . . . . 411
BANKER'S LIEN . . . . 411
SUNDRY BANKING SERVICES . . . . 413
LOANING SERVICES . . . . 414
RECOVERY THROUGH DEBT RECOVERY TRIBUNAL . . 416 RECOVERY THROUGH REVENUE
AUTHORITIES . . 416
MORTGAGE OF JOINT FDR . . . . 416
DUTY TO PROVIDE NOC . . . . ALL
INTEREST RATE ON LOANS . . . . ALL
INTEREST RATE ON DEPOSITS . . . . ALL
UNAUTHORISED DEDUCTION . . . . 418
MISCONDUCT OF LENDING AUTHORITY . . . . 418
ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES ON LOANING. . . . 418
IMAGE 16
XXVI LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
REVERSAL OF WRONG ENTRY * . * * 418
WRITING OFF AGRICULTURAL LOANS . ** 419
RECALL OF LOAN: NO DUTY OF LENDING BANK TO INSURE HYPOTHECATED GOODS * *
* * 419
MUTUAL SETTLEMENT * * * * 419
LOCKER . . 419
COMPLICATION ABOUT LOCKER . . . . 420
FORGERY OF SIGNATURE . . . * 420
ENCASHMENT OF BANK GUARANTEE AND LETTER OF CREDIT ALL PAYMENT OF PREMIUM
THROUGH BANK . . 413
IMPROPER DELIVERY OF DOCUMENTS BY BANK . . 424
SUPPRESSING LETTERS OF CREDIT . . . . 424
CREDIT CARD . . 424
REFUSAL OF SERVICE . . . . 424
CANCELLATION OF CREDIT CARD . . . . 425
FIXED DEPOSIT SERVICE . . . . 425
CURRENT ACCOUNT SERVICE . . . . 426
CLAIMS OF INTEREST . . . . 426
ACCOUNT IS PROPERTY, LIABILITY TO SEIZURE . . ALL
REFUND OF BOOKING MONEY . . . . 427
AIRLINE SERVICES . . . . 428
CANCELLATION OF FLIGHT . . 429
DISCOMFORT IN BUSINESS CLASS . . . . 430
DEATH ON BOARD . . . . 430
PILFERAGE . . . 430
LOSS OF TICKETS . . . . 430
FAILURE TO PROVIDE RESERVED ACCOMMODATION . . 431 ARRANGEMENT FOR
ALTERNATIVE FLIGHT . . 432
NO FLIGHT ON BOOKING DATE . . . . 432
INCREASE IN FARE . . . . 432
DELAY IN FLIGHT . . . . 432
SERVICE OF MEALS . . . . 433
TRAVEL AGENT . . . . 433
LIABILITY OF AGENT FOR AIRLINER . . . . 434
CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY AIR . . . . 434
DUTY IN DELIVERING GOODS . . . . 437
DUTY ON ARRIVAL AT DESTINATION . . . . 438
DUTY OF AIRPORT AUTHORITY . . . . 438
IMAGE 17
CONTENTS XXVII
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
LIMITATION . . . . 439
SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY . . . . 439
POOR MAINTENANCE OF SUPPLY LINES . . 443
PAYMENT OF BILL . . . . 444
RESTRICTION ON USE . . . . 444
DISCONNECTION OF POWER SUPPLY, MISUSE . . AAA DISRUPTION OF SUPPLY . . .
. 445
ARREARS OF CHARGES FOR SUPPLY OF ELECTRICITY . . 445 RAISING OF CHARGES
. . . . 448
SERVICE LINE CHARGES . . . . 448
REQUEST FOR LOAD REDUCTION . . . . 448
REQUEST FOR CONVERSION FROM COMMERCIAL TO DOMESTIC CONNECTION . . . .
449
INSTALLATION OF GENERATOR CHANGE-OVER SWITCH . . 449 ENTITLEMENT TO
REBATE . . . . 449
REFUND OF OVERCHARGED ELECTRICITY DUTY . . 449
INJURY TO NON-CONSUMER . . . . 450
COMPLICATED ELECTRIC SUPPLY DISPUTE . . . . 450
MUNICIPALITY . . . . 450
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS . . . . 450
AMENITIES OF ACADEMIC SERVICES . . . . 453
RESEARCH . . . . 453
ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES . . . . 453
MATTERS OF FEE AND CHARGES . . . . 454
FRAUD ON CANDIDATES . . . . 454
ADMISSION INTO RECOGNISED COURSES . . 454
ACCIDENT ON SCHOOL PREMISES . . . . 455
EDUCATION AS SERVICE . . . . 455
SWIMMING-POOL TRAINING . . . . 458
PURVEYING OF NEWS OR OTHER INFORMATION . . 459
PUBLISHING . . . . 459
EXHIBITION . . . . 461
SERVICE IN THE NATURE OF EMPLOYMENT . . 462
TAILORING * * . . 462
JOB MARKET * * . . 463
SERVICES OF TRAVEL AGENCY . - . . 463
NURSING-HOMES AND MEDICAL SERVICES . . 463
IMAGE 18
XXVIII LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.) CAESAREAN DELIVERY . *
* * 470
PREMATURE DELIVERY . . * * 471
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY . . * * 471
RECANALISATION OPERATION . . * * 473
NEGLIGENCE IN SURGERY . . * * 473
AMPUTATION . . * * 474
CANCER TREATMENT . . * . 474
PRACTICE IN ONE DISCIPLINE, QUALIFIED IN ANOTHER. . 474 BLOOD
TRANSFUSION . . * . 480
INJECTION . . . . 481
FOREIGN MATTER LEFT IN BODY AFTER OPERATION . . 482 WRONG DIAGNOSIS . .
* . 482
ANAESTHESIA . . . . 482
BIOPSY . . 483
WRONG ROD SETTING . . . . 483
STERILISATION . . . . 483
TUBECTOMY OPERATION . . . . 484
OPERATION FOR REMOVAL OF UTERUS . . . . 484
DENTIST . . . . 484
FREE HOSPITALS . . . . 485
EMPLOYEES STATE INSURANCE HOSPITALS (ESI) . . 486 CGHS . . 486
EX GRATIA PAYMENT BY DOCTOR . . . . 486
COMPENSATION ON COMPASSIONATE GROUND . . 486 HOSPITAL INSURANCE . . . .
486
ACTIO PERSONALIS MORTIUR CUM PERSONA . . 487
BREACH OF DUTY TO MAINTAIN CONFIDENTIALITY . . 488 BOOKING VEHICLES,
ETC. . . 488
POSTAL SERVICES - . . . . 490
SPEED POST MONEY ORDER . . . . 492
POST OFFICE SAVINGS ACCOUNT . . . . 492
POST OFFICE FIXED DEPOSITS . . . . 493
DELAY IN DELIVERY OF TELEGRAM . . . . 493
DELAY IN DELIVERY OF MONEY ORDER . . 494
DELIVERY OF WRONG MESSAGE . . . . 494
DELIVERY TO AUTHORISED AGENT . . . . 494
SPEED POST . . . . 494
CHIT FUND . . . . 494
IMAGE 19
CONTENTS XXIX
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
REFUND OF DEPOSITS . . . 496
SUPERANNUATION BENEFITS . . . . 497
EX GRATIA PAYMENT . . . . 497
PROVIDENT FUND . . . . 498
DISABLED PENSION SCHEME . . . . 502
SHARE-BROKER . . . . 502
INVESTMENT IN NSC . . . . 503
INVESTMENT IN INDIRA VIKAS PATRA. . . . 504
INVESTMENT IN INDUSTRY . . . . 504
INVESTMENT IN UTI . . . . 504
MUTUAL FUND . . 505
INVESTMENT IN SECURITIES . . . . 505
PARKING FACILITY . . . . 505
RETURN OF SECURITY . . . . 506
FORFEITURE OF SECURITY MONEY . . . . 506
CARRIER OF PASSENGERS . . . . 506
AIR CRASH . . . . 508
RAILWAY RESERVATION . . . . 509
CLOAK ROOM SERVICE . . . . 510
RESPONSIBILITY FOR LUGGAGE . . . . 510
DISCRIMINATION IN AMENITIES . . . . 511
BUS PASSENGERS . . . . 511
HOTEL . . 512
SICK INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES . . . . 512
COSTS . . 513
TELEPRINTER SERVICES . . . . 513
DEFECTIVE LIFT . . 513
VIDEO SERVICES . . . . 513
DRY-CLEANING . . . . 513
GENERATOR FOR SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY . . . . 514
REFERENCE TO ARBITRATION . . . . 514
DUTY OF REASONABLE CARE AND SKILL IN PRACTICE OF PROFESSIONS . . . . 514
NEGLIGENCE BY FOREST DEPARTMENT . . . . 517
SOLICITOR . . . . 517
LEGAL PRACTITIONER . . . . 518
IMAGE 20
XXX LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES {CONTD.)
PROFESSIONAL ADVICE . . * * 518
GAS SERVICE . . * * 519
INCOMPETENT HANDLING OF GAS . . * * 519
DENIAL OF SERVICE . . * * 519
DEALERSHIP OF GAS AGENCY . . * * 520
BOATING SERVICES * . * * 520
PARTNERSHIP * . * * 520
PRICE [S. 2(L)(C)(IV)] - . 520
MISLEADING INDICATION OF PRICE . . . . 521
PRICE PRINT ON PACKING . . * * 523
PRICE FOR HOUSING SERVICES . . . . 524
PRICING OF PRODUCTS OR SERVICES . . . . 526
ELECTRICITY SERVICE CHARGES . . . . 526
CHARGES FOR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES . . . . 526
AGREED PRICE . . * * 526
SALES TAX . . . . 527
APPEAL [S. 15] . . . . 527
CONDONATION OF DELAY . . . . 528
CROSS-OBJECTIONS . . . . 532
COMMENCEMENT OF PERIOD . . . . 532
REQUIREMENT OF DEPOSIT FOR FILING APPEAL [S. 15 (SECOND PROVISO)] . . .
. 533
FURTHER EVIDENCE AND OBJECTIONS IN APPEAL . . 533
APPEAL AGAINST EX PARTE ORDERS . . . . 534
SETTING ASIDE EX PARTE ORDERS . . . . 535
DISMISSAL IN DEFAULT . . . . 535
INCOMPETENT FORUM . . . . 535
NON-SPEAKING ORDERS . . . . 535
REVIEW . . . . . 536
STATE COMMISSIONS . . . . 536
COMPOSITION OF STATE COMMISSION [S. 16] . . 540
DISQUALIFICATIONS . . . . 540
SELECTION COMMITTEE AND TERMS OF APPOINTMENT . . . . 541
CONSULTATION WITH CHIEF JUSTICE . . . . 541
APPOINTMENT OF SITTING JUDGE . . . . 542
IMAGE 21
CONTENTS XXXI
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
JURISDICTION OF STATE COMMISSION . . . . 543
PLACE OF COMPLAINT OR APPEAL . . . . 544
CLAIMS UNDER MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS . . 547
COMPLAINANT TO COME WITH CLEAN HANDS . . 547
CLAUSES EXCLUDING JURISDICTION . . . . 548
TRANSFER OF CASES IN THE INTEREST OF JUSTICE . . 548
PROCEDURE [S. 18] . . 548
SUPPLY OF DRINKING-WATER . . . . 550
APPEALS . . . . 551
CONDONATION OF DELAY . . . . 552
DEPOSIT TO BE MADE BY APPELLANT [S. 19 (2ND PROVISO)] . . 553
NON-APPLICATION OF MIND TO EVIDENCE . . 554
NATIONAL COMMISSION . . . . 555
COMPOSITION OF NATIONAL COMMISSION [S. 20] . . 558 DISQUALIFICATIONS OF
MEMBERS . . . . 558
PROCEDURE FOR CONSULTATION WITH CHIEF JUSTICE . . 559 SELECTION
COMMITTEE: TERMS OF APPOINTMENT- RESIGNATION * * * * 559
JURISDICTION OF NATIONAL COMMISSION [S. 21] . . 560 ORIGINAL
JURISDICTION . . . . 560
APPELLATE JURISDICTION . . . . 561
REVIEW AND SUPERVISION . . . . 561
DISMISSAL OF REVISION IN DEFAULT . . . . 567
REVIEW OF INTEREST RATE . . . . 568
HOUSING BOARD ALSO ENTITLED TO CLAIM INTEREST . . 568 REVIEW OF OWN
ORDERS . . . . 568
EXPUNGING OF ADVERSE REMARKS . . . . 569
INAPPROPRIATE REMEDY . . . . 569
REFUSAL TO PROVIDE OPPORTUNITY FOR CROSS-EXAMINATION 570 MEDICAL
NEGLIGENCE . . . . 570
DISMISSAL OF APPEAL WITHOUT CONSIDERING MERITS . . 570 DISMISSAL ON THE
BASIS OF EX GRATIA PAYMENT . . 571 EX PARTE DISMISSAL WITHOUT
CONSIDERING MERITS . . 571 EX PARTE ACCEPTANCE OF CLAIM . . . . 571
REHEARING . . . 572
IMAGE 22
XXXII LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
3. CONSUMER DISPUTES REDRESSAL AGENCIES (CONTD.)
ORDERS FOR COMPLIANCE . . . . 572
MATTERS OF JURISDICTION . . . . 572
MATTERS OF EVIDENCE . . . . 573
ERROR IN APPRECIATION OF FACTS AND LAW . . 574
DECISION WITHOUT NOTICE TO COMPLAINANT . . 574
DECISION WITHOUT CONSIDERING ISSUES . . . . 574
DECISION WITHOUT CONSIDERING WRITTEN VERSION . . 575 SETING ASIDE ORDERS
. . . . 575
TIME LIMIT FOR REVISION . . . . 576
POWERS AND PROCEDURE OF NATIONAL COMMISSION [S. 22] . . . . 576
CONSENSUAL ADJUDICATION, ARBITRATION . . . . 577
INTERST ON AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION . . . . 577
SETTING ASIDE OF EX PARTE ORDERS . . . . 578
TRANSFER OF CASES . . . . 578
CIRCUIT BENCHES . . . . 578
VACANCY IN OFFICE OF PRESIDENT . . . . 579
APPEALS [S. 23] . . . . 579
REMAND FOR DISPOSAL ON MERITS . . . . 581
DEPOSIT [S. 23 (2ND PROVISO)] . . . . 581
FINALITY OF ORDERS [S. 24] . . . . 582
PERIOD OF LIMITATION . . . . 582
EFFECT OF EXPIRY OF LIMITATION . . . . 583
STAGE FOR RAISING DEFENCE OF LIMITATION . . 587
CONDONATION [SUB-SECTION (2)] . . . . 587
CONTINUING WRONG . . . . 590
CONTRACT TO THE CONTRARY : CUTTING SHORT THE PERIOD OF LIMITATION . . .
. 591
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL OF NATIONAL AND STATE COMMISSIONS . . . 592
ENFORCEMENT OF ORDERS [S. 25] . . . . 593
DISMISSAL OF FRIVOLOUS OR VEXATIOUS COMPLAINTS [S. 26] . . . 595
COSTS . . . . 597
PENALTIES [S. 27] . . . . 598
ABATEMENT OF PROCEEDINGS . . . . 601
APPLICATION FOR EXECUTION OF ORDERS . . . . 602
IMAGE 23
CONTENTS XXXIII
4. MISCELLANEOUS . . 603
ACTIONS IN GOOD FAITH . . . . 604
SERVICE OF NOTICE . . . . 605
REMOVAL OF DIFFICULTIES [S. 29] . . 606
VACANCY AND DEFECT IN APPOINTMENT. . . . 606
POWER TO MAKE RULES . . . . 607
THE CONSUMER PROTECTION RULES, 1987 RULES 1. SHORT TITLE AND
COMMENCEMENT . . . . 610
2. DEFINITIONS . . . . 610
2-A. STATE GOVERNMENTS TO RECOGNISE A LABORATORY AS AN APPROPRIATE
LABORATORY . . . . 610
3. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE CENTRAL CONSUMER PROTECTION COUNCIL AND THE
WORKING GROUPS . . 611 4. PROCEDURE OF THE CENTRAL COUNCIL . . . . 612
5. PLACE OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION . . 613
6. WORKING DAYS AND OFFICE HOURS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION . . . . 613
7. SEAL AND EMBLEM . . . . 613
8. SITTINGS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION . . 613
9. STAFF OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION. . . . 613
10. ADDITIONAL POWERS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION, STATE COMMISSION AND
DISTRICT FORUM . . 613
11. SALARIES, HONORARIUM AND OTHER ALLOWANCES OF THE PRESIDENT AND
MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION . . . , 614
12. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE OF THE PRESIDENT AND MEMBERS OF THE
NATIONAL COMMISSION . . 615 13. REMOVAL OF PRESIDENT OR MEMBERS FROM
OFFICE IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES . . . . 615
14. PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED BY THE NATIONAL COMMISSION . . . . 616
15. PROCEDURE FOR HEARING THE APPEAL . . . . 617
15-A. SITTING OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION AND SIGNING OF ORDERS . . . .
618
APPENDIX I-PRACTICE NOTES . . 619
COMPLAINT . . . . 619
SORTING OUT JURISDICTION . . 619
IMAGE 24
XXXIV LAW OF CONSUMER PROTECTION
APPENDIX I (CONTD.)
PLURALITY OF OPPOSITE PARTIES . . * * 620
DRAFTING COMPLAINT * * * * 621
MODE OF PRESENTING COMPLAINT . . * * 622
CONTENTS OF COMPLAINT . . * * 622
VERIFICATION . . . . 624
DOCUMENTS TO BE ATTACHED . . * * 624
AFFIDAVIT . . 625
PERMISSION FOR CROSS-EXAMINATION . . . * 626
EXPERT OPINION . . * * 626
EXPERT OPINION THROUGH AFFIDAVIT . . . . 627
EVIDENCE BY AFFIDAVIT . . . * 627
APPRECIATION OF EVIDENCE . . . . 627
NUMBER OF COPIES . . . * 628
NOTICE BEFORE COMPLAINT . . . . 628
WRITTEN STATEMENT OR RESPONSE TO THE COMPLAINT . 629
CONTENTS OF REPLY . . . . 629
ACTUAL APPEARANCE . . . . 632
APPEARANCE THROUGH AGENT . . . . 632
APPLICATION FOR PERMISSION FOR REPRESENTATIVE ACTION (COMMON CAUSE) . .
. . 632
JOINDER OF PARTIES, IMPLEADMENT . . . . 635
INSURANCE COMPANY AS CO-COMPLAINANT . . 638
OPPORTUNITY TO NEWLY IMPLEADED PARTY . . 638
APPLICATION FOR AMENDMENT OF PLEADINGS . 638
APPLICATION FOR SEIZURE AND PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS . . . . 639
APPLICATION FOR PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS . . 639
APPLICATION UNDER S. 27 FOR PUNISHMENT FOR VIOLATIOAN OF ORDERS . . . .
639
APPLICATION UNDER S. 25 FOR EXECUTION OF DECREE/ORDER . . . . 640
APPLICATION FOR CONDONATION OF DELAY . . . . 640
APPEALS (RULE 15) . 641
NOTES . . . . 642
IMAGE 25
CONTENTS XXXV
APPENDIX I (CONTD.)
NOTES AMENDMENT . . . . 643
APPEAL AGAINST FINDINGS OF FACT . . . . 643
FORMAT OF APPEALS . . . . 643
CROSS-OBJECTIONS . . . . 644
ADJOURNMENT . . . . (AA
TIME LIMIT FOR FILING REVISION PETITION BEFORE NATIONAL COMMISSION . . .
. 645
SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION AGAINST INTERIM ORDERS OF NATIONAL COMMISSION . .
. . 645
COMPENSATION . . 646
STATUS OF THE PERSON INJURED . . . . 649
IMPACT OF EXCISE CUT . . . . 649
BURDEN OF SHOWING LOSS . . . . 649
REVIEW [S. 22] . . 651
MISCELLANEOUS PETITION BEFORE NATIONAL COMMISSION . . 652 MENTAL PAIN
AND SUFFERING . . . . 653
ESTIMATED AMOUNT . . . . 653
NO COMPENSATION FOR INDIRECT OR REMOTE LOSSES . . 654 COSTS . . 654
DETENTION OF OFFICER, ATTACHMENT OF PROPERTY NOT REQUIRED . . . . 654
APPROPRIATE STEPS FOR AVOIDING DELAY IN DISPOSAL OF COMPLAINTS . . . .
655
APPENDIX II- (1) THE DELHI CONSUMER PROTECTION RULES, 1987 . 656
(2) THE U.P. CONSUMER PROTECTION RULES, 1987 . . 663
APPENDIX III -REDRESSAL AGENCIES UNDER THE CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT, 1986
. . 674
SUBJECT INDEX . . 702 |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T14:06:43Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:36:25Z |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Singh, Avtar 1932- Verfasser (DE-588)13054373X aut Law of consumer protection principles and practice ; being a study of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 by Avtar Singh 4. ed. Lucknow [u.a.] Eastern Book Company 2005 CXII, 720 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014677792&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Singh, Avtar 1932- Law of consumer protection principles and practice ; being a study of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 |
| title | Law of consumer protection principles and practice ; being a study of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 |
| title_auth | Law of consumer protection principles and practice ; being a study of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 |
| title_exact_search | Law of consumer protection principles and practice ; being a study of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Law of consumer protection principles and practice ; being a study of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 |
| title_full | Law of consumer protection principles and practice ; being a study of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 by Avtar Singh |
| title_fullStr | Law of consumer protection principles and practice ; being a study of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 by Avtar Singh |
| title_full_unstemmed | Law of consumer protection principles and practice ; being a study of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 by Avtar Singh |
| title_short | Law of consumer protection |
| title_sort | law of consumer protection principles and practice being a study of the consumer protection act 1986 |
| title_sub | principles and practice ; being a study of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 |
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