Verfügbarkeit: Optics :: THWS Bibkatalog

Optics: learning by computing, with examples using MathCad, Matlab, Mathematica, and Maple

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Möller, Karl Dieter (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Medienkombination Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New York, NY Springer 2007
Ausgabe:	2. ed.
Schriftenreihe:	Undergraduate texts in contemporary physics
Schlagworte:	Optik Mathcad
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XVI, 453 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 1 CD-ROM (12 cm)
ISBN:	9780387694924 0387261680 9780387261683

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Preface vii 1 Geometrical Optics 1 1.1 Introduction ................................ 1 1.2 Fermat s Principle and the Law of Refraction ............... 2 1.3 Prisms ................................... 7 1.3.1 Angle of Deviation ........................ 7 1.4 Convex Spherical Surfaces ........................ 9 1.4.1 Image Formation and Conjugate Points .............. 9 1.4.2 Sign Convention .......................... 11 1.4.3 Object and Image Distance, Object and Image Focus, Real and Virtual Objects, and Singularities ................. 11 1.4.4 Real Objects, Geometrical Constructions, and Magnification ......................... 15 1.4.5 Virtual Objects, Geometrical Constructions, and Magnification ......................... 17 1.5 Concave Spherical Surfaces ........................ 19 1.6 Thin Lens Equation ............................ 23 1.6.1 Thin Lens Equation ........................ 23 1.6.2 Object Focus and Image Focus .................. 24 1.6.3 Magnification ........................... 25 1.6.4 Positive Lens, Graph, Calculations of Image Positions, and Graphical Constructions of Images ................ 25 1.6.5 Negative Lens, Graph, Calculations of Image Positions, and Graphical Constructions of Images ................ 30 1.6.6 Thin Lens and Two Different Media on the Outside ....... 33 1.7 Optical Instruments ............................ 35 ix X CONTENTS 1.7.1 Two Lens System......................... 36 1.7.2 Magnifier and Object Positions .................. 37 1.7.3 Microscope ............................ 42 1.7.4 Telescope ............................. 44 1.8 Matrix Formulation for Thick Lenses ................... 48 1.8.1 Refraction and Translation Matrices ............... 48 1.8.2 Two Spherical Surfaces at Distance d and Prinicipal Planes ... 51 1.8.3 System of Lenses ......................... 59 1.9 Plane and Spherical Mirrors ........................ 67 1.9.1 Plane Mirrors and Virtual Images ................. 67 1.9.2 Spherical Mirrors and Mirror Equation .............. 67 1.9.3 Sign Convention .......................... 69 1.9.4 Magnification ........................... 69 1.9.5 Graphical Method and Graphs of x, ; Depending on x0 ...... 70 1.10 Matrices for a Reflecting Cavity and the Eigenvalue Problem ...... 73 2 Interference 79 2.1 Introduction ................................ 79 2.2 Harmonic Waves .............................. 80 2.3 Superposition of Harmonic Waves .................... 82 2.3.1 Superposition of Two Waves Depending on Space and Time Coordinates ......................... 82 2.3.2 Intensities ............................. 86 2.3.3 Normalization ........................... 88 2.4 Two-Beam Wavefront Dividing Interferometry .............. 89 2.4.1 Model Description for Wavefront Division ............ 89 2.4.2 Young s Experiment ........................ 90 2.5 Two-Beam Amplitude Dividing Interferometry .............. 96 2.5.1 Model Description for Amplitude Division ............ 96 2.5.2 Plane Parallel Plate ........................ 97 2.5.3 Michelson Interferometer and Heidinger and Fizeau Fringes . . 103 2.6 Multiple Beam Interferometry ....................... 110 2.6.1 Plane Parallel Plate ........................ 110 2.6.2 Fabry-Perot Etalon ........................ 115 2.6.3 Fabry-Perot Spectrometer and Resolution ............ 118 2.6.4 Array of Source Points ...................... 121 2.7 Random Arrangement of Source Points .................. 125 3 Diffraction 129 3.1 Introduction ................................ 129 3.2 Kirchhoff-Fresnel Integral ........................ 131 3.2.1 The Integral ............................ 131 3.2.2 On Axis Observation for the Circular Opening .......... 133 CONTENTS XI 3.2.3 On Axis Observation for Circular Stop .............. 135 3.3 Fresnel Diffraction, Far Field Approximation, and Fraunhofer Observation .......................... 136 3.3.1 Small Angle Approximation in Cartesian Coordinates ...... 137 3.3.2 Fresnel, Far Field, and Fraunhofer Diffraction .......... 138 3.4 Far Field and Fraunhofer Diffraction ................... 139 3.4.1 Diffraction on a Slit ........................ 140 3.4.2 Diffraction on a Slit and Fourier Transformation ......... 144 3.4.3 Rectangular Aperture ....................... 145 3.4.4 Circular Aperture ......................... 148 3.4.5 Gratings .............................. 152 3.4.6 Resolution ............................. 162 3.5 Babinet s Theorem ............................. 166 3.6 Apertures in Random Arrangement .................... 169 3.7 Fresnel Diffraction ............................. 172 3.7.1 Coordinates for Diffraction on a Slit and Fresnels Integrals ......................... 172 3.7.2 Fresnel Diffraction on a Slit .................... 173 3.7.3 Fresnel Diffraction on an Edge .................. 175 A3.1.1 Step Grating ............................ 178 A3.2.1 Cornu s Spiral ........................... 181 A3.2.2 Babinet s Principle and Cornu s Spiral .............. 182 Coherence 185 4.1 Spatial Coherence ............................. 185 4.1.1 Introduction ............................ 185 4.1.2 Two Source Points ........................ 185 4.1.3 Coherence Condition ....................... 189 4.1.4 Extended Source ......................... 190 4.1.5 Visibility .............................. 194 4.1.6 Michelson Stellar Interferometer ................. 197 4.2 Temporal Coherence ............................ 200 4.2.1 Wavetrains and Quasimonochromatic Light ........... 200 4.2.2 Superposition of Wavetrains ................... 201 4.2.3 Length of Wavetrains ....................... 202 A4.1.1 Fourier Tranform Spectometer and Blackbody Radiation .... 203 Maxwell s Theory 205 5.1 Introduction ................................ 205 5.2 Harmonic Plane Waves and the Superposition Principle ......... 206 5.2.1 Plane Waves ............................ 206 5.2.2 The Superposition Principle .................... 208 5.3 Differentiation Operation ......................... 208 XII CONTENTS 5.3.1 Differentiation Time д /dt ................... 208 5.3.2 Differentiation Space V = i3/3jc+j3/3y + ka/3z ...... 208 5.4 Poynting Vector in Vacuum ........................ 209 5.5 Electromagnetic Waves in an Isotropie Nonconducting Medium..... 210 5.6 Fresneľs Formulas ............................. 211 5.6.1 Electrical Field Vectors in the Plane of Incidence (Parallel Case) ........................... 211 5.6.2 Electrical Field Vector Perpendicular to the Plane of Incidence (Perpendicular Case) ....................... 214 5.6.3 Fresneľs Formulas Depending on the Angle of Incidence ........................ 215 5.6.4 Light Incident on a Denser Medium, n < ni, and the Brewster Angle .......................... 216 5.6.5 Light Incident on a Less Dense Medium, щ > пг, Brewster and CriticalAngle ........................... 219 5.6.6 Reflected and Transmitted Intensities ............... 222 5.6.7 Total Reflection and Evanescent Wave .............. 228 5.7 Polarized Light ............................... 230 5.7.1 Introduction ............................ 230 5.7.2 Ordinary and Extraordinary Indices of Refraction ........ 231 5.7.3 Phase Difference Between Waves Moving in the Direction of or Perpendicular to the Optical Axis ................. 232 5.7.4 Half-Wave Plate, Phase Shift of π ................ 233 5.7.5 Quarter Wave Plate, Phase Shift лг/2 ............... 235 5.7.6 Crossed Polarizers ......................... 238 5.7.7 General Phase Shift ........................ 240 A5.1.1 Wave Equation Obtained from Maxwell s Equation ....... 242 A5.1.2 The Operations V and V2 ..................... 243 A5.2.1 Rotation of the Coordinate System as a Principal Axis Transformation and Equivalence to the Solution of the Eigenvalue Problem ........................ 243 A5.3.1 Phase Difference Between Internally Reflected Components . . 244 A5.4.1 Jones Vectors and Jones Matrices ................. 244 A5.4.2 Jones Matrices ........................... 245 A5.4.3 Applications ............................ 245 б Maxwell II. Modes and Mode Propagation 249 6.1 Introduction ................................ 249 6.2 Stratified Media .............................. 252 6.2.1 Two Interfaces at Distance d ................... 253 6.2.2 Plate of Thickness d - (λ/2η2).................. 255 6.2.3 Plate of Thickness d and Index n-i ................ 256 6.2.4 Antireflection Coating ....................... 256 CONTENTS XIII 6.2.5 Multiple Layer Filters with Alternating High and Low Refractive Index .......................... 258 6.3 Guided Waves by Total Internal Reflection Through a Planar Waveguide ............................. 259 6.3.1 Traveling Waves .......................... 259 6.3.2 Restrictive Conditions for Mode Propagation .......... 261 6.3.3 Phase Condition for Mode Formation ............... 262 6.3.4 (TE) Modes or í -Polarization ................... 262 6.3.5 (TM) Modes or p-Polarization .................. 265 6.4 Fiber Optics Waveguides ......................... 266 6.4.1 Modes in a Dielectric Waveguide ................. 266 A6.1.1 Boundary Value Method Applied to TE Modes of Plane Plate Waveguide .......................... 270 Blackbody Radiation, Atomic Emission, and Lasers 273 7.1 Introduction ................................ 273 7.2 Blackbody Radiaton ............................ 274 7.2.1 The Rayleigh-Jeans Law ..................... 274 7.2.2 Planck s Law ........................... 275 7.2.3 Stefan-Boltzmann Law ...................... 277 7.2.4 Wien sLaw ............................ 278 7.2.5 Files of Planck s, Stefan-Boltzmann s, and Wien s Laws. Radiance, Area, and Solid Angle ................. 279 7.3 Atomic Emission .............................. 281 7.3.1 Introduction ............................ 281 7.3.2 Bohr s Model and the One Electron Atom ............ 282 7.3.3 Many Electron Atoms ....................... 282 7.4 Bandwidth ................................. 285 7.4.1 Introduction ............................ 285 7.4.2 Classical Model, Lorentzian Line Shape, and Homogeneous Broadening .................... 286 7.4.3 Natural Emission Line Width, Quantum Mechanical Model . . . 289 7.4.4 Doppler Broadening (Inhomogeneous) .............. 289 7.5 Lasers ................................... 291 7.5.1 Introduction ............................ 291 7.5.2 Population Inversion ....................... 292 7.5.3 Stimulated Emission, Spontaneous Emission, and the Amplification Factor ....................... 293 7.5.4 The Fabry-Perot Cavity, Losses, and Threshold Condition . . . 294 7.5.5 Simplified Example of a Three-Level Laser ........... 296 7.6 Confocal Cavity, Gaussian Beam, and Modes ............... 297 7.6.1 Paraxial Wave Equation and Beam Parameters .......... 297 7.6.2 Fundamental Mode in Confocal Cavity .............. 299 XIV CONTENTS 7.6.3 Diffraction Losses and Fresnel Number ............. 302 7.6.4 Higher Modes in the Confocal Cavity .............. 303 8 Optical Constants 315 8.1 Introduction ................................ 315 8.2 Optical Constants of Dielectrics ...................... 316 8.2.1 The Wave Equation, Electrical Polarizability, and Refractive Index .......................... 316 8.2.2 Oscillator Model and the Wave Equation ............. 317 8.3 Determination of Optical Constants .................... 320 8.3.1 Fresnel s Formulas and Reflection Coefficients .......... 320 8.3.2 Ratios of the Amplitude Reflection Coefficients ......... 321 8.3.3 Oscillator Expressions ...................... 322 8.3.4 Sellmeier Formula ......................... 324 8.4 Optical Constants of Metals ........................ 326 8.4.1 Drude Model ........................... 326 8.4.2 Low Frequency Region ...................... 327 8.4.3 High Frequency Region ...................... 328 8.4.4 Skin Depth ............................ 331 8.4.5 Reflectance at Normal Incidence and Reflection Coefficients with Absorption .......................... 333 8.4.6 Elliptically Polarized Light .................... 334 AS.l.l Analytical Expressions and Approximations for the Detemination of η and К ..................... 335 9 Fourier Transformation and FT-Spectroscopy 339 9.1 Fourier Transformation .......................... 339 9.1.1 Introduction ............................ 339 9.1.2 The Fourier Integrals ....................... 339 9.1.3 Examples of Fourier Transformations Using Analytical Functions ....................... 340 9.1.4 Numerical Fourier Transformation ................ 341 9.1.5 Fourier Transformation of a Product of Two Functions and the Convolution Integral ....................... 350 9.2 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy ..................... 352 9.2.1 Interferogram and Fourier Transformation. Superposition of Cosine Waves ........................... 352 9.2.2 Michelson Interferometer and Interferograms .......... 353 9.2.3 The Fourier Transform Integral .................. 355 9.2.4 Discrete Length and Frequency Coordinates ........... 356 9.2.5 Folding of the Fourier Transform Spectrum ........... 359 9.2.6 High Resolution Spectroscopy .................. 363 9.2.7 Apodization ............................ 366 CONTENTS XV A9.1.1 Asymmetrie Fourier Transform Spectroscopy .......... 370 10 Imaging Using Wave Theory 375 10.1 Introduction ................................ 375 10.2 Spatial Waves and Blackening Curves, Spatial Frequencies, and Fourier Transformation .......................... 376 10.3 Object, Image, and the Two Fourier Transformations ........... 382 10.3.1 Waves from Object and Aperture Plane and Lens ......... 382 10.3.2 Summation Processes ....................... 383 10.3.3 The Pair of Fourier Transformations ............... 385 10.4 Image Formation Using Incoherent Light ................. 386 10.4.1 Spread Function .......................... 386 10.4.2 The Convolution Integral ..................... 387 10.4.3 Impulse Response and the Intensity Pattern ........... 387 10.4.4 Examples of Convolution with Spread Function ......... 388 10.4.5 Transfer Function ......................... 392 10.4.6 Resolution ............................. 395 10.5 Image Formation with Coherent Light .................. 398 10.5.1 Spread Function .......................... 398 10.5.2 Resolution ............................. 399 10.5.3 Transfer Function ......................... 401 10.6 Holography ................................ 403 10.6.1 Introduction ............................ 403 10.6.2 Recording of the Interferogram .................. 403 10.6.3 Recovery of Image with Same Plane Wave Used for Recording ........................... 404 10.6.4 Recovery Using a Different Plane Wave ............. 405 10.6.5 Production of Real and Virtual Image Under an Angle ...... 405 10.6.6 Size of Hologram ......................... 406 11 Aberration 415 11.1 Introduction ................................ 415 11.2 Spherical Aberration of a Single Refracting Surface ........... 415 11.3 Longitudinal and Lateral Spherical Aberration of a Thin Lens ...... 418 11.4 The π-σ Equation and Spherical Aberration ............... 421 11.5 Coma .................................... 423 11.6 Aplanatic Lens ............................... 425 11.7 Astigmatism ................................ 427 11.7.1 Astigmatism of a Single Spherical Surface ............ 427 11.7.2 Astigmatism of a Thin Lens .................... 428 11.8 Chromatic Aberration and the Achromatic Doublet ............ 430 11.9 Chromatic Aberration and the Achromatic Doublet with Separated Lenses ............................. 432 XVI CONTENTS Appendix A About Graphs and Matrices in Mathcad 435 Appendix В Formulas 439 References 443 Index 445
adam_txt	Contents Preface vii 1 Geometrical Optics 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 Fermat's Principle and the Law of Refraction . 2 1.3 Prisms . 7 1.3.1 Angle of Deviation . 7 1.4 Convex Spherical Surfaces . 9 1.4.1 Image Formation and Conjugate Points . 9 1.4.2 Sign Convention . 11 1.4.3 Object and Image Distance, Object and Image Focus, Real and Virtual Objects, and Singularities . 11 1.4.4 Real Objects, Geometrical Constructions, and Magnification . 15 1.4.5 Virtual Objects, Geometrical Constructions, and Magnification . 17 1.5 Concave Spherical Surfaces . 19 1.6 Thin Lens Equation . 23 1.6.1 Thin Lens Equation . 23 1.6.2 Object Focus and Image Focus . 24 1.6.3 Magnification . 25 1.6.4 Positive Lens, Graph, Calculations of Image Positions, and Graphical Constructions of Images . 25 1.6.5 Negative Lens, Graph, Calculations of Image Positions, and Graphical Constructions of Images . 30 1.6.6 Thin Lens and Two Different Media on the Outside . 33 1.7 Optical Instruments . 35 ix X CONTENTS 1.7.1 Two Lens System. 36 1.7.2 Magnifier and Object Positions . 37 1.7.3 Microscope . 42 1.7.4 Telescope . 44 1.8 Matrix Formulation for Thick Lenses . 48 1.8.1 Refraction and Translation Matrices . 48 1.8.2 Two Spherical Surfaces at Distance d and Prinicipal Planes . 51 1.8.3 System of Lenses . 59 1.9 Plane and Spherical Mirrors . 67 1.9.1 Plane Mirrors and Virtual Images . 67 1.9.2 Spherical Mirrors and Mirror Equation . 67 1.9.3 Sign Convention . 69 1.9.4 Magnification . 69 1.9.5 Graphical Method and Graphs of x, ; Depending on x0 . 70 1.10 Matrices for a Reflecting Cavity and the Eigenvalue Problem . 73 2 Interference 79 2.1 Introduction . 79 2.2 Harmonic Waves . 80 2.3 Superposition of Harmonic Waves . 82 2.3.1 Superposition of Two Waves Depending on Space and Time Coordinates . 82 2.3.2 Intensities . 86 2.3.3 Normalization . 88 2.4 Two-Beam Wavefront Dividing Interferometry . 89 2.4.1 Model Description for Wavefront Division . 89 2.4.2 Young's Experiment . 90 2.5 Two-Beam Amplitude Dividing Interferometry . 96 2.5.1 Model Description for Amplitude Division . 96 2.5.2 Plane Parallel Plate . 97 2.5.3 Michelson Interferometer and Heidinger and Fizeau Fringes . . 103 2.6 Multiple Beam Interferometry . 110 2.6.1 Plane Parallel Plate . 110 2.6.2 Fabry-Perot Etalon . 115 2.6.3 Fabry-Perot Spectrometer and Resolution . 118 2.6.4 Array of Source Points . 121 2.7 Random Arrangement of Source Points . 125 3 Diffraction 129 3.1 Introduction . 129 3.2 Kirchhoff-Fresnel Integral . 131 3.2.1 The Integral . 131 3.2.2 On Axis Observation for the Circular Opening . 133 CONTENTS XI 3.2.3 On Axis Observation for Circular Stop . 135 3.3 Fresnel Diffraction, Far Field Approximation, and Fraunhofer Observation . 136 3.3.1 Small Angle Approximation in Cartesian Coordinates . 137 3.3.2 Fresnel, Far Field, and Fraunhofer Diffraction . 138 3.4 Far Field and Fraunhofer Diffraction . 139 3.4.1 Diffraction on a Slit . 140 3.4.2 Diffraction on a Slit and Fourier Transformation . 144 3.4.3 Rectangular Aperture . 145 3.4.4 Circular Aperture . 148 3.4.5 Gratings . 152 3.4.6 Resolution . 162 3.5 Babinet's Theorem . 166 3.6 Apertures in Random Arrangement . 169 3.7 Fresnel Diffraction . 172 3.7.1 Coordinates for Diffraction on a Slit and Fresnels Integrals . 172 3.7.2 Fresnel Diffraction on a Slit . 173 3.7.3 Fresnel Diffraction on an Edge . 175 A3.1.1 Step Grating . 178 A3.2.1 Cornu's Spiral . 181 A3.2.2 Babinet's Principle and Cornu's Spiral . 182 Coherence 185 4.1 Spatial Coherence . 185 4.1.1 Introduction . 185 4.1.2 Two Source Points . 185 4.1.3 Coherence Condition . 189 4.1.4 Extended Source . 190 4.1.5 Visibility . 194 4.1.6 Michelson Stellar Interferometer . 197 4.2 Temporal Coherence . 200 4.2.1 Wavetrains and Quasimonochromatic Light . 200 4.2.2 Superposition of Wavetrains . 201 4.2.3 Length of Wavetrains . 202 A4.1.1 Fourier Tranform Spectometer and Blackbody Radiation . 203 Maxwell's Theory 205 5.1 Introduction . 205 5.2 Harmonic Plane Waves and the Superposition Principle . 206 5.2.1 Plane Waves . 206 5.2.2 The Superposition Principle . 208 5.3 Differentiation Operation . 208 XII CONTENTS 5.3.1 Differentiation "Time" д /dt . 208 5.3.2 Differentiation "Space" V = i3/3jc+j3/3y + ka/3z . 208 5.4 Poynting Vector in Vacuum . 209 5.5 Electromagnetic Waves in an Isotropie Nonconducting Medium. 210 5.6 Fresneľs Formulas . 211 5.6.1 Electrical Field Vectors in the Plane of Incidence (Parallel Case) . 211 5.6.2 Electrical Field Vector Perpendicular to the Plane of Incidence (Perpendicular Case) . 214 5.6.3 Fresneľs Formulas Depending on the Angle of Incidence . 215 5.6.4 Light Incident on a Denser Medium, n\ < ni, and the Brewster Angle . 216 5.6.5 Light Incident on a Less Dense Medium, щ > пг, Brewster and CriticalAngle . 219 5.6.6 Reflected and Transmitted Intensities . 222 5.6.7 Total Reflection and Evanescent Wave . 228 5.7 Polarized Light . 230 5.7.1 Introduction . 230 5.7.2 Ordinary and Extraordinary Indices of Refraction . 231 5.7.3 Phase Difference Between Waves Moving in the Direction of or Perpendicular to the Optical Axis . 232 5.7.4 Half-Wave Plate, Phase Shift of π . 233 5.7.5 Quarter Wave Plate, Phase Shift лг/2 . 235 5.7.6 Crossed Polarizers . 238 5.7.7 General Phase Shift . 240 A5.1.1 Wave Equation Obtained from Maxwell's Equation . 242 A5.1.2 The Operations V and V2 . 243 A5.2.1 Rotation of the Coordinate System as a Principal Axis Transformation and Equivalence to the Solution of the Eigenvalue Problem . 243 A5.3.1 Phase Difference Between Internally Reflected Components . . 244 A5.4.1 Jones Vectors and Jones Matrices . 244 A5.4.2 Jones Matrices . 245 A5.4.3 Applications . 245 б Maxwell II. Modes and Mode Propagation 249 6.1 Introduction . 249 6.2 Stratified Media . 252 6.2.1 Two Interfaces at Distance d . 253 6.2.2 Plate of Thickness d - (λ/2η2). 255 6.2.3 Plate of Thickness d and Index n-i . 256 6.2.4 Antireflection Coating . 256 CONTENTS XIII 6.2.5 Multiple Layer Filters with Alternating High and Low Refractive Index . 258 6.3 Guided Waves by Total Internal Reflection Through a Planar Waveguide . 259 6.3.1 Traveling Waves . 259 6.3.2 Restrictive Conditions for Mode Propagation . 261 6.3.3 Phase Condition for Mode Formation . 262 6.3.4 (TE) Modes or í -Polarization . 262 6.3.5 (TM) Modes or p-Polarization . 265 6.4 Fiber Optics Waveguides . 266 6.4.1 Modes in a Dielectric Waveguide . 266 A6.1.1 Boundary Value Method Applied to TE Modes of Plane Plate Waveguide . 270 Blackbody Radiation, Atomic Emission, and Lasers 273 7.1 Introduction . 273 7.2 Blackbody Radiaton . 274 7.2.1 The Rayleigh-Jeans Law . 274 7.2.2 Planck's Law . 275 7.2.3 Stefan-Boltzmann Law . 277 7.2.4 Wien'sLaw . 278 7.2.5 Files of Planck's, Stefan-Boltzmann's, and Wien's Laws. Radiance, Area, and Solid Angle . 279 7.3 Atomic Emission . 281 7.3.1 Introduction . 281 7.3.2 Bohr's Model and the One Electron Atom . 282 7.3.3 Many Electron Atoms . 282 7.4 Bandwidth . 285 7.4.1 Introduction . 285 7.4.2 Classical Model, Lorentzian Line Shape, and Homogeneous Broadening . 286 7.4.3 Natural Emission Line Width, Quantum Mechanical Model . . . 289 7.4.4 Doppler Broadening (Inhomogeneous) . 289 7.5 Lasers . 291 7.5.1 Introduction . 291 7.5.2 Population Inversion . 292 7.5.3 Stimulated Emission, Spontaneous Emission, and the Amplification Factor . 293 7.5.4 The Fabry-Perot Cavity, Losses, and Threshold Condition . . . 294 7.5.5 Simplified Example of a Three-Level Laser . 296 7.6 Confocal Cavity, Gaussian Beam, and Modes . 297 7.6.1 Paraxial Wave Equation and Beam Parameters . 297 7.6.2 Fundamental Mode in Confocal Cavity . 299 XIV CONTENTS 7.6.3 Diffraction Losses and Fresnel Number . 302 7.6.4 Higher Modes in the Confocal Cavity . 303 8 Optical Constants 315 8.1 Introduction . 315 8.2 Optical Constants of Dielectrics . 316 8.2.1 The Wave Equation, Electrical Polarizability, and Refractive Index . 316 8.2.2 Oscillator Model and the Wave Equation . 317 8.3 Determination of Optical Constants . 320 8.3.1 Fresnel's Formulas and Reflection Coefficients . 320 8.3.2 Ratios of the Amplitude Reflection Coefficients . 321 8.3.3 Oscillator Expressions . 322 8.3.4 Sellmeier Formula . 324 8.4 Optical Constants of Metals . 326 8.4.1 Drude Model . 326 8.4.2 Low Frequency Region . 327 8.4.3 High Frequency Region . 328 8.4.4 Skin Depth . 331 8.4.5 Reflectance at Normal Incidence and Reflection Coefficients with Absorption . 333 8.4.6 Elliptically Polarized Light . 334 AS.l.l Analytical Expressions and Approximations for the Detemination of η and К . 335 9 Fourier Transformation and FT-Spectroscopy 339 9.1 Fourier Transformation . 339 9.1.1 Introduction . 339 9.1.2 The Fourier Integrals . 339 9.1.3 Examples of Fourier Transformations Using Analytical Functions . 340 9.1.4 Numerical Fourier Transformation . 341 9.1.5 Fourier Transformation of a Product of Two Functions and the Convolution Integral . 350 9.2 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy . 352 9.2.1 Interferogram and Fourier Transformation. Superposition of Cosine Waves . 352 9.2.2 Michelson Interferometer and Interferograms . 353 9.2.3 The Fourier Transform Integral . 355 9.2.4 Discrete Length and Frequency Coordinates . 356 9.2.5 Folding of the Fourier Transform Spectrum . 359 9.2.6 High Resolution Spectroscopy . 363 9.2.7 Apodization . 366 CONTENTS XV A9.1.1 Asymmetrie Fourier Transform Spectroscopy . 370 10 Imaging Using Wave Theory 375 10.1 Introduction . 375 10.2 Spatial Waves and Blackening Curves, Spatial Frequencies, and Fourier Transformation . 376 10.3 Object, Image, and the Two Fourier Transformations . 382 10.3.1 Waves from Object and Aperture Plane and Lens . 382 10.3.2 Summation Processes . 383 10.3.3 The Pair of Fourier Transformations . 385 10.4 Image Formation Using Incoherent Light . 386 10.4.1 Spread Function . 386 10.4.2 The Convolution Integral . 387 10.4.3 Impulse Response and the Intensity Pattern . 387 10.4.4 Examples of Convolution with Spread Function . 388 10.4.5 Transfer Function . 392 10.4.6 Resolution . 395 10.5 Image Formation with Coherent Light . 398 10.5.1 Spread Function . 398 10.5.2 Resolution . 399 10.5.3 Transfer Function . 401 10.6 Holography . 403 10.6.1 Introduction . 403 10.6.2 Recording of the Interferogram . 403 10.6.3 Recovery of Image with Same Plane Wave Used for Recording . 404 10.6.4 Recovery Using a Different Plane Wave . 405 10.6.5 Production of Real and Virtual Image Under an Angle . 405 10.6.6 Size of Hologram . 406 11 Aberration 415 11.1 Introduction . 415 11.2 Spherical Aberration of a Single Refracting Surface . 415 11.3 Longitudinal and Lateral Spherical Aberration of a Thin Lens . 418 11.4 The π-σ Equation and Spherical Aberration . 421 11.5 Coma . 423 11.6 Aplanatic Lens . 425 11.7 Astigmatism . 427 11.7.1 Astigmatism of a Single Spherical Surface . 427 11.7.2 Astigmatism of a Thin Lens . 428 11.8 Chromatic Aberration and the Achromatic Doublet . 430 11.9 Chromatic Aberration and the Achromatic Doublet with Separated Lenses . 432 XVI CONTENTS Appendix A About Graphs and Matrices in Mathcad 435 Appendix В Formulas 439 References 443 Index 445
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spelling	Möller, Karl Dieter Verfasser aut Optics learning by computing, with examples using MathCad, Matlab, Mathematica, and Maple K. D. Moeller 2. ed. New York, NY Springer 2007 XVI, 453 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) Undergraduate texts in contemporary physics Optik (DE-588)4043650-0 gnd rswk-swf Mathcad (DE-588)4417846-3 gnd rswk-swf Optik (DE-588)4043650-0 s Mathcad (DE-588)4417846-3 s DE-604 text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2623953&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=014641911&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Möller, Karl Dieter Optics learning by computing, with examples using MathCad, Matlab, Mathematica, and Maple Optik (DE-588)4043650-0 gnd Mathcad (DE-588)4417846-3 gnd
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title	Optics learning by computing, with examples using MathCad, Matlab, Mathematica, and Maple
title_auth	Optics learning by computing, with examples using MathCad, Matlab, Mathematica, and Maple
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title_exact_search_txtP	Optics learning by computing, with examples using MathCad, Matlab, Mathematica, and Maple
title_full	Optics learning by computing, with examples using MathCad, Matlab, Mathematica, and Maple K. D. Moeller
title_fullStr	Optics learning by computing, with examples using MathCad, Matlab, Mathematica, and Maple K. D. Moeller
title_full_unstemmed	Optics learning by computing, with examples using MathCad, Matlab, Mathematica, and Maple K. D. Moeller
title_short	Optics
title_sort	optics learning by computing with examples using mathcad matlab mathematica and maple
title_sub	learning by computing, with examples using MathCad, Matlab, Mathematica, and Maple
topic	Optik (DE-588)4043650-0 gnd Mathcad (DE-588)4417846-3 gnd
topic_facet	Optik Mathcad
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